Public Corporations PDF

Public
Corporations Law AKD Notes -‐ FINALS

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Amb. Tolentino 1 Sem 2015-‐2016 Page 1
First Assignment: Pages 129-‐ 140 2. whether the ordinance adequately guards against arbitrary and discriminatory
enforcement
CHAPTER III -‐ Law is MORE STRINGENT in applying vagueness test – if ordinance affects a constitutionally
Local Legislation protected right
Section 48. Local Legislative Power. -‐ Local legislative power shall be exercised by the sangguniang
panlalawigan for the province; the sangguniang panlungsod for the city; the sangguniang bayan for the o Ordinance under express and specific power – an ordinance will be sustained regardless of the
municipality; and the sangguniang barangay for the barangay. opinion of the court respecting its reasonableness, where its terms and provisions are expressly
• Validity of an ordinance: and specifically authorized by charter or statutory authority, where it is not inconsistent with the
1. It must not only be within the corporate powers of the municipal corporation to enact, Constitution, treaties or laws, and where the power to enact it has been substantially followed and
2. but must also be passed according to the procedure described by law exercised in a reasonable manner
3. and must be in consonance with principles of a substantive nature -‐ Rationale: questions of wisdom and expediency in authorizing a municipality to enact certain
-‐ Such principles require[requisites of a valid ordinance] : legislation are for the legislature, and not the courts.
a. it must not contravene with Constitution or any statute
b. must not be unfair or oppressive o Ordinance under general, implied, or incidental power – is open to inquiry of the courts. Such
c. must not be partial or discriminatory an ordinance must be reasonable and not oppressive,, or it will be held to be void
d. must not prohibit but may regulate trade -‐ The power to pass the ordinance is general when the manner of exercising it is not specified, or
e. must be general and consistent with public policy when the ordinance has not been expressly ratified by the legislature
f. must not be unreasonable -‐ Rationale: in every power given to a municipal corporation to pass by-‐laws or ordinances there
is an implied restriction that the by-‐laws or ordinances will be reasonable, consistent with the
• An ordinance is PRESUMED TO BE VALID – where it has reference to a subject matter that is within general law and policy of the state, uniform in their operation, and promotive rather than
corporate jurisdiction unless the contrary appears on the face of the ordinance itself destructive of lawful businesses and occupations
-‐ presumption does not preclude judicial inquiry into the validity of an ordinance -‐ Ordinances adopted by exercise of the initiative or sustained by exercise of referendum, where
authorized under general or implied powers, are also subject to the rule that it should meet the
• Effect of partial invalidity – if the invalid part is severable from the rest, the part which is valid may test of reasonableness.
remain
o Effect if reasonable in some instances – where ordinance may operate reasonably in some
instances and unreasonably in others, it will be permitted to stand, leaving open the
• Consistency with law – ordinances regulating subjects, matters, things on which there is a general
reasonableness of its operation in particular cases
law of the state must be in harmony with state laws, and a conflict between ordinance and statute, the

latter must prevail, unless ordinance is specifically given predominance in a particular instance or
o Evidence required: unreasonableness must be pled and proven, burden of proof on party
particular subject matter
asserting it, since an ordinance is presumed to be reasonable.
-‐ statutes and ordinances are to be reconciled when possible and effect given to both
-‐ Unreasonableness must be PALPABLE ON ITS FACE, or evidence of its unreasonableness must

be PLAIN AND CLEAR to overcome presumption of unreasonableness
• Reasonableness of an ordinance – Reasonableness is what is fairly appropriate in view of the

conditions and not necessarily what is best
• Not partial or discriminatory – An ordinance which classifies in any way must be reasonable in its
o Test of reasonableness:
classifications.
1. Ordinance is within the powers of the municipal corporation
o Test of valid classification:
2. Ordinance is positive, definite, and certain in its terms
1. It must be germane to the purpose of law
3. Ordinance is general, uniform, and impartial in its operation
2. It must not be based on existing circumstances only, or so constituted as to preclude
4. Ordinance is not in restraint of trade, oppressive or in contravention with common rights
additions to the number included within a class

3. The law must apply equally to each member of the class
o Test of validity and constitutionality – not what has been done under it, but what the law or
4. Classification must be based on substantial distinctions which make one class different from
ordinance authorizes to be done under its provisions. Moreover, the unreasonableness of an
another.
ordinance is to be measured not by its effect on the individual attacking it, but by its effect on the

whole class to which it applies
• Not in prohibition of trade – all ordinances having the effect of unreasonably interfering with or

restraining trade or commerce, preventing competition, creating monopolies and depriving persons
o Definite and Certain – an ordinance must be clear, precise, definite, and certain in its terms.
engaged in traffic and industry from equal opportunities are void
-‐ An ordinance is vague to the extent that its precise meaning cannot be ascertained -‐ invalid
o There must be some logical connection between the object sought to be accomplished by an
-‐ An ordinance is definite and certain in its statement of prohibited conduct to enable persons of
ordinance regulating a business or trade and the means prescribed to accomplish the end;
ordinary intelligence who read the ordinance to understand what activity is proscribed and
govern their actions accordingly otherwise the ordinance is unreasonable and void
-‐ Inquiries when an ordinance is invalid for VAGUENESS:
1. whether the ordinance gives fair warning to those persons potentially subject to it, and • General and consistent with public policy –the rule requires at least substantial conformity and
under it an ordinance cannot prohibit what public policy permits, or permit that which public policy
forbids.
Public Corporations Law AKD Notes -‐ FINALS
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• Sanggunian – no power to cite in contempt or to subpoena -‐ the contempt power of legislature is
• Judicial Review of validity of ordinances – courts have the power to determine the validity of an sui generis and local legislative bodies cannot correctly claim to possess it, since the power does not
ordinance. However, when courts are called upon to determine the constitutionality of a local act, they attach as a discharge of legislative functions per se, but to the character of legislature [Congress] as
must proceed from the presumption that such local act is constitutional and valid one of the three independent and coordinate branches of government in a matter of self preservation.
o The extent of power of courts is to see that the limitations existing under or powers granted by o Contempt power and power to subpoena are judicial in nature, and cannot be implied in the grant
the Constitution and the laws are not transcended. of legislative power to Sanggunians. Neither can they exist as mere incidents of the performance
o Restricted to ordinances enacted under general, implied, or incidental powers of legislative functions

• Declaratory relief – Rule 63, 1997 Rules of Civ Pro – governs petition for declaratory relief.
Notification of Sol Gen is discretionary upon the court and non-‐compliance does not affect jurisdiction CASE: NEGROS ORIENTAL II ELECTRIC COOP, INC. VS. SANGGUNIANG PANGLUNGSOD NG
or validity of proceedings. DUMAGUETE [155 SCRA 421 (1987)]
Assailed is the validity of a subpoena sent by the respondent Committee to the petitioners,
• Injunction – An ordinance passed within the scope of corporate powers will not be judicially Chairman of the Board of Directors and the General Manager, respectively, of petitioner Negros
questioned or restrained by injunction. Remedy of injunction is used to prevent the execution or Oriental II Electric Cooperative (NORECO II), requiring their attendance and testimony at the
enforcement of the irregular action Committee’s investigation. Similarly under fire is the Order issued by the same Committee on the
latter date directing said petitioners to show cause why they should not be punished for
• Certiorari [memorize definition/requisites] – not a proper remedy legislative contempt due to their failure to appear at said investigation.
o The following requisites must concur for a writ of certiorari to issue:
1. it must be directed against a tribunal, board, or officer exercising judicial or quasi-‐judicial
functions Petitioners contend that the respondent Sangguniang Panlungsod of Dumaguete is bereft of the
2. the tribunal, board, or officer must have acted without or in excess of jurisdiction or with power to compel the attendance and testimony of witnesses, nor the power to order the arrest of
grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction witnesses who fail to obey its subpoena. It is further argued that assuming the power to compel
3. There is no appeal or any plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law the attendance and testimony of witnesses to be lodged in said body, it cannot be exercised in the
investigation of matters affecting the terms and conditions of the franchise granted to NORECO II
o Person is exercising judicial functions where he has the power to determine what the law is and which are beyond the jurisdiction of the Sangguniang Panlungsod.
what the legal rights of the parties are, and then undertakes to determin these question sand
adjudicate upon the rights of parties. HELD: A line should be drawn between the powers of Congress as the repository of the legislative
power under the Constitution, and those that may be exercised by the legislative bodies of local
o Quasi judicial function – on the other hand, is a term which applies to the actions, discretion, government unit, e.g. the Sangguniang Panlungsod of Dumaguete which, as mere creatures of law,
etc., of public administrative officers or bodies… required to investigate facts or ascertain the possess delegated legislative power. Thus, the contempt power, as well as the subpoena power,
existence of facts, hold hearings, and draw conclusions from them as a basis for their official which the framers of the fundamental law did not expressly provide for but which the then
action and to exercise discretion of a judicial nature Congress has asserted essentially for self-‐preservation as one of three co-‐equal branches of the
government cannot be deemed implied in the delegation of certain legislative functions to local
• Power to repeal ordinance -‐ power to enact ordinances implies, unless otherwise provided in the legislative bodies.
grant, power to repeal them.
o A municipal corporation can repeal an ordinance only by act of equal dignity, by an ordinance and
not by methods passed an published with the same formality as is required of an ordinance • Power to license -‐ municipal license is essentially a governmental restriction upon private rights
and is valid only if based upon an exercise of police or taxing powers
o To accomplish repeal, there must either be language employed in the later ordinance expressly o power to license as to power to prohibit – the power of regulation and licensing may constitute or
declaring the intention to repeal the earlier language, or there must exist in the subsequent imply power to prohibit businesses or activities that are inherently or potentially menace to
ordinance language in inconsistent with the provisions of the former as to necessarily effect a public welfare, health, safety, morals, or order.
repeal by implication
o Municipal power of police regulation and licensing ordinarily does not extend to prohibition of
• Implied repeal – not favored by courts and are to be avoided, where possible, by any reasonable lawful businesses or activities
construction; the rules is applicable to municipal ordinances as well as to statutes.
o Delegation of licensing power – cannot be delegated. General rule is that administrative but not
o In absence of express repeal, indication of an intention to effect a repeal of a prior legislation must
legislative powers can be delegated to boards or officials relative to licenses and permits.
be clear and compelling.

o May only be found when there is an irreconcilable conflict between the two laws or ordinances or
o Amount to license fee – implied in a power to license, if the power is granted for revenue purposes
when reasonable construction can lead to no other result

o Power to revoke licenses – municipal power and discretion depends upon the terms of pertinent
• Interpretation of Ordinances – mun ord are to be construed by same rules that govern construction
statutes and ordinances and the nature of the business or activity for which the license or permit
of statutes
was issued, the public necessity for revocation, and the effect of the revocation upon contract and

property rights
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same rights, powers and prerogatives of voting as the mayor. The Petitioner Cannot Vote Twice to
o Power to revoke licenses also governed by national law – the power to approve a license includes Elect City Secretary of the Board. The law provides that "the city secretary shall be elected by
by implication, even if not expressly granted, the power to revoke it. By extension, the power to majority vote of the elective city council or municipal board." The majority of the council elected
revoke is limited by the authority to grant the license from which it is derived in the first place. shall constitute a quorum to do business. "Majority" means the number greater than half or more
than half of any total. There are seven (7) councilors in the municipal board of Naga City. Four
-‐ If the FDA grants a license upon its finding that applicant drug store has complied with general councilors, therefore, would constitute a majority who, voting together for a single person could
laws and administrative IRR, it is only for their violation that the FDA may revoke such license. By elect a secretary of the municipal board.
the same token, having granted permit upon his ascertainment that the conditions thereof have been
complied with, it is only for the violation of such conditions that the mayor may revoke said permit.
[Basically she is contending that she as vice mayor and presiding officer can vote twice – once as a
Conversely, the mayor may not revoke his own permit if the ground is non-‐compliance with
member, and once as presiding officer.]
conditions laid down by the FDA. The FDA on the other hand may not revoke its license on the
grounds laid down by the mayor’s permit has been violated. [Gordon v. Veridiano II]
Issue: Is the vice-‐mayor of Naga city, besides being the presiding officer of the municipal board, also
o Regulation of profession – distinction must be made between the grant of license or permit to do a member thereof? Corollary thereto, can she vote twice: to create a deadlock and then to break it?
license and the issuance of a license to engage in the practice of a particular profession. The first is
granted by local authorities, the second by the Board of Commission tasked to regulate the
Held: No. It is not here urged that the petitioner is a member of the board acting as chairman. Her
particular profession. A business permit authorizes the person, natural or otherwise, to engage in
claim is that she is the presiding officer and also a member of the board. But as we said, she is not
commercial activity while a professional license is the grant of authority to a natural person to
both the presiding officer and a constituent member of the board. She cannot, therefore, vote twice
engage in the practice of his/her own profession. A city mayor cannt through the issuance of such
— once to create a tie as a constituent member, and, the second time around, to break such tie with
permit, regulate the practice of a profession, such function exclusive to the administrative agency
another vote.

o Licensee not estopped to question validity – license is not in the nature of a contract, but a special
privilege, of a permission or authority to do what is within its terms. It is not in any way Section 50. Internal Rules of Procedure. -‐
permanent, vested or absolute.
(a) On the first regular session following the election of its members and within ninety (90) days
• Territorial limitations on operation of ordinances – mun ord are necessarily local in their thereafter, the sanggunian concerned shall adopt or update its existing rules of procedure.
application, operating only in the territory of the municipality by which they are enacted and can have (b) The rules of procedure shall provided for the following:
no force beyond it without grant of power.
(1) The organization of the sanggunian and the election of its officers as well as the creation of
Section 49. Presiding Officer. -‐ standing committees which shall include, but shall not be limited to, the committees on
appropriations, women and family, human rights, youth and sports development, environmental
(a) The vice-‐governor shall be the presiding officer of the sangguniang panlalawigan; the city vice-‐
protection, and cooperatives; the general jurisdiction of each committee; and the election of the
mayor, of the sangguniang panlungsod; the municipal vice-‐mayor, of the sangguniang bayan; and the
chairman and members of each committee;
punong barangay, of the sangguniang barangay. The presiding officer shall vote only to break a tie.
(2) The order and calendar of business for each session;
(b) In the event of the inability of the regular presiding officer to preside at a sanggunian session, the
members present and constituting a quorum shall elect from among themselves a temporary presiding (3) The legislative process;
officer. He shall certify within ten (10) days from the passage of ordinances enacted and resolutions
adopted by the sanggunian in the session over which he temporarily presided. (4) The parliamentary procedures which include the conduct of members during sessions;
• Effect of vice mayor as presiding officer -‐ where the presiding officer or mayor is a member of the (5) The discipline of members for disorderly behavior and absences without justifiable cause for
council or governing body, unless expressly forbidden by law, generally he may not vote on all four (4) consecutive sessions, for which they may be censured, reprimanded, or excluded from the
questions as a constituent member, but where the charter gives him a casting vote in the event of a tie, session, suspended for not more than sixty (60) days, or expelled: Provided, That the penalty of
he may vote the second time. If there is no tie, his vote cannot be counted in determining w/n there is suspension or expulsion shall require the concurrence of at least two-‐thirds (2/3) vote of all the
a majority vote. sanggunian members: Provided, further, That a member convicted by final judgment to
imprisonment of at least one (1) year for any crime involving moral turpitude shall be
CASE: PEREZ V. DELA CRUZ automatically expelled from the sanggunian; and
(6) Such other rules as the sanggunian may adopt.
Perez contends that since under the Naga City charter the mayor was the presiding officer of the
municipal board, and since under Republic Act 2259 creating the position of vice-‐mayor who was
made the presiding officer, the vice-‐mayor simply replaced the mayor as "presiding officer" of the • Internal rules of procedure -‐ in absence of legal provisions or restrictions, Sanggunians may from
municipal board, the vice-‐mayor acquired all the rights and prerogatives of the presiding officer time to time, adopt, change, abolish, suspend, modify or waive its own rules or parliamentary usage as
under the charter, one of which is "membership in the municipal board." The petitioner now argues to procedure ; may also be done by implication
that as vice-‐mayor she merely stepped into the shoes of the mayor as presiding officer of the board,
and since the mayor was considered a member thereof, she too became a member entitled to the
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o Construction: absent proof of contrary, any action taken by local legislative body is presumed to (1) Ownership of stock or capital, or investment, in the entity or firm to which the ordinance or
be in conformity with its own rules and parliamentary usage as to procedure. LIBERAL resolution may apply; and
construction is applied – unless law renders failure to observe mandatory requirements.
(2) Contracts or agreements with any person or entity which the ordinance or resolution under
o Mode of legislative action: must be by Ordinance, Bylaw, or Resolution or its equivalent. consideration may affect.
-‐ if charter provides that action shall be by Ordinance or Resolution, it must act in manner In the absence of a specific constitutional or statutory provision applicable to this situation,
prescribed "conflict of interest" refers in general to one where it may be reasonably deduced that a member of
-‐ if no action prescribed, any form a sanggunian may not act in the public interest due to some private, pecuniary, or other personal
considerations that may tend to affect his judgment to the prejudice of the service or the public.
o Number of readings:
-‐ Ordinances – three reading requirement, read on different days prior to final passage (b) The disclosure required under this Act shall be made in writing and submitted to the secretary of
-‐ Resolution – no need for third reading unless decided otherwise by a majority of all sanggunian the sanggunian or the secretary of the committee of which he is a member. The disclosure shall, in all
members. cases, form part of the record of the proceedings and shall be made in the following manner:

