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Running head: WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER

Waste Management Using Nylon Nets In End Pipe Sewer In Pulung Cacutud Angeles City

Tabaday, James Dominic S.

Holy Angel University

Author Note

The authors of this study are students from Holy Angel University, Angeles City under the

Department of Civil Engineering of the School of Engineering and Architecture. This is in partial

fulfilment of their requirements in the subject Civil Engineering Projects. Further concerns and

inquiries about this paper should be addressed to, Tabaday James Dominic S., Department of

Civil Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, Holy Angel University, Angeles City
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 2
Waste Management Using Nylon Nets In End Pipe Sewer In Pulung Cacutud Angeles City

A.) Background of the study

Plastic is a designed material delivered utilizing a wide extent of characteristic polymers,

for instance, polyethylene, pvc, nylon, etc. That can be formed into shape while delicate and after

that set into inflexible or somewhat flexible structure. Plastics are used in everyday existence.

Plastics are a manufactured natural polymer that has been around just a little more than a century.

Its attributes of delicacy, toughness, quality, generally ease of creation and adaptability of

utilization then again, similar attributes that helped increment plastic generation together with

imprudent administration of its transfer are likewise in charge of making the material a genuine

peril for nature. The achievement of and transcendence of plastics starting in the mid twentieth

century incited normal concerns its moderate breaking down rate in the wake of being discarded

as waste on account of its game plan of far reaching molecules. Around the century's end, one

way to deal with this issue was met with wide endeavors toward reusing. Plastic can be follow in

one source, the people. A few people are simply tossing their rubbish anyplace. Greater part of

plastics are in waterways. No one realizes to what extent it will take to breakdown a plastic, yet

some accepted to take hundreds or thousands of year. It isn't only the collection of plastics that

hurt nature. It is additionally parts and poisons discharged amid photograph disintegration that

dirty our dirt and water.

Squander the board is the majority of the exercises that handle squander materials, from

the time it is made to its transfer. This incorporates how your business gathers, transports, forms,

reuses or arranges its waste. Overseeing what you squander in your business can compare to lost

chances or benefits. Squander the executives is tied in with being increasingly effective with

crude materials and taking advantage of each phase of the generation procedure. The most
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 3
essential purpose behind appropriate waste administration is to secure nature and for the

wellbeing and security of the populace. Particular sorts of waste can be risky and can

contaminate the earth. Terrible waste administration practices can likewise cause land and air

contamination which can result in genuine ailments in people and creatures. Executing great

waste administration rehearses ensures the earth as well as can be valuable to your business.

Natural worry as per singular conviction will decide genuine conduct. An individual who thinks

about condition wouldn't exploit, yet just fulfilled to accomplish something helpful, which

suggested that individual will do squander arranging progressively advantageous.

Natural polymers like plastics are manufactured and however they have existed for a little

more than a century (Gorman, 1993), According to O’Hera, 1988 More than millions of plastics

are produced annually. According to Hansen and Laist It came to an extraordinary increment of

the flexibility of these materials in their utilization in the recent decades and they use it every

day. According to Laist,1987, Plastics can be solid, shoddy, sturdy and less weight, qualities that

make them reasonable for the fabricated to an alternate kind of items. These equivalent

properties concur the reasons why plastics are a genuine peril to nature. Since they are also light,

a growing stack of plastic junk is being dissipated over long partitions, and when they at last

settle in residue they may proceed for a significant length of time (Hansen, 1990; Ryan, 1987b;

Goldberg, 1995, 1997).

The peril of plastics to the marine condition has been disregarded for quite a while, and

its earnestness has been beginning late observed (Stefatos,1999). for instance, by then a person

from the Council of the British Plastics Federation and a Fellow of the Plastics Institute,

communicated that ''plastics litter is a little degree of all litter and makes no harm the earth

except for as an imperfection''. His comments not simply speak to how the vindictive biological
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 4
impacts of plastics were completely dismissed, yet also that, clearly, even the plastics business

fail to predict the unimaginable impact in the creation and use of plastics of the past 30 years. In

the marine condition, the obvious abundance of marine life and the massiveness of the oceans

have provoked the dismissal of the extension of plastic refuse as a potential risk (Laist, 1987).

