INDEX

SR NO. CONTENTS Page

no.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
1.1 Introduction 6-7
1.2 Objectives of the Study 9
1.3 Research Methodology 10
1.4 Scope of the Study 11
1.5 Importance of the Study 11
1.6 Limitations of the Study 11
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Introduction 12-15
CHAPTER 3
THE CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND
3.1 Introduction 16-29
CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Findings 30

BIBLIOGRAPHY 31

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
The Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986: A "Child"
is defined as any person below the age of 14 and the CLPR Act prohibits employment of a
Child in any employment including as a domestic help (except helping own family in non-
hazardous occupations). It is a cognizable criminal offence to employ a Child for any work.
Children between age of 14 and 18 are defined as "Adolescent" and the law allows
Adolescent to be employed except in the listed hazardous occupation and processes which
include mining, inflammable substance and explosives related work and any other hazardous
process as per the Factories Act, 1948

Child Labour is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on a part- or
full-time basis. The practice deprives children of their childhood, and is harmful to their
physical and mental development. Poverty, lack of good schools and the growth of the
informal economy are considered to be the key causes of child labour in India. Some other
causes of Child Labor in India are cheap wages and accessibility to factories that can produce
the maximum amount of goods for the lowest possible price. Corruption in the government of
India also plays a major role in child labour because laws that should be enforced to prevent
child labor are not because of the corrupt government.

The 2011 national census of India found the total number of child labourers, aged 5–14, to be
at 10.1 and the total child population to be 259.64 million in that age group.The child labour
problem is not unique to India; worldwide, about 217 million children work, many full-time.

As per the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, amended in 2016 ("CLPR
Act") a "Child" is defined as any person below the age of 15, and the CLPR Act prohibits
employment of a Child in any employment including as a domestic help. It is a cognizable
criminal offence to employ a Child for any work. Children between age of 14 and 18 are
defined as "Adolescent" and the law allows Adolescent to be employed except in the listed
hazardous occupation and processes which include mining, inflammable substance and
explosives related work and any other hazardous process as per the Factories Act, 1948.[4] In
2001, an estimated 1% of all child workers, or about 120,000 children in India were in a
hazardous job. Notably, the Constitution of India prohibits child labour in hazardous
industries (but not in non-hazardous industries) as a Fundamental Right under Article
24. estimates that India with its larger population, has the highest number of labourers in the

2
world under 14 years of age, while sub-Saharan African countries have the highest
percentage of children who are deployed as child labourers The International Labour
Organization estimates that agriculture, at 60 percent, is the largest employer of child labour
in the world, while the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization estimates 70% of
child labour is deployed in agriculture and related activities Outside of agriculture, child
labour is observed in almost all informal sectors of the Indian economy.

Companies including Gap, Primark, Monsanto have been criticised for child labour in their
products. The companies claim they have strict policies against selling products made by
underage children, but there are many links in a supply chain making it difficult to oversee
them all. In 2011, after three years of Primark's effort, BBC acknowledged that its award-
winning investigative journalism report of Indian child labour use by Primark was a fake. The
BBC apologised to Primark, to Indian suppliers and all its viewers. Another company that has
come under much scrutiny was Nike. Nike was under pressure to speak up about alleged
sweatshops that harbored children that the company was exploiting to make their sneakers.
Since then Nike has come out with a separate web page that specifically points out where
they get their products from and where their products are manufactured.

In December 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child
Labor or Forced Labor and India figured among 74 countries where a significant incidence
of critical working conditions has been observed. Unlike any other country goods were
attributed to India, the majority of which are produced by child labour in the manufacturing
sector.

In addition to the constitutional prohibition of hazardous child labour, various laws in India,
such as the Juvenile Justice (care and protection) of Children Act-2000, and the Child Labour
(Prohibition and Abolition) Act-1986 provide a basis in law to identify, prosecute and stop
child labour in India

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 Objective of the Study

 To study of how to stop child exploitation.

 To identify the causes of child exploitation.

 To find out & identify the problems faced by child labour city &
rural area.