(1) Disclosure shall be made before the member participates in the deliberations on the ordinance
o Difference between ORDINANCE AND RESOLUTION:
or resolution under consideration: Provided, That, if the member did not participate during the
ORDINANCE
deliberations, the disclosure shall be made before voting on the ordinance or resolution on second
-‐ Intended to permanently direct and control matters applying to persons or thins in general
and third readings; and
-‐ Providing a permanent rule of conduct
-‐ Need to go through the 3 reading rule (2) Disclosure shall be made when a member takes a position or makes a privilege speech on a
-‐ All enacted ordinance are to be submitted to the LCE concerned for approval matter that may affect the business interest, financial connection, or professional relationship
RESOLUTION described herein.
-‐ Merely expressive of an opinion of a legislature which have only a temporary effect
-‐ A statement or verdict, not a laws but is a mere expression of a opinion, or merely the form in
which the legislative body expresses an opinion and used whenever the legislative body passing it • Effects on act of Sanggunian of failure to disclose – public policy forbids the sustaining of
wishes merely to express an opinion concerning some given matter or thing municipal action founded upon a vote of a council member or a member of mun. governing body in
-‐ Need not go through the 3-‐reading rule, UNLESS the sanggunian so agree any matter before it which directly or immediately affects him or her individually
-‐ General Rule: All enacted resolutions need not be submitted to the LCE concerned for approval
-‐ Exception: resolutions approving local development plan and public investment • Criminal penalties -‐ constitutes a violation of RA 6713, punishable by imprisonment not exceeding
5 years or a fine not exceeding P5,000 or both, and upon discretion, disqualification to hold public
o Ratification of acts – must be made with the same formalities required for the original exercise office. Such violation is sufficient cause for removal or dismissal if administrative proceedings are
of power. There can be no legal confirmation or ratification of ultra vires acts nor of acts under a filed.
void law
Section 52. Sessions. -‐
o Rescission of acts – sanggunians possess power to rescind prior acts and votes at any (a) On the first day of the session immediately following the election of its members, the sanggunian
subsequent time until the act or vote is complete, provided vested rights are not violated and such shall, by resolution, fix the day, time, and place of its regular sessions. The minimum numbers of
rescission is in conformity with the law applicable regular sessions shall be once a week for the sangguniang panlalawigan, sangguniang panlungsod,
and sangguniang bayan, and twice a month for the sangguniang barangay.
• Committees -‐ to assist the council in the performance of its duties
o Mandatory committees: (b) When public interest so demands, special sessions may be called by the local chief executive or
1. Appropriations by a majority of the members of the sanggunian.
2. Women and family
(c) All sanggunian sessions shall be open to the public unless a closed-‐door session is ordered by an
3. Youth and Sports Development
affirmative vote of a majority of the members present, there being a quorum, in the public interest or
4. Human Rights
for reasons of security, decency, or morality. No two (2) sessions, regular or special, may be held in a
5. Environmental Protection
single day.
6. Cooperatives
(d) In the case of special sessions of the sanggunian, a written notice to the members shall be served
Section 51. Full Disclosure of Financial and Business Interests of Sanggunian Members. -‐ personally at the member's usual place of residence at least twenty-‐four (24) hours before the
special session is held.
(a) Every sanggunian member shall, upon assumption to office, make a full disclosure of his business Unless otherwise concurred in by two-‐thirds (2/3) vote of the sanggunian members present, there
and financial interests, or professional relationship or any relation by affinity or consanguinity within being a quorum, no other matters may be considered at a special session except those stated in the
the fourth civil degree, which he may have with any person, firm, or entity affected by any ordinance or notice.
resolution under consideration by the sanggunian of which he is a member, which relationship may
result in conflict of interest. Such relationship shall include:
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(e) Each sanggunian shall keep a journal and record of its proceedings which may be published upon or ordinance or do any valid act.” When required to constitute a quorum, “majority” means the
resolution of the sanggunian concerned. number greater than half or more than half of the total.
Section 53. Quorum. -‐
As further stated, it requires the majority of ALL members of the Sanggunian. Quorum should, thus, be
(a) A majority of all the members of the sanggunian who have been elected and qualified shall based on the total number of members regardless of whether or not a member is said to be abroad.
constitute a quorum to transact official business. Should a question of quorum be raised during a
session, the presiding officer shall immediately proceed to call the roll of the members and
thereafter announce the results. Therefore, in cases where decisions have been made during sessions deemed to have not met the
required quorum, such sessions and decisions shall be considered void.
(b) Where there is no quorum, the presiding officer may declare a recess until such time as a quorum
is constituted, or a majority of the members present may adjourn from day to day and may compel • Quorum for resolutions – IRR require the concurrence of the approval by the majority of the
the immediate attendance of any member absent without justifiable cause by designating a member members present and the existence of a quorum to validly enact a resolution.
of the sanggunian to be assisted by a member or members of the police force assigned in the
territorial jurisdiction of the local government unit concerned, to arrest the absent member and • Change of quorum by sanggunian -‐ where a statute or charter prescribes the number that shall
present him at the session. constitute a quorum, it cannot be changed by the body.

(c) If there is still no quorum despite the enforcement of the immediately preceding subsection, no
• Power of court to determine compliance – courts are called upon to determine whether the
business shall be transacted. The presiding officer, upon proper motion duly approved by the
sanggunian complied with LGC and IRR.
members present, shall then declare the session adjourned for lack of quorum.

• Purpose of arrest – to compel absent member to attendance at the session, not for criminal
• Quorum [defined] – that numbers of a body which, when legally assembled in their proper places, prosecution.
will enable the body to transact its proper business or that number which makes a lawful body and
gives it power to pass upon a law or ordinance or do any valid act. 2nd Assignment -‐ BOOK: PAGES 140 -‐ 149

Case: ZAMORA V. CABALLERO [419 SCRA 384 (2004)
Section 54. Approval of Ordinances. -‐
Facts: Manuel Zamora, a member of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Compostela Valley, filed before
the RTC a petition to invalidate all acts executed and resolutions issued by the Sanggunian during its
sessions held on February 8 and 26, 2001 for lack of quorum. Said sessions noted the resignation letter (a) Every ordinance enacted by the sangguniang panlalawigan, sangguniang panlungsod, or
of Board Member Sotto, declared the entire province under a state of calamity and approved the sangguniang bayan shall be presented to the provincial governor or city or municipal mayor, as the
Governor to enter into the contract with the Allado Company. Zamora, the petitioner, argued that the case may be. If the local chief executive concerned approves the same, he shall affix his signature on
Sanggunian, during its February 26 session, conducted official business without a quorum since only 7 each and every page thereof; otherwise, he shall veto it and return the same with his objections to
out of the 14 members were present. He further questioned the February 8 session’s validity arguing the sanggunian, which may proceed to reconsider the same. The sanggunian concerned may
that only 7 members were present and the failure to provide written notice to all members at least 24 override the veto of the local chief executive by two-‐thirds (2/3) vote of all its members, thereby
hours before the holding of the special session. Respondents argued that Board Member Sotto was in making the ordinance or resolution effective for all legal intents and purposes.
the United States during such sessions and that the actual number of Board Members in the country (b) The veto shall be communicated by the local chief executive concerned to the sanggunian within
was only 13 which, they claimed, should be the basis for the determination of a quorum. Such petition fifteen (15) days in the case of a province, and ten (10) days in the case of a city or a municipality;
raised by Zamora was dismissed by the RTC but reversed and granted by the Supreme Court. otherwise, the ordinance shall be deemed approved as if he had signed it.
(c) Ordinances enacted by the sangguniang barangay shall, upon approval by the majority of all its
1) Whether or not Section 53 (a) of the LGC provides and specifies applicable rule regarding the
members, be signed by the punong barangay.
determination of a quorum.

• PROCEDURAL ASPECT – Ordinances are enacted similarly as national laws
2) Whether or not Sanggunian Members who are abroad should not be included in the counting of the The local legislative process is broken down to five (5) states/ parts:
entire Sangguniang body. 1. Filing of Bills / sponsorship –the parts of a bill are: Title / Preamble/ Whereas/ Principles,
Clause, Text / Substance, and Date of Effectivity
3) Whether or not the approved decisions during the sessions, alleged to be without quorum, is 2. First Reading – Reading of title and number of bill then referral to the appropriate
deemed to be valid. committee
3. Committee Hearings – Deliberation, approval with or without amendments, substitution or
consolidation, and preparation of committee report
Held: Section 53 (a) of the LGC states that : “A majority of all members of the Sanggunian who have 4. Second Reading – Period of debate (reading, sponsorship, interpellation), period of
been elected and qualified shall constitute a quorum to transact official business.” Quorum is defined amendments (committee and individual amendments), and approval
as the “number of members of a body which, when legally assembled, will enable the body to transact 5. Third Reading – Distribution in printed form, and approval/ roll call/vote; and 6. The
its proper business or that number which makes a lawful body and gives it power to pass upon a law legislative process and order and calendar of business must be set on the first session day of
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the new council and embodied in the IRP. However, other matters may be taken upon the Petitioner, a Municipal Mayor, with two other public officials, was charged with falsification of a public
first session day aside from adopting the IRP of the sangguniang (Malonzo vs. Zamora, GR document regarding the appropriation of P8,500.00 for the terminal leave of two municipal employees.
No. 137718, 27 July 1999) The complaint alleged that the same was not taken and discussed nor passed upon by the Sangguniang
Bayan (SB) during the legislative session. Prior to his arraignment, he filed a Motion for Reinvestigation
• APPROVAL OF ORDINANCES – every ordinance enacted by the sangguniang (except barangay) shall claiming, among others, that the Ombudsman previously dismissed a similar complaint against him. A
be presented to the LCE concerned for approval joint affidavit of some members of the SB attesting to the actual passage and approval of the said
-‐ 3 ways by which an enacted ordinance can be considered an approved ordinance: resolution was attached to the motion. The Sandiganbayan denied the motion and petitioner's
1. When the Mayor or Governor affixed his signature thereto as approved; subsequent motion for reconsideration wherein petitioner claimed that the final step in the approval of
2. When the mayor failed to act within the reglementary period for him to approve the same an ordinance or resolution where the local chief executive affixes his signature is purely a ministerial
and the period for him to approve the same and the period already lapsed; act, was likewise denied.
3. When the Mayor originally voted the ordinance and the sangguniang already override the
veto by 2/3 vote of all its members, the ordinance is considered approved as if he signed by Petitioner would like to impress upon this Court that the final step in the approval of an ordinance or
him. resolution, where the local chief executive affixes his signature, is purely a ministerial act. This view is
erroneous. Article 109(b) of the Local Government Code outlines the veto power of the Local Chief
• Ordinances enacted by the sangguniang barangay shall, upon approval by the majority of all its Executive. Contrary to petitioner's belief, the grant of the veto power confers authority beyond the
member, be signed by the punong barangay. simple mechanical act of signing an ordinance or resolution, as a requisite to its enforceability. Such
– the requirement on the part of the Punong Barangay to affix his signature is only a ministerial one, power accords the local chief executive the discretion to sustain a resolution or ordinance in the first
meaning the Punong barangay cannot refuse in affixing his signature once the majority of the instance or to veto it and return it with his objections to the Sanggunian, which may proceed to
members of the sangguniang barangay has already approved the barangay budget. In the event that reconsider the same. The Sanggunian concerned, however, may override the veto by a two-‐thirds (2/3)
said Punong Barangay refuses to affix his signature, we are of the view that the barangay budget as vote of all its members thereby making the ordinance or resolution effective for all legal intents and
approved by the Sangguniang Barangay may already be forward to the Sanguniang Panlungsod in purposes. It is clear, therefore, that the concurrence of a local chief executive in the enactment of an
accordance with Section 333 (a) of the Local Government Code of 1991 ordinance or resolution requires, not only a flourish of the pen, but the application of judgment after
meticulous analysis and intelligence as well.
• Ultra vires [defined] – means an act performed without any authority to act on the subject.
Section 55. Veto Power of the Local Chief Executive. -‐

CASE: GARCIA V. COMELEC (a) The local chief executive may veto any ordinance of the sanggunian panlalawigan, sangguniang
DOCTRINE: Ordinance distinguished from resolution: the well known distinction between a resolution panlungsod, or sanggunian bayan on the ground that it is ultra vires or prejudicial to the public
and an ordinance — i.e., that a resolution is used whenever the legislature wishes to express an opinion welfare, stating his reasons therefor in writing.
which is to have only a temporary effect while an ordinance is intended to permanently direct and
control matters applying to persons or things in general. (b) The local chief executive, except the punong barangay, shall have the power to veto any
particular item or items of an appropriations ordinance, an ordinance or resolution adopting a local
development plan and public investment program, or an ordinance directing the payment of money
On May 24, 1993, petitioners filed a petition with the Sangguniang Bayan of Morong to annul or creating liability. In such a case, the veto shall not affect the item or items which are not objected
Pambansang Kapasyahan Blg. 10, Serye 1993 which includes the MunicipalIty of Morong as part of the to. The vetoed item or items shall not take effect unless the sanggunian overrides the veto in the
Subic Special Economic Zone in accord with the RA No. 7227. The municipality did not take any action manner herein provided; otherwise, the item or items in the appropriations ordinance of the
on the petition within 30 days after its submission; so, they resorted to their power of initiative under previous year corresponding to those vetoed, if any, shall be deemed reenacted.
the Local Government Code of 1991. They solicited the required number of signatures to repeal the
said resolution. However, the Vice Mayor, Hon. Edilberto de Leon, and the Presiding Office of the (c) The local chief executive may veto an ordinance or resolution only once. The sanggunian may
Sangguniang Bayan ng Morong wrote a letter dated June 11, 1993 to deny the petition for local override the veto of the local chief executive concerned by two-‐thirds (2/3) vote of all its members,
initiative and/or referendum. Comelec denied the petition for local initiative because its subject is thereby making the ordinance effective even without the approval of the local chief executive
“merely a resolution and not an ordinance.” concerned.

