SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

• GROUP NO:- 5
• NAME:- ROLL NO:-
• PRINCE RAJ 39
• STUTI
• MUDABBIR 28
• RAUSHAN 42
• AMAN 05
• SHIVAM 53
 CONTENTS:-

• WHAT IS PROCESS SPECIFICATION TOOLS

• DECISIONS TABLES
• DECISION TREES
• STRUCTURED ENGLISH NOTATION
• DATA DICTIONARY
 WHAT IS PROCESS
SPECIFICATIONS TOOLS ?

• IT IS A METHOD USED TO DOCUMENT ,ANALYZE

AND EXPLAIN THE DECISION MAKING LOGIC.
• IT DEFINES WHAT MUST BE DONE IN ORDER TO
TRANSFORM INPUT INTO OUTPUT
DECISION DECISION
TABLES TREE

STRUCTURED
ENGLISH
NOTATION
 DECISION TABLE
❖ A decision table is a graphical method of describing and explaining the complex
logical relationship in a precise manner in the form of table that are easily
understandable.

❖ It is a matrix representation of logic of decisions which specify the possible

conditions for decision and resulting actions.

❖ It is useful in situations where the resulting actions depend on the occurrence of one
or more than one condition or set of conditions.
 COMPONENT OF DECISION TABLE:
1. Condition
2. Action
3. Rule
1. Condition:
The condition part specifies all conditions that are applied to the inputted data.

Condition Stub:- It describes the conditions that exist in the program logic.
Condition Entry:- It provides answers to questions asked in the condition asked in the condition term.

2. Action:
The action part specifies all that actions which can be taken.

Action Stub:- It describes the action to be taken to meet each condition.

Action Entry:- It describes the appropriate action resulting from the
answer to the condition in condition entry.

3. Rules:- Rules defines the relationships between combinations of conditions and courses of action.
 EXAMPLE OF DECISION TABLE :
1. If advance payment is made give 5 % discount.
2. No advance but purchase amount is greater than 10,000
and a regular customer give discount.
3. No discount in any other case.

Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4 Rule 5

Conditions
Advance payment Y N N N N
made
Purchase amount - Y Y N N
>=10,000
Regular customer - Y N Y -
Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4 Rule 5
Actions
Give 5% discount Y Y - - -
Give no discount - - Y Y Y
 ADVANTAGES OF DECISION TABLE:

❖ It provides compact representation of decision making process.

❖ It is easier to understand particular path.

❖ It can be changed according to situation.

❖ The structure of decision table promotes a logically complete and

consistent problem definition.
DISADVANTAGES OF DECISION TABLE:

❖ It cannot express the complete sequence of operations to solve a

problem therefore it may be difficult for the programmer to translate
decision table into program.

❖If there are too many alternatives, it is difficult to list in decision table.

❖It does not show the flow of logic for the solution to a given problem.
 Decision Tree
 A decision tree is a decision support tool that
uses a tree-like graph or model of decisions

 It uses branching method to illustrate every possible

outcome of a decision

 The major limitation of decision tree is that lacks

information
 Indicates
Action
Square node

Indicated
Circle node Condition
 ki
ds Witho
married ut kids
unmarr
ied

Age
Age
20-50
<50

Person
 Example
Growing Declining
Stocks 70 -13

Mutual funds 53 -5

Bonds 20 20
 20.2

18.2

20

Calculation :

For stocks-
0.4*70 + 0.6*(-13) = 20.2
For MF
0.4*53 + 0.6*(-5) = 18.2
 STRUCTURED ENGLISH

Structured english is based on structured logic and

simple english statements such as add, multiply, move
and so on.
It is an appropriate technique for analyzing the system
when structured decisions are not complex.
 STEPS TO USE STRUCTURED ENGLISH

❖Express all logic in terms of sequential structures,

decision structures, case structures or iterations.
❖Use and capitalize accepted keywords such as IF, THEN,
ELSE and DO.
❖Underline words or phrases used have been defined in a
data dictionary to signify that they have a specialised
meaning.
❖Careful while using “and” and “or”.
❖Avoid confusion when using logical comparisons such
as “greater than” and “greater than or equal to”.
ADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED ENGLISH

✓Clarifying the logic and relationships found in human

languages.
✓An effective communication tool, and easy to teach &
understand.
➢ It consist of data about data.
➢A data dictionary is a collection of descriptions of the data
objects or items in a data model for the benefit of
programmers and others who need to refer to them.

➢The major elements of data dictionary are data flows ,

data stores and processes
 IMPORTANCE OF DATA DICTIONARY

 Analysts use data dictionaries for five important reasons.

1. To manage the detail in large systems

2. To communicate a common meaning for all system elements
3. To document the features of the system
4. To facilitate analysis of the details in order to evaluate characteristics
and determine where system changes should be made
5. To locate errors and omissions in the system
➢It defines the data objects of each user in the database

➢It controls the access to different objects in the database by

means of its views

➢It makes data management easy

➢It gives the well structured and clear information about the
database

➢It is very helpful for the administrator or any new DBA(database

administrator ) to understand the database

➢Data dictionary helps user by providing all the details in it

➢Creating a new data dictionary is a very big task

➢The cost of data dictionary will be high as it includes its initial

build and hardware charges as well as cost of maintenance

➢It is only for technical users

 REFERENCES:-

• WIKIPEDIA.COM
• IGNOU BLOCK
QUESTIONS ?