1.3 Research Methodology

Research methodology decides the territory of proposed study and gives information to the

Readers about adopted process of analysis for the respective study. This includes aim for

Which the study undertaken. This also clarifies time, scope, data sources etc. of proposed

Study. Another significant aspect is tools and techniques which are used for the study. In
brief

1.3.1 RESEARCH TYPE.

The research is based on quantitative method of research. Where the data is collected by

Using various ways of data collection techniques and after doing interpretation on data

Collected the result is obtained.

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1.3.2 DATA COLLECTION.

(A) Secondary Data:

In order to have a proper understanding of the effect of radio frequency on human and animal
a depth study was done From the various sources, a lot of data is also collected from the
official website of the bank And from various search engines like Google, Wikipedia and
answers.com.

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 CHAPTER – 2

Children are the greatest gift to humanity and Childhood is an important and impressionable
stage of human development as it holds the potential to the future development of any
society. Children who are brought up in an environment, which is conducive to their
intellectual, physical and social health, grow up to be responsible and productive members of
society. Every nation links its future with the present status of its children. By performing
work when they are too young for the task, children unduly reduce their present welfare or
their future income earning capabilities, either by shrinking their future external choice sets
or by reducing their own future individual productive capabilities. Under extreme economic
distress, children are forced to forego educational opportunities and take up jobs which are
mostly exploitative as they are usually underpaid and engaged in hazardous conditions.
Parents decide to send their child for engaging in a job as a desperate measure due to poor
economic conditions. It is, therefore, no wonder that the poor households predominantly send
their children to work in early ages of their life. One of the disconcerting aspects of child
labour is that children are sent to work at the expense of education. There is a strong effect of
child labour on school attendance rates and the length of a child’s work day is negatively
associated with his or her capacity to attend school. Child labour restricts the right of children
to access and benefit from education and denies the fundamental opportunity to attend school.
Child labour, thus, prejudices children’s education and adversely affects their health and
safety1 .

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act (1986) was the culmination of efforts and
ideas that emerged from the deliberations and recommendations of various committees on
child labour. Significant among them were the National Commission on Labour (1966-1969),
the Gurupadaswamy Committee on Child Labour (1979) and the Sanat Mehta Committee
(1984). The Act aims to prohibit the entry of children into hazardous occupations and to
regulate the services of children in non-hazardous occupations. In particular it is aimed at (i)
the banning of the employment of children, i.e. those who have not completed their 14th year,
in 18 specified occupations and 65 processes; (ii) laying down a procedure to make additions
to the schedule of banned occupations or processes; (iii) regulating the working conditions of
children in occupations where they are not prohibited from working; (iv) laying down
penalties for employment of children in violation of the provisions of this Act and other Acts

6
which forbid the employment of children; (v)bringing uniformity in the definition of the child
in related laws7 .

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 CHAPTER -3

THE CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUNDS

Definition of child labour –

The term child labour has many definitions by different scholars. According to Suda(2011)
the term child labour refers to when children is working in any type of work that is dangerous
and harmful to children’s health or the work hinders their education. For Moyi (2011) child
labour refers to low wages, long hours, physical and sexual abuse. According to Edmonds
and Pavcnik (2005) child labour is viewed as a form of child labour abuse, when children
work in bad conditions and hazardous occupations. The meaning of the term of child labour
also varies among organizations, ILO argues that child labour is difficult to define. It depends
on the type of the job and, if the age is under eighteen and if the job intervenes the children’s
education and development (ILO: 2004). A child, according to 13 the UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child (CRC) 1989 refers to a person under the age of eighteen. The World Bank
assumes that child labour can do serious threat to long-term national investment.
Furthermore, according to UNICEF the problem of child labour can have more bad
consequences besides all the concerns of investment or its relation to economic activity (ILO,
2013; Weston, 2005). Bhat (2010) asserts that the definition of child labour is not simple
because it includes three difficult concepts to define, which are “child”, “work” and “labour”.
He claims that the term of childhood can be defined by age but in some societies, people
cease to be a child at different ages. The onset of puberty occurs at different ages for different
people. Therefore in the Article 1 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the
Child and the ILO Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999 (No. 182) defines a
child who is under the age of eighteen years (Bhat, 2011). The definition of child labour
differs among societies, for example in Africa and Asia they do not consider the work of
fifteen years old person as a child labour, they view child labour as a good task that children
learn skills from work. They distinguish between child labour and child work, where child
work is considered to be a part of the children’s training to be responsible adults while child
labour is thought to be exploitative (Omokhodion & Odusote ,2006). Not all work that
children does is severe, according to ILO reports (2002) if a work does not hinder children’s
schooling or do not affect their health physically and mentally, then it is generally not