HELD: In the case at bench, it cannot be argued that the subject matter of the resolution of the • Veto power of the mayor as ordinance, against ordinary ordinance-‐the mayor CANNOT veto any
municipality of Morong merely temporarily affects the people of Morong for it directs a permanent rule item but should veto the ordinance in its entirety
of conduct or government. The inclusion of Morong as part of the Subic Special Economic Zone has far o Item Veto is allowed only on 3 occasions:
reaching implications in the governance of its people. Considering the lasting changes that will be 1. Appropriations ordinance
wrought in the social, political, and economic existence of the people of Morong by the inclusion of 2. Resolution approving public investment program
their municipality in the Subic Special Economic Zone, it is but logical to hear their voice on the matter 3. Resolution approving local development plan
via an initiative. It is not material that the decision of the municipality of Morong for the inclusion came • REASON FOR VETO
in the form of a resolution for what matters is its enduring effect on the welfare of the people of o Ordinance is ultra vires
Morong. o Ordinance is prejudicial to the public welfare
• Effect of Veto – Whenever an ordinance is vetoed, it does not become effective, and 2/3 vote of all
CASE :DELOS REYES V. SANDIGANBAYAN [280 SCRA 631 (1997)] Sangguniang members is required for the overriding of the veto by the local chief executive.
Doctrine: Approval of ordinances is not a mere ministerial act.
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Section 56. Review of Component City and Municipal Ordinances or Resolutions by the Sangguniang any municipal resolution, ordinance, or order invalid is when such resolution, ordinance, or order is
Panlalawigan. 'beyond the powers conferred upon the council or president making the same.' Absolutely no other
ground is recognized by the law. The provincial (board's) disapproval of any resolution, ordinance, or
order must be premised specifically upon the fact that such resolution, ordinance, or order is outside
(a) Within three (3) days after approval, the secretary to the sanggunian panlungsod or sangguniang
the scope of the legal powers conferred by law. If a provincial board passes these limits, it usurps the
bayan shall forward to the sangguniang panlalawigan for review, copies of approved ordinances and
legislative functions of the municipal council or president. Such has been the consistent course of
the resolutions approving the local development plans and public investment programs formulated
executive authority." Thus, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan was without the authority to disapprove
by the local development councils.
Municipal Resolution No. 43-‐89 for the Municipality of Bunawan clearly has the power to exercise the
(b) Within thirty (30) days after the receipt of copies of such ordinances and resolutions, the right of eminent domain and its Sangguniang Bayan the capacity to promulgate said resolution.
sangguniang panlalawigan shall examine the documents or transmit them to the provincial attorney, Perforce, it follows that Resolution No. 43-‐89 is valid and binding and could be used as lawful authority
or if there be none, to the provincial prosecutor for prompt examination. The provincial attorney or to petition for the condemnation of petitioners' property.
provincial prosecutor shall, within a period of ten (10) days from receipt of the documents, inform
the sangguniang panlalawigan in writing of his comments or recommendations, which may be CASE: MUN. COUNCIL OF LEMERY V. PROV. BOARD OF BATANGAS [56 PHIL 260]
considered by the sangguniang panlalawigan in making its decision. DOCTRINE: The power exercised by the provincial board in approving or disapproving a municipal
resolution or ordinance is in the nature of a quasi-‐judicial function.
(c) If the sangguniang panlalawigan finds that such an ordinance or resolution is beyond the power
conferred upon the sangguniang panlungsod or sangguniang bayan concerned, it shall declare such Facts: Action against the provincial board of Batangas, Vicente Noble and Modesto Castillo, was
ordinance or resolution invalid in whole or in part. The sangguniang panlalawigan shall enter its instituted by means of a petition filed by the municipal council of Lemery, Batangas assailing
action in the minutes and shall advise the corresponding city or municipal authorities of the action it Resolution No. 18 of the Municipal Council of Lemery, abolishing the position of janitor in the
has taken. office of the justice of the peace of that municipality, for reasons of economy, and designating the
(d) If no action has been taken by the sangguniang panlalawigan within thirty (30) days after messenger in the offices of the municipal president and the municipal secretary to assume the duties
submission of such an ordinance or resolution, the same shall be presumed consistent with law and thereof.
therefore valid.
HELD:
(1) That the power exercised by the provincial board in approving or disapproving a municipal
• Inapplicable to independent component cities – only applicable to component cities and resolution or ordinance is in the nature of a quasi-‐judicial function;
municipalities (2) that in disapproving resolution No. 18, series of 1931, of the municipal council of Lemery, which
consolidated the position of janitor for the office of the municipal president, of the municipal secretary,
CASE :MODAY V. CA 268 SCRA 586 and of the justice of the peace court, this action being within the legislative powers of said municipal
DOCTRINE: Only 1 ground for declaring and ordinance or resolution invalid – when it is beyond the council, the provincial board of Batangas exceeded its quasi-‐judicial powers.
powers conferred upon the sangguiang panlungosd or Sangguniang bayan to enact. Absolutely no other
ground is recognized by law ( Section 57. Review of Barangay Ordinances by the Sangguniang Panlungsod or Sangguniang Bayan. -‐

Facts: Sangguniang Bayan of Bumawan in Agusan del Sur passed Resolution No. 43-‐89 authorizing the
Municipal Mayor to initiate the expropriation of a one (1) hectare portion owned by Percival Moday for (a) Within ten (10) days after its enactment, the sangguniang barangay shall furnish copies of all
the site of the Bunawan Farmers Center and other Government Sports Facilities. Said Resolution was barangay ordinances to the sangguniang panlungsod or sangguniang bayan concerned for review as
approved by then Municipal Mayor Anuncio Bustillo and transmitted to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. to whether the ordinance is consistent with law and city or municipal ordinances.
The Sangguniang Panlalawigan however disapproved the resolution on the ground that the
(b) If the sangguniang panlungsod or sangguniang bayan, as the case may be, fails to take action on
“expropriation was unnecessary considering that there are still available lots in Bunawan for the
barangay ordinances within thirty (30) days from receipt thereof, the same shall be deemed
establishment of government center.” Undaunted, the Municipality of Bunawan nevertheless filed a
approved.
petition for Eminent Domain against Moday. After depositing the necessary amount with the municipal
treasurer, the Municipality filed a Motion to Take or Enter Upon the Possession of the Subject Matter. (c) If the sangguniang panlungsod or sangguniang bayan, as the case may be, finds the barangay
Despite Moday’s opposition and after the hearing of the merits, the RTC ruled in favor of the ordinances inconsistent with law or city or municipal ordinances, the sanggunian concerned shall,
Municipality, saying that among others, that since the Sangguniang Panlalawigan failed to declare the within thirty (30) days from receipt thereof, return the same with its comments and
Municipality’s resolution as invalid, the same should be deemed effective. An appeal to the CA also recommendations to the sangguniang barangay concerned for adjustment, amendment, or
proved fruitless. In the meantime, the Municipality created 3 buildings on the subject property. Upon modification; in which case, the effectivity of the barangay ordinance is suspended until such time as
petition by Moday, the SC issued a TRO to prevent the Municipality from using the buildings it already the revision called for is effected.
constructed as well as constructing future buildings. Moday, in his petition to the SC, also adds that
since the Sangguniang Panlalawigan disapproved the resolution, the same is void and thus the • Effect of inconsistency of barangay ordinances -‐ do not ipso facto invalidate or suspend the
Municipality could not insist in pushing through with the expropriation. former’s operation
• Judicial review of Sangguniang Panglungsod or Bayan’s actions -‐ That the power exercised by
HELD: The law, as expressed in Section 153 of B.P. BLG. 337, grants the Sangguniang Panlalawigan the the provincial board in approving or disapproving a municipal resolution or ordinance is in the
power to declare a municipal resolution invalid on the sole ground that it is beyond the power of the nature of a quasi-‐judicial function;
Sangguniang Bayan or the Mayor to issue. "The only ground upon which a provincial board may declare
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Section 58. Enforcement of Disapproved Ordinances or Resolutions. -‐ Any attempt to enforce any (f) Unauthorized absence for fifteen (15) consecutive working days, except in the case of members of
ordinance or any resolution approving the local development plan and public investment program, the sangguniang panlalawigan, sangguniang panlungsod, sangguniang bayan, and sangguniang
after the disapproval thereof, shall be sufficient ground for the suspension or dismissal of the official or barangay;
employee concerned. (g) Application for, or acquisition of, foreign citizenship or residence or the status of an immigrant of
another country; and
(h) Such other grounds as may be provided in this Code and other laws.
• Ground for administrative case – provides for another ground for dismissal or suspension of public

officer/employees in LGU
An elective local official may be removed from office on the grounds enumerated above by order of the
proper court.
Section 59. Effectivity of Ordinances or Resolutions. -‐
• Disloyalty to the Rep of Phils / Culpable violation of the Constitution [defined] –
(a) Unless otherwise stated in the ordinance or the resolution approving the local development plan o Ejusdem generis – of same class, kind or nature which, with peculiar proprietary, would cause
and public investment program, the same shall take effect after ten (10) days from the date a copy harm to social structure.
thereof is posted in a bulletin board at the entrance of the provincial capitol or city, municipal, or o Disloyalty to RP – same level or quality with treason, bribery
barangay hall, as the case may be, and in at least two (2) other conspicuous places in the local o Culpable violation of consti – offenses tha proceed from abuse or violation of some public trust
government unit concerned. or is injurious to society

(b) The secretary to the sanggunian concerned shall cause the posting of an ordinance or resolution • Moral Turpitude [defined] -‐ an act of baseness, vileness, or depravity in the private duties which a
in the bulletin board at the entrance of the provincial capitol and the city, municipal, or barangay hall man owes his fellow men, or to society in general, contrary to the accepted and customary rule of
in at least two (2) conspicuous places in the local government unit concerned not later than five (5) right and duty between man and woman or conduct contrary to justice, honesty, modesty, or good
days after approval thereof. morals.

The text of the ordinance or resolution shall be disseminated and posted in Filipino or English and in
CASE: DELA TORRE V. COMELEC [258 SCRA 483] [1996]
the language understood by the majority of the people in the local government unit concerned, and
Petitioner Rolando P. Dela Torre via the instant petition for certiorari seeks the nullification of two
the secretary to the sanggunian shall record such fact in a book kept for the purpose, stating the
resolutions issued by the Commission on Elections where he was disqualified for reason of being
dates of approval and posting.
convicted of anti-‐fencing law.
(c) The gist of all ordinances with penal sanctions shall be published in a newspaper of general
circulation within the province where the local legislative body concerned belongs. In the absence of Moral turpitude is deducible from the third element. Actual knowledge by the "fence" of the fact that
any newspaper of general circulation within the province, posting of such ordinances shall be made property received is stolen displays the same degree of malicious deprivation of one's rightful
in all municipalities and cities of the province where the sanggunian of origin is situated. property as that which animated the robbery or theft, which, by their very nature, are crimes of moral
turpitude. And although the participation of each felon in the unlawful taking differs in point in time
(d) In the case of highly urbanized and independent component cities, the main features of the and in degree, both the "fence" and the actual perpetrator/s of the robbery or theft invaded one's
ordinance or resolution duly enacted or adopted shall, in addition to being posted, be published once peaceful dominion for gain — thus deliberately reneging in the process "private duties" they owe
in a local newspaper of general circulation within the city: Provided, That in the absence thereof the their "fellowmen" or "society" in the manner "contrary to . . . accepted and customary rule of right and
ordinance or resolution shall be published in any newspaper of general circulation duty . . .,justice, honesty . . . or good morals." The same underlying reason holds even if the "fence" did
not have actual knowledge, but merely "should have known" the origin of the property received. In

this regard, the Court held: "When knowledge of the existence of a particular fact is an element of the
• Provision on publication and notice are MANDATORY – failure to publish or give notice or to do
offense, such knowledge is established if a person is aware of the high probability of its existence
so substantially in the manner prescribed renders them void
unless he actually believes that it does not exist. On the other hand, the words 'should know' denote
o Substantial Compliance – time, place and manner of publication or notices of ordinances must
the fact that a person of reasonable prudence and intelligence would ascertain the fact in the
be in substantial compliance with the governing provisions.
performance of his duty to another or would govern his conduct upon assumption that such fact
3RD ASSIGNMENT BOOK: Pages 149-‐154 exists."

CHAPTER IV: DISCIPLINARY ACTION • Effect of re-‐election of local elective official – re-‐election to office operates as a condonation of the
Section 60. Grounds for Disciplinary Actions. -‐ An elective local official may be disciplined, suspended, or officer's previous misconduct to the extent of cutting off the right to remove him therefor
removed from office on any of the following grounds:
(a) Disloyalty to the Republic of the Philippines; CASE: AGUINALDO V. SANTOS [212 SCRA 768] (1992)
(b) Culpable violation of the Constitution; DOCTRINE : The rule is that a public official cannot be removed for administrative misconduct
(c) Dishonesty, oppression, misconduct in office, gross negligence, or dereliction of duty; committed during a prior term, since his re-‐election to office operates as a condonation of the officer's
(d) Commission of any offense involving moral turpitude or an offense punishable by at least prision previous misconduct to the extent of cutting off the right to remove him therefor. The foregoing rule,
mayor; however, finds no application to criminal cases pending against petitioner for acts he may have
(e) Abuse of authority; committed during the failed coup.

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Facts: Petitioner was the duly elected Governor of the province of Cagayan, having been elected to said paragraph of Section 60 of the Local Government Code of 1991. The Supreme Court denied the petition
position during the local elections held on January 17, 1988, to serve a term of four (4) years for review.
therefrom. He took his oath sometime around March 1988. Shortly after the December 1989
coup d'etat was crushed, respondent Secretary of Local Government sent a telegram and a letter, both
Section 61. Form and Filing of Administrative Complaints. -‐ A verified complaint against any erring local
dated December 4, 1989, to petitioner requiring him to show cause why he should not be suspended or
elective official shall be prepared as follows:
removed from office for disloyalty to the Republic, within forty-‐eight (48) hours from receipt
thereof. On December 7, 1989, a sworn complaint for disloyalty to the Republic and culpable violation (a) A complaint against any elective official of a province, a highly urbanized city, an independent
of the Constitution was filed against petitioner for acts committed during the coup. While this case was component city or component city shall be filed before the Office of the President;
pending before this Court, petitioner filed his certificate of candidacy for the position of Governor of
Cagayan for the May 11, 1992 elections and thereafter was proclaimed Governor. (b) A complaint against any elective official of a municipality shall be filed before the sangguniang
panlalawigan whose decision may be appealed to the Office of the President; and
HELD: Equally without merit is petitioner's claim that before he could be suspended or removed from (c) A complaint against any elective barangay official shall be filed before the sangguniang panlungsod
office, proof beyond reasonable doubt is required inasmuch as he is charged with a penal offense of or sangguniang bayan concerned whose decision shall be final and executory.
disloyalty to the Republic which is defined and penalized under Article 137 of the Revised Penal Code.
Petitioner is not being prosecuted criminally under the provisions of the Revised Penal Code, but
• Quantum of proof -‐ in administrative cases, it is only substantial evidence, not PBRD.
administratively with the end in view of removing petitioner as the duly elected Governor of Cagayan

