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    3 views25 pages

    Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing, PDF PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ali Najim Al-Askari

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 25
    2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Radar procoug (a) Radar ‘Tanai ple (b) Transmit and received waveforms Figure 1.1. Radar system radar system will input the received continuous-time waveform into a digital computer by taking samples via an analog-to-digital convertor. Once the waveform has been sampled, the data compose a time series. (See also Examples 3.13 and 7.15 for a more detailed description of this problem and optimal estimation procedures.) Another common application is in sonar, in which we are also interested in the position of a target, such as a submarine [Knight et al. 1981, Burdic 1984) . A typical Passive sonar is shown in Figure 12a. The target radiates noise due to machiner ‘on board, propellor action, ete, This noise, which is actually the signal of interest, ropagates through the water and is received by an array of sensors. The sensor outputs 1. ESTIMATION IN SIGNAL PROCESSING 3 x SS — Sen bt (a) Passive sonar Sexsor Boutpat Taw (b) Received signals at array sensors Figure 1.2 Passive sonar system ‘are then transmitted to a tow ship for input toa digital computer, Because of the SUaiuoay Of the tensow latte to the arial angle Of the target signal, we fezeve the signals shown in Figure 1.2b, By measuring 7, the delay between sensors, we can deermine the bening 8 rom the expression = aco (!) (uy where c is the speed of sound in water and d is the distance between sensors (see Examples 3.15 and 7.17 for a more detailed description). Again, however, the received (CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Vowel [a/ i Cee a a ee Lae neal seagate a) Time (2s) Figure 1.3 Examples of speech sounds ‘waveforms are not “clean” as shown in Figure 1.2b but ate embedded in noise, making the determination Of % more dificult. The value of J obtained from (1.1) is then only mainte ‘SnotheF application is in speech processing systems [Rabiner and Schafer 1978] 'A particularly important problem is speech recognition, which is the recognition of ‘speech by a machine (digital computer). The simplest example of this isin recognizing Thdividual speech sounds or phonemes. Phonemes are the vowels, consonants, ¢tc. oT The fundamental sounds of speech. As an example, the vowels 7a/ and /e/ are shown in Figure 1.3. Note that they are periodic Savers whose petid is called the pitch 1, ESTIMATION IN SIGNAL PROCESSING 5 ° 0 100 1800 200 200 Frequency (H2} 104 ° 0 ‘moO Frequency (Hs) Figure 1.4 LPC spectral modeling rinimizes some distance measure, Difficulties arise ifthe pitch of the speaker's vice anges Trom Ure te he oF she records the sounds (the training session) to the time Wrist ihe speech recognizer is used. This is a natural variability due to the nature of hhuman speech, In practice, attributes, other than the waveforms themselves, are used fomeasure distance. Attributes are chosen that ar less sustentible-to variation. For zample, the spectral envelope wil not change with pitch since the Fourier transform Fe perodie gnal ws sampled version of the Fourier transform of one period ofthe Signal. The period afects only the spacing between frequency samples, not the values ‘Toextract the spectral envelope we employ a model of speech called linear predictive ‘To recognize whether a sound is an /a/ oF an Je/ the following simple strategy might de employed. Have the person whose speech is to be recognized say each vowel three times and store The waveforms. To recognize the spoken vowel, compare it to the i oe Tea a an tha soot 0 the spoken vowel of the one thal Syecch sounds tn Figure 3 the power spectrum (magnitude-squared Fourier transform

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