8
categorized as child labour. For instance helping parents at home, looking after siblings or
working for pocket money after school hours and during holidays. Also Aqil (2012) assumes
that not all work that children do can harm their health or considered as exploitative but it
depends on what kind of work they are involved in and how many hours they work. It also
depends on work conditions, or environment. However Weston (2005) argues that any work
children do, can be damaging to their health because the work can be abusive, exploitative or
hazardous and it can influence their health. Omokhodion and Odusote (2006) argued that any
work that children does outside home is classified as child labour. According to them
working outside home is usually exposed to environmental hazards which may affect their
health and safety.

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 Types of child labour

Child labourers are involved in many different forms of works, which include risks and
hazards. These children are vulnerable to physical pain and injury particularly being exposed
to health hazards (Levison& Murray, 2005). According to ILO (2012) the vast majority of
child labour is involved in hazardous occupations such as agriculture, mining, manufacture,
construction bonded child labour, domestic work and fishing. Environmental and
occupational conditions can impact on the health and development of the children. Children
working in different sectors such as agriculture, factories, domestic labour, sex workers and
carrying out their illicit activities, migrant labourers, and on the streets as vendors etc. The
effect of job and activities can vary from a country to a country. Also working conditions,
ages and gender of children involved in the differences too (O. O’Donnell et al., 2002).
According to Amon et al., (2012) mainly child labourers in Sub-Saharan Africa and in
Southeast Asia are involved in the worst forms of child labour , which persists such as child
trafficking, bonded child labour, child domestic work, hazardous child labour, etc. More than
90 percent of working children in hazardous jobs which are exposed to chemicals, and
dangerous tools.

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 Child labour and exploitation

Nearly a quarter of a million children, or 16 out of every 100 children worldwide, are
engaged in exploitative child labour in violation of Convention on the Rights of the Child and
international labour standards. Almost three-quarters of them work in hazardous
environments, such as mines or factories, or with dangerous substances, such as chemicals.
The majority of child labourers are ―invisible‖ – hidden from sight and behind the reach of
the law. Many of these children are not only being exploited, they are often being denied
education, basic health care, adequate nutrition, leisure time and the safety and security of
their families and communities. In general, girls' domestic work is the most invisible of all
and there is some evidence that girls may constitute the majority of child workers.UNICEF
regards education as a powerful means of preventing child labour. Children who are in school
are at less risk of exploitation. Conversely, children who are working and have an opportunity
to learn are in a better position to improve their situation. Since 1986 UNICEF has sponsored
an inter-regional programme called "Education as a Preventive Strategy,‖ which seeks to
respond to three main challenges:

Access. Getting working children into the classroom. Strategies to achieve this include early
childhood programmes, distance learning, bilingual education and flexible scheduling of
classes, so that children who are working can also attend school.

Second chance opportunities. Getting working children in school often requires transitional
arrangements, including non-formal education and accelerated classes.

Retention. Keeping children at risk of dropping out because of economic, cultural and social
reasons, in school. Interventions include financial incentives to families, and improving the
quality of education by integrating life skills and livelihood components.

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 PROBLEMS FACED BY CHILD LABUR IN INDIA