Province for acts of disloyalty to the Republic where the quantum of proof required is only substantial
• Verification requirement – formal, not jurisdictional requisite, intended to secure an assurance that
evidence. The petition is hereby GRANTED and the decision of public respondent Secretary of Local
the allegations therein made are done in good faith or are true and correct and not mere speculation.
Government dated March 19, 1990 dismissing petitioner as Governor of Cagayan, is hereby REVERSED.
Section 62. Notice of hearing. -‐
• Proper courts [defined] -‐
(a) Within seven (7) days after the administrative complaint is filed, the Office of the President or the
CASE: PABLICO V. VILLAPANDO 385 SCRA 601 (2002) sanggunian concerned, as the case may be, shall require the respondent to submit his verified answer
DOCTRINE : It is beyond cavil, therefore, that the power to remove erring elective local officials from within fifteen (15) days from receipt thereof, and commence the investigation of the case within ten
service is lodged, exclusively with the courts. The law on suspension or removal of elective public (10) days after receipt of such answer of the respondent.
officials must be strictly construed and applied, and the authority in whom such power of suspension (b) When the respondent is an elective official of a province or highly urbanized city, such hearing and
or removal is vested must exercise it with utmost good faith, for what is involved is not just an ordinary investigation shall be conducted in the place where he renders or holds office. For all other local elective
public official but one chosen by the people through the exercise of their constitutional right of officials, the venue shall be the place where the sanggunian concerned is located.
suffrage. Their will must not be put to naught by the caprice or partisanship of the disciplining
authority. Where the disciplining authority is given only the power to suspend and not the power to (c) However, no investigation shall be held within ninety (90) days immediately prior to any local
remove, it should not be permitted to manipulate the law by usurping the power to remove. election, and no preventive suspension shall be imposed within the said period. If preventive suspension
has been imposed prior to the 90-‐day period immediately preceding local election, it shall be deemed
automatically lifted upon the start of aforesaid period.
FACTS: An administrative complaint was filed with the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Palawan against
respondent, then Mayor of San Vicente, Palawan, for abuse of authority and culpable violation of the Section 63. Preventive Suspension. -‐
Constitution for entering into a consultancy agreement, on behalf of the municipality, with a defeated
mayoralty candidate in the May 1988 elections, which consultancy agreement allegedly amounted to an (a) Preventive suspension may be imposed:
appointment to a government position within the prohibited one-‐year period under Article IX-‐B, (1) By the President, if the respondent is an elective official of a province, a highly urbanized or an
Section 6, of the 1987 Constitution. The Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Palawan found respondent guilty independent component city;
of the administrative charge and imposed on him the penalty of dismissal from the service, which (2) By the governor, if the respondent is an elective official of a component city or municipality; or
decision was affirmed by the Office of the President. Consequently, petitioner, then Vicemayor of San (3) By the mayor, if the respondent is an elective official of the barangay.
Vicente, Palawan, took his oath of office as Municipal Mayor. In a petition forcertiorari and prohibition
(b) Preventive suspension may be imposed at any time after the issues are joined, when the evidence of
filed by respondent, the Court of Appeals declared void the assailed decisions of the Office of the
guilt is strong, and given the gravity of the offense, there is great probability that the continuance in
President and the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Palawan, and ordered petitioner to vacate the Office of
office of the respondent could influence the witnesses or pose a threat to the safety and integrity of the
Mayor of San Vicente Palawan. Hence, this petition for review.
records and other evidence: Provided, That, any single preventive suspension of local elective officials
shall not extend beyond sixty (60) days: Provided, further, That in the event that several administrative
HELD: The last paragraph of Section 60 of the Local Government Code of 1991 provides that the cases are filed against an elective official, he cannot be preventively suspended for more than ninety
penalty of dismissal from the service upon an erring elective local official may be decreed only by a (90) days within a single year on the same ground or grounds existing and known at the time of the
court of law. The Supreme Court held in one case that the Office of the President is without any power first suspension.
to remove elected officials, since such power is exclusively vested in the proper courts as expressly
provided for in the aforementioned Section. Hence, Article 124 (b), Rule XIX, of the Rules and (c) Upon expiration of the preventive suspension, the suspended elective official shall be deemed
Regulations Implementing the Local Government Code, insofar as it vests power on the "disciplining reinstated in office without prejudice to the continuation of the proceedings against him, which shall be
authority" to remove from office erring elective local officials, is void for being repugnant to the last terminated within one hundred twenty (120) days from the time he was formally notified of the case
against him. However, if the delay in the proceedings of the case is due to his fault, neglect, or request,
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other than the appeal duly filed, the duration of such delay shall not be counted in computing the time The preventive suspension shall continue until the case is terminated by the Office of the Ombudsman
of termination of the case. but not more than six months, without pay, except when the delay in the disposition of the case by
the Office of the Ombudsman is due to the fault, negligence or petition of the respondent, in which case
(d) Any abuse of the exercise of the power of preventive suspension shall be penalized as abuse of the period of such delay shall not be counted in computing the period of suspension herein provided
authority.

• Purpose of Preventive suspension [pending investigation] – is to prevent the officer or employee FACTS: Petitioner, in his capacity as Cebu City mayor, signed a contract with F.E. Zuellig for the supply
from using his position and the power and prerogatives of his office to intimidate or in any way of asphalt to the city. Based on a news report of an alleged anomalous purchase of asphalt through the
influence potential witnesses or to destroy or tamper with records which may be vital in the contract signed by the petitioner, the Office of the Ombudsman (Visayas) conducted an inquiry. After an
prosecution of the case against him. investigation, the special prosecution officer to the Office of the Ombudsman recommended that the
inquiry be upgraded to criminal and administrative cases against petitioner and the other city officials
• Simultaneous service of preventive suspension – local elective officials can be given the benefit of involved. The graft-‐investigating officer, to whom the case was raffled for investigation, recommended
simultaneous service of suspension orders insofar as they overlap. the preventive suspension of petitioner and the others. The affidavit-‐complaint against petitioner was
filed. The Office of the Ombudsman issued the questioned preventive suspension order. Petitioner
CASE: GANZON V. CA assailed the validity of the said order before the Supreme Court: CITaSA
DOCTRINE: Petitioner raises the issue of whether he could or should be allowed to serve the third and
the fourth orders "simultaneously". It will be recalled that, in the main decisions, noting that HELD: The Office of the Ombudsman has the power to preventively suspend an official subject to its
successive suspensions have been inflicted on Mayor Ganzon, we stated that what "is intriguing is that administrative investigation as provided by specific provision of law. The power to preventively
respondent Secretary has been cracking down, so to speak, on the Mayor piecemeal — apparently, to suspend is available not only to the Ombudsman but also to the Deputy Ombudsman. The
pin him down ten times the pain, when he, the respondent Secretary could have pursued a determination of whether or not the evidence of guilt is strong as to warrant preventive suspension
consolidated effort." Surely, allowing petitioner to serve simultaneously the overlapping third and rests with the Ombudsman. The discretion as regards the period of such suspension also necessarily
fourth suspensions will favor him, (and presumably the local constituency) and certainly lessen if not belongs to the Ombudsman, except that he cannot extend the period of suspension beyond that
offset the harsh effects of whatever motive may be behind the intriguing action of the respondent provided by law. The petition was denied insofar as it seeks to declare that respondents committed
Secretary in issuing those successive suspension orders. grave abuse of discretion in conducting an inquiry on complaints against petitioner, and ordering their
investigation pursuant to respondent's mandate under the Constitution and the Ombudsman Law. But
FACTS: Rodolfo Ganzon was the then mayor of Iloilo City. 10 complaints were filed against him on the petition was granted insofar as it seeks to declare that respondents committed grave abuse of
various charges, among them, abuse of authority, oppression, grave misconduct, disgraceful and discretion concerning the period of preventive suspension imposed on petitioner. Accordingly, the
immoral conduct, intimidation, culpable violation of the Constitution, and arbitrary detention. The Court lifted petitioner's preventive suspension.
Secretary of Local Government issued several suspension orders against Ganzon based on the merits
of the complaints filed against him hence Ganzo was facing about 600 days of suspension. Ganzon • PREVENTIVE SUSPENSION IMPOSED BY COURTS UNDER SEC. 13 RA 3019
obtained a preliminary injunction vs the Secretary. Ganzon then appealed the issue to the CA and the CASE: BOLASTIG V. SANDIGANBAYAN
CA affirmed the suspension order by the Secretary. SC issued a TRO v the Secretary and the CA. DOCTRINE: It is indeed true that in some of our decisions the expression "the maximum period of
ninety (90) days" is used. But that is only for the purpose of emphasizing that the preventive
• HELD: Under the main decision of this Court, dated 5 August 1991, the second preventive suspension suspension therein involved, which were for more than ninety (90) days, were excessive and
has been affirmed; under the present resolution, said second preventive suspension has been served. unreasonable. It is to be noted that the ninety-‐day period of preventive suspension is not found in Sec.
As to the petition (docketed CA-‐G.R. SP No. 25840) filed with the Court of Appeals, which involves the 13 of Republic Act No. 3019 but was adopted from Sec. 42 of the Civil Service Decree (P.D. NO. 807),
question of the validity of the fourth order, and which has clearly been served, petitioner admitted which is now Sec. 52 of the Administrative Code of 1987. . . . The duration of preventive suspension is
that he filed it, on the belief that it was the proper remedy for his reinstatement to office; thinking that thus coeval with the period prescribed for deciding administrative disciplinary cases. If the case is
his suspensions have been served and ended. As we have ruled that petitioner has served the decided before ninety days, then the suspension will last less than ninety days, but if the case is not
suspension orders decreed in the main decision and in the light of the finding of this Court that the decided within ninety days, then the preventive suspension must be up to ninety days only. Similarly,
fourth preventive suspension order has been served, the issues raised in CA-‐G.R. SP No. 25840, have as applied to criminal prosecutions under Republic Act No. 3019, preventive suspension will last for
also become moot and academic, warranting dismissal thereof. less than ninety days only if the case is decided within that period; otherwise, it will continue for
ninety days. The duration of preventive suspension will, therefore, vary to the extent that it is
• POWER OF OMBUDSMAN TO ORDER PREVENTIVE SUSPENSION: contingent on the time it takes the court to decide the case but not on account of any discretion lodged
in the court, taking into account the probability that the accused may use his office to hamper his
CASE: GARCIA V. MOJICA prosecution
DOCTRINE: The Ombudsman or his Deputy may preventively suspend any officer or employee under
his authority pending an investigation, if in his judgment the evidence of guilt is strong, and FACTS: Petitioner Antonio M. Bolastig is governor of Samar. On August 31, 1989, an information was
(a) the charge against such officer or employee involves dishonesty, oppression or grave misconduct or filed against him and two others for alleged overpricing of 100 reams of onion skin paper in violation
neglect in the performance of duty; of the Anti-‐Graft and Corrupt Practices Act (Republic Act No. 3019). The Sandiganbayan rejected
(b) the charges would warrant removal from the service; or petitioner's argument and ordered the suspension of petitioner from office for a period of 90 days. It
(c) the respondent's continued stay in office may prejudice the case filed against him. held that preventive, suspension is mandatory under sec. 13, of Rep. Act No. 3019, pursuant to which
all that is required is for the court to make a finding that the accused stands charged under a valid
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information "for any of the above-‐described crimes for the purpose of granting or denying the sought finished, the employee shall be automatically reinstated. However, although employees who are
for suspension. preventively suspended pending investigation are not entitled to the payment of their salaries even if
they are exonerated, the Court did not agree with the petitioner that they are not entitled to
compensation for the period of their suspension pending appeal if eventually found innocent. Because
HELD: Upon the filing of a valid information charging violation of Republic Act No. 3019, Book II, Title
respondent is penalized before his sentence is confirmed that he should be paid his salaries in the
7 of the Revised Penal Code, or fraud upon government or public property, it is the duty of the court to
event he is exonerated. It would be unjust to deprive him of his pay as a result of the immediate
place the accused under preventive suspension disposes of petitioner's other contention that since
execution of the decision against him and continue to do so even after it is shown that he is innocent of
the trial in the Sandiganbayan is now over with respect to the presentation of evidence for the
the charges for which he was suspended. To sustain the government's theory would be to make the
prosecution there is no longer any danger that petitioner would intimidate prosecution's witnesses.
administrative decision not only executory but final and executory. Consequently, the Supreme Court
The fact is that the possibility that the accused would intimidate witnesses or otherwise hamper his
affirmed the decision of the Court of Appeals with modification as to the computation of the salaries
prosecution is just one of the grounds for preventive suspension. The other one is, as already stated,
awarded to private respondents.
to prevent the accused from committing further acts of malfeasance while in office. Finally, the fact
that petitioner's preventive suspension may deprive the people of Samar of the services of an official
elected by them, at least temporarily, is not a sufficient basis for reducing what is otherwise a Section 65. Rights of Respondent. -‐ The respondent shall be accorded full opportunity to appear and
mandatory period prescribed by law. The vice governor, who has likewise been elected by them, will defend himself in person or by counsel, to confront and cross-‐examine the witnesses against him, and to
act as governor require the attendance of witnesses and the production of documentary process of subpoena or subpoena
duces tecum.
Section 64. Salary of Respondent Pending Suspension. -‐ The respondent official preventively suspended Section 66. Form and Notice of Decision. -‐
from office shall receive no salary or compensation during such suspension; but upon subsequent
exoneration and reinstatement, he shall be paid full salary or compensation including such emoluments (a) The investigation of the case shall be terminated within ninety (90) days from the start thereof.
accruing during such suspension. Within thirty (30) days after the end of the investigation, the Office of the President or the sanggunian
concerned shall render a decision in writing stating clearly and distinctly the facts and the reasons for
• EFFECT of Preventive Suspension on compensation: such decision. Copies of said decision shall immediately be furnished the respondent and all interested
Case: GLORIA V. CA parties.
DOCTRINE: Preventive suspension pending investigation is not a penalty, but is only a means of (b) The penalty of suspension shall not exceed the unexpired term of the respondent or a period of six
enabling the disciplining authority to conduct an unhampered investigation. Not being a penalty, (6) months for every administrative offense, nor shall said penalty be a bar to the candidacy of the
there is therefore NO reason to deny employees their salaries for such period, especially after they are respondent so suspended as long as he meets the qualifications required for the office.
proven innocent of any offense punishable with suspension or dismissal. But although we hold that
employees who are preventively suspended pending investigation are not entitled to the payment of (c) The penalty of removal from office as a result of an administrative investigation shall be considered
their salaries even if they are exonerated, we do not agree with the government that they are not a bar to the candidacy of the respondent for any elective position.
entitled to compensation for the period of their suspension pending appeal if eventually they are
found innocent. It is precisely because respondent is penalized before his sentence is confirmed that Section 67. Administrative Appeals. -‐ Decisions in administrative cases may, within thirty (30) days from
he should be paid his salaries in the event he is exonerated. It would be unjust to deprive him of his receipt t hereof, be appealed to the following:
pay as a result of the immediate execution of the decision against him and continue to do so even after (a) The sangguniang panlalawigan, in the case of decisions of the sangguniang panlungsod of
it is shown that he is innocent of the charges for which he was suspended component cities and the sangguniang bayan; and

(b) The Office of the President, in the case of decisions of the sangguniang panlalawigan and the
sangguniang panlungsod of highly urbanized cities and independent component cities.
FACTS: This is a petition for review on certiorari filed by petitioner assailing the Court of Appeals'
resolution dated July 15, 1997. The appellate court ruled that private respondents were entitled to the Decisions of the Office of the President shall be final and executory.
payment of their salaries, allowances and other benefits during the period of their suspension beyond
the 90-‐day period of preventive suspension although they were found guilty of violation of reasonable Section 68. Execution Pending Appeal. -‐ An appeal shall not prevent a decision from becoming final or
office rules and regulations for having been absent without leave during the teachers' strike and were executory. The respondent shall be considered as having been placed under preventive suspension during
reprimanded. Petitioner contended that the continued suspension of private respondents was due to the pendency of an appeal in the event he wins such appeal. In the event the appeal results in an
their appeal, hence, the government should not be held answerable for payment of their salaries. exoneration, he shall be paid his salary and such other emoluments during the pendency of the appeal.
Moreover, petitioner claimed that private respondents are considered under preventive suspension CHAPTER V
during the period of their appeal, thus, they are not entitled to the payment of their salaries during Recall
their suspension.
Section 69. By Whom Exercised. -‐ The power of recall for loss of confidence shall be exercised by the
registered voters of a local government unit to which the local elective official subject to such recall
HELD: The Court ruled that the preventive suspension of civil service employees charged with
belongs.
dishonesty, oppression or grave misconduct or neglect of duty is authorized by the Civil Service Law. It

