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I k1,rL,^.,A/.o;1

(
-{-rr d,.t i ,^^^(t7 tX"^ 1- t" 1, , ure ryet
?,,1 q/
7L,t
l^t r* t-L itL
?; -i-7

B" f Ne- Kn aca "tt ^t Y

i'1 ,:Y;'='ono )
Pi hn,
{z ,1e,"
source
' ?-1. -
L-@
,t diginotes.in
Pi ti L and .TPi =r)
 789
$*m'ut.,V tnu (/ Ne fl-t
H(o + rs)
Loq r
L S If
{z u?r,
B
"t h)L Lavt Htt c) = fi fs)
Laq r
, far , -*ff c-,tcteA

UL

L t{,l.s) L
= a L+ Hr(9
.

, L> +r9
rru @ .\htl Aotdx yrl
t/^,9-1
fl"";^.:*ffi* .t to f* be*fuA n/f'u*?
t'or

, ^hl*1St** N r'to nr'.s €u co DZN1 :--ftL6o artflu : -

Olr%k-:---
t'7v Tl\L .{atto,'o t7 ef {^dicate fi,i. ogAa.nn_oor,a y 9'o c-a-alu4a

fur f*"n bha.-q,( c-o&px, -fkz tezAniry te *fr A^ i-

lolr"rxt \LLN','

No,!:

lixt t/r!- Eocr-l ce d r*Lo l.< [r1 far o rdp4 "f

( o( e cr a-^*^nn)
r l\"ob a-biLh'ex
7
r
rl o {l- (n (ye-akniru

6tven qg= [sr,g- tt] ru ifl,.

?'f Pl,Pt
\1 , PtzP2-> 2Po
l/
Sty ruo" f :-
6omyul;z tt e g,zVurtr,el
\,r:Q
* : :: \t4t-
Pt
4s. Prtpr= prt4z
*t -: fu*P2tP1 = P3*43
/\ f

*r+r. source
Pqr* P7-, +-diginotes.in
t P2+Pa = ?q, * <"
 Art onrny'ne tl-L .gcm a.LteAt tn'tyt, vctlue ay lr uu^ff IAL
tnryLet* lt
u
$'-,t
oa.4
Jer ^11 i=l,l- 1,

\9feP No" 4'.-

,€x1nn l tLi. c(-zurnal nLLwLbet, {t, in L i^.ae7 f,*^
\h l'' | lace'L "%"e"x
*f "n-k'orl b"Vand L' y hcex
No,{ .-
-
Rurn o Ve fr,L t h^7 7o
ir,t b N iLL oLun*'x,) Lolt- -

fXntt*^nl on o9A-an non'a

?*"il tuhm:-
e,ncnd,y ftUyrrp a1fra$ffi,,,1 h tta-
f,ollou,:tV Se* Y^ejA^flz-g and. abtain cde
f fif'r*V
anol -\eibn*T m t r\y rt{3 YY\q rvlg-
4-t* Llu B{1.r Lt+ 3)s
"90[,,,hb^'.-
Silhoo .r :- Th^?- SurvtbotA a-YL aYranqrA aCCorc{t'rtV h
-#aa
n on- in c rcalttT (decrealtt^7) lAnbo$i ilh'e]' a,A be/nra : -
'frg- Y\+ yys \f *L-

6lu +lu slta zbe tlu

?tpL&p4pr

4r_o
s= Pt.6[te :o.3+r
ds = fJ+ * = 41rc+ 6[t6 = o.6dr

(6 = Pg f4g = LlM* o.?3+f

= !.. o
source diginotes.in
,*

Nate\ Eun ,t a./1 A\Lk PA.chaAlhaU yntr,Qt Ae_ e4lal k t.

 1--tta

- -ft\?- SrnalleAt tnt7-el Va-bte * U l.< fu^J ,*'T

*L' z tf P; fu" cLt-t [ = t ,,)' - r

=> &.1* z kle

=> et* z a.66

-Tke rvv_lle*t
A Val.tte
I 0 usfu^ca, I atLt f'"d tka a-ba ve,
ttn
ryfa-t,A,U t\ "t
( ,t+
' t1- d-
:-=-
,Si*'i^1 t
ft t-'/, ,)^t, z tlPz
,

t,I
) )' z tel+
:>2Q:I =) (2=L
.' o9m'z'Lte4Y Va-lue
tr b=; -

fur tr. 3, z ,l r,
&{3

=> Ll3 z t6ls

-'- e,tt Val.tte

T k = 3,
$ma-/t

frr l= 4, ;!1 , tlp+

:> zk z 16lz-
:^\

8ma,{,k,9+ va-hte A= 3.
7 --t.........-...-...-

fur i=9, db * tlrr

Smatlett Valut -{ {{' -h t.

L

:--

source diginotes.in
 '78-e c,l- e c-t".tal nu_nt$6.4 {t Qyz eATe.rtd
u_a( Ln
b tnaL,(
fn^ u7 t t; Ttac e.e a,4 ftvw buloc.a ! -
<1: o
* : @.sfg,o
0,3+{ Kd= 0.*fo uttt< Cayrtr u
o
"'o'(
o,l{,rJ -- L,{a u,:ti' u, car,y 7
I

o,S XL : L,o wftl, Carrf, I 1_

-'-{ = (o"stg t, = (_::2,

(.i = k nrg,o
0 , 6 &.r
= a,)S-o u:[tt, Cont g,
X &
0")t Kd= o,{n artn r^nr, I
I
o,{ ).d= a,o wtta rnJrrJ
.,,4s= (r,6&)ro: U

(o" LoDz
x4 = (a.ttaf),,
A, t 1i,(* X.t o. 6A]- ruifi. ,
"nl I t
=
,ii
, d_( f"l O "A f Wtil, o.rtv *l
c,, _