Child Labor has become a big problem in India. It is no doubt, a socio-economic problem. A national
survey had shown that more than 16 million children between eight to fourteen are largely appointed
in hotels and boarding houses, in tea-shops, restaurants, in commercial firms, in factories and
fisheries. They are engaged into all sorts of work for the sake of earning something for the family. As
a result, they are also deprived of primary education, without which chance of success in life is
remote. Children are employed in agricultural labor; they drive carts and take care of cattle. Girl
children have to act as maid servants and baby sitters. They cook and clean, they wash clothes and
collect fuel. It is true that a number of laws have been imposed to prevent child labor. But they are
more flouted than obeyed. The ban has been imposed to save the children from hazardous works and
to restore their care-free childhood. But some opines that if the ban is imposed without the
arrangements of proper rehabilitation of the child workers, it would be of no effect. There is no state
which is free from the evil of the curse of child labor is not continued to India alone. It has widely
spread to such developing countries as Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma and Sri Lanka.Poverty is
not the only factor responsible for children being engaged as labor. They came cheaper and their
parents don’t have employment opportunities. Appropriate social security measures should be adopted
for ensuring the enactment of the law. Indian Government must come forward to remove this curse
with adequate financial help to the poor family. The Government must arrange for free education and
treatment for the children. Child Labor Act must be properly maintained and followed to protect child
labour.

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 WAYS OF TO STOP THE CHILD LABUR IN INDIA

India's fight against child labor gained new impetus with the ratification of the United
Nations Convention on the Rights of the Children in 1992. India became a signatory in a bid
to be seen as an ethical labor market to international corporations. However, despite decades
of work, the practice of child labor in India still continues to persist with more than 80 lakh
children (5-14 years) toiling in fields, factories, shops and elsewhere. Thankfully, a
combination of successive government policies, as well as stringent civil society initiatives
by organisations like Save the Children have demonstrated an assert direction on fighting for
child rights. Combined with the increasing number of socially conscious corporations and
citizens who donate to charity, child rights are today a cause for everyone.

 Spread awareness -

Parental awareness of the evils of child labor can prevent disruption in schooling and pushing of
children into labor. Lack of understanding on the part of parents creates situations where traffickers
prey upon children and many trafficked children end up in child labor. Aware communities can
comprehend and respond to children’s issues much more effectively. Awareness also ensures that
communities tap growth, education, employment, and enterprise opportunities and create a socially
and economically developed society in which children suffer much less. NGOs use community
events, sports, arts and theatre to educate communities about the importance of child rights. NGOs
also create income resources, educational resources, and access to information services – all with an
aim to help children and their communities march ahead.

 Sending more children to school

India has the world's largest educational system, yet faces the hurdles of low literacy, due to
low enrolment. Organisations like Save the Children execute several initiatives to boost
children’s enrolment in schools. The organisation maps out-of-school children and those who
are at risk of dropping out and ensures that they enter into the fold of education.

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  Supporting NGOs like Save the Children

Save the Children offers immediate aid to victims of child labor, while also working for long-
term societal change through policy change. The NGO works to ensure that existing policies
are followed through with action. It has rescued 9337 children from child labor, in pan-India
ongoing relief and rescue missions. Present in 120 countries, Save the Children focuses on
education and a new life of millions of children affected by armed conflict and exploitation.
The NGO works with state and national level authorities, including Police departments of
states to prevent child exploitation incidence in states such as Punjab, Delhi, Bihar, J&K,
Jharkhand, West Bengal and Assam where vulnerability of children is high.

 More stringent laws and effective implementation

Policymaking is essential to long lasting social change, and lobbying for better laws involves
demonstrating how change can bring considerable benefit. NGOs research, and showcase
findings regarding exploited children, and use case studies to establish how their work
benefits children. Driving policy-level change requires relationships with several stakeholders
- media, lawmakers, citizens, fellow civil society members, etc. Many cases have been filed
under the recent Protection of Children Against Sexual Offences Act (2012) and Immoral
Traffic (Prevention) Act, which have successfully translated in increased convictions,
demonstrating how legislating can curb child trafficking. NGOs also maintain coordination
with district and state level authorities for a vigilant eye on the implementation of pro-child
laws.

Conclusion
Initiatives from civil society have given lakhs of children the means of living dignified life
where, they can cherish their childhood. Save the Children has forged powerful relationship
with government, national and International bodies to make child rights a “movement”.
Fighting child labor requires a multi-pronged push, and there is a need to make this a
people's issue. While officials and government can only institute policies, ignoring everyday
child abuse and malnourishment must also be attacked at an individual level, wherever
possible - so donate online and support this cause. Every bit of help counts in the fight
against issues plaguing children’s lives.