cannot be considered unjustified even if later the charges are dismissed so as to justify the payment of
• NATURE OF THE RIGHT TO RECALL – complementary to the right to elect or appoint.
salaries to the employee concerned. It is limited to ninety (90) days unless the delay in the conclusion
of the investigation is due to the employee concerned. After that period, even if the investigation is not
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o Based upon the theory that the electorate must maintain a direct and elastic control over public (4) Municipal level. -‐ All punong barangay and sangguniang barangay members in the
functionaries municipality.
o Public office is burdened with public interest and the representatives of the people are simply
agents or servants of people with the definite powers and specific duties to follow (c) A majority of all the preparatory recall assembly members may convene in session in a public place
and initiate a recall proceedings against any elective official in the local government unit concerned.
CASE: EVARDONE V. COMELEC Recall of provincial, city, or municipal officials shall be validly initiated through a resolution adopted
DOCTRINE: The right to recall is complementary to the right to elect or appoint. It is included in the by a majority of all the members of the preparatory recall assembly concerned during its session
right of suffrage. It is based on the theory that the electorate must maintain a direct and elastic control called for the purpose.
over public functionaries. It is also predicated upon the idea that a public office is 'burdened' with (d) Recall of any elective provincial, city, municipal, or barangay official may also be validly initiated
public interests and that the representatives of the people holding public offices are simply agents or upon petition of at least twenty-‐five percent (25%) of the total number of registered voters in the local
servants of the people with definite powers and specific duties to perform and to follow if they wish to government unit concerned during the election in which the local official sought to be recalled was
remain in their respective offices. elected.
(1) A written petition for recall duly signed before the election registrar or his representative, and
FACTS: Felipe Evardone is the mayor of the Municipality of Sulat, Eastern Samar, having been elected to
in the presence of a representative of the petitioner and a representative of the official sought to
the position during the 1988 local elections. He assumed office immediately after proclamation. On 14
be recalled and, and in a public place in the province, city, municipality, or barangay, as the case
February 1990, Alexander R. Apelado, Victorino E. Aclan and Noel A. Nival filed a petition for the recall
may be, shall be filed with the COMELEC through its office in the local government unit concerned.
of Evardone with the Office of the Local Election Registrar, Municipality of Sulat.
The COMELEC or its duly authorized representative shall cause the publication of the petition in a
public and conspicuous place for a period of not less than ten (10) days nor more than twenty (20)
In the present case, the records show that Evardone knew of the Notice of Recall filed by Apelado, et al. days, for the purpose of verifying the authenticity and genuineness of the petition and the required
on or about 21 February 1990 as evidenced by the Registry Return Receipt; yet, he was not vigilant in percentage of voters.
following up and determining the outcome of such notice. Evardone alleges that it was only on or about
(2) Upon the lapse of the aforesaid period, the COMELEC or its duly authorized representative
3 July 1990 that he came to know about the Resolution of respondent COMELEC setting the signing of
the petition for recall on 14 July 1990. But despite his urgent prayer for the issuance of a TRO, shall announce the acceptance of candidates to the position and thereafter prepare the list of
Evardone filed the petition for prohibition only on 10 July 1990. Indeed, this Court issued a TRO on 12 candidates which shall include the name of the official sought to be recalled.
July 1990 but the signing of the petition for recall took place just the same on the scheduled date
through no fault of the respondent COMELEC and Apelado, et al. The signing process was undertaken • RA 9244 has removed the People’s Recall Assembly as a mode for initiating recall
by the constituents of the Municipality of Sulat and its Election Registrar in good faith and without Section 71. Election on Recall. -‐ Upon the filing of a valid resolution or petition for recall with the
knowledge of the TRO earlier issued by this Court. As attested by Election Registrar Sumbilla, about appropriate local office of the COMELEC, the Commission or its duly authorized representative shall set
2,050 of the 6,090 registered voters of Sulat, Eastern Samar or about 34% signed the petition for recall. the date of the election on recall, which shall not be later than thirty (30) days after the filing of the
resolution or petition for recall in the case of the barangay, city, or municipal officials. and forty-‐five (45)
HELD: The constituents have made a judgment and their will to recall the incumbent mayor (Evardone) days in the case of provincial officials. The official or officials sought to be recalled shall automatically be
has already been ascertained and must be afforded the highest respect. Thus, the signing process held considered as duly registered candidate or candidates to the pertinent positions and, like other
last 14 July 1990 in Sulat, Eastern Samar, for the recall of Mayor Felipe P. Evardone of said municipality candidates, shall be entitled to be voted upon.
is valid and has legal effect. Section 72. Effectivity of Recall. -‐ The recall of an elective local official shall be effective only upon the
election and proclamation of a successor in the person of the candidate receiving the highest number of
• Loss of confidence [defined] -‐ the formal withdrawal of the electorate of their trust in a person’s votes cast during the election on recall. Should the official sought to be recalled receive the highest
ability to discharge his office previously bestowed on him by the same electorate. number of votes, confidence in him is thereby affirmed, and he shall continue in office.
Section 70. Initiation of the Recall Process. -‐ Section 73. Prohibition from Resignation. -‐ The elective local official sought to be recalled shall not be
allowed to resign while the recall process is in progress.
(a) Recall may be initiated by a preparatory recall assembly or by the registered voters of the local
government unit to which the local elective official subject to such recall belongs. Section 74. Limitations on Recall. -‐
(a) Any elective local official may be the subject of a recall election only once during his term of office
(b) There shall be a preparatory recall assembly in every province, city, district, and municipality for loss of confidence.
which shall be composed of the following: (b) No recall shall take place within one (1) year from the date of the official's assumption to office or
(1) Provincial level. -‐ All mayors, vice-‐mayors, and sanggunian members of the municipalities and one (1) year immediately preceding a regular local election.
component cities;
• Regular Local Election defined -‐ The term "regular local election" must be confined to the regular
(2) City level. -‐ All punong barangay and sanggunian barangay members in the city; election of elective local officials, as distinguished from the regular election of national officials. The
elective national officials are the President, Vice-‐President, Senators and Congressmen. The elective
(3) Legislative District level. -‐ In case where sangguniang panlalawigan members are elected by local officials are Provincial Governors, Vice-‐Governors of provinces, Mayors and Vice-‐Mayors of cities
district, all elective municipal officials in the district; and in cases where sangguniang panlungsod and municipalities, Members of the Sanggunians of provinces, cities and municipalities, punong
members are elected by district, all elective barangay officials in the district; and
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barangays and members of the sangguniang barangays, and the elective regional officials of the Section 77. Responsibility for Human Resources and Development. -‐ The chief executive of every local
Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. These are the only local elective officials deemed government unit shall be responsible for human resources and development in his unit and shall take all
recognized by Section 2(2) of Article IX-‐C of the Constitution. personnel actions in accordance with the Constitutional provisions on civil service, pertinent laws, and
rules and regulations thereon, including such policies, guidelines and standards as the Civil Service
CASE: PARAS V. COMELEC Commission may establish: Provided, That the local chief executive may employ emergency or casual
DOCTRINE: A regular election, whether national or local, can only refer to an election participated in by employees or laborers paid on a daily wage or piecework basis and hired through job orders for local
those who possess the right of suffrage, are not otherwise disqualified by law, and who are registered projects authorized by the sanggunian concerned, without need of approval or attestation by the Civil
voters. One of the requirements for the exercise of suffrage under Section 1, Article V of the Service Commission: Provided, further, That the period of employment of emergency or casual laborers as
Constitution is that the person must be at least 18 years of age, and one requisite before he can vote is provided in this Section shall not exceed six (6) months.
that he be a registered voter pursuant to the rules on registration prescribed in the Omnibus Election
Code. Under the law, the SK includes the youth with ages ranging from 15 to 21. Accordingly, they The Joint Commission on Local Government Personnel Administration organized pursuant to Presidential
include many who are not qualified to vote in a regular election, viz., those from ages 15 to less than 18. Decree Numbered Eleven Hundred thirty-‐six (P.D. No. 1136) is hereby abolished and its personnel, records,
In no manner then may SK elections be considered a regular election (whether national or local). equipment and other assets transferred to the appropriate office in the Civil Service Commission.
Section 78. Civil Service Law, Rules and Regulations, and Other Related Issuances. -‐ All matters pertinent
FACTS: Petitioner Danilo E. Paras is the incumbent Punong Barangay of Pula, Cabanatuan City who won to human resources and development in local government units shall be governed by the civil service law
during the last regular barangay election in 1994. In a resolution dated January 5, 1996, the COMELEC, and such rules and regulations and other issuances promulgated pursuant thereto, unless otherwise
for the third time, re-‐scheduled the recall election on January 13, 1996; hence, the instant petition for specified in this Code.
certiorari with urgent prayer for injunction. In view of the Office of the Solicitor General's
manifestation maintaining an opinion adverse to that of the COMELEC, the latter through its law • Resignation and Abandonment
department filed the required comment. o Resignation is the act of giving up or the act of an officer by which he declines his office and
renounces the right to further use it.
-‐ Requirements:
Petitioner's argument is simple and to the point. Citing Section 74 (b) of Republic Act No. 7160, 1. intention to relinquish a part of the term
otherwise known as the Local Government Code, which states that "no recall shall take place within 2. act of relinquishment
one (1) year from the date of the official's assumption to office or one (1) year immediately preceding a 3. acceptance by proper authority
regular local election", petitioner insists that the scheduled January 13, 1996 recall election is now o Abandonment – is the voluntary relinquishment of an office by the holder with the intention of
barred as the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) election was set by Republic Act No. 7808 on the first terminating his possession and control thereof.
Monday of May 1996, and every three years thereafter. -‐ elements;
1. intention to abandon
HELD: Subscribing to petitioner's interpretation of the phrase regular local election to include the SK 2. overt or external act by which intention is carried into effect
election will unduly circumscribe the novel provision of the Local Government Code on recall, a mode o Resignations by elective local officials must be in writing.
of removal of public officers by initiation of the people before the end of his term. And if the SK election
which is set by R.A. No 7808 to be held every three years from May 1996 were to be deemed within the • Power of CSC to revoke or cancel appointments
purview of the phrase "regular local election," as erroneously insisted by petitioner, then no recall o CSC has authority to revoke or cancel appointment to a civil service position after its regional
election can be conducted rendering inutile the recall provision of the Local Government Code. office may have approved the same and the appointee has assumed a new position.
o The CSC has the power to hear and decide administrative cases instituted directly or on appeal,
• Recall construed in provision – refer to recall election, not proceedings to initiate recall. including contested appointments, and review decisions and actions of its agencies or the
agencies attached to it
• Purpose of first limitation of par [b] is – to provide voters a sufficient basis for judging an elective o The CSC is empowered to take appropriate action on all appointments and other personnel
official and final judging is not done until the day of election. To construe recall as to include initiatory actions and such power includes the authority to recall an appointment initially approved in
proceedings would curtail freedom of speech and assembly guaranteed in the Constitution. disregard of applicable provisions of CSC laws and regulations.
Section 75. Expenses Incident to Recall Elections. -‐ All expenses incident to recall elections shall be borne
by the COMELEC. For this purpose, there shall be included in the annual General Appropriations Act a • No prior notice when employee is continuously absent – without approved leave for at least 30
contingency fund at the disposal of the COMELEC for the conduct of recall elections. days

TITLE III. • Procedure for judicial review of decisions of CSC -‐ special civil action for Certiorari
HUMAN RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
Section 79. Limitation to Appointments. -‐ No person shall be appointed in the career service of the local
Section 76. Organizational Structure and Staffing Pattern. -‐ Every local government unit shall design and government if he is related within the fourth civil degree of consanguinity or affinity to the appointing
implement its own organizational structure and staffing pattern taking into consideration its service or recommending authority.
requirements and financial capability, subject to the minimum standards and guidelines prescribed by the
Civil Service Commission. Section 80. Public Notice of Vacancy; Personnel Selection Board. -‐
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(a) Whenever a local executive decides to fill a vacant career position, there shall be posted notices Section 83. Grievance Procedure. -‐ In every local government unit, the local chief executive shall
of the vacancy in at least three (3) conspicuous public places in the local government unit concerned establish a procedure to inquire into, act upon, resolve or settle complaints and grievances presented
for a period of not less than fifteen (15) days. by local government employees.
(b) There shall be established in every province, city or municipality a personnel selection board to Section 84. Administrative Discipline. -‐ Investigation and adjudication of administrative complaints
assist the local chief executive in the judicious and objective selection or personnel for employment against appointive local officials and employees as well as their suspension and removal shall be in
as well as for promotion, and in the formulation of such policies as would contribute to employee accordance with the civil service law and rules and other pertinent laws. The results of such
welfare. administrative investigations shall be reported to the Civil Service Commission.
(c) The personnel selection board shall be headed by the local chief executive, and its members shall Section 85. Preventive Suspension of Appointive Local Officials and Employees. -‐
be determined by resolution of the sanggunian concerned. A representative of the Civil Service
Commission, if any, and the personnel officer of the local government unit concerned shall be ex (a) The local chief executives may preventively suspend for a period not exceeding sixty (60) days
officio members of the board. and subordinate official or employee under his authority pending investigation if the charge against
such official or employee involves dishonesty, oppression or grave misconduct or neglect in the
Section 81. Compensation of Local Officials and Employees. -‐ The compensation of local officials and performance of duty, or if there is reason to believe that the respondent is guilty of the charges
personnel shall be determined by the sanggunian concerned: Provided, That the increase in which would warrant his removal from the service.
compensation of elective local officials shall take effect only after the terms of office of those approving
such increase shall have expired: Provided, further, That the increase in compensation of the (b) Upon expiration of the preventive suspension, the suspended official or employee shall be
appointive officials and employees shall take effect as provided in the ordinance authorizing such automatically reinstated in office without prejudice to the continuation of the administrative
increase: Provided, however, That said increases shall not exceed the limitations on budgetary proceedings against him until its termination. If the delay in the proceedings of the case is due to the
allocations for personal services provided under Title Five, Book II of this Code: Provided, finally, That fault, neglect or request of the respondent, the time of the delay shall not be counted in computing
such compensation may be based upon the pertinent provisions of Republic Act Numbered Sixty-‐seven the period of suspension herein provided.
fifty-‐eight (R.A. No 6758), otherwise known as the "Compensation and Position Classification Act of Section 86. Administrative Investigation. -‐ In any local government unit, administrative investigation
1989". may be conducted by a person or a committee duly authorized by the local chief executive. Said person
The punong barangay, the sangguniang barangay member, the sangguniang kabataan chairman, the or committee shall conduct hearings on the cases brought against appointive local officials and
barangay treasurer, and the barangay secretary shall be entitled to such compensation, allowances, employees and submit their findings and recommendations to the local chief executive concerned
emoluments, and such other privileges as provided under Title One Book III of this Code. within fifteen (15) days from the conclusion of the hearings. The administrative cases herein
mentioned shall be decided within ninety (90) days from the time the respondent is formally notified of
Elective local officials shall be entitled to the same leave privileges as those enjoyed by appointive local the charges.
officials, including the cumulation and commutation thereof.
Section 87. Disciplinary Jurisdiction. -‐ Except as otherwise provided by law, the local chief executive
Section 82. Resignation of Elective Local Officials. -‐ may impose the penalty of removal from service, demotion in rank, suspension for not more than one
(1) year without pay, fine in an amount not exceeding six (6) months salary, or reprimand and
(a) Resignations by elective local officials shall be deemed effective only upon acceptance by the otherwise discipline subordinate officials and employees under his jurisdiction. If the penalty imposed
following authorities: is suspension without pay for not more than thirty (30) days, his decision shall be final. If the penalty
(1) The President, in the case of governors, vice-‐governors, and mayors and vice-‐mayors of imposed is heavier than suspension of thirty (30) days, the decision shall be appealable to the Civil
highly urbanized cities and independent component cities; Service Commission, which shall decide the appeal within thirty (30) days from receipt thereof.
(2) The governor, in the case of municipal mayors, municipal vice-‐mayors, city mayors and city Section 88. Execution Pending Appeal. -‐ An appeal shall not prevent the execution of a decision of
vice-‐mayors of component cities; removal or suspension of a respondent-‐appellant. In case the respondent-‐appellant is exonerated, he
shall be reinstated to his position with all the rights and privileges appurtenant thereto from the time
(3) The sanggunian concerned, in the case of sanggunian members; and he had been deprived thereof.
(4) The city or municipal mayor, in the case of barangay officials. Section 89. Prohibited Business and Pecuniary Interest. -‐
(b) Copies of the resignation letters of elective local officials, together with the action taken by the (a) It shall be unlawful for any local government official or employee, directly or indirectly, to:
aforesaid authorities, shall be furnished the Department of the Interior and Local Government.
(1) Engage in any business transaction with the local government unit in which he is an official
(c) The resignation shall be deemed accepted if not acted upon by the authority concerned within or employee or over which he has the power of supervision, or with any of its authorized boards,
fifteen (15) days from receipt thereof. officials, agents, or attorneys, whereby money is to be paid, or property or any other thing of
value is to be transferred, directly or indirectly, out of the resources of the local government unit
(d) Irrevocable resignations by sanggunian members shall be deemed accepted upon presentation
to such person or firm;
before an open session of the sanggunian concerned and duly entered in its records: Provided,
however, That this subsection does not apply to sanggunian members who are subject to recall (2) Hold such interests in any cockpit or other games licensed by a local government unit;
elections or to cases where existing laws prescribed the manner of acting upon such resignations.
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(3) Purchase any real estate or other property forfeited in favor of such local government unit Section 92. Oath of Office. -‐ (a) All elective and appointive local officials and employees shall, upon
for unpaid taxes or assessment, or by virtue of a legal process at the instance of the said local assumption to office, subscribe to an oath or affirmation of office in the prescribed form. The oath or
government unit; affirmation of office shall be filed with the office of the local chief executive concerned. A copy of the
oath or affirmation of office of all elective and appointive local officials and employees shall be
(4) Be a surety for any person contracting or doing business with the local government unit for preserved in the individual personal records file under the custody of the personnel office, division, or
which a surety is required; and section of the local government unit concerned.
(5) Possess or use any public property of the local government unit for private purposes. Section 93. Partisan Political Activity. -‐ No local official or employee in the career civil service shall
(b) All other prohibitions governing the conduct of national public officers relating to prohibited engage directly or indirectly in any partisan political activity or take part in any election, initiative,
business and pecuniary interest so provided for under Republic Act Numbered Sixty-‐seven thirteen referendum, plebiscite, or recall, except to vote, nor shall he use his official authority or influence to
(R.A. No. 6713) otherwise known as the "Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials cause the performance of any political activity by any person or body. He may, however, express his
and Employees" and other laws shall also be applicable to local government officials and employees. views on current issues, or mention the names of certain candidates for public office whom he
supports. Elective local officials may take part in partisan political and electoral activities, but it shall be
Section 90. Practice of Profession. -‐ unlawful for them to solicit contributions from their subordinates or subject these subordinates to any
of the prohibited acts under the Omnibus Election Code.
(a) All governors, city and municipal mayors are prohibited from practicing their profession or

