Fourth Industrial Revolution

The Fourth Industrial Revolution(4IR) is the fourth major industrial era since the initial Industrial Revolution of the 18th century.
It is characterized by a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres,
collectively referred to as cyber-physical systems.[1] It is marked by emerging technology breakthroughs in a number of fields,
including robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, quantum computing, biotechnology, the Internet of Things, the Industrial
Internet of Things (IIoT), fifth-generation wireless technologies (5G), additive manufacturing/3D printing and fully autonomous
vehicles.

Klaus Schwab, the executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, has associated it with the "second machine age"[2] in terms of
the effects of digitization and artificial intelligence (AI) on the global economy, but added a broader role for advances in biological
technologies.[3] These technologies are disrupting almost every industry in every country
. And the breadth and depth of these changes
herald the transformation of entire systems of production, management, and governance.

Schwab sees as part of this revolution "emerging technology breakthroughs" in fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the
Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3D printing, quantum computing and nanotechnology.[4] The fourth wave of the industrial
revolution is expected to see the heavy implementation of several emerging technologies with a high potential of disruptive effects.
[5]

Contents
Stages of the Industrial Revolution
First Industrial Revolution
Second Industrial Revolution
Third Industrial Revolution
Fourth Industrial Revolution
See also
References

Stages of the Industrial Revolution

First Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolutiontook place from the 18th to 19th centuries in Europe and North America. It was a period when mostly
agrarian, rural societies became industrial and urban.[6] The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam
engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution.[6]

Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution took place between 1870 and 1914, just before World War I.[7] It was a period of growth for pre-
existing industries and expansion of new ones, such as steel, oil and electricity, and used electric power to create mass production.
Major technological advances during this period included the telephone, light bulb, phonograph and the internal combustion
engine.[8]

Third Industrial Revolution

The Third Industrial Revolution, or the Digital Revolution, refers to the
advancement of technology from analog electronic and mechanical devices to the
digital technology available today. The era started during the 1980s and is
ongoing.[9] Advancements during the Third Industrial Revolution include the
personal computer, the internet, and information and communications technology
(ICT)

Fourth Industrial Revolution

The Fourth Industrial Revolution builds on the Digital Revolution, representing new
ways in which technology becomes embedded within societies and even the human
body.[10] The Fourth Industrial Revolution is marked by emerging technology
breakthroughs in a number of fields, including robotics, artificial intelligence,
nanotechnology, quantum computing, biotechnology, The Internet of Things (IoT),
3D printing and autonomous vehicles.
Picture of the "Puffing Billy" steam
In his book, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Schwab describes how this fourth engine taken in the Science Museum
revolution is fundamentally different from the previous three, which were in London.
characterized mainly by advances in technology. The underlying basis for 4IR lies in
advances in communication and connectivity rather than technology. These
technologies have great potential to continue to connect billions of more people to
the web, drastically improve the efficiency of business and organizations and help
[11]
regenerate the natural environment through better asset management.

“Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution” was the theme of the World Economic
Forum Annual Meeting 2016 in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland. On October 10, 2016,
the Forum announced the opening of its new Centre for the Fourth Industrial
Revolution in San Francisco. According to the Forum, the center will "serve as a 1983 Industrial Robots KUKA
platform for interaction, insight and impact on the scientific and technological IR160/60, 601/60
."[12]
changes that are changing the way we live, work and relate to one another

According to Arik Segal, the Fourth Industrial Revolution holds unique opportunities to improve human communication and conflict
resolution.[13]

The phrase 'fourth industrial revolution' was first coined by Schwab in 2016, and introduced the same year at the World Economic
Forum.[14]

See also
Industry 4.0

References
1. "The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means and how to respond"(https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the
-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/)
. World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
2. Compare: Schwab, Klaus (2017) [2016]. The Fourth Industrial Revolution(https://books.google.com/books?id=ST_F
DAAAQBAJ). New York: Crown Publishing Group.ISBN 9781524758875. Retrieved 2017-06-29. "Digital
technologies [...] are not new, but in a break with the third industrial revolution, they are becoming more sophisticated
and integrated and are, as a result, transforming societies and the global economy . This is the reason why
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) professors Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee have famously
referred to this period as 'the second machine age,' [...] the title of their 2014 book [...].
"
 3. Schwab, Klaus (January 11, 2016).The Fourth Industrial Revolution. World Economic Forum.ISBN 1944835008.
4. Compare: Schwab, Klaus. "The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond"(https://www.weforum.o
rg/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/) . World Economic Forum.
Retrieved 2017-06-29. "The possibilities of billions of people connected by mobile devices, with unprecedented
processing power, storage capacity, and access to knowledge, are unlimited. And these o pssibilities will be multiplied
by emerging technology breakthroughs in fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things,
autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology , biotechnology, materials science, energy storage, and quantum
computing."
5. Ab Rahman, Airini; et al. (2017). "Emerging Technologies with Disruptive Effects: A Review" (https://www.researchga
te.net/profile/Umar_Zakir_Abdul_Hamid/publication/321906585_Emerging_T echnologies_with_Disruptive_Effects_A
_Review/links/5a38fb87a6fdccdd41ff013d/Emerging-Technologies-with-Disruptive-Effects-A-Review.pdf) (PDF).
PERINTIS eJournal. 7 (2). Retrieved 21 December 2017.
6. "Industrial Revolution" (http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution). History Channel.
7. "Second Industrial Revolution: The T
echnological Revolution - RVA" (http://richmondvale.org/second-industrial-revolu
tion/). Richmond Vale Academy. 2016-07-21. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
8. "The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870-1914 - US History Scene"(http://ushistoryscene.com/article/second-industri
al-revolution/). US History Scene. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
9. "What is the Digital Revolution? - Definition from e
Tchopedia" (https://www.techopedia.com/definition/23371/digital-re
volution). Techopedia.com. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
10. "What is the fourth industrial revolution?"(https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/what-is-the-fourth-industrial-rev
olution/). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
11. Marr, Bernard. "Why Everyone Must Get Ready For The 4th Industrial Revolution"(https://www.forbes.com/sites/ber
nardmarr/2016/04/05/why-everyone-must-get-ready-for-4th-industrial-revolution/#4816522279c9) . Forbes (blog).
Retrieved 2016-12-12.
12. "New Forum Center to Advance Global Cooperation on Fourth Industrial Revolution" (https://www.weforum.org/pres
s/2016/10/new-forum-center-to-advance-global-cooperation-on-fourth-industrial-revolution/)
. October 10, 2016.
Retrieved October 15, 2018.
13. "Conflict Resolution in the Fourth Industrial Revolution"(https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/conflict-resolution-in-the-
fourth-industrial-revolution/). OpenMind. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
14. "제4차 산업혁명" (http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3548884&cid=42346&categoryId=42346)(in Korean).
Retrieved 2018-03-24.

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