Human exercises are responsible for a fundamental spoil of the world's normal masterminded

variety, and the issue is essential to the point that joined human effects could have restored

present transfer rates to 1000– on different events the standard rate (Lovejoy, 1997).

The peril of plastics to the marine condition has been disregarded for quite a while, and

its earnestness has been beginning late observed (Stefatos., 1999). Fergusson (1974) by then a

person from the Council of the British Plastics Federation and a Fellow of the Plastics Institute,

communicated that ''plastics litter is a little degree of all litter and makes no evil the earth beside

as an imperfection''. His comments not simply layout how the noxious biological effects of

plastics were through and through dismissed, yet likewise that, plainly, even the plastics business

fail to foresee the inconceivable impact in the age and usage of plastics of the past 30 years. In

the marine condition, the evident abundance of marine life and the enormity of the oceans have

provoked the removal of the augmentation of plastic rubbish as a potential hazard (Laist, 1987).

Single-utilize plastic and marine junk is a champion among the most across the board

defilement issues tormenting the world's seas as it has certified negative impacts on regular life,

sea life and human prosperity. Most examinations have focused on improved waste organization

or furthermore reusing as fundamental responses for the issue of marine plastic defilement,

regardless, making of plastic is assessed to extend four-cover by 2050 (Hinojosa and Thiel,

2009). More gathering and reusing of plastics is unlikely to keep pace with the monstrous

anticipated increment in the utilization of plastics, particularly for single-use, dispensable

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 5
applications. There is a significant increment in the amount of litter created by people that winds

up in the world's seas, bringing about a tremendous scope of possibly hurtful effects on nature

influencing marine life (Hardesty, Good, and Wilcox, 2015). On a worldwide scale, marine

natural surroundings on shorelines, in profound sea waters and at surface dimensions are being

dirtied with man-made flotsam and jetsam (Gall and Thompson, 2015). In 2015, Hardesty et al.

noticed that "in excess of six million metric huge amounts of plastic is evaluated to enter the sea

every year from land-based sources". Nerve and Thompson

(2015) have depicted that more than 600 species have experienced flotsam and jetsam in the sea.

This study tended to the gap in both past literature and practice by gathering information pointed

towards prescribing potential answers for overall plastic decrease, which could, as a result,

impact the levels of ocean debris and ocean pollution in a positive way (Bowns, 2018). The flow

bypass options are more expensive to install, but are more suited to larger outfalls, or outfalls

where maintenance access is more difficult. In larger creeks, or those with steep banks,

recovering the NetTech nets may prove difficult, but the Fresh Creek design is attached to a

liftable support frame.

On the other hand, a couple of examinations have point by point that plastic has made

mortality marine species by choking, gastrointestinal blockage, and stomach break (McCauley and

Bjorndal 1999; Plot and Georges 2010; Hirai, 2011; De Stephanis, 2013; Laver, 2014). Next to its

quick impacts to solitary marine animals, plastic can moreover have natural effects that may

roundaboutly impact diverse marine animals. Plastic is known to show outcast species, changing

the system structure a possible sustenance web rearrangement (Katsanevakis 2014; Pham, 2014).

Marine turtles are truly fragile against these impacts since these living animals feasibly ingest

plastic working up it as prey. This adds stress to the declining masses of marine turtles. A dead
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 6
grown-up female green turtle was recuperated in Brgy. Lapu-lapu, Agdao, Davao City, Philippines

on 17 April 2015,. Necropsy demonstrated that few plastic materials caused blockage in the pyloric

end of the stomach which may have caused the turtle's mortality (Abreo, 2016).

Automatic canal cleaning system makes utilization of sun-based capacity to expel

drifting wastes. The gadget is put over the water body with the goal that stream happens through

lower frameworks. Squander like plastic jugs, jars, bio-garbage and so forth are lifted up by

utilizing transport fitted with anticipating teeth. These belts are driven by sun powered fueled

engines. The preferred standpoint which achieved from our Idea is of a better valuable one and

we are glad in having eco cordial Idea. Regular ones make it hard to acquire and feels massive

work, our thought give the response to this issue through this undertaking we can most likely

comprehend the troubles in keeping up the resistances and furthermore the quality (Prakash,

2017). For larger waterbodies, floatable trash trapping devices may be an option. These practices

can capture large drainage areas, but are only able to capture floatable trash. The Bandalong

Trash Trap is one example of a floatable trash trap. It is composed of a floating boom that

intercepts trash and other debris floating on the surface. This floating material is conveyed to an

aluminum trap that is kept buoyant by polyethylene pipes. This practice can be installed on

waterbodies wider than six feet, and is highly effective at capturing floatable trash.