{ t I
6
C

c,C{ K,i = 0,{o nittu cavrV o

0,9 x & : 7 'o n il:^ Cavry I "{ I

.'-(1: (a,tra),o= (o"rLog,

{r= (o , 1t tDrc
, 1-3.+r xd - o, 8
o
+r wih Ccty"rla 't
0
O,Ey'fXP= 0.+r nffi CavrT L
a ".1.f X,2 = U \
/q
,
CatfA Carru 'l
A,{ x n Q, c
0
u) [t't- CarrV L

'-'dt = (o.lslOto=
?_11'2,
source diginotes.in
 7*4 t

4t = o an& lt = / -'. C-ode

fr sJ = oo

43 = (c " to D, ctnd ls=S

f, t,-= ol c,ode- L

d1 = b'ttot)z 6-ncl 4=3 -'.c,sde fir s4'lto

o1.; . (o" tt tDz and lr= Lf ''- code
fir .Sg= lt t 1

The Cacle -ta-btz Ca n nott-) be Cnn*Lq-uctL,4 a-.4

&h-aran bela** : -

$orr\ce-
ST r,thrtl P ; C'ocle L fn bt\th

rnr 3lr ao L
n+ Ll+ f,
vl I
9

r,r3 s ltu Lo) ?

rn2_ r
Mr_ lg Ito 3
,lrt tt tl +
8,6 tgrure t^i tcrbk, WL Ca-n Corvtx t" b-(
Ccn cLu*ion tl,"t d_1,( ?fuf a-x'e a-b-1 eott a ncl Aert cz u an
"2.<
lr*+anzoul eaaLz XaAfy:ry tt^e t*f
f
ptu*" ftufdr1:- xo co*yblz
" f*f *fr
Lyf Norrl ,t a. c-od,z bt a-
PY* ,t o"ff ofazr code- r.ard ( SaaafdU |a 2"1 ctytzt_
['n ctrT^iLt
-Ike- avaKa6x- l enXtt,
ll/ { i,t Co mp,rtad eA ,

t t--l.F p;u

: FIs) (4 + (l$ u) t Plrc) 6+('tr) ($ *lt') (+)

''. *= f ,1tf.t Ontgf rne*tyt xTmtol

source diginotes.in
 \ F

Ent<,op,7, f+[9= { P; t-g Lh,

t[' i=t
: 3l* bf (&1, r r/4 taV4i- slte r,V pl)+{uf r *
Itt Lo6 lL
'

-'- H fs) = ol, t ot{ bifu ) ^r}ov ft*"t

*l C od
" ,tt
"rn^7, \r*- y
= &, log{
d, 4str
- ''T''= o ' g6{
PrJcz""t"ge cade Q-fu'uencj = _-_
t6"{o/"
u L,L U
Cr:de Ke-At nda-+t p\,
7, . = 7 _Uc
__7*o"&6{
=0.1_3{
?eA U,nlry c_oc{e Aa-at,mdturuX -_ JB,{ To
U/l_

ft?/,t o9X.a-^ nont! el\c,odtnf (btru *fok^ b b4

futtr*u,1 me-x7tt
s1 sr ss
0.r o,3 0"L
"tf,r'
ur^V qnd. 3",'aht/L!T'
t> ry h!- AxYuz tu^"r;p tt h
*d ord,*
"fFC""l
b'z
Qlxfu-,rtk'ort till *oulLe-, Ao,,o rvtlc,l- w{/l k C/d4
"t
be tuF%vaA
"t*d^"t ?,

3ol,t"in:-
o\
t) -\r,) -\ *9J

a,f a,3 O,L

ilb
/ Stwd'.-
_____+__ 41"= o
*= o.{
43= d,S-+@,3: o,&
source diginotes.in
4ri= o,&1a,2. !9
 L-iz
St,r, 3 '. -
.t
&lt z tlp;
-rtr tt.l, Jni ,[p, z t[0.<
=> rQ
=>zQ>z -) (1 ,L
,=-=:--'
binit
Tlt r'= 2-, ,1, z t lpz => ,t, , tf o,s
-'2 z{'z 3'33 2 l,
_ryru
frr i:s, ,{t - ,lp" =) ,h r L/u ,z_

.=) zb > ,f.o =) {3-* B_bt:y

df=o
t= (o,\) rc
, /a --.\

A,{X /=-
C,aa atlth C arrT 4

',1-L= @,f) '-

,o P, D, ,

"(3 = Pytez = (e .*)r,

O.&X'2: 0.4 c.tttl, Cavr"6 1_/
O "6 YZ = d, L t"titlt avrV Ll C

a,.LyL -- C. + cattr' CawV ov

-'-18= Co.Oio = (c, 7 t0:-
O> r
DtEP S
- -
u ct *rX- lt = L
L

4, = o. Cule
--_---i-
/"r St= O ",

42_ = (a,D, and lL = L c-a.te

f"r s2 = la-
{3'[o"llo.), anr!. 18=G .'. cde- far sn ' 1!o

7-k codz tcble_ for A"-?- L a.a{tL &oo\cz Cc,. n be_

w 9.tite-n o\.9 ,
3 auj.a
87 wr*>oLr P(
At
(jod-e lt in b&,ritx

s1 o,r a I
sL C_a dL t"$te_
*J lo L
/rar i'/lk *"^
SE
source0, diginotes.in
2- 1- Lo ?
 3
.'. Av exoy l^f t d=.5-
L- t
Pi t"'

=
(o,{) (D U')CD t rc.,9t,
.'. /= 1,+ bir)t4/
^rX<"?"
Uff*rt.
P"fufi, rf &) =
-----
p,-bff ) lri
,i
a''b3
=c,t brt Llo{f o,zLaV 1fo,s'r
1fo'L