engaging in any occupation other than the exercise of their functions as local chief executives.
• EXCEPTION : Local officials or employees may express their views on the current issues or mention
(b) Sanggunian members may practice their professions, engage in any occupation, or teach in the names of certain candidates which they may support.
schools except during session hours: Provided, That sanggunian members who are also members of
Section 94. Appointment of Elective and Appointive Local Officials; Candidates Who Lost in an Election. -‐
the Bar shall not:
(a) No elective or appointive local official shall be eligible for appointment or designation in any
(1) Appear as counsel before any court in any civil case wherein a local government unit or any capacity to any public office or position during his tenure.
office, agency, or instrumentality of the government is the adverse party;
Unless otherwise allowed by law or by the primary functions of his position, no elective or appointive
(2) Appear as counsel in any criminal case wherein an officer or employee of the national or local official shall hold any other office or employment in the government or any subdivision, agency or
local government is accused of an offense committed in relation to his office. instrumentality thereof, including government-‐owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries.

(3) Collect any fee for their appearance in administrative proceedings involving the local • Constitutionality of appointment of local elective officials to another post -‐ an elective official
government unit of which he is an official; and may be appointed to another post if allowed by law or by the primary functions of his office
(4) Use property and personnel of the government except when the sanggunian member Section 95. Additional or Double Compensation. -‐ No elective or appointive local official or employee
concerned is defending the interest of the government. shall receive additional, double, or indirect compensation, unless specifically authorized by law, nor
(c) Doctors of medicine may practice their profession even during official hours of work only on accept without the consent of Congress, any present, emoluments, office, or title of any kind from any
occasions of emergency: Provided, That the officials concerned do not derive monetary foreign government. Pensions or gratuities shall not be considered as additional, double, or indirect
compensation therefrom. compensation.
Section 96. Permission to Leave Station. -‐
• Reason for prohibition:
o Sen. Pimentel -‐ office of Gov/Mayor is a full time job; on the other hand, regular sessions of (a) Provincial, city, municipal, and barangay appointive officials going on official travel shall apply
sanggunian members are held once a week. and secure written permission from their respective local chief executives before departure. The
o Profession [defined] -‐ a calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive application shall specify the reasons for such travel, and the permission shall be given or withheld
preparation in skills and methods as well as scientific, historical, or scholarly principles based on considerations of public interest, financial capability of the local government unit
underlying such skills and methods, maintaining by force of conduct, and committing its members concerned and urgency of the travel.
to continued study and to a kind of work for which has for its prime purpose the rendering of
Should the local chief executive concerned fall to act upon such application within four (4) working
public service.
days from receipt thereof, it shall be deemed approved.
-‐ a principal calling, vocation, or employment
(b) Mayors of component cities and municipalities shall secure the permission of the governor
• When conflict of interests exist -‐ where the interests of the LGU with which the official is concerned for any travel outside the province.
connected are oppeosed to the interests of the person who obtains his services.
(c) Local government officials traveling abroad shall notify their respective sanggunian: Provided,
That when the period of travel extends to more than three (3) months, during periods of emergency
Section 91. Statement of Assets and Liabilities. -‐ (a) Officials and employees of local government units or crisis or when the travel involves the use of public funds, permission from the Office of the
shall file sworn statements of assets, liabilities and net worth, lists of relatives within the fourth civil President shall be secured.
degree of consanguinity or affinity in government service, financial and business interests, and
personnel data sheets as required by law. (d) Field officers of national agencies or offices assigned in provinces, cities, and municipalities shall
not leave their official stations without giving prior written notice to the local chief executive
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concerned. Such notice shall state the duration of travel and the name of the officer whom he shall (a) Determine, in accordance with the criteria set by the Department of Education, Culture and
designate to act for and in his behalf during his absence. Sports, the annual supplementary budgetary needs for the operation and maintenance of public
schools within the province, city, or municipality, as the case may be, and the supplementary local
Section 97. Annual Report. -‐ On or before March 31 of each year, every local chief executive shall cost of meeting such as needs, which shall be reflected in the form of an annual school board budget
submit an annual report to the sanggunian concerned on the socio-‐economic, political and peace and corresponding to its share of the proceeds of the special levy on real property constituting the
order conditions, and other matters concerning the local government unit, which shall cover the Special Education Fund and such other sources of revenue as this Code and other laws or ordinances
immediately preceding calendar year. A copy of the report shall be forwarded to the Department of the may provide;
Interior and Local Government. Component cities and municipalities shall likewise provide the
sangguniang panlalawigan copies of their respective annual reports. (b) Authorize the provincial, city or municipal treasurer, as the case may be, to disburse funds from
the Special Education Fund pursuant to the budget prepared and in accordance with existing rules
TITLE IV and regulations;
LOCAL SCHOOL BOARDS
(c) Serve as an advisory committee to the sanggunian concerned on educational matters such as, but
Section 98. Creation, Composition, and Compensation. -‐ not limited to, the necessity for and the uses of local appropriations for educational purposes; and
(a) There shall be established in every province, city, or municipality a provincial, city, or municipal (d) Recommend changes in the names of public schools within the territorial jurisdiction of the local
school board, respectively. government unit for enactment by the sanggunian concerned.
(b) The composition of local school boards shall be as follows: The Department of Education, Culture and Sports shall consult the local school board on the
(1) The provincial school board shall be composed of the governor and the division appointment of division superintendents, district supervisors, school principals, and other school
superintendent of schools as co-‐chairman; the chairman of the education committee of the officials.
sangguniang panlalawigan, the provincial treasurer, the representative of the "pederasyon ng Section 100. Meetings and Quorum; Budget. -‐
mga sangguniang kabataan" in the sangguniang panlalawigan, the duly elected president of the
provincial federation of parents-‐teachers associations, the duly elected representative of the (a) The local school board shall meet at least once a month or as often as may be necessary.
teachers' organizations in the province, and the duly elected representative of the non-‐academic
personnel of public schools in the province, as members; (b) Any of the co-‐chairmen may call a meeting. A majority of all its members shall constitute a
quorum. However, when both co-‐chairmen are present in a meeting, the local chief executive
(2) The city school board shall be composed of the city mayor and the city superintendent of concerned, as a matter of protocol, shall be given preference to preside over the meeting. The
schools as co-‐chairmen; the chairman of the education committee of the sangguniang division superintendent, city superintendent or district supervisor, as the case may be, shall prepare
panlungsod, the city treasurer, the representative of the "pederasyon ng mga sangguniang the budget of the school board concerned. Such budget shall be supported by programs, projects,
kabataan" in the sangguniang panlungsod, the duly elected president of the city federation of and activities of the school board for the ensuing fiscal year. The affirmative vote of the majority of
parents-‐ teachers associations, the duly elected representative of the teachers' organizations in all the members shall be necessary to approve the budget.
the city, and the duly elected representative of the non-‐academic personnel of public schools in
the city, as members; and (c) The annual school board budget shall give priority to the following:
(3) The municipal school board shall be composed of the municipal mayor and the district (1) Construction, repair, and maintenance of school buildings and other facilities of public
supervisor of schools as co-‐chairmen; the chairman of the education committee of the elementary and secondary schools;
sangguniang bayan, the municipal treasurer, the representative of the "pederasyon ng mga (2) Establishment and maintenance of extension classes where necessary; and
sangguniang kabataan" in the sangguniang bayan, the duly elected president of the municipal
federation of parent-‐teacher associations, the duly elected representative of the teachers' (3) Sports activities at the division, district, municipal, and barangay levels.
organizations in the municipality, and the duly elected representative of the non-‐academic
Section 101. Compensation and Remuneration. -‐ The co-‐chairmen and members of the provincial, city
personnel of public schools in the municipality, as members.
or municipal school board shall perform their duties as such without compensation or remuneration.
(c) In the event that a province or city has two (2) or more school superintendents, and in the event Members thereof who are not government officials or employees shall be entitled to necessary
that a municipality has two (2) or more district supervisors, the co-‐chairman of the local school traveling expenses and allowances chargeable against the funds of the local school board concerned,
board shall be determined as follows: subject to existing accounting and auditing rules and regulations.
(1) The Department of Education, Culture and Sports shall designate the co-‐chairman for the TITLE V
provincial and city school boards; and LOCAL HEALTH BOARDS
(2) The division superintendent of schools shall designate the district supervisor who shall Section 102. Creation and Composition. -‐
serve as co-‐chairman of the municipal school board.
(a) There shall be established a local health board in every province, city, or municipality. The
(d) The performance of the duties and responsibilities of the abovementioned officials in their composition of the local health boards shall be as follows:
respective local school boards shall not be delegated.
(1) The provincial health board shall be headed by the governor as chairman, the provincial
Section 99. Functions of Local School Boards. -‐ The provincial, city or municipal school board shall: health officer as vice-‐chairman, and the chairman of the committee on health of the
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sangguniang panlalawigan, a representative from the private sector or non-‐governmental sanggunian. For this purpose, the development council at the provincial, city, municipal, or barangay
organizations involved in health services, and a representative of the Department of Health in level, shall assist the corresponding sanggunian in setting the direction of economic and social
the province, as members; development, and coordinating development efforts within its territorial jurisdiction.
(2) The city health board shall be headed by the city mayor as chairman, the city health officer Section 107. Composition of Local Development Councils. -‐ The composition of the local development
as vice-‐chairman, and the chairman of the committee on health of the sangguniang panlungsod, council shall be as follows:
a representative from the private sector or non-‐governmental organizations involved in health (1) Members of the sangguniang barangay;
services, and a representative of the Department of Health in the city, as members; and (2) Representatives of non-‐governmental organizations operating in the barangay
who shall constitute not less than one fourth (¼) of the members of the fully
(3) The municipal health board shall be headed by the municipal mayor as chairman, the organized council;
municipal health officer as vice-‐chairman, and the chairman of the committee on health of the (3) A representative of the congressman.
sangguniang bayan, a representative from the private sector or non-‐governmental (b) The city or municipal development council shall be headed by the mayor and shall be
organizations involved in health services, and a representative of the Department of Health in composed of the following members:
the municipality, as members. (1) All punong barangays in the city or municipality;
(b) The functions of the local health board shall be: (2) The chairman of the committee on appropriations of the sangguniang
panlungsod or sangguniang bayan concerned;
(1) To propose to the sanggunian concerned, in accordance with standards and criteria set by (3) The congressman or his representative; and
the Department of Health, annual budgetary allocations for the operation and maintenance of (4) Representatives of non-‐governmental organizations operating in the city or
health facilities and services within the municipality, city or province, as the case may be; municipality, as the case may be, who shall constitute not less than one-‐fourth (¼)
of the members of the fully organized council.
(2) To serve as an advisory committee to the sanggunian concerned on health matters such as,
(c) The provincial development council shall be headed by the governor and shall be
but not limited to, the necessity for, and application of local appropriations for public health
composed of the following members:
purposes; and
(1) All mayors of component cities and municipalities;
(3) Consistent with the technical and administrative standards of the Department of Health, (2) The chairman of the committee on appropriations of the sangguniang
create committees which shall advise local health agencies on matters such as, but not limited panlalawigan;
to, personnel selection and promotion, bids and awards, grievance and complaints, personnel (3) The congressman or his representative; and
discipline, budget review, operations review and similar functions. (4) Representatives of non-‐governmental organizations operating in the province,
who shall constitute not less than one-‐fourth (¼) of the members of the fully
Section 103. Meetings and Quorum. -‐ organized council.
(d) The local development councils may call upon any local official concerned or any official
(a) The board shall meet at least once a month or as may be necessary.
of national agencies or offices in the local government unit to assist in the formulation of
(b) A majority of the members of the board shall constitute a quorum, but the chairman or the vice-‐ their respective development plans and public investment programs.
chairman must be present during meetings where budgetary proposals are being prepared or
Section 108. Representation of Non-‐governmental Organizations. -‐ Within a period of sixty (60) days
considered. The affirmative vote of all the majority of the members shall be necessary to approve
from the start of organization of local development councils, the non-‐governmental organizations shall
such proposals.
choose from among themselves their representatives to said councils. The local sanggunian concerned
Section 104. Compensation and Remuneration. -‐ The chairman, vice-‐chairman, and members of the shall accredit non-‐governmental organizations subject to such criteria as may be provided by law.
provincial, city or municipal health board shall perform their duties as such without compensation or
Section 109. Functions of Local Development Councils. -‐
remuneration. Members thereof who are not government officials or employees shall be entitled to
necessary traveling expenses and allowances chargeable against the funds of the local health board (a) The provincial, city, and municipal development councils shall exercise the following
concerned, subject to existing accounting and auditing rules and regulations. functions:
(1) Formulate long-‐term, medium-‐term, and annual socio-‐economic development
Section 105. Direct National Supervision and Control by the Secretary of Health. -‐ In cases of epidemics,
plans and policies;
pestilence, and other widespread public health dangers, the Secretary of Health may, upon the
(2) Formulate the medium-‐term and annual public investment programs;
direction of the President and in consultation with the local government unit concerned, temporarily
(3) Appraise and prioritize socio-‐economic development programs and projects;
assume direct supervision and control over health operations in any local government unit for the
(4) Formulate local investment incentives to promote the inflow and direction of
duration of the emergency, but in no case exceeding a cumulative period of six (6) months. With the
private investment capital;
concurrence of the government unit concerned, the period for such direct national control and
(5) Coordinate, monitor, and evaluate the implementation of development
supervision may be further extended.
programs and projects; and
TITLE VI (6) Perform such other functions as may be provided by law or component
LOCAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCILS authority.
Section 106. Local Development Councils. -‐ (a) Each local government unit shall have a comprehensive (b) The barangay development council shall exercise the following functions:
multi-‐sectoral development plan to be initiated by its development council and approved by its (1) Mobilize people's participation in local development efforts;
(2) Prepare barangay development plans based on local requirements;
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(3) Monitor and evaluate the implementation of national or local programs and (b) The approved development plans of provinces, highly-‐urbanized cities, and independent
projects; and component cities shall be submitted to the regional development council, which shall be integrated
(4) Perform such other functions as may be provided by law or competent into the regional development plan for submission to the National Economic and Development
authority. Authority, in accordance with existing laws.
Section 110. Meetings and Quorum. -‐ The local development council shall meet at least once every six Section 115. Budget Information. -‐ The Department of Budget and Management shall furnish the
(6) months or as often as may be necessary. various local development councils information on financial resources and budgetary allocations
applicable to their respective jurisdictions to guide them in their planning functions.
Section 111. Executive Committee. -‐ The local development council shall create an executive committee
to represent it and act in its behalf when it is not in session. The composition of the executive TITLE VII
committee shall be as follows: LOCAL PEACE AND ORDER COUNCIL
(1) The executive committee of the provincial development council shall be composed of the Section 116. Organization. -‐ There is hereby established in every province, city and municipality a local
governor as chairman, the representative of component city and municipal mayors to be peace and order council, pursuant to Executive Order Numbered Three hundred nine (E.O. No. 309), as
chosen from among themselves, the chairman of the committee on appropriations of the amended, Series of 1988. The local peace and order councils shall have the same composition and
sangguniang panlalawigan, the president of the provincial league of barangays, and a functions as those prescribed by said executive order.
representative of non-‐governmental organizations that are represented in the council, as
members; TITLE VIII
AUTONOMOUS SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
(2) The executive committee of the city or municipal development council shall be composed
of the mayor as chairman, the chairman of the committee on appropriations of the Section 117. Establishment of Autonomous Special Economic Zones. -‐ The establishment by law of
sangguniang panlalawigan, the president of the city or municipal league of barangays, and a autonomous special economic zones in selected areas of the country shall be subject to concurrence by
representative of non-‐governmental organizations that are represented in the council, as the local government units included therein.
members; and TITLE IX
(3) The executive committee of the barangay development council shall be composed of the OTHER PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS
punong barangay as chairman, a representative of the sangguniang barangay to be chosen CHAPTER I
from among its members, and a representative of non-‐governmental organizations that are Settlement of Boundary Disputes
represented in the council, as members.
Section 118. Jurisdictional Responsibility for Settlement of Boundary Dispute. -‐ Boundary disputes
(b) The executive committee shall exercise the following powers and functions: between and among local government units shall, as much as possible, be settled amicably. To this end:
(1) Ensure that the decision of the council are faithfully carried out and implemented;
(2) Act on matters requiring immediate attention or action by the council; (a) Boundary disputes involving two (2) or more barangays in the same city or municipality shall be
(3) Formulate policies, plans, and programs based on the general principles laid down by the referred for settlement to the sangguniang panlungsod or sangguniang bayan concerned.
council; and
(b) Boundary disputes involving two (2) or more municipalities within the same province shall be
(4) Act on other matters that may be authorized by the council.
referred for settlement to the sangguniang panlalawigan concerned.
Section 112. Sectoral or Functional Committees. -‐ The local development councils may form sectoral or
(c) Boundary disputes involving municipalities or component cities of different provinces shall be
functional committees to assist them in the performance of their functions.
jointly referred for settlement to the sanggunians of the province concerned.
Section 113. Secretariat. -‐ There is hereby constituted for each local development council a secretariat
(d) Boundary disputes involving a component city or municipality on the one hand and a highly
which shall be responsible for providing technical support, documentation of proceedings, preparation
urbanized city on the other, or two (2) or more highly urbanized cities, shall be jointly referred for
of reports and such other assistance as may be required in the discharge of its functions. The local
settlement to the respective sanggunians of the parties.
development council may avail of the services of any non-‐governmental organization or educational or
research institution for this purpose. (e) In the event the sanggunian fails to effect an amicable settlement within sixty (60) days from the
date the dispute was referred thereto, it shall issue a certification to that effect. Thereafter, the
The secretariats of the provincial, city, and municipal development councils shall be headed by their
dispute shall be formally tried by the sanggunian concerned which shall decide the issue within sixty
respective planning and development coordinators. The secretariat of the barangay development
(60) days from the date of the certification referred to above.
council shall be headed by the barangay secretary who shall be assisted by the city or municipal
planning and development coordinator concerned. Section 119. Appeal. -‐ Within the time and manner prescribed by the Rules of Court, any party may
elevate the decision of the sanggunian concerned to the proper Regional Trial Court having jurisdiction
Section 114. Relation of Local Development Councils to the Sanggunian and the Regional Development
over the area in dispute. The Regional Trial Court shall decide the appeal within one (1) year from the
Council.-‐
filing thereof. Pending final resolution of the disputed area prior to the dispute shall be maintained and
(a) The policies, programs, and projects proposed by local development councils shall be submitted continued for all legal purposes.
to the sanggunian concerned for appropriate action.