Outfall practices can have various configurations, each with distinct advantages

and disadvantages, and different applications where they are most appropriate. Outfall practices

refer to practices installed at or below the storm drain outfall. Practice options include the

following: Hydrodynamic Practices, Nets, Litter Traps, Trash Barges and Water Wheels These

practices can be valuable at outfalls with large drainage areas and high trash loads, when

implemented in concert with upstream measures such as educational efforts and street sweeping.
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 7
In addition, they can be implemented fairly quickly, thus serving as a stop gap measure until

other programs and practices are in place. Hydrodynamic practices include a range of

proprietary practices, which are designed to capture floatable materials and sediment from

stormwater runoff. They are available in different sizes, so that smaller units can be used at the

catch basin scale, but larger units can capture large drainage areas and are installed at the outfall.

The use of nylon nets in End pipe sewer to prevent plastics going in the rivers or streams.

This solution for me, is an economical and eco-friendly solution. This solution doesn’t

require bulky work. Catches gross pollutants as little as 5mm, just as natural materials, (for

example, leaves) that could lessen the dimensions of phosphorous and nitrogen. Floods planned

in center points and weirs. Effectively exhausted with truck mounted crane or two-man team.

Available for assessment and upkeep. No kept space passage is required, as net change-out is

done at the surface.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 8
B.) Statement of the Problem

The researchers aim to find an eco-friendly solution in dealing with gross pollutants in

sewers and streams. The possible solution may help those people who are dealing with waste

management and help us to easily capture and remove trash from water.

• What kind of waste material that people usually throw?

• What is the design of an economical solution to capture gross pollutants?
• What is the holding capacity of nets?

C.) Objectives of the study

Plastic where dismissed nothing, some people don’t care about marine debris. As a result,

there are lots of waste plastic. These wastes are not disposed properly in the right containers, but

in rivers and streams. Since the rivers and streams are connected to the ocean, it will be a

problem if these plastics will go to the ocean. Thus, this research aims:

• To determine what kinds of plastics are being thrown in rivers and streams;

• To proposed design of an economical solution to capture gross pollutants in end pipe

sewers;

• To perform and analyze the capacity of these nets.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 9
D.) Significance of the study

This study will focus on the waste management using nylon nets in end pipe sewers. The

results of the study will greatly benefit the following:

Marine Environment

This study covers about the marine environment because some of the waste or

plastic are in the bodies of waters. This study will help to maintain the cleanliness of our bodies

of water and prevents floating litter and debris from destroying the environment.

People in Pulung Cacutud

The results will provide the people with some knowledge what is the importance

of waste management in our environment. It will give the people’s realization that throwing

garbage in streams have a major impact in marine environment.

Easy Maintenance

This investigation demonstrates the availability to assess and do support. No

bound space section is required, as net change-out is done at the surface. Long administration

life, with cost effective support.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 10

E Theoretical Framework

The theory of flow bypass options is more expensive to install, but are more suited to

larger outfalls, or outfalls where maintenance access is more difficult. In larger creeks, or those

with steep banks, recovering the NetTech nets may prove difficult, but the Fresh Creek design is

attached to a liftable support frame (Kristar Enterprises, 2014). Figure 1. In stream trash trap

In-Stream Trash Traps Both proprietary and custom-designed trash traps can be installed

within the stream channel. One challenge of these traps is that they can easily become clogged

by trash and debris. The design shown in the Figure minimized the potential for clogging, and

was designed and the shallow angle to the ground, allowing the streams energy to dislodge these

particles. This practice was both designed and maintained by the Anacostia Watershed Society.

This practice replaced an earlier design that had experienced problems with clogging.

The theory of Bandalong Litter Trap drifts by bandalong international on

conduits, given lightness by extraordinarily solid and sturdy polyethylene pipes. The unit is held

set up by chains appended to ground grapples or fitted to rider shafts for trench establishments.