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 CAUSES AND CONCIQUANCES OF CHILD LABUR IN INDIA

Primary causes:

International Labour Organisation (ILO) suggests poverty is the greatest single cause behind child
labour. For impoverished households, income from a child's work is usually crucial for his or her own
survival or for that of the household. Income from working children, even if small, may be between
25 to 40% of the household income. Other scholars such as Harsch on African child labour, and
Edmonds and Pavcnik on global child labour have reached the same conclusion. Lack of meaningful
alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to ILO, is another major
factor driving children to harmful labour. Children work because they have nothing better to do. Many
communities, particularly rural areas where between 60–70% of child labour is prevalent, do not
possess adequate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away,
difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to
school is really worth it.

Cultural causes :

In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of
modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalized child labour and thereby encouraged it. Some
view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures,
particular where informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that
children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade
from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are
simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as
providing domestic services. Child labour in Brazil, leaving after collecting recyclables from
a landfill. Agriculture deploys 70% of the world's child labour.

Macroeconomic causes:

Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour.
They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand
and Philippines. They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a
new problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world,
over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the

15
demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the
child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low paying informal economy rather
than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars
too suggest that inflexible labour market, size of informal economy, inability of industries to
scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors
affecting demand and acceptability of child labour. Other causes are; d). have or increase the
income of a poor family e).To reduce the labor cost in a production organization f). reasons
for engaging as domestic aid as the children are less doubtful about dishonesty or less liable
to misbehave or be violent.

 Consequences of child labour

Children are exposed to accidental and other injuries at work. They should thus be protected to
prevent social, economic and physical harm, which persist to affect them during their lifetime.
Such injuries include

 General child injuries and abuses like cuts, burns and lacerations, fractures, tiredness and
dizziness, excessive fears and nightmares.

 Sexual abuse, particularly sexual exploitation of girls by adults, rape, prostitution, early
and unwanted pregnancy, abortion, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and
HIV/AIDS, drugs and alcoholism.

 Physical abuse that involve corporal punishment, emotional maltreatment such as

blaming, belittling, verbal attacks, rejection, humiliation and bad remarks.

 Emotional neglect such as deprivation of family love and affection, resulting in

loneliness, and hopelessness.

 Physical neglect like lack of adequate provision of food, clothing, shelter and medical
treatment.

 Lack of schooling results in missing educational qualifications and higher skills thus
perpetuating their life in poverty.

 Competition of children with adult workers leads to depressing wages and salaries.

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Apart from the above, lack of opportunity for higher education for older children deprives the
nation of developing higher skills and technological capabilities that are required for economic
development/transformation to attain higher income and better standards of living.

Rural and urban child labour

Child labour has been a complex rural problem, as well with children helping out in the farm
with their families. The vast majority of child labour is involved in agriculture. On the other
hand agricultural sector is the mainstay of developing countries economy, particularly in
Africa. (Baker,2008).Generally, throughout the world rural children were more likely to be
engaged in economic labour activities compared to urban children, because poverty is more
prevalent in rural areas especially among those who depend on agriculture(Akarro& Mtweve,
2011). Poor rural families considers making their children work in farms, may increase
household’s income (Serwadda-Luwaga,2005). Rickey (2009) points out that many rural
areas lack basic services such as electricity and access to drinking water. In such cases their
children must fetch water especially girls, who are more involved in housework. Child labour
also exists in cities. According to World Bank, child worker is typically a sign of urban
poverty in many countries, and special in Sub-Saharan Africa. Urban children usually are
involved in domestic work or sales. Their working conditions are very poor, unhealthy and
crowded. They work for long hours with very low wage or no wage. Girls are usually the
most vulnerable; they are typically trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation in urban
centres such as Mumbai, Calcutta and New Delhi (Baker, 2008). They face many problems
due to poverty. Poor urban children are at particular risk of many problems such as lack of
education, healthcare and social protection (Baker, 2008). Urban children attend more to
school than rural children. Urban areas provide better educational access, quality and
infrastructure than rural areas. For poor rural children living far off from school,
transportation cost often becomes a challenging 15 affair for their families (Hueble, 2008).
According to Edmonds (2007) rural children work more and for longer hours than urban
regions. Regarding attendance, due to limited access to school rural children are more likely
to be involved in child labour. Moreover, urban and rural areas differ in the terms of how

17
schooling and child labour are related. Education levels are generally very low among
children in rural areas.