' #(s)- 1, +g {9
'-
btful ruell'ry< ny*^t'il
)vvv)|Ul

cade : 1-+K,
Tf*^"(, l,,= ttCJ)
L t.+
&4" 3&-"1.
-._\r=':---
e-orLe Roa{utt*"^r(, R)., L-I., 1--o"g+3& --o'12-€2-
.'(y,.= 12-,62"1"
-:=-*-
t> z"d
^hl- -^ ^ r(
€x-tvnkton'-- ,

-lkL La*t'c cz. utll Lave-

X fi*
2-^.1 etxtenAlan ,&ocL

LL = ? 1,g rwbo lA 0*'r/ r^ ,tr ,

S, S, Si!: SrSe JzSr SzSz S:3s QJ, SsSz e*

0,L{ 0, tg- o, lo 0"i I C.oq s,o6 o' Lo a'o6 o"o4

Yg Decre-a*"^n otdnx % f^ai yLobaAi/''t''e't

Sisr SLgz Sz Sz S r ls & Jl S.z sz Sz !, Jg lz f.S.

"0-{ o.tt o,t{ o-lo O"Lo o"oq o'oA c106 o'"+
A,2-
.L + +ft JPv 'l'
Pt
J, '1,
Py Ps Pq PY Ps 'l/
f7

Xtz u
)a

42- -' O'L{

de = dz*PZ: C'+
4rr -- o,{g
4;-- 0"6{
source diginotes.in
4[ - o'+{
 L+ts
4+ = 4e t Pa c,&q
,(6 = <+ tP+ o,Qo
<q= 4s tPs a,qe
4b-- 47t?7 7.oo
3t€4 3 '.- Th e o,: t_tr A I en,i,tt 4 a-W La/uCu1a_t"_( U.kt^?
-----::7:=:-: v

&h' z Ll P,"

Fri:t, ->ZhZ L lo,ze . 2q Z+ => lr = 2- bt'nic-

'bhta'
fur i=) -) ,4'z Ll o, L:{ *.6,e ./ =) lL-- 3
L,
lIo,tt -'.2tt zL,€7 =) ls= 3t>[ni&
Fbr t=*-) ,l'Z -tl o, L
'./+ ZJo =) lq' ttbinik
tYbhib
Lr-
k,f r'=( -+ 2' Z 1[o,L f z 7o =) l{=
t1' b{ntZ
Fz{ i=6 -2 * z )-fo,o1 ,Q Z:11, 1LQ 16=
trof i.'1- --,> Zq Z LIo,oA .. ,4 (+ -*) l+= r bthtfu
, 16"

Fot i--g -) ,{* z 1-[o"ob /raL6"6+=> k=rbtnt'ta

f-r[ t'=1) ,lo Z L Io ,oh .' ,! Z Lt =) ls= { btnf &

{q=o
+
d1-- (Az

Jz:@,2D,o C,2{X) = o,{ Nd --> e

o"9X2 = f,.o uoith fayrq:
t* 1

'. d.L-- (o.oDz.

13 = @ " O),o 0,ttXL= c"8 caft{Cary o

t
= o. 6 atilA CarrV: t* I
O,&x2
O,6K2= O,L t^:ifl, ,rry l'tl'
- o1j= p"017 ),
{ut=.@"rf)" 0,,Cff2 -- o, lo uottx Cont
0" lx2-- OrL
a.2Y2 = o" +
to
u,t [-/A
CarrXr
t lh. :l
lorrtr a
source diginotes.in
",.lrt= G"tooa0 )z
0'LIXZ= A.9 t^ti tA (arry o
 {r = & '691o c.6{rc L : e-3a Ntfra (arry 1_
A'3 X2 =' o.I toilA (arr7 o II
A,6X2 =- e, 2 Loita (aytH J I
o'/t t^:ifa ,nnr.f u {'
-'.J{= (o'1o7ot - ),

{e = (o"l)to
+.f X 2 - o,J-'o Ntfl\ Ca-n-\ H -I
0, t

0,{oK2: a,(eo wf.th c^rr!,V 1- '''16= (o'1Dt

J
4+ = (o'k0,,
0,*tlXl- : O,(* tattt (att7 L
0,6tF2: o,3{ wi'/t, (arry L I

O,36X2 = o,fL taftn cqyrll o /

'.d4
= (o "t)olo - -)z
I
o ,l2x L = o,LLf wl fu conlt A I
o,Q+XL= o,E? toitA,C*tlyo+
<|* = (0.t),u
0"1KL '-: O,go u,sttt- d

A,byl 7o.L t^:ftn ro*tl_ ".-Ag= (0"171-oa. ),

o,LK) : o"+ Nt'lL carry o / (

o,Lly2-= o,? *ttt, ro"rfo y

,/
"(? (o"t6)rc
0.1[ x2 = o . 12_ toftt. Cavyv 1
{*
o,1Lxl= o. s + witt (- ctvvt-t t
(*
a, gttxl* : O" 6& t.r:itn CawX l "'"{? -- (o''1- 7 7rr - - )z
a " 68,t2 : o" 3L N;lk Carry L
0, 36x2 = 0 "+L t^:th Cavry o

source diginotes.in
 14+

a-nd, lL- 2 blnit't c-oc./e

fr, trt, *) oa
4t=(a"oDy and (L= 3 b[niT.t C&1ft'rstSz elo v.LP\-
l-v
J

<s=(a,atDz_ and b-- s btn f B Code

far S2s1 --> o 7 L
4q= (0, I o o o )z qncl trt= ,4 btnifu, ' (ocle fur St l-a -) La oet
a --
{s- = [o,totr )z antl- (r.4 binf& c.de'fr -g\ -> 'Lo 1-o
46 = ( o. tD- qnd le, 4 b{nt& .'. code fn Srlz -} L1-aa
4.V = eo" il o to- )y a.n|
e: g-bint6- -'_code t"n trl: = '17 o L0
*= [o. Illtta --)z_ anrl b= t/rint& ,'-cocte t, StSz) 71- too
9'-- (0, tltto - )L a-rd. h: f btni& ' 'cacL" fu'l-<J-i -) 1-L7Lo
-lhe e_ + abLL .fL,a_ ba..-k^c
C,ad.
f r Aatdc<_ Cct n be L,_:tu^i&_n aX-
Sa w\cz
37rut,atX Pi c-d.e {; in btnttu