Extended accumulation blasts direct coasting litter through a single direction door into the device

where it is held prepared for evacuation.

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Re-entrainment is averted by an arrangement of stabilizers and oars that nearby the

section entryway when the water stream stops or there is an adjustment in stream heading

because of tide or wind. A polyethylene side skirt underneath the waterline averts flotsam and

jetsam getting away under the primary buoys.

Figure 2. Storm water System Figure 3. Bandalong Litter Trap

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F Conceptual Framework

The end pipe net sewers is an engineered economical waste management that

prevents gross pollutants flowing in the water.

Figure

Input

• People
• Nets, Concrete pipe,
Stainless Steel U shape
hook base, Hoist Hooks
• Gross Pollutants

Fail

Process

• Multivariate Surveys
• Coding of data

Output

• Finding in types of debris

• Designing of nets
• Applying it Actual
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 13

G Scope and Limitations

The scope of this research is focus on waste management concerning marine

environment. The researchers must conduct the experiment to lessen the gross pollutants going to

the rivers or streams. Putting nylon nets in end pipe sewers to catch all the gross pollutants.

Limitations include areas with more wooded and denser tree canopy would require a

more intense street cleaning regimen and leaf drop check to ensure the net is free of leaf debris.

Older nets may have poor in tension present along the support hook, if that is the case, installers

will need to always double check the hooks and need to test the nets and know the allowable

capacity. For outlet screens or nets, finding the best opening size can be a challenge, since there

is a balance between capturing the smallest trash particles and preventing clogging and resulting

bypass of larger storm events.

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H Definition of Terms

• Nets – utilized regularly to get fish or different creatures, a length of open-coincided

material made of twine, line, rope, or something comparable (Thompson,2009)
• Waste management – is major concern in dealing with waste, solution in cleaning a
place thru waste management. Waste management helps to clean a messy place (Laist,
1997).
• Plastics - is a designed material delivered utilizing a wide extent of characteristic
polymers, for instance, polyethylene, pvc, nylon, etc. That can be formed into shape
while delicate and after that set into inflexible or somewhat flexible structure. Plastics are
used in everyday existence. Plastics are a manufactured natural polymer that has been
around just a little more than a century..(Laist, 1997)
• First Flush - introductory surface spillover of a rainstorm. (Stormwater, 2014)
• Marine Debris – is a human-made waste that has purposely or inadvertently in roads or
landfills that been discharged in lakes or marine environment (Laist, 1997).
• Bandalong litter trap - intended to skim in conduits so as to catch litter before it streams
more remote downstream by utilizing the current to control garbage into the snare
(Bandalong Corp, 2014).
• Hoist hooks – is a gadget for snatching and lifting snares. Generally furnished with a
security lock to keep the withdrawal of the lifting wire rope sling, chain or rope to which
the heap is joined (Kennedy,2013)
• Flood –A region of investigation of the control hydrology and are of critical worry in
farming, is a lot of water that submerges land that is generally dry.
• Polyethylene Pipes – It has exceptional substance and natural pressure break resistance.
Is a thermoplastic pipe produced using material that can be dissolved and improve. It is
tough, adaptable and solid. (Kennedy, 2013)
• Regimen – is an arrangement or directed course. (Kenndy, 2013)

• Plastic debris- the most major issue influencing the marine condition, not just
for seaside territories of creating nations that need proper waste administration
frameworks, yet additionally for the world's seas all in all in light of the fact that
gradually corrupting vast plastic things produce microplastic particles which spread over
long separations by winddriven sea surface layer course (Thompson,2009)
• MicroPlastics- small pieces of plastic that pollute the environment.
Microplastics are not a particular sort of plastic, but instead a plastic piece that is under
five millimeters long as indicated by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration. Bits of plastic that contaminate nature.
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 15

Review of Related Literature

Wilcox (2016) Concludes that Marine litter is a developing natural concern. With

the quick increment in worldwide plastics creation what's more, the subsequent vast

volume of litter that enters the marine condition, deciding the results of this flotsam and

jetsam on marine fauna and sea wellbeing has now turned into a basic natural need,

especially for undermined and imperiled species. Be that as it may, there are restricted

data about the impacts of rubbish on marine species from which to make derivations

about the masses results of anthropogenic trash. Franeker and Law (2015) Claims that

Fulmars are effective regular pointers of the abundance of floating plastic marine debris.