National Child Labour Policy:

Constitutional and legislative provisions providing protection to children against employment has
been elaborated in the National Child Labour Policy announced in 1987. The policy addresses the
complex issue of child labour in a comprehensive, holistic and integrated manner. The action plan
under this policy is multi-pronged and mainly consists of: 1, A legislative action plan; 2,. Focuses on
general development programmes for the benefit of the families ofchildren; and 3, Project-based
action plan in areas of high concentration of child labour.

For rehabilitation of child labour, Government had initiated the National Child Labour
Project (NCLP) Scheme in 1988 to rehabilitate working children in 12 child labour endemic
districts of the country. Its coverage has increased progressively to cover 271 districts in the
country presently. As on date the Scheme is in operation in 266 districts. Under the NCLP
Scheme, children are withdrawn form work and put into specialschools, where they are
provided with bridging education, vocational training, mid-daymeal, stipend, health-care
facilities etc. and finally mainstreamed to the formal education system. At present, there are
around 7,000 NCLP schools being run in the country with an enrolment of three lakh
children. Till date more than 9 lakh working children have already been mainstreamed to
regular education under the NCLP Scheme.The NCLP scheme is a Central Sector scheme.
Under the scheme, project societies are set up at the district level under the Chairpersonship of the
Collector/ District Magistrate for overseeing the implementation of the project. Instructions to involve
civil society and NGOs have also been issued

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 National Child Labour Project Scheme

For rehabilitation of child labour, Government had initiated the National Child Labour
Project (NCLP) Scheme in 1988 to rehabilitate working children in 12 child labour endemic
districts of the country. Its coverage has increased progressively to cover 271 districts in the
country presently. As on date the Scheme is in operation in 266 districts. Under the NCLP
Scheme, children are withdrawn form work and put into specialschools, where they are
provided with bridging education, vocational training, mid-daymeal, stipend, health-care
facilities etc. and finally mainstreamed to the formal education system. At present, there are
around 7,000 NCLP schools being run in the country with an enrolment of three lakh
children. Till date more than 9 lakh working children have already been mainstreamed to
regular education under the NCLP Scheme.The NCLP scheme is a Central Sector scheme.
Under the scheme, project societies are set up at the district level under the Chairpersonship
of the Collector/ District Magistrate for overseeing the implementation of the project.
Instructions to involve civil society and NGOs have also been issued

19
 Provide legal protection to children in various occupations.

 The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933

 The Employment of Children Act, 1938
 The Minimum Wages, Act 1948 and rules made thereunder by the
government
 The Factories Act, 1948
 The Plantations Labour Act, 1951
 The Mines Act, 1952
 The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
 The Motor Transport Workers’ Act, 1961
 The Apprentices Act, 1961
 The Atomic Energy Act, 1962
 The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966
 The Shops and Establishment Act in Various States, and
 Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986.

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 CONCLUSION

The problem of child labour appears in severe form and various factors are involved. The
reasons for the incidence of child labour in both countries are complex and deeply rooted into
the society. Poverty seems to be the main cause. In general poor children contribute to
household income. Child labour can be found in urban and rural areas. However the vast
majority of child labour occurs in rural areas since poverty is more rampant. Although, many
poor rural families struggle for a better life in urban areas, this pushes families to force their
children to work in order to increase the family income and ensure survival. Study found
children under the age of fourteen years are still engaged in economic activity in India and .
These children tend to work more consequently they are not regularly in school. However,
besides poverty there are other causes such lack of schools, lack of regulations and
enforcement, corruption, lack of awareness and rapid population growth.

Government has accordingly been taking proactive steps to tackle this problem through strict
enforcement of legislative provisions along with simultaneous rehabilitative measures. State
Governments, which are the appropriate implementing authorities, have been conducting
regular inspections and raids to detect cases of violations. Since poverty is the root cause of
this problem, and enforcement alone cannot help solve it, Government has been laying a lot
of emphasis on the rehabilitation of these children and on improving the economic conditions
of their families

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