11.
Determine budget—Aggregating
PMP Cram Sheet
This Cram Sheet contains distilled, key facts about the PMP Exam.
Project Management Framework
1. Project—Temporary endeavor
undertaken to create a unique product,
service, or result.
2. Progressive elaboration—Developing
in steps and continuing by increments;
it’s a characteristic of projects.
3. Project life cycle—Phases that connect
the beginning of a project to its end;
project life cycle phases are not the same
as project management processes.
4. Level of uncertainty—This is highest,
and risk of failure is greatest, at the start
of a project.
5. Ability of stakeholders to influence
project—This is highest at the start and
gets progressively lower as the project
continues.
6. Cost of changes and correcting errors—
These increase as the project continues.
Project Management Process
Groups
Not all project management processes apply to
all projects or project phases. Process groups
can overlap and interact. Forty-two project
management processes are contained within
the five project management process groups:
1. Initiating
2. Planning
3. Executing
4. Monitoring and controlling
5. Closing
Initiating Process Group
Formally authorizes new project or project
phase. The two processes are
1. Develop project charter—Authorizing
project or project phase. The project
charter defines the project’s purpose,
identifies objectives, and authorizes the 10. Estimate costs—Developing approxi-
project manager to start the project.
2. Close procurements—Completing
2. Identify stakeholders—Documents all
of the people or organizations that have
an interest in the outcome of the project
and their level of interest, impact, and
involvement.
Planning Process Group
Defines objectives and plans course of action
required to meet objectives and project scope.
Facilitates project planning across process
groups. The 20 processes are
1. Develop project management plan—
Primary source for how project is planned,
executed, monitored, controlled, and
closed. It’s an iterative and ongoing
process often resulting in changes to the
project management plan. This progressive
detailing is called rolling wave planning.
2. Collect requirements—Documenting the
Integrates resources to carry out project
stakeholders’ needs to meet the project
management plan. These eight processes are
objectives.
3. Define scope—Developing a detailed
project scope.
4. Create WBS—Subdividing major project
deliverables and project work into smaller,
more manageable components.
5. Define activities—Identifying specific
activities to be performed to produce
project deliverables.
6. Sequence activities—Identifying and
documenting dependencies among
schedule activities.
7. Estimate activity resources—Type and
quantity of resources required to perform
each schedule activity.
8. Estimate activity durations—Number
of work periods needed to complete
individual schedule activities.
9. Develop schedule—Analyzing activity
sequences, durations, resource require-
ments, and schedule constraints to create
project schedule.
mation of costs of resources needed to
complete project activities.
. Configuration management
estimated costs of individual activities to
establish cost baseline.
12. Plan quality—Identifying relevant quality
standards and determining how to
satisfy them.
13. Develop human resource plan—
Identifying and documenting project roles, 1. Monitor and control project work—
responsibilities, and reporting relationships. Collecting, measuring, and disseminating
14. Plan communications—Determining
stakeholder communication needs.
15. Plan risk management—Deciding how to
approach, plan, and execute risk manage-
ment activities.
16. Identify risks—Determining which risks
might affect the project and documenting
their characteristics.
17. Perform qualitative risk analysis—
Prioritizing risks for subsequent further
analysis by assessing and combining their
probabilities of occurrence and impacts.
18. Perform quantitative risk analysis—
Numerically analyzing the effect on project
objectives of identified risks.
19. Plan risk responses—Developing options
to enhance opportunities and reduce
threats to project objectives.
20. Plan procurements—Documenting
products, services, and results require-
ments and identifying potential sellers. 6. Control costs—Influencing factors that
Executing Process Group
1. Direct and manage project execution—
Directing technical and organization
interfaces to execute work defined in
project management plan.
2. Perform quality assurance—Applying
planned, systematic quality activities to 9. Monitor and control risks—Tracking
ensure project employs processes needed
to meet requirements.
3. Acquire project team—Obtaining human
resources needed to complete project.
4. Develop project team—Development
improves competencies and interaction of
team members.
5. Manage project team—Tracking team
member performance, providing feedback,
resolving issues, and coordinating changes
to enhance project performance.
6. Distribute information—Providing infor-
mation to stakeholders in a timely manner. result and brings project or project phase to an
7. Manage stakeholder expectations—
Managing stakeholder expectations to
satisfy their requirements and resolve
issues.
8. Conduct procurements—Obtaining seller
responses, selecting sellers, and awarding
contracts.
Monitoring and Controlling
Process Group
Monitors progress to identify variances from the
project management plan so corrective action
can be taken to meet project objectives. The
following ten processes are included:
performance information and assessing
measurements and trends to affect
process improvements. Includes risk
monitoring to ensure risks are identified
early, their statuses reported, and risk
plans executed. Monitoring includes status
reporting, progress measurement, and
forecasting.
2. Perform integrated change control—
Ensure changes are beneficial; determine
whether a change has occurred; and
manage approved changes, including
when they occur. Performed throughout
project life cycle.