Long haul information uncovers high plastic plenitude in the southern North Sea, bit by

bit diminishing toward the north at expanding separation from populace focuses, with

most minimal dimensions in high-ice waters. Since the 1980s, pre-creation plastic pellets

in North Sea fulmars have diminished by ~75%, while client plastics fluctuated without a

solid generally change. Comparable patterns were found in net-gathered gliding plastic

flotsam and jetsam in the North Atlantic, with a ~75% decline in plastic pellets and no

conspicuous pattern in client plastic. According to Gregory(2009over the span of the last

five to ten decades, sullying or defilement of the world's encased seas, ocean side waters

and the more broad untamed oceans by plastics and other made has been a normally

extending wonder. The wellsprings of these dirtying materials are both soil and water-

based, their origin may be neighborhood or evacuated, in addition, the natural outcomes

are various and changed.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 16

The aditional for the most part seen issues are conventionally associated with

ensnarement, ingestion, suffocation and general debilitating, and are regularly related to

stranding events and open perception. Thompson (2009) reasoned that Plastics have

changed customary everyday presence; use is extending and yearly age is likely going to

outperform 400 million tons by 2015. In this end paper to the Theme Issue on Plastics,

the Environment what's continuously, people’s Health, we consolidate present

comprehension of the central focuses and situations encompassing the utilization of

plastics and look to future needs, inconveniences and openings. Clearly plastics bring

different societal central focuses and offer future innovative and supportive drives.

Regardless, worries over use and trade are fluctuating and meld social affair of waste in

landfills and in typical ordinary condition, physical issues for untamed life coming to

fruition because of ingestion or then again get in plastic, the exhausting of designed

manifestations out of plastic things and the potential for plastics to exchange fabricated

blends to untamed life and people. In any case, maybe the most fundamental disavowing

Concern, which is certain all through this volume, is that our present utilize isn't

supportable.Gregory(1991) conclude that Plastic litter and trash of numerous types is

prominent on numerous contemporary shorelines, most much of the time close populated

and modern focuses, yet in addition on remote and seldom visited r then again

uninhabited islands, including Raoul, Campbell and Auckland Islands. Contamination By

plastics is stylishly disagreeable and superfluous, and furthermore makes various

ecological issues: for example demise or potentially incapacitation of natural life through

trap; blockages to the intestinal tract through ingestion prompting starvation and demise,

or ulceration of sensitive tissues by barbed pieces; decrease in personal satisfaction and

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 17

conceptive execution. Bigger things may likewise danger shipping. An encrusting

pseudoplanktic biota, like that found on drifting Sargassum and different ocean growth

has been perceived on float plastics. Outsider species, boated on floating plastic, could

jeopardize the widely varied vegetation of ensured and preservation island environments.

A large number of the issues related with marine trash draw in impressive media and

open consideration. Chief of these are the visual attack of unattractive disposed of plastic

and tasteful qualities when all is said in done. According to Nash(1992) Diverse impacts

to get compelled thought are of no less importance, for instance mischief to fisheries;

perils to recreational cruising and greater business vessels; impact of plastic sheeting that

covers the biota of sensitive residue, reef and harsh substrata similarly as anoxia and

hypoxia started by restriction of gas exchange between pore waters and overlying sea

water (Goldberg 1997 and Andrady 2003).

There are additionally vacationer observations and emotive issues emerging from

broadly distributed pictures of seabirds, marine warm-blooded creatures and fish caught in

surrendered or lost netting; besides, trap and ingestion may prompt demise from starvation

and crippling, with a diminished personal satisfaction and brought down regenerative

execution (Laist 1987). Huge numbers of the litter issues related with marine trash draw in

impressive media and open consideration. Preeminent of these is the visual insult of

unattractive, disposed of or potentially unintentionally lost plastic and other fabricated

materials that will in general strand and concentrate along shorelines and sandy shorelines—

ones frequently of extensive recreational significance. There are likewise firmly emotive

issues related with both neighborhood shoreline clients and vacationer recognitions. Money

related worries over guest numbers may likewise be a huge factor. Cruelly basic open
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 18

reactions are normal and may reflect individual perceptions or generally distributed and

regularly nerve-racking pictures of seabirds, marine warm-blooded creatures and fish snared

in relinquished and shoreline cast or lost netting.