S,J I O,2t OO 2.
St S'z 0,, 1J- C l,a 3
&Jr o, L{ c L1 3
Jr ls o. 1-o L aoo +
s,3 Jl 0" 1-o 1- o 4-a
s:& +
a,a7 I too
4ss o.aL +
L 7a !-o
Ss sz
o. o.6 "9
LLleo s--
{* a'oi 1_LLto >

C.ocl e t"ltz
y:! eatervuon
-.---------=
Ar*V" l,^*, q
{,o. =.J- p;1,.
| -\
t:7

= a,2t C-z)+ o,tr(rg lrtrfs).t o.1o(D+o.io2.D

+0'o'l (+) + a,a{ (9 +a,aA ( g + o,o.+(O
t,
^^2: J, 36 btn ttAl Yvle.s a-r
wdt
source diginotes.in
 rte ufu@ry % fi'L z"e e/urz.d.d lvuLLLce-
*c.t!-ce- u
t,t
f'o^ 1'
tr (s2) = t r-D r+

: otx t"l4*{f
-', l+ k) = Q,qtt Liful -u^,ff &t.u"t
'i cod-z Tf*, , ru:D = *( {_) .: L,1 +L
7 LL 3"36
''- *vSD = &?"+>"/'
Crcde jtoahr*rrlavtty :- [ac - t&tq-t = [ l, {& "/o
u =----
Code {kh'ueAcu
['t) (l
t'^oAt,vpx
J 4J (ee"+t
. - tz- gq.32):
ct''z)'_ J,o}r,

-YW:-Tl"or,A tLL a,hoVe

pg.,nbkv,rt, u{L Aa,ve,
LL= 3.Sg blntt-L pQ_l. wttt<14 lyrwtoL
. n- C-.onAtc,lel
Ly :; 3, 34
L - 1'6& btnlhl,ue.*x"^2r k/",Arl
at
and 1= 1,7-c) bintl(l'(/al
rutua-ga kr-ulo-t dar trakc..Wxaa.

,' L2-. <a L

9

&rri wAen b,)e fr- ('r)

lr" 3'd erxleor4lon ancl. ra-ruu<r^te
L^' Ne fu'"a tk"-t
<-L ancl c^actz W'u'*?
? ' ?
f 0n twyUvty , Nkun ntu urte,ov\ton be cnm e4 [nf"r,itz , tt"a^
u"L
Cae wttl altr_ t, acA.ie,ve (de ^1ao ,y,
ffi,u,on7 I

source diginotes.in
t*
 7-+r
ffit tL
=-7 ezkt ^ a- Eau$,ce etngode[ f, fu t'rtfrn*ohon lou-9-ta
W
&Y,aaaq- 3 lg, s lg, l-lq. Corvyaw- tk^e. avuny
o,rfr,-t btt Ta-Le and-
-x-_
+\f. ca&.n* fir tt=4t,LU.E
x
tf'u,^ut
z tll
%-
sl\ I'h
z*t Pr'* Llz
@a naxx,)
Pr, alz

zt O xx zV lrr.e
K

A kxz 1lta.e
t.l c.l
sL
1ti
O N <z- slwe
x zY 1l&s
zK X 31,"1S
L >/9 ) t_ I

Pr' ^-x_
t Lla g

L (L) z YL S/las
zY Y 1[tat

st,
O z\F
z-
crtwe

tI zx 3l,f g
al zz z tl&8. P b.r)=dlot
<< y '- 'l6f
Pz, L. z- j!-/f"i x y<x
3Ua-B
1[&s
2_
> zL sllag
Y Yz nlng
7 Y 7 a+ln*
f) n" *=r t- ptx) = s l* Pe)=U& p A)-- tie p&).s/*
(--..-----------Y=...-l

Pq*-u4
8@1_- sr sr_ S,:
ls ,3ls ,l+ 3

W {r =a
*=3/r=o,3ft-
4g-- 0,3'1f 1 o,34f = 6':lSs
{4= 0 ,}t -1 a,2-{ = 7 .O

source diginotes.in
 &u z ,lri
| = !, at, z ,lpt
=) a\ z ,[Gtu;
'Lt:L
t'=&, &t2 zt[py =) Llr: rlfsrcl -.-.-

=> zta z t(at+)

ShPk'"^
{t =e & =6po),
$ - @'s+)" =) * --(o"ct)y
1fo - (a,6n =) {; -- (a, rt)z
SFpS-'^
MelA,a'f
3W"{^
m,
h7
P s-cbdbtul
3/c
ry t_
CaA.e
Oa

3[8 6
a- al
ry tl* & il
*v exay t = ,.i pl L' = p,e t pzty* pse
t1
=Gls) (D+bt*)b>t('t'+)tz)
1 = &.0 bt^tffiv^A
€"W *Lg,- f
,-t
=-:::
Pf Le"tr\lpi

q+q +
-Lx3t&L-v&$
HC9= httlu{Wf zl
? a I,?l f orf= fr.ttul*t
E[lr et'anu/ t \c= 4f.t) Xloo
L
: -WVroo
2-'A