3. Verify scope—Acceptance of completed
project deliverables.
4. Control scope—Controlling changes to
project scope.
5. Control schedule—Controlling changes to
project schedule.
create variances and controlling changes
to project budget.
7. Perform quality control—Monitoring
project results to determine compliance
with quality standards and identifying ways
to eliminate unsatisfactory performance.
8. Report performance—Collecting and
distributing performance information,
including status reporting, progress
measurement, and forecasting.
identified risks, monitoring risks, identifying
new risks, executing risk response plans,
and evaluating their effectiveness through-
out the project life cycle.
10. Administer procurements—Managing
contract between buyer and seller, review-
ing and documenting seller performance,
and managing contractual relationship with
outside buyer of project.
Closing Process Group
Formalizes acceptance of product, service, or
end. The following two processes are included:
1. Close project or phase—Finalizing all
activities across process groups to formally
close project or project phase.
each procurement, including resolution
of open items, and closing each pro-
curement relevant to project or project
phase.
Project Management
Knowledge Areas
Not all project management knowledge
areas apply to all projects or project phases.
Knowledge areas can interact and overlap.
All 42 project management processes are
contained within the nine project manage-
ment knowledge areas:
1. Integration Management
2. Scope Management
3. Time Management
4. Cost Management
5. Quality Management
6. Human resource Management
7. Communications Management
8. Risk Management
9. Procurement Management
Project Integration
Management
The six processes occurring in every project
management process group are
1. Develop project charter
2. Develop project management plan
3. Direct and manage project execution
4. Monitor and control project work
5. Perform integrate change control
6. Close project or phase
. Project statement of work (SOW)—
A narrative description of products or
services to be supplied by project.
. Chartering project—Links it to
ongoing work of sponsoring
organization.
. Project selection methods—The two
categories are benefit measurement
and mathematical models.
. Project management
methodology—A set of process
groups, their processes, and control
functions.
. Project management information
system (PMIS)—Automated tools to
support information creation and
dissemination.
system—Subsystem of PMIS; process
for submitting proposed changes,
tracking systems for reviewing and
approving changes, defining approval
levels for changes, and validating
approved changes.
. Change control system—Subsystem
of configuration management system;
documented procedures defining how
project deliverables and documentation
are controlled, changed, and approved.
. Closure procedures—The two types
are administrative (documents all activi-
ties for executing administrative closure
for project, including lessons learned)
and procurement (documents all
activities for executing closure of any
project contracts).
. Earned value technique (EVT)—
Measures project performance moving
through project life cycle; a forecast-
ing tool that uses past performance to
predict future performance.
Project Scope Management
The five processes occurring in two project
management process groups (planning, and
monitoring and controlling) are
1. Collect requirements
2. Define scope
3. Create WBS
4. Verify scope
5. Control scope
. Decomposition—Subdivision of project
deliverables into small, more manage-
able components until work and deliver-
ables are defined to work package level.
. Work package—Lowest level of WBS;
cost and schedule can be reliably
estimated.
. Organizational breakdown
structure (OBS)—Hierarchical break-
down of project organization to
depict work packages by performing
organizational unit.
. Resource breakdown structure
(RBS)—Hierarchical, organized
depiction of resources by type to
be used.

Project Time Management
The six processes occurring in two project
management process groups (planning, and
monitoring and controlling) are
1. Define activities
2. Sequence activities
3. Estimate activity resources
4. Estimate activity durations
5. Develop schedule
6. Control schedule
Two planning components when incomplete
definition exists in WBS:
. Control account—Basis for planning
when associated work packages have
not been developed.
. Planning package—Planning known
work content without detailed schedule
activities.
. Precedence diagramming method
(PDM)—Connecting nodes with
arrows to show dependencies; also
called activity-on-node (AON). Four
dependencies:
. Finish-to-Start—Most common
. Finish-to-Finish
. Start-to-Start
. Start-to-Finish—Rare
. Dependency determination—Three
types to define sequence among
activities:
. Mandatory
. Discretionary
. External
Types of estimating:
. Bottom-up—When a schedule activity . Vendor bid analysis
cannot be estimated to a reasonable
degree, work within the schedule activ- 2. Earned value technique terms:
ity is decomposed and an estimate
developed from more detailed level.
. Analogous—Using actual duration of
similar schedule activity as basis for
future schedule activity estimate.
. Parametric—Multiplying quantity of
work to be performed by productivity
rate.
. Three-point—Using average of three
estimates based on what is most likely,
optimistic, and pessimistic.
Schedule network analysis techniques:
. Critical path method—Calculates
early start and finish dates, and late
start and finish dates, for all activities,
without considering resource limita-
tions, by performing forward pass and
backward pass analysis through project
schedule network paths.
