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ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات
داروﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ ﮔﻞ ارﮐﯿﺪه ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﮔﺮده
اﻓﺸﺎﻧﯽﺷﺎن ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖﻫﺎی ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪهای ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ .ﻋﻠﯽرﻏﻢ اﯾﻦ
ً
ﻇﺎﻫﺮا ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه ،ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎی اﺻﻠﯽ ﮔﻞ ارﮐﯿﺪه ﻫﻤﺎن ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖﻫﺎی
ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮔﻞﻫﺎی دﯾﮕﺮ را ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ وﻟﯽ در ﮔﻞ
ارﮐﯿﺪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ.
ﭘﯿﺪاﯾﺶ ﭘﺮوﮐﺎرﯾﻮتﻫﺎ
در ﺣﺪود ۴/۵ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎرد ﺳﺎل ﭘﯿﺶ ﮐﺮه زﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد
آﻣﺪ و ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود ۴ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎرد ﺳﺎل ﭘﯿﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ آن ﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪه
از ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺬاب ﺑﻮد .اﻣﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﮐﻢﮐﻢ ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و
ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪای ﺳﻨﮕﯽ روی ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣﯿﻦ اﯾﺠﺎد ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ .ﺟﻮ
زﻣﯿﻦ در آن زﻣﺎن ﻏﻨﯽ از ﮔﺎزﻫﺎی ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن و ﺑﺨﺎر آب
ﺑﻮدهاﺳﺖ؛ اﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﮔﺎز اﮐﺴﯿﮋن ﺑﻮده .ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻋﺪم
وﺟﻮد ﮔﺎز اﮐﺴﯿﮋن در ﺟﻮ ،ﻻﯾﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺘﯽ اوزون ﻫﻢ
وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ و ﮔﺎزﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ آﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎک و ﻣﺘﺎن ﮐﻪ از
دﻫﺎﻧﻪ آﺗﺸﻔﺸﺎنﻫﺎ ﺧﺎرج ﻣﯽﺷﺪه و ﺑﺮای ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ
ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮلﻫﺎی آﻟﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ ،ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺷﻌﻪ
ﻣﺎورای ﺑﻨﻔﺶ از ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﯽرﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ .ﭘﺲ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ اﻣﮑﺎن
اﯾﺠﺎد ﺣﯿﺎت در ﺟﻮ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪاﺳﺖ.
ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺣﺒﺎب ﮔﺎزﻫﺎی آﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎک و ﻣﺘﺎن ﮐﻪ از
دﻫﺎﻧﻪ آﺗﺶ ﻓﺸﺎنﻫﺎی زﯾﺮ درﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎرج ﻣﯽﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ،
ﻗﺒﻞ از اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ آب ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ و ﻧﺎﺑﻮد ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ،در
داﺧﻞ ﺣﺒﺎب واﮐﻨﺶ داده و ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮلﻫﺎی آﻟﯽ را ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ
ﻣﯽدادهاﻧﺪ .ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ آب ﻣﯽرﺳﯿﺪه و ﺑﺎ
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻧﺮژی اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ رﻋﺪ و ﺑﺮق و ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ،
اﻧﺮژی ﻻزم ﺑﺮای ﺷﺮﮐﺖ در واﮐﻨﺶﻫﺎی ﺑﻌﺪی را ﮐﺴﺐ
ﻣﯽﮐﺮدهاﻧﺪ.
ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ آﻧﭽﻪ ﮐﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺣﯿﺎت در درﯾﺎﻫﺎ اﯾﺠﺎد
ﺷﺪهاﺳﺖ .ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ اﯾﺠﺎد ﮐﻮاﺳﺮوات و ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﻔﺮ
ﮐﻢﮐﻢ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺷﺪ .ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮیﻫﺎی
اوﻟﯿﻪ ﻫﺘﺮوﺗﺮوف )ﻣﺼﺮفﮐﻨﻨﺪه( و ﺑﯽﻫﻮازی ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ.
ﭘﺲ از ﻣﺪﺗﯽ ﻣﻮاد آﻟﯽ در اﻗﯿﺎﻧﻮسﻫﺎ ﮐﻢ ﺷﺪ و
ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮیﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮلﻫﺎی
آﻟﯽ را از ﻣﻮاد ﻏﯿﺮ آﻟﯽ ﺑﺴﺎزﻧﺪ .اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮیﻫﺎ اﺗﻮﺗﺮوف
و ﺑﯽﻫﻮازی ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ .ﭘﺲ از آن ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎی
ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰﮐﻨﻨﺪه اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻧﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ.
ﺳﯿﺎﻧﻮ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ اﮐﺴﯿﮋن ﻣﯽﮐﺮدهاﻧﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺧﻮدﺷﺎن
ﺑﯽﻫﻮازی ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ .ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺪاﯾﺶ ﺳﯿﺎﻧﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﮐﻢﮐﻢ
اﮐﺴﯿﮋن وارد ﺟﻮ زﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪ و ﻻﯾﻪ اوزن ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و
اﻣﮑﺎن ﺣﯿﺎت در ﺧﺸﮑﯽ ﻫﻢ ﭘﺪﯾﺪ آﻣﺪ.
ﭘﺎﻧﻮﯾﺲ
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ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ
ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ در
ٔ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺑﺰرﮔﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ از
در آن.وﯾﮑﯽﭘﺪﯾﺎی اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﺪهاﺳﺖ
:ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ زﯾﺮ ﯾﺎد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
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