\ c- t-c "1'o

source diginotes.in
 l-11^6
iD hr N:2: -

A# Ac CB CL BB BC- Cft
llsz 3ls z 3le2- z lsz }ls z LB2 a lsz
3h4L',- -91 Sz 33 Sq 55- J6 g:*
1 lSz i lgz zlsz 3ls, z 3lsz ?ls z 2lzL
+Sb>a, o(: o
qo 4'r = o' 4{gat
= 1 /ga- a,a &r,i{ ** ';W;n
(b = a,r6fl{ 44 - = o,flg a+r
<* 4-
ry za z,lr,,
lg - tq = ts --16
=) j, , ,l1lrz) => ,lr, zz/s >13 .[q.[e.[a=_L
la + ,t*ztfol q =) ,l+ :Lt
I

,st'r h',
Pi (; Lad e,

llzz q
.{- 00

llzt g
.x- ol J--- Y Pt c
iz
slgz + lool (zls)r.Dt Q yQbz1,tQ @
=
slt z lalo
+ +eb)@
3ls z l loa
3lsz
d/: z
+
+
q
Itol
ilU
l-: +
w,-
,W$ : 2fi/,
+
fl[r): ,"f P,ut'lt, : a:f_bty
^L
2hL_7
-- L/-
. pgLffiln*g
\.= -f*fO=t = ,2, fZ
L
1c= 6\"/,

source diginotes.in
 ir> fur A/ =3

rni Pt' P; 4t' U' Ccd o,r,l orl

ffi &+ltu &+ltzs d */n* 3 0aCI

**c l lPe l+\t>s * br 3 aol

ftcc s lru q lru 6s)w + cll0
*ca llrzs t hzr ytltzt \ CIoll)
BBS &*ttzg 1lt zg st hzs + lool
&Bc 1 lts* lltzt lofix + lo to
Ecc 3 l'lzt llta 1t lpr + 1o tt
B cft q fizt lbzt LotlrN + Itoo
Ccft s ltx 3[tU nrlizt A Ilotto
CLB s Itzr 3{tzt tt+ttx A I loltt
Ccc & ltls tlt u lt+ltzt L
LBL z ltx Ittool
S|ttt lzolu* ,b
C*c llt* ttt o4 D
s s I tzr bslrN .0 lltt oo
LBB 1 I tz-t slttt tz[ f12 6 b I lt t o )
cn-ft q lDr z ltry tzylrx 6 111?ll
.AN 8'q4t k*vh^ , L() f ,,' t'
(- (/ i1
|t'= 3,g1 bif,vut
Hrr)d = drul*\
't?6
)r-- .-l]q : *,1+Lt
Lt, sra
'', \c= 4r,67"/o

source diginotes.in
 l-rt+

+ Aau.Lw A^A 6 Lnybo\ u.o[A" ? kok"bt hVe.t pL h pg

Awch U^.-b \ZpzZ PsZP+Z?sZ|e -Zt ?d= LIU_,@n,tTut

Slranno,z.'A p.nooo/6inn
tr ttu- &bove m€-kty
and. otdaq.rrl,tna * ^toLit*lrt
c-ode
Tf*r^?.
*'m:- olirrca tt iA fr^ tt.^-t pt zr2 z?s Z ptrZ pszpe anA
?e = +ltz,
Q-/{<u-r,,te tha-t Pr = ?+ = ltLZ
Pa = Pry= LltL
P.f -Pa. sltz
f ,aoffa-t fuT oj_a

PX,bc,.A [,th'e.& U e#, 1 k il

SP,, ,CIe cre-a/,-t7 ord-e9'
T pXat aA tdfr^ea

?A P; P+ PL PL Ps

3ln- 3ltt 4rz Lhz- 'ln-

'lz
6t"fu -
{, $, Jir t-
J.
t*- __..=
he-/-o 73'ababt'1tt'?x
d1 = o
4z= 4tlpt = slo-
= 0 ,Ja
<3 --- 42tPy =-
-l
6 ltL -l a,f
44-
- 43t fs - gltz = 0,666
\r
q/__
= /
41-F P4 = toltz- : 0'8 ss
{4 = eet?5- = t,lu :: o,1l6L
tzlp * 7
lr,
t lP,'
t,
=:---
i.2-, * z rt/s I
4 .> U3 itnttt
=> z'2 =
\-:3 , zlg Z t,
2''z { =) ,Lz= 3 btntU
:
i=4, zq z tzlz 2 t.
yqz( , lrr, sbtrlftA
,tr I -:
t--i, Z
1'.-[, zlr source
z tzlt )diginotes.in
 {y.a, 11- a :) 4t -,, (n Ar_
* t, ,,!t')b (l =,r
=> e,JIXJ : o,J'c
c rS-OXf, = [" O li t @,&,)t,=(r"ao),
1"0) nr
o"oXL.-* CeA ) c)ll (a,{)p,
,,0 kt : oto)
oJ
(o "I::\
*4-q"614,4*,s
t _/

-) c,66[ X{ . I '33.2 g I I

d.33ay4 . 6 I
'6611.9 n (o^ ta€),,= @:!r,
C,$6L1yL.[, 3^18 *> V/
I
{r./_\=G ,6 33)to {,g. q => 0,93J x{ = l-66A*> )
A"666X{'- [-33J * I

O
'33&Xi .:, a'66++ o
CI ,6 6t.y-yp : /'3{tl I J-
{r=(o,?LbDrc 4s.q- D c .1 lt6 ra 1,g1s,g_
=
0, 8ot3&r"?_ -.1.[41 ? ->
ltBL.)'.,=(-ontitQ,
O,6LtA+Xl i,d3"?8 :
o , dlee YL 'fl,{g;6 )
jJ'
() L-
Nr€p -9
p!-c,babit hT ln"4tL rh tlnib
?;U o lt Ct'cle.- m c,td