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2. The proposition
3. The reasons therefor
CHAPTER II 4. That it is not subject to any of the limitations provided for in Art. 150 of IRR
Local Initiative and Referendum 5. Signatures of petitioners or registered voters
Section 120. Local Initiative Defined. -‐ Local initiative is the legal process whereby the registered 6. A formal designation of their duly authorized representatives
voters of a local government unit may directly propose, enact, or amend any ordinance. 7. An abstract or summary proposition of not more than 100 words

• Power to enact resolutions included in power of initiative – includes ordinances as well as • Procedure for Initiative:
resolutions. However, resolutions are not normally subjected to referendum for it may destroy the o Copies of Petition and Notice –
efficiency necessary to the successful administration of the business affairs of a city. • Prov ordinance – furnish copy to provincial election supervisor for distribution to the election
• Initiative distinguished from referendum –while initiative is entirely the work of the electorate, registrars of the province
referendum is begun and consented by the law-‐making body. Initiative is a process of law-‐making • City ordinance – furnish election registrar copies for distribution to barangays
people themselves without the participation and against the wishes of their elected representatives • Municipal ordinance – furnish provincial election registrar for distribution to barangays
while referendum consists merely of the electorate approving or rejecting what has been drawn up • Barangay ordinance – furnish provincial election registrar
or enacted by the legislative body • Likewise furnish copies to COMELEC in Manila
o Posting – all election officers concerned shall cause posting conspicuously in public places in LGU
Section 121. Who May Exercise. -‐ The power of local initiative and referendum may be exercised by all concerned with notice of dates of signing
registered voters of the provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. o Schedule of Signing Petition – Upon receipt of notice and petition, election officer concerned shall
Section 122. Procedure in Local Initiative. -‐ schedule signing of the petition of the LGU.
• Period of 90 days – provinces and cities
(a) Not less than one thousand (1,000) registered voters in case of provinces and cities, one hundred • 60 days for municipalities
(100) in case of municipalities, and fifty (50) in case of barangays, may file a petition with the • 30 days for barangays
sanggunian concerned proposing the adoption, enactment, repeal, or amendment of an ordinance. o Signature stations – stations for collecting signatures may be established as far as practicable in
public school buildings nearest residences of voters [1 station per 10 precinct]
(b) If no favorable action thereon is taken by the sanggunian concerned within thirty (30) days from
o Procedure for Signing of Petition – signed before the election registrar, or his representatives, in
its presentation, the proponents, through their duly authorized and registered representatives, may
the presence of a representative of the proponent and a representative of the sanggunian
invoke their power of initiative, giving notice thereof to the sanggunian concerned.
concerned, in a public place in the LGU concerned
(c) The proposition shall be numbered serially starting from Roman numeral I. The COMELEC or its o Verification of Signatures – election registrar or representatives shall verify genuineness and
designated representative shall extend assistance in the formulation of the proposition. authenticity of signatures by referring to book of voters, voter’s affidavits and voters ID.
o Certification of Number of Registered Voters – Election Records and Statistics Dept. of COMELEC
(d) Two (2) or more propositions may be submitted in an initiative. shall certify the total number of registered voters in the constituency to which the initiative
pertains.
(e) Proponents shall have ninety (90) days in case of provinces and cities, sixty (60) days in case of
o Number of signatures required:
municipalities, and thirty (30) days in case of barangays, from notice mentioned in subsection (b)
hereof to collect the required number of signatures. (f) The petition shall be signed before the • Local initiative affecting an ordinance by sanggunian of province or city deemed validly
election registrar. or his designated representatives, in the presence of a representative of the initiated if petition is signed at least 10% of registered voters in prov or city where every
proponent, and a representative of the sanggunian concerned in a public place in the local legislative district is represented by at least 3% of registered voters therein
government unit, as the case may be. Stations for collecting signatures may be established in as • An initiative on municipal ordinance at least 10% of registered voters in the municipality of
many places as may be warranted. which every barangay is represented by at least 3%
• An initiative on barangay ordinance is deemed valid if signed by at least 10% of the registered
(g) Upon the lapse of the period herein provided, the COMELEC, through its office in the local voters of said barangay.
government unit concerned, shall certify as to whether or not the required number of signatures has o Determination of Percentage and Certification and Action of COMELEC. – Comelec thru office in
been obtained. Failure to obtain the required number defeats the proposition. LGU concerned, shall determine and certify within 15 days
o Call for initiative by COMELEC – if required signatures obtained, COMELEC set date for inititative
(h) If the required number of signatures is obtained, the COMELEC shall then set a date for the
during which the proposition shall be submitted for approval within 60 days [prov and cities], 45
initiative during which the proposition shall be submitted to the registered voters in the local
days [mun], and 30 days [barangay]
government unit concerned for their approval within sixty (60) days from the date of certification by
•
the COMELEC, as provided in subsection (g) hereof, in case of provinces and cities, forty-‐five (45)
days in case of municipalities, and thirty (30) days in case of barangays. The initiative shall then be Section 123. Effectivity of Local Propositions. -‐ If the proposition is approved by a majority of the votes
held on the date set, after which the results thereof shall be certified and proclaimed by the cast, it shall take effect fifteen (15) days after certification by the COMELEC as if affirmative action
COMELEC. thereon had been made by the sanggunian and local chief executive concerned. If it fails to obtain said
number of votes, the proposition is considered defeated.
• Form of petition – the petition shall contain the following:
1. Contents or text of the proposed ordinance sought to be enacted, approved or rejected, Section 124. Limitations on Local Initiative. -‐
amended or repealed, as the case may be
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(a) The power of local initiative shall not be exercised more than once a year. Section 138. Tax on Sand, Gravel and Other Quarry Resources. -‐ The province may levy and collect not
more than ten percent (10%) of fair market value in the locality per cubic meter of ordinary stones,
(b) Initiative shall extend only to subjects or matters which are within the legal powers of the sand, gravel, earth, and other quarry resources, as defined under the National Internal Revenue Code,
sanggunian to enact. as amended, extracted from public lands or from the beds of seas, lakes, rivers, streams, creeks, and
(c) If at any time before the initiative is held, the sanggunian concerned adopts in toto the other public waters within its territorial jurisdiction.
proposition presented and the local chief executive approves the same, the initiative shall be The permit to extract sand, gravel and other quarry resources shall be issued exclusively by the
cancelled. However, those against such action may, if they so desire, apply for initiative in the provincial governor, pursuant to the ordinance of the sangguniang panlalawigan.
manner herein provided.
The proceeds of the tax on sand, gravel and other quarry resources shall be distributed as follows:
Section 125. Limitations upon Sanggunians. -‐ Any proposition or ordinance approved through the (1) Province -‐ Thirty percent (30%);
system of initiative and referendum as herein provided shall not be repealed, modified or amended by (2) Component City or Municipality where the sand, gravel, and other quarry resources are
the sanggunian concerned within six (6) months from the date of the approval thereof, and may be extracted -‐ Thirty percent (30%); and
amended, modified or repealed by the sanggunian within three (3) years thereafter by a vote of three-‐ (3) Barangay where the sand, gravel, and other quarry resources are extracted -‐ Forty percent
fourths (3/4) of all its members: Provided, That in case of barangays, the period shall be eighteen (18) (40%).
months after the approval thereof.
Section 139. Professional Tax. -‐
Section 126. Local Referendum Defined. -‐ Local referendum is the legal process whereby the registered
voters of the local government units may approve, amend or reject any ordinance enacted by the (a) The province may levy an annual professional tax on each person engaged in the exercise or
sanggunian. practice of his profession requiring government examination at such amount and reasonable
classification as the sangguniang panlalawigan may determine but shall in no case exceed Three
The local referendum shall be held under the control and direction of the COMELEC within sixty (60) hundred pesos (P300.00).
days in case of provinces and cities, forty-‐five (45) days in case of municipalities and thirty (30) days in
case of barangays. (b) Every person legally authorized to practice his profession shall pay the professional tax to the
province where he practices his profession or where he maintains his principal office in case he
The COMELEC shall certify and proclaim the results of the said referendum. practices his profession in several places: Provided, however, That such person who has paid the
Section 127. Authority of Courts. -‐ Nothing in this Chapter shall prevent or preclude the proper courts corresponding professional tax shall be entitled to practice his profession in any part of the
from declaring null and void any proposition approved pursuant to this Chapter for violation of the Philippines without being subjected to any other national or local tax, license, or fee for the practice
Constitution or want of capacity of the sanggunian concerned to enact the said measure. of such profession.
CHAPTER II (c) Any individual or corporation employing a person subject to professional tax shall require
Specific Provisions on the Taxing and Other Revenue-‐Raising Powers of Local Government Units payment by that person of the tax on his profession before employment and annually thereafter.
ARTICLE I (d) The professional tax shall be payable annually, on or before the thirty-‐first (31st) day of January.
Provinces Any person first beginning to practice a profession after the month of January must, however, pay
the full tax before engaging therein. A line of profession does not become exempt even if conducted
Section 134. Scope of Taxing Powers. -‐ Except as otherwise provided in this Code, the province may with some other profession for which the tax has been paid. Professionals exclusively employed in
levy only the taxes, fees, and charges as provided in this Article. the government shall be exempt from the payment of this tax.
Section 135. Tax on Transfer of Real Property Ownership. (e) Any person subject to the professional tax shall write in deeds, receipts, prescriptions, reports,
books of account, plans and designs, surveys and maps, as the case may be, the number of the official
(a) The province may impose a tax on the sale , donation, barter, or on any other mode of
receipt issued to him.
transferring ownership or title of real property at the rate of not more than fifty percent (50%) of
the one percent (1%) of the total consideration involved in the acquisition of the property or of the Section 140. Amusement Tax. -‐
fair market value in case the monetary consideration involved in the transfer is not substantial,
whichever is higher. The sale, transfer or other disposition of real property pursuant to R.A. No. (a) The province may levy an amusement tax to be collected from the proprietors, lessees, or
6657 shall be exempt from this tax. operators of theaters, cinemas, concert halls, circuses, boxing stadia, and other places of amusement
at a rate of not more than thirty percent (30%) of the gross receipts from admission fees.
(b) For this purpose, the Register of Deeds of the province concerned shall, before registering any
deed, require the presentation of the evidence of payment of this tax. The provincial assessor shall (b) In the case of theaters or cinemas, the tax shall first be deducted and withheld by their
likewise make the same requirement before cancelling an old tax declaration and issuing a new one proprietors, lessees, or operators and paid to the provincial treasurer before the gross receipts are
in place thereof, Notaries public shall furnish the provincial treasurer with a copy of any deed divided between said proprietors, lessees, or operators and the distributors of the cinematographic
transferring ownership or title to any real property within thirty (30) days from the date of films.
notarization. (c) The holding of operas, concerts, dramas, recitals, painting and art exhibitions, flower shows,
It shall be the duty of the seller, donor, transferor, executor or administrator to pay the tax herein musical programs, literary and oratorical presentations, except pop, rock, or similar concerts shall
imposed within sixty (60) days from the date of the execution of the deed or from the date of the be exempt from the payment of the tax hereon imposed.
decedent's death.
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(d) The sangguniang panlalawigan may prescribe the time, manner, terms and conditions for the (2) On places of recreation which charge admission fees; and
payment of tax. In case of fraud or failure to pay the tax, the sangguniang panlalawigan may impose (3) On billboards, signboards, neon signs, and outdoor advertisements.
such surcharges, interest and penalties as it may deem appropriate.
ARTICLE VI
(e) The proceeds from the amusement tax shall be shared equally by the province and the Community Tax
municipality where such amusement places are located.
Section 156. Community Tax. -‐ Cities or municipalities may levy a community tax in accordance with
Section 141. Annual Fixed Tax For Every Delivery Truck or Van of Manufacturers or Producers, the provisions of this Article.
Wholesalers of, Dealers, or Retailers in, Certain Products. -‐
Section 157. Individuals Liable to Community Tax. -‐ Every inhabitant of the Philippines eighteen (18)
(a) The province may levy an annual fixed tax for every truck, van or any vehicle used by years of age or over who has been regularly employed on a wage or salary basis for at least thirty (30)
manufacturers, producers, wholesalers, dealers or retailers in the delivery or distribution of distilled consecutive working days during any calendar year, or who is engaged in business or occupation, or
spirits, fermented liquors, soft drinks, cigars and cigarettes, and other products as may be who owns real property with an aggregate assessed value of One thousand pesos (P1,000.00) or more,
determined by the sangguniang panlalawigan, to sales outlets, or consumers, whether directly or or who is required by law to file an income tax return shall pay an annual additional tax of Five pesos
indirectly, within the province in an amount not exceeding Five hundred pesos (P500.00). (P5.00) and an annual additional tax of One peso (P1.00) for every One thousand pesos (P1,000.00) of
income regardless of whether from business, exercise of profession or from property which in no case
(b) The manufacturers, producers, wholesalers, dealers and retailers referred to in the immediately shall exceed Five thousand pesos (P5,000.00).
foregoing paragraph shall be exempt from the tax on peddlers prescribed elsewhere in this Code.
In the case of husband and wife, the additional tax herein imposed shall be based upon the total
Section 144. Rates of Tax within the Metropolitan Manila Area. -‐ The municipalities within the property owned by them and the total gross receipts or earnings derived by them.
Metropolitan Manila Area may levy taxes at rates which shall not exceed by fifty percent (50%) the
maximum rates prescribed in the preceding Section. CHAPTER VII
Katarungang Pambarangay
ARTICLE III
Cities Section 399. Lupong Tagapamayapa. -‐
Section 151. Scope of Taxing Powers. -‐ Except as otherwise provided in this Code, the city, may levy the (a) There is hereby created in each barangay a lupong tagapamayapa, hereinafter referred to as the
taxes, fees, and charges which the province or municipality may impose: Provided, however, That the lupon, composed of the punong barangay, as chairman and ten (10) to twenty (20) members. The
taxes, fees and charges levied and collected by highly urbanized and independent component cities lupon shall be constituted every three (3) years in the manner provided herein.
shall accrue to them and distributed in accordance with the provisions of this Code.
(b) Any person actually residing or working, in the barangay, not otherwise expressly disqualified by
The rates of taxes that the city may levy may exceed the maximum rates allowed for the province or law, and possessing integrity, impartiality, independence of mind, sense of fairness, and reputation