. Resource leveling—Addresses sched-
ule activities that need to be performed
to meet specified dates to address situ-
ation where critical required resources
are only available at certain times or are
limited in quantity or to keep resource
usage at constant levels.
. Critical chain method—Modifies
project schedule to account for limited
resources.
. Schedule compression—Shortens
project schedule without changing
project scope; used on critical path.
. Fast tracking—Sequential phases or
activities are performed in parallel.
Project Cost Management
The three processes occurring in two project
management process groups (planning, and
monitoring and controlling) are
. Estimate costs
. Determine budget
. Control costs
1. Cost estimating methods:
. Analogous
. Bottom-up
. Parametric
. Determine resource cost rates
. Project management software
. Planned value (PV) = Budgeted
cost for work scheduled
. Earned value (EV) = Budgeted cost
for work performed
. Actual value (AV) = Actual cost for
work completed
Cost variance (CV) = EV minus AC
. 
. Schedule variance (SV) = EV minus
PV
. Cost performance index (CPI) = EV
divided by AC
. Schedule performance index (SPI)
= EV divided by PV
3. Performance reporting techniques:
. Variance analysis
. Trend analysis
. Earned value technique (EVT)
Project Quality Management
The three processes occurring in three
project management process groups
(planning, executing, and monitoring and con-
trolling) are
1. Plan quality
2. Perform quality assurance
3. Perform quality control
. Benchmarking—Comparing actual or
planned project practices to other
projects as a basis for performance
measurement.
. Metric—Operational definition describ-
ing what something is and how the quality
control process measures it.
. Quality audits—Structured, independent
review to determine if project activities
comply with organizational and project
policies, procedures, and processes.
. Seven basic tools of quality:
. Cause and effect diagram
. Control charts
. Flowcharting
. Histogram
. Pareto chart
. Run chart
. Scatter diagram
Project Human Resource
Management
The four processes occurring in two project
management process groups (planning and
executing) are
1. Develop human resource plan
2. Acquire project team
3. Develop project team
4. Manage project team
. Responsibility assignment matrix
(RAM)—Connections between work
that needs to be done and project team
members.
. RACI chart format—A type of RAM where
project team members are assigned one
of the following tasks for each activity:
responsible, accountable, consult, and
inform.
. Organizational structure—The three
types are functional, matrix (weak,
balanced, or strong), and projectized
Project Communication
Management
The five processes occurring in four project
management process groups (initiating,
planning, executing, and monitoring and
controlling) are
1. Identify stakeholders
2. Plan communications
3. Distribute information
4. Manage stakeholder expectations
5. Report performance
. Basic communication model
components:
. Encode
. Message
. Medium
. Noise
. Decode
Project Risk Management
The six processes occurring in two project
management process groups (planning and
monitoring and controlling) are
1. Plan risk management
2. Identify risks
3. Perform qualitative risk analysis
4. Perform quantitative risk analysis
5. Plan risk responses
6. Monitor and control risks
. Project risk involves uncertain events or
conditions that, if they occur, have positive
or negative effects on at least one project
objective.
. Information gathering techniques:
. Brainstorming
. Delphi technique
. Interviewing
. Root cause identification
. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,
and threats (SWOT) analysis
. Risk diagramming techniques:
. Cause-and-effect diagrams
. System or process flow charts
. Influence diagrams
. Quantitative risk analysis techniques:
. Sensitivity analysis
. Expected monetary value analysis
. Decision tree analysis
. Modeling and simulation (Monte Carlo
technique)
. Strategies for positive risks or
opportunities:
. Risk exploitation
. Risk sharing
. Risk enhancement
. Strategies for negative risks or threats:
. Risk avoidance
. Risk transfer
. Risk mitigation
Project Procurement
Management
The four processes occurring in four project
management process groups (planning, execut-
ing, monitoring and controlling, and closing) are
1. Plan procurements
2. Conduct procurements
3. Administer procurements
4. Close procurements
. Make-or-buy analysis—Whether product
or service can be produced by project
team or can be purchased
. Contract types:
. Fixed-price or lump-sum
contract
. Cost-reimbursable contract
. Time and Materials contract
PMI Code of Ethics and
Professional Conduct
. Ethical violations—Report possible
violations of code to PMI and cooperate
with investigations.
. Conflict of interest—Occurs when
personal interests are placed before
professional responsibility. Avoid this; if
that’s not possible, identify and communi-
cate all potential conflicts to all parties.
. Personal gain—Tied to conflict of
interest, it’s when someone benefits
inappropriately in exchange for
influencing a project. Prohibited.
. Inappropriate compensation—Tied
to conflict of interest, this can include
payments and gifts for personal gain.
Prohibited.
. Appearance of impropriety—When
conflict of interest is not communicated
to all parties, your work and actions might
appear improper.
. Intellectual property—A product
developed and owned by others with
commercial value. Recognize and respect
copyrighted material.
. Confidentiality—Maintain and respect
sensitive information, including intellectual
property, obtained through your work.