3/sa .l Oo
3br
"l 0l
d/3J.
3
Ioo
"t/3e 3
lo l
rls a_
+ u Dl
tlsa
+
Ll lo
o
*ylrtt roor{ % o^t cadp nari- rA ct-
-Sr:nct l.l co
P*l* U ,^t
clno ffi!-L cn,{e_ rY Aat&1.|U tV*tone,oot(, en&e.
source diginotes.in
 t_*qs-
,A
<= 15 Piu
6
:.f Ptl.i
,:r
= ?t\t P"g [+- P.13 t P9 tqr- ps tr t?str
= F/ri)&xz r [e/=Dx:xerGlsdx{xll
:cr3+{+ at3*{t orJ(
{= L 6init[u4
/
€nffi, #r0=
,-fr;b6,lfi
=* 4@x{r *ua P)xx 5;t"Vb)xt
0.6tEo3 J o,J(Y4' o"!fid.fYL
=
.'.n[g=
W*

source diginotes.in
 Funr-tx ona a-n{ Eqr,^tvOCal^orc | -

rh e
e^k"lf tt t'r,7ut lymbolA e1 , e 2 a t b4"-(e
il
u

tt";& h,angr^i,<at^on ft df "/ a-\ " Ftr'rti *erf1 " d emot oJ bq(/
*@ yu^ ot,

*tft)=
,-t ltoD *0 bitxl naex<aXz
;;, 9*"t, -O
yoxTe-xJohl knqnPy
fo9tefuoAi trnR'. gt) CLCo
py W) nd th'"na'|
co rl{4cttr t

_'.--
----:- ==-- - :--
l< a> -
'TAe
^fuf1 f t^L in f'-t I'f'rnbo a'1 ,
^r ^ ft"L
b-ant,mt/k{on and Ae czTh^or', A f axh'o-tlar ou?lt Af"Lbdl
"t
" b-i ' t& cly'"rA a& " 7altetuna4-L o{ Cond''t'^ouol *fury "
d.unotdry HIAILD f'v^4,
a ra I
H (AtbD
d '/
= .t.{P
r-. t
( ar* I b/)
jlt' ' -d/ 'aX(/ P k-l bd)
Attul nu.+*^y-ny*o* €
W $tnce d YcxA'kL ttu- LhS, we- Lave Ltsu nuruAel
F4 (lc-'/tLM*u'w
on drhb oukcPte9
'7 ^al /"--

,' ,, .,, -.,.','- ;-,

t'< d+'"A aA f[L"e aVeX'tf- Valrue +
FqP"^vo61ut'on %
aA ft,l
l/
-[--' '"] in oU. @ eilA,e'ru
C sndt t b/,\^t
pa&op<tl !rytt^/a'e'd
t)
,l i ' t,c vak^ed
d lu^ I k J'. f+ tl d.unotrd ry
a
1+(A/D

Ll,wn b'l ,
(/
(ftlt -. r fu (ftltd\
(J

u
,\
={ P (-rD t+ t*/4)
i,t
*r/ ?t LD p(*ty) ufl
i't fr #6(tx,^y@
'rL l,-
&
{ ?tai;b,D CaV -L
i.1 itt
source diginotes.in bilu) P
 ., H tn/A= p(*,,t) loq 1-
'"tr,fie;
* f, bt"il1me.*Try@
t

fT+'Voca*'an Ayectfi'eA t^4 aV.\%z- tmou"t ut [nfatn"-ahan

n u,rb.'d. fr ef r* f.l an tn V ut AU,/^A 6( p bv lcl eA c,r e a r€
e),l,crurA fa h^aAa a^ o b.9 eX'va-t+*n % tf-e *ry p'UolttzzA
tn7*t A'7'rAb6( ,*/fu aoy't-tvoc^hDA k a ru<-a-kAz
brl V^a-t
- uln L ettat'nfr' Nhen lprlL aYt 'tLant ru it{uA oVeA E'\a
U

W
*^i Ae'nt-e \e\'4elentfu the *T:::* of
c,tra-nrvel
C,u-e t" tZe (a^"
?n,o h t nto-<,*'72:9d ^

fnhrr^a.frnn tDSt
l) o'7 't t\l o ^/'r-
wf tt+ I'ex7u't t"
-,

Cr>nvdJa'o*)

hU,f"l'* fr^ff
ft and b fn % @, u{8 ft
.L A-
t+ (el *) = {, p(bi,*)hfr '1 .- bl*rr
j't [: L rHl*)
B,t P(4,nD: P (*',bd)
+t[Ll D=-f
t p(ai,Li) lo,
i,1 d:1 o
1-
b tbl me,etaXz kf^btl
rtr,lu
H t Bl D l,< il4o Cil1a^4 Ce-t|o
^
'tnsl'u'ctu tN a r'ae^aktfu*
"Unvo
01- [n-tof abo ut tAa 9'e wJveA'
r --!*
^ot.sn

source diginotes.in
 7 -sa

(-rtanne-l Drroff -- _@g NotAe- DiagrqM'. ^

il* u,4 C arvt tdur cL h anx'q t*]er e"""ttfr^7 dlh c*r-&-
kymbot,t fX"n"t arL {nyu-t ay.^Lrf: k, /_Lt fu-e ,*.il,a"b6{l k_
qe\ wLtclu e-yz- en c-odal
{O, ,qz "n3 btnaey *n'T otg
o a , a L anl- Lo he-yuW"LV Due fu'^' ruo [,{z pre },ant {n' Thz