Earthly vertebrates may likewise be trapped or caught in wrack flotsam and jetsam.

Where tidal range is moderate, and especially amid times of back to back spring high tides,

unattractive littering material might be covered and escaped see. Exhumation of litter may

happen amid later times of higher wave action (Williams and Tudor 2001) and may likewise

be cyclic in character. Notwithstanding those components distinguished beforehand and later,

concerns are ordinarily communicated about financial misfortunes, medical problems and

mischief to nearby biota, and generally broad impressions of longer-term crumbling in

shoreline stylish qualities (Gabrielides 1995).

Catch basin screen cover practice, when combined with street sweeping, appears to be

very effective on the West Coast. For example, the City of Los Angeles conducted a pilot

study to determine the effectiveness of catch basin opening screen covers during rain events

with an accumulation of rainfall greater than 0.25 inches. The study was located west of the

City of Los Angeles downtown area with a drainage area of fifty-five acres, with inlet

screens on 24 catch basins. The catch basin inserts were determined to be 58-79% effective

in preventing trash from entering the catch basin (Magallenes, 2008). When combined with

regular street sweeping during dry days (93% of days in Los Angeles), the practice can

prevent 85% of trash from entering the catch basin. However, the practice has not been

studied in humid climates such as the MidAtlantic.

Catch basin inserts have been evaluated extensively as a part of the Los Angeles

River TMDL in order to certify “100% capture” of trash, as required by the TMDL. As a part
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 19

of this program, the City of Los Angeles conducted a pilot study on the trash capture

effectiveness of three catch basin insert configurations over a one year duration (2007)

(Magallanes et al, 2008), in a 138-acre drainage area with 50 catch basins located adjacent to

the Los Angeles Coliseum/Exposition Park.

The City of Los Angeles also examined hanging baskets and vertical inserts. Based

on their results, the vertical inserts allowed the most trash capture volume and had the least

maintenance, and the hanging baskets were ineffective due to their small capture volume.

Other options (e.g., the horizontal catch insert) were later reviewed at this location, but due to

ongoing maintenance issues Montgomery County has not continued their use (Curtis, ND).

Data from Montgomery County, Maryland confirm that the smaller volume catch

basin inserts (trays and baskets) require too much maintenance to be practically

implemented. In a study in the White Oak neighborhood of Silver Spring, Maryland, trash

trays were installed at the inlet of several inlets and monitored over a 1year period (Versar,

2006). The trays became clogged with trash and leaf debris very quickly, and needed to be

maintained every two weeks in order to prevent the trays from bypassing stormwater flows

Water quality catch basins are estimated to be between 25% and 50% effective at

removing total suspended solids, and are also designed to remove floatable materials and

oils. Some designs may also incorporate screens to remove neutrally buoyant materials

(AWS, 2008).

Maintenance of most catch basin insert and screen designs includes vacuuming either

through the curb opening or the maintenance grate. A vacuum truck can cost (between

$120,000 and $150,000) and the time to clean the catch basins adds significant cost to
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 20

maintenance. Some designs been designed to use other equipment, however. For example,

the radial axial screen depicted in Figure 7.3 is maintained with a front-end loader, since this

equipment was more readily available. In Los Angeles County, cleaning is recommended

semi-annually at a minimum depending on unit specifications (Gordon and Zamist 2006), at

a cost of approximately $200/unit. The County inspects catch basin inserts monthly and after

storms from October to April. The systems are cleaned when trash is above 40% full. In May

to September, the systems are inspected and cleaned once. They are repaired or replaced as

part of the maintenance program (L.L. Miller, personal communication, August 7, 2014).

Although the costs were not tabulated, data from Montgomery County, Maryland collected to

date suggest that the required maintenance frequency, at least for the trash trays studied in

that municipality, would be cost-prohibitive (Versar, 2006).

In netting systems, a disposable or reusable net is attached to the outfall. Once the net

is full, either the entire net or the trash captured by it is landfilled. Trash netting systems

include a variety of design configurations, with some design variations including in-line

netting systems placed in manholes just above the outfall, and pontoon boats below the

outfall. The specific design option depends on site factors such as ability to access the site

and available head. Regardless of the specific option implemented, the nets cannot

accommodate all storm events and need to include a bypass option for larger storms.