municipality by not more than fifty percent (50%) except the rates of professional and amusement for probity, may be appointed a member of the lupon.
taxes.
(c) A notice to constitute the lupon, which shall include the names of proposed members who have
ARTICLE IV expressed their willingness to serve, shall be prepared by the punong barangay within the first
Barangays fifteen (15) days from the start of his term of office. Such notice shall be posted in three (3)
conspicuous places in the barangay continuously for a period of not less than three (3) weeks;
Section 152. Scope of Taxing Powers. -‐ The barangays may levy taxes, fees, and charges, as provided in
this Article, which shall exclusively accrue to them: (d) The punong barangay, taking into consideration any opposition to the proposed appointment or
any recommendations for appointment as may have been made within the period of posting, shall
(a) Taxes -‐ On stores or retailers with fixed business establishments with gross sales of receipts of within ten (10) days thereafter, appoint as members those whom he determines to be suitable
the preceding calendar year of Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) or less, in the case of cities and therefor. Appointments shall be in writing, signed by the punong barangay, and attested to by the
Thirty thousand pesos (P30,000.00) or less, in the case of municipalities, at a rate not exceeding one barangay secretary.
percent (1%) on such gross sales or receipts.
(e) The list of appointed members shall be posted in three (3) conspicuous places in the barangay for
(b) Service Fees or Charges. -‐ Barangays may collect reasonable fees or charges for services the entire duration of their term of office; and
rendered in connection with the regulations or the use of barangay-‐owned properties or service
facilities such as palay, copra, or tobacco dryers. (f) In barangays where majority of the inhabitants are members of indigenous cultural communities,
local systems of settling disputes through their councils of datus or elders shall be recognized
(c) Barangay Clearance. -‐ No city or municipality may issue any license or permit for any business or without prejudice to the applicable provisions of this Code.
activity unless a clearance is first obtained from the barangay where such business or activity is
located or conducted. For such clearance, the sangguniang barangay may impose a reasonable fee. Section 400. Oath and Term of Office. -‐ Upon appointment, each lupon member shall take an oath of
The application for clearance shall be acted upon within seven (7) working days from the filing office before the punong barangay. He shall hold office until a new lupon is constituted on the third
thereof. In the event that the clearance is not issued within the said period, the city or municipality year following his appointment unless sooner terminated by resignation, transfer of residence or place
may issue the said license or permit. of work, or withdrawal of appointment by the punong barangay with the concurrence of the majority of
all the members of the lupon.
(d) Other fees and Charges. -‐ The barangay may levy reasonable fees and charges:
(1) On commercial breeding of fighting cocks, cockfights and cockpits;
st
Section 401. Vacancies. -‐ Should a vacancy occur in the lupon for any cause, the punong barangay shall Section 408. Subject Matter for Amicable Settlement; Exception Thereto. -‐ The lupon of each barangay
immediately appoint a qualified person who shall hold office only for the unexpired portion of the term. shall have authority to bring together the parties actually residing in the same city or municipality for
amicable settlement of all disputes except:
Section 402. Functions of the Lupon. -‐ The lupon shall:
(a) Where one party is the government, or any subdivision or instrumentality thereof;
(a) Exercise administrative supervision over the conciliation panels provided herein;
(b) Where one party is a public officer or employee, and the dispute relates to the performance of his
(b) Meet regularly once a month to provide a forum for exchange of ideas among its members and official functions;
the public on matters relevant to the amicable settlement of disputes, and to enable various
conciliation panel members to share with one another their observations and experiences in (c) Offenses punishable by imprisonment exceeding one (1) year or a fine exceeding Five thousand
effecting speedy resolution of disputes; and pesos (P5,000.00);
(c) Exercise such other powers and perform such other duties and functions as may be prescribed by (d) Offenses where there is no private offended party;
law or ordinance.
(e) Where the dispute involves real properties located in different cities or municipalities unless the
Section 403. Secretary of the Lupon. -‐ The barangay secretary shall concurrently serve as the secretary parties thereto agree to submit their differences to amicable settlement by an appropriate lupon;
of the lupon. He shall record the results of mediation proceedings before the punong barangay and
shall submit a report thereon to the proper city or municipal courts. He shall also receive and keep the (f) Disputes involving parties who actually reside in barangays of different cities or municipalities,
records of proceedings submitted to him by the various conciliation panels. except where such barangay units adjoin each other and the parties thereto agree to submit their
differences to amicable settlement by an appropriate lupon;
Section 404. Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo. -‐
(g) Such other classes of disputes which the President may determine in the interest of Justice or
(a) There shall be constituted for each dispute brought before the lupon a conciliation panel to be upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Justice.
known as the pangkat ng tagapagkasundo, hereinafter referred to as the pangkat, consisting of three
(3) members who shall be chosen by the parties to the dispute from the list of members of the lupon. The court in which non-‐criminal cases not falling within the authority of the lupon under this Code
are filed may, at any time before trial motu propio refer the case to the lupon concerned for amicable
Should the parties fail to agree on the pangkat membership, the same shall be determined by lots settlement.
drawn by the lupon chairman.
Section 409. Venue. -‐
(b) The three (3) members constituting the pangkat shall elect from among themselves the chairman
and the secretary. The secretary shall prepare the minutes of the pangkat proceedings and submit a (a) Disputes between persons actually residing in the same barangay shall be brought for amicable
copy duly attested to by the chairman to the lupon secretary and to the proper city or municipal settlement before the lupon of said barangay.
court. He shall issue and cause to be served notices to the parties concerned. (b) Those involving actual residents of different barangays within the same city or municipality shall
The lupon secretary shall issue certified true copies of any public record in his custody that is not by be brought in the barangay where the respondent or any of the respondents actually resides, at the
law otherwise declared confidential. election of the complaint.
Section 405. Vacancies in the Pangkat. -‐ Any vacancy in the pangkat shall be chosen by the parties to (c) All disputes involving real property or any interest therein shall be brought in the barangay
the dispute from among the other lupon members. Should the parties fail to agree on a common choice, where the real property or the larger portion thereof is situated.
the vacancy shall be filled by lot to be drawn by the lupon chairman. (d) Those arising at the workplace where the contending parties are employed or at the institution
Section 406. Character of Office and Service of Lupon Members. -‐ where such parties are enrolled for study, shall be brought in the barangay where such workplace or
institution is located.
(a) The lupon members, while in the performance of their official duties or on the occasion thereof,
shall be deemed as persons in authority, as defined in the Revised Penal Code. Objections to venue shall be raised in the mediation proceedings before the punong barangay;
otherwise, the same shall be deemed waived. Any legal question which may confront the punong
(b) The lupon or pangkat members shall serve without compensation, except as provided for in barangay in resolving objections to venue herein referred to may be submitted to the Secretary of
Section 393 and without prejudice to incentives as provided for in this Section and in Book IV of this Justice, or his duly designated representative, whose ruling thereon shall be binding.
Code. The Department of the Interior and Local Government shall provide for a system of granting
economic or other incentives to the lupon or pangkat members who adequately demonstrate the Section 410. Procedure for Amicable Settlement. -‐
ability to judiciously and expeditiously resolve cases referred to them. While in the performance of (a) Who may initiate proceeding -‐ Upon payment of the appropriate filing fee, any individual who
their duties, the lupon or pangkat members, whether in public or private employment, shall be has a cause of action against another individual involving any matter within the authority of the
deemed to be on official time, and shall not suffer from any diminution in compensation or lupon may complain, orally or in writing, to the lupon chairman of the barangay.
allowance from said employment by reason thereof.
(b) Mediation by lupon chairman -‐ Upon receipt of the complaint, the lupon chairman shall within
Section 407. Legal Advice on Matters Involving Questions of Law. -‐ The provincial, city legal officer or the next working day summon the respondent(s), with notice to the complainant(s) for them and
prosecutor or the municipal legal officer shall render legal advice on matters involving questions of law their witnesses to appear before him for a mediation of their conflicting interests. If he fails in his
to the punong barangay or any lupon or pangkat member whenever necessary in the exercise of his mediation effort within fifteen (15) days from the first meeting of the parties before him, he shall
functions in the administration of the katarungang pambarangay.
st
forthwith set a date for the constitution of the pangkat in accordance with the provisions of this repudiated within five (5) days from the date thereof for the same grounds and in accordance with
Chapter. the procedure hereinafter prescribed. The arbitration award shall be made after the lapse of the
period for repudiation and within ten (10) days thereafter.
(c) Suspension of prescriptive period of offenses -‐ While the dispute is under mediation, conciliation,
or arbitration, the prescriptive periods for offenses and cause of action under existing laws shall be (b) The arbitration award shall be in writing in a language or dialect known to the parties. When the
interrupted upon filing the complaint with the punong barangay. The prescriptive periods shall parties to the dispute do not use the same language or dialect, the award shall be written in the
resume upon receipt by the complainant of the complainant or the certificate of repudiation or of the language or dialect known to them.
certification to file action issued by the lupon or pangkat secretary: Provided, however, That such
interruption shall not exceed sixty (60) days from the filing of the complaint with the punong Section 414. Proceedings Open to the Public; Exception. -‐ All proceedings for settlement shall be public
barangay. and informal: Provided, however, That the lupon chairman or the pangkat chairman, as the case may
be, may motu proprio or upon request of a party, exclude the public from the proceedings in the
(d) Issuance of summons; hearing; grounds for disqualification -‐ The pangkat shall convene not later interest of privacy, decency, or public morals.
than three (3) days from its constitution, on the day and hour set by the lupon chairman, to hear
both parties and their witnesses, simplify issues, and explore all possibilities for amicable Section 415. Appearance of Parties in Person. -‐ In all katarungang pambarangay proceedings, the
settlement. For this purpose, the pangkat may issue summons for the personal appearance of parties parties must appear in person without the assistance of counsel or representative, except for minors
and witnesses before it. In the event that a party moves to disqualify any member of the pangkat by and incompetents who may be assisted by their next-‐of-‐kin who are not lawyers.
reason of relationship, bias, interest, or any other similar grounds discovered after the constitution Section 416. Effect of Amicable Settlement and Arbitration Award. -‐ The amicable settlement and
of the pangkat, the matter shall be resolved by the affirmative vote of the majority of the pangkat arbitration award shall have the force and effect of a final judgment of a court upon the expiration of
whose decision shall be final. Should disqualification be decided upon, the resulting vacancy shall be ten (10) days from the date thereof, unless repudiation of the settlement has been made or a petition to
filled as herein provided for. nullify the award has been filed before the proper city or municipal court.
(e) Period to arrive at a settlement -‐ The pangkat shall arrive at a settlement or resolution of the However, this provision shall not apply to court cases settled by the lupon under the last paragraph of
dispute within fifteen (15) days from the day it convenes in accordance with this section. This period Section 408 of this Code, in which case the compromise or the pangkat chairman shall be submitted to
shall, at the discretion of the pangkat, be extendible for another period which shall not exceed fifteen the court and upon approval thereof, have the force and effect of a judgment of said court.
(15) days, except in clearly meritorious cases.
Section 417. Execution. -‐ The amicable settlement or arbitration award may be enforced by execution
Section 411. Form of settlement. -‐ All amicable settlements shall be in writing, in a language or dialect by the lupon within six (6) months from the date of the settlement. After the lapse of such time, the
known to the parties, signed by them, and attested to by the lupon chairman or the pangkat chairman, settlement may be enforced by action in the appropriate city or municipal court.
as the case may be. When the parties to the dispute do not use the same language or dialect, the
settlement shall be written in the language known to them. Section 418. Repudiation. -‐ Any party to the dispute may, within ten (10) days from the date of the
settlement, repudiate the same by filing with the lupon chairman a statement to that effect sworn to
Section 412. Conciliation. -‐ before him, where the consent is vitiated by fraud, violence, or intimidation. Such repudiation shall be
(a) Pre-‐condition to Filing of Complaint in Court. -‐ No complaint, petition, action, or proceeding sufficient basis for the issuance of the certification for filing a complaint as hereinabove provided.
involving any matter within the authority of the lupon shall be filed or instituted directly in court or Section 419. Transmittal of Settlement and Arbitration. -‐ Award to the Court. -‐ The secretary of the
any other government office for adjudication, unless there has been a confrontation between the lupon shall transmit the settlement or the arbitration award to the appropriate city or municipal court
parties before the lupon chairman or the pangkat, and that no conciliation or settlement has been within five (5) days from the date of the award or from the lapse of the ten-‐day period repudiating the
reached as certified by the lupon secretary or pangkat secretary as attested to by the lupon or settlement and shall furnish copies thereof to each of the parties to the settlement and the lupon
pangkat chairman or unless the settlement has been repudiated by the parties thereto. chairman.
(b) Where Parties May Go Directly to Court. -‐ The parties may go directly to court in the following Section 420. Power to Administer Oaths. -‐ The punong barangay, as chairman of the lupong
instances: tagapamayapa, and the members of the pangkat are hereby authorized to administer oaths in
(1) Where the accused is under detention; connection with any matter relating to all proceedings in the implementation of the katarungang
(2) Where a person has otherwise been deprived of personal liberty calling for habeas corpus pambarangay.
proceedings;
(3) Where actions are coupled with provisional remedies such as preliminary injunction, Section 421. Administration; Rules and Regulations. -‐ The city or municipal mayor, as the case may be,
attachment, delivery of personal property and support pendente lite; and shall see to the efficient and effective implementation and administration of the katarungang
(4) Where the action may otherwise be barred by the statute of limitations. pambarangay. The Secretary of Justice shall promulgate the rules and regulations necessary to
implement this Chapter.
(c) Conciliation among members of indigenous cultural communities. -‐ The customs and traditions of
indigenous cultural communities shall be applied in settling disputes between members of the Section 422. Appropriations. -‐ Such amount as may be necessary for the effective implementation of
cultural communities. the katarungang pambarangay shall be provided for in the annual budget of the city or municipality
concerned.
Section 413. Arbitration. -‐
(a) The parties may, at any stage of the proceedings, agree in writing that they shall abide by the
arbitration award of the lupon chairman or the pangkat. Such agreement to arbitrate may be

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