C.hs.nwzl, NL ,-{ -Lecaive

ff ry,*Aa% "Ln tr.e- Ae u-r veq-
wtn tk ou,ffi-r axf^aaet B
f'vn^ ,f ttr, br, bs, b+] nt ih c-adenaret,K
Oo t 0 L, Lo br- t 1-.
But we- qa? not tn"a-n.1,ntfn^t onf OV*n
Ctl,XeltyonoLt"V cute+oatd ., ! L ,
of tL,r hq**rurttd brrt c^.y a-qa
hc/d ur^t rf ol-r-e- fi fi,e hat (e pu-<z-f tn h{ cAa-41r\/L( .
Lr(ud
('r) av
b, [oD
(rD a-
brUD
CtD cL'
bcl(tt)
*-TXc).y1.gn itt l.-4- c,kr^nnl -__2r=_
f; ;:; _-
when t
o o' L',g tf,- anAmLtte-{ a vrl tke_ CJrqnneT, tieqe- tk
tlyat not2e yrufl"t no-t
,\ orne C-hance botn tt-e *ff r**^
and ft iA hecot'v-J at tt e Xe cuva\" llre '' cAaylc-Lq f,<'t[LR-
CanAitronal pLb/"dA)-L,fr fr,_^-t ttl bL ix W L!iv.,!-
ry**U
PV^ tt^t a.a L'A h.qw<*i.1-t"d & t/-e ttan1,rnftfur denob-d
4 r(r,rlot) tAck LA yven % p,-,

''' Ptt= b" lo,

l^:hen ' o o' iA tLanAm,'y7n-4, hr("e_ *t b< a cj"anca
[tt"rt^ tLa- A t co nd o' r,( g o rt velteA tb
bU 'ttw nots< U I oL'
t
,
L,
t,t, Xealuo& a-t txz **ft
"
' PlL =- brlu,
source diginotes.in
 6'i^ tb&^d , ?LB, ? ( br lo ) a^ol

+ Wbt[a)+ r(ur["D+p(a3J.t)+ p(bqi"D -r@

$rne.n -ltd*l % @,
U

ptb,tn) + p[u2-la)+?[bsltDt_ _ + p[r,,.la) -t -{g

,t
l@ - t -@
-T
=) d=L 'P(bi

lkh Xl'o *rA k"tA fur a-ll tr r4 t'ny,X *VrwbCA,

- d-L
,a
*
P[bil,g: ! -@
-fil-q
irr,rytiu., " *" S*r^ ,l &tl thr n]-*'tn^A in ontr X.at,)
% Tt^z CAa-nne-L ntah-ix L,t ql*t h u^ry ,,

4 Loe- a-,ocktune ttui e(. pxabaair;tL'eA f ,,"rt .nf*"k

P bD , P(qy) - PbO ave- a-lAo l1n onn .\ue/,t th'at-

T
,-\
-"
rTr '(9:' - lt)
tr'-a t^anLaq
Fxr,rr
T kt*!. ?&obatd/r,/ ,[i.e ?(*)?trw*Dr($
Ptaq : P(ulqD,Pt"D+ pbtlo;.r(qilt . +p(bilqO.pbl"l
P (.?) = ?{byl+) P(qt r(urlo rlalt +p(ur1q"1 phl
'('.,
/
!
? tbD = p(b.<tqD ptaD r p(uld p(qr)* .rp[b.sl^y) pto)
kna^:{nV t'rq"rt y Mbab|lit^e-A 4(or), C./-e.nnn-l ntnlg.r^x- Llrr"*r"fu

PtUt^D anA 0,4* ffaln/'1"/k'ea r[7), he lnFfr otnJtfl6rca'(

pAxbebuithA P @ lD Can bz f u"'1 I uU'^t Ba7z-t -q-,,Q-,
source diginotes.in
 !_-9t

P bt f bD =- r[ui b") .y(*,-\

Pt 4)

PAppotn"u
"t fotnt Pr*l*Ltt h fla,kt'z Cfpu)'--
;. *n. fo int p!.obd\Urq
v
Nrhil HM).
b1 bL' bA
("t' tf) arP Cs.cJ = qr , p(;,bD -Pb;.'i
oZ TPL";D
?
p6r,bD , p(or,bD
I
I" ', p(ar,b$
.,'-=/ l_O I

a{ L? (C., bL), p [qr,br) _ f (ar,til I

Stnc<- ?Lb)= r [btl,,)-P,a; 1y$ila:) pt,^)t ffLbt/a") pta1

flelJ-, t1^1 R+s LA yraAurt. ['n tt t- " -1tt c,o{r-,tnn q. J-rr,t'' . g, ,,*
?-ffL-ff v,y,'.ff*u*'sn Ll
P(b) = P.r.t, bt) -t p I e2,b) *
hn
&
"h":;tr"*ff
$eLr^x4,
v(l .
+p ho ,aD

t P br, b')
L'"L- th^L
ry ^rffi !*U ury T tr?M c-n[Lr,anuot,.te_, we
obtc,-ln yxnt auafi %
ry*n*r^
pUptx*4 -L'.-
Ul,in tr'L tt-e,oUo,.,n
% +"+-^l lADba"l"tl,tf , tt)Q- &ew o bta{n-
P (ac) = r (ay[u),ptbD+ ?b"lr,).p(b)t - t r(alt .b p(rD
.'. P[Ar) : ?Ur, bt) + pf qL,bD + tp br,bD
..