The flow bypass options are more expensive to install, but are more suited to larger

outfalls, or outfalls where maintenance access is more difficult. In larger creeks, or those

with steep banks, recovering the NetTech nets may prove difficult, but the Fresh Creek

design is attached to a liftable support frame.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 21

Outfall practices may play a role in this watershed on a limited basis to achieve two goals.

First, they can be used in trash hotspot sewersheds to get a “jump start” on capturing trash that

ongoing education programs will take a long time to achieve. Second, some of these options can

serve as both public education and watershed monitoring tools. For example, ongoing trash

counts from the Nash Run Trash Trap have demonstrated a decline in plastic bags after

implementing the plastic bag tax in Washington DC (Kennedy, 2013). In the Tookany-Tacony

Frankford, the best option may be to implement a few outfall practices on a trial basis, in

sewersheds known to have high trash loads. In addition, these practices may have additional

benefits by capturing leaf debris and other gross stormwater pollution, which is a source of

nutrients, sediment and organic carbon.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 22

Research Methodology

A.) Research Design

This research is a quantitative research that deals with gross pollutants in streams. A

survey research was conducted, focusing on gross pollutants that they are usually seeing in

the streams of Pulung Cacutud Angeles City, the questions was divided in to two 1.) what

kind of plastic they usually see in the streams and 2.) where it causes physical damage to

ecosystem. Once the data collected, analyses were undertaken to determine the debris type,

design of the solution and analyze the capacity of nets during Storm. Quantitative research is

more on collecting and gathering data and analyzing those data given.
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 23

B.) Materials

The main parts employed for making of the net system in end pipe sewers are, Nylon

Nets, Concrete pipe, Stainless steel U shape hook base, Hoist Hooks.

• Nylon Nets – the nets must be minimum of 5 feet in length, there are different
size of holes depends on the survey that the researchers conducted. The nets
must capture at least 5mm size of gross pollutants in end pipe sewers.
• Concrete Pipe- Made of concrete that is circular in shape and hollow inside.
Roundabout pipe is accessible in a wide scope of ostensible inside widths
from 300 to 3000mm. Round pipe can be intended for open-cut or jacking
establishment techniques. See Table for the standard measurements by Aashto
28 Edition.

• Stainless Steel U shape hook base – tempered steel offers a few points of
interest regarding quality and hardness. It additionally doesn't rust, erode.

• Hoist Hooks – Use to hook in the U shape hook base.

C.) Population

The respondents of this study are people in the place of Pulung Cacutud Angeles City

especially those who are near the streams.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 24

D.) Research Instrument and Data Collection

The instrument utilized was a Researcher-made survey open finished to assemble

required information for the experiment of waste management using nylon nets in end pipe

sewers. The draft of the questionnaire was drawn out based on the researchers’ readings.

First thing to do, the researchers must make a request letter. When Approve, the

researcher must conduct a survey in Pulung Cacutud Angeles City. After data collecting, the

researcher must analyze what type of debris are there and make a design using nets in streams.

D.) Methods for data Recording and Analysis

Method 1: The researchers must have a request letter. When Approve, the researcher must

conduct a survey in Pulung Cacutud Angeles City.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 25

Method 2: After conducting a survey, the researcher must conduct a tally in the given

data. What type of debris that the people of Pulung Cacutud usually see in the streams?

Method 3: Analysis of sizes of trash there are in the streams.

Method 4:Propose a design of waste management using nylon nets in end piper sewers.

Reference

• Anacostia Watershed Society (AWS). 2008. Anacostia Watershed Trash

Reduction Plan. Prepared for the District of Columbia Department of the

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 26

Environment. Anacostia Watershed Society, Washington, DC. Available at:

http://green.dc.gov/publication/2008anacostia-river-trash-study

• US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1999. Combined Sewer

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EPA 832-F-99-037. Available at:

http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/upload/2002_06_28_mtb_nettrash1.pdf

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http://www.princegeorgescountymd.gov/sites/environmentalresources/Pages/d

efault.aspx
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Los Angeles. Responding to Proposed Trash Amendments. Webinar

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Park, CA.