?toO = P(ar,at)+p@r,bz)f tp?[qz,ul

i. e " rH cr.clc{rvV ft'p lp p1 Jwbs,,ar,Ae ,
a-(e,r"ten-t's
source T t^)L ca-*,
obtJ.L,n trr
, ytot*ll+diginotes.in
q uN A/*otx,.
 P(a)+ ptq) + p[a) +- +pbD =L?(at,bD + p[at,bD+. - rplnr.r{
t tP [ar,tD t P(av,bD t' + P &\z,n<fl

+
*L, (n"'bD tvIar,bD+ - -+ P(or,bd
" -T7.< ,L4rr\ all fr.e_ a-U,rrytnh Tprl L^4 %4al t, ,n r?'-
X I
€+',- a b,anlmittet' AaA t/,A/-e-
Cotrtn untca-h-en Eylte,rrrr-
,tVntrtx h ={ qt ,qr', as3 and Ae-cztve-L a-l* a AaA
(J

t'nyut
f/J,a! o',tput ry*^hrr^ {bt , bs_, bs} .-tT\e m*fr,i.-,t f u^
B=

Ln-lo* Altou^tA t7f4 wift' ,*orrrz- naXUn"t loAnb"bihVeX'"'

\rl (l

aa !* )r- Slst
\
c

\
slae Llq sl u
x- tlt +e

PTD

ft^l fh/- *tM"fr Fg,Dbat i"lfuk t' (O h tA.L tabd.

iI f.:^A P (b' l"D a.noL r( qrl b)
,,2 AAe F^z wonfr aLu bL $t^hlbca/% mdyndr^t 2%Z
Sahrt,on.- ,/i\
=- Ta
.- h^d ,"uXU*o IP A-o bab il;h'eA'--
l- /,

--.=--F

?(b)'r ?( uz) + ' +P( bo = L

I
_\
_,,. ,,{ r(t;)
d-)
= 1_

?
Stnu .! =3,
fi PUD= PtbD+P(sr)+ P[b)= t-

-.\
'/' ! t J!-
D 3L
+?(b:J.=t
source diginotes.in
P[b3) = sf u
'::::-=-
 !-*ra*

F(rrr) Pt"c7fi - t,
p(b) = p(at,bD t p(cts,b) tpdae, t)
+ # +f t?(qt,bD
:) P[a-r , l) 1_

'1
:
P&; = p(qt,bD + ?(qz ,bD t p [a. ,a)
-t_+
36
?UL,bD t !_ '1-
-f-
1 tr

) P(at,AD = t,
1

-t- : *5- -L- r +?(qr,t,

s[ t*
ot
JB
+ P(a-,, b3) = 6
l,\
tt>
/0 To find

*o p&D 1r^D
FXo,'t ?,"aPet-fi)i
P k; . P (^r, bD t p(qr,bD.1 ptat b*)
-L L
I-L 'Tf *f -t
_L_r L

arfi,. ?(qt, bO= 1=l

. ', ? (brl"q) = sl;r =. - r .
Lts 1}
f (a"ftg = p[q", bO slgr _ L
PlbJ
- --/ *- 7
source diginotes.in
,'i} Fi r aL bL h be ltahWc^uy tnlupndrott-
a,nd t L\L
vutt-At Aa-ryt p (^rn b) p@yb)
= rr..,,, r(br) =r
But p("; plb): tA (a--
${rtL)= ?bL*L)+r(a,,g
t P (a" ,ufl
a*{. p (ot, br) - L lrz _@
FL"rnt tD crn.d. @.
p(q) ,u2JP[qr,bD'
. '. 41 anA ! b c"rL not tnlTe'nde'nt fl- tX
b ec*"tt,e tNe- a,f,Q- fff 6 \tcrtve- ttr" % fu"o*'wtt*:nt %
witl AoML fLaba-btLi|
' a-nc{ henu_
b1 [.L dtyende,nt or\ r^1.
--'-r llr,::- :_i,-,7,.cp.o
,-" .'-
' i.r
{nryH \ f a[*t ?kDbobrr7 n"b*x ix L&ueA o/" {at^rtt

VnWyUa,rd l+ k ALve.^
,ff r+(n ,B) fo, fi ( B,oZ. [-a ,O.r+G,d
fbiruf ar,&"ytr tA gtvcn L,f
, # fA,O = H fCt fr[sln) (oO 116*,d.tt[Bh *n)
f+$, B) :
i rbDbl-'lpb)*,q rut,ud) b0h6
h
. '- L+ G,6)=
,i ,r"1, f ,* Pu;lo,t) 4 ncu,ir;f, pk t,uj)h6 rbil"D
N, = ,?lrb) ?bil"D t^t
*^*,lrt ?,.t,rD t^ff
,,f
bvt wQ tLnow ti^At J-ofnt ?KDbabiltil ia
/u^%, ^,
p [at,b1) _ pt_bj
hD, r(u).

f
t46,o)=
fli,*
,? ,Tfr ?b;,tD bff
,rr,
P[at,b) t

., +rrn,D=ti;j: ?@,ro)J t"fr7r+ q#A ','

L '

=) HrA,D =,i t', p(ni,utlul ,fo;Apl

source diginotes.in
 1-s-"1
,", tl (t+,0= .FC
tn dr l[at,o;)1",i
- t - LiBl*.s.
P[oi,bD

I'ttee"ruYy LL 8,
,O
(ui ,o-,1
H (8, A) =
,f {, P
^t ,trl ,O
b * $
fu*t Lar'''r."t*tatlve /wo L'{e t-"'ct; t['*t -
P ("d,q) - f (bl ,*)

" '. tB,A)' ,T

f p (a;,Li) tc1 bitt lut.
ffi,
++

al Lryyv{'.-

'flre Lx-rar ?t'',obabil;fil ?e- L,( f'V^ %,

pe_,,1
P" r(uD _O
q=1, ez

d+r
It'.;.l^ eU b-L fkcbabr"at''<t t-'t i t'l tcw&t b'Lbe tb e*K.e A.
e/L,aft t = j. -fk;a U beco.*, tn ca.{( T i= i , Coxe,t "qy'bd( U

heulvuA "' ETn @ btco"'Le'\,

lp= ? rq .Y Nbil^l .PtaD --O

d:'.
d+i

A"A tkl Pkcl>aLiLibl q Cpwe et J\eu-FLorL eai[l b(,

il u

,i).- n
J G - J"- ?e
-=:--

source diginotes.in