Marshall Mix Design Method

Mix Design Methods:

1. Marshall method
2. Hveem method
3. Superpave method

Marshall Method:
(Max. size of aggregate 1")
Stability: maximum load resistance of standard specimen (4" dia. & 2.5" height)
when tested in the direction of diameter, at 60oC at the rate of 2"/min.
(Stability ≥ 800 kg)
(60oC) ‫( ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺗﺴ ﻠﻴﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ اﻟﻘﻄ ﺮ وﺑﺪرﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة‬4"x2.5") ‫ وهﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ أآﺒﺮ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬:‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺎرﺷﺎل‬
(2"/min.) ‫وﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬

‫ ﻣﻠ ﺊ اﻟﻘﺎﻟ ﺐ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻤﺰﻳﺞ اﻟﺴ ﺎﺧﻦ ﺑﺪرﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة اﻟﻤ ﺰج‬:‫ﻣﻠﺨ ﺺ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑ ﺔ‬
‫( ﺛﻢ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺮص وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬100-105oC) ‫( ﺛﻢ ﺗﺮآﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺒﺮد ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬160oC)
Dial gage (1)
Stability
Dial gage (2)
: ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل‬
Flexibility
75 blow/end (tire pressure = 200psi)
4"
or 50 blow/end (tire pressure =100psi)
‫ ﺛ ﻢ ﺗﻔﺤ ﺺ‬،‫( ﻟﻀ ﻤﺎن زوال اﻟﺘﺸ ﻮهﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﺘﻴ ﺔ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ اﻟ ﺮص‬24hr) ‫ﺛ ﻢ ﺗﺘ ﺮك ﻟﻤ ﺪة‬
.‫ﺑﺠﻬﺎز ﻣﺎرﺷﺎل ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬

Flexibility (Flow): the deformation (strain) corresponding to the max. load resistance
of the standard specimen. (2 – 4 mm)

Durability: density – voids analysis.

% of air voids (3 – 5)% or (3 - 7)% in total mix.

1 Asphalt Paving Mixture

‫‪Lectures of Highway Engineering – Forth Stage‬‬ ‫‪Nov-2009‬‬

‫‪Density‬‬ ‫‪2.4‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ )اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﺒﻮﺗﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫)‪(gm/m3‬‬
‫ﻣﺎرﺷﺎل‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺠﻮات‪ ،‬وﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺠﻮات اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮءة ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳ ﻔﻠﺖ ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﺗﺤﻘ ﻖ ﻗ ﻴﻢ ﻟﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣ ﻞ‬
‫‪Stability‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻘ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﻠ ﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑ ﺔ‪ .‬وذﻟ ﻚ ﺑﺈﻳﺠ ﺎد ﻧﺴ ﺒﺔ‬ ‫)‪(kg‬‬
‫اﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫‪ .1‬أآﺒﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪(Max. Density‬‬
‫‪Flow‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪ .2‬أآﺒﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﺒﺎت )‪(Max. Stability‬‬ ‫)‪(mm‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﺠﻮات )‪) (5%‬ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ(‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺠﻮات ﻣﻤﻠﻮءة ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ )‪) (75%‬ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ(‬
‫‪Voids in mix‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫وﺑﺄﻳﺠ ﺎد ﻣﻌ ﺪل ﻟﻨﺴ ﺒﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻔﻠﺖ أﻋ ﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴ ﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺪل ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬

‫ﻻﻳﺠﺎد ﻗﻴﻤﺔ آﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‪ ،‬وﻳﺪﻗﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫إذا ﻟ ﻢ ﺗﻨﻄﺒ ﻖ أﺣ ﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻ ﻔﺎت ﻓﻬﻨ ﺎك ﺧﻠ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻮاﺻ ﻔﺎت وﺗﺤﻠﻴ ﻞ‬
‫‪Voids filled with asphalt‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬
‫وﺧﻮاص اﻟﺮآﺎم أو اﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬

‫‪65‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪Asphalt content by wt. of total‬‬
‫)‪mix (%‬‬

‫‪For surface course (wearing):‬‬

‫‪• % of asphalt (usually effective asphalt) = 4.5 – 6.5 % by wt. of total mix‬‬
‫‪• Stability at 60oC & 75 blows/end ≥ 800 kg‬‬
‫‪• Flow = 2 – 4 mm‬‬
‫‪• % air voids in total mix = 3 – 5 %‬‬
‫‪• % voids filled with asphalt = 70 – 85 %‬‬
‫)‪• % voids in mineral aggregate V. M. A.% (min. =15%‬‬
‫)‪• Filler / Asphalt (max. = 1.4‬‬

‫‪• Relative compaction = Field density *100% ≥ 96%‬‬

‫‪Lab. density‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
Analysis of Mixture (Mass-Volume Relationship):

‫ﻓﺮاﻏﺎت هﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬ Zero Air voids (air space) Va

‫اﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬ Binder
(‫)اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺮآﺎم‬ Vv
WS1
(Asphalt) VS1
WS
Effective asphalt
Aggregate particle coated Gb
with asphalt, showing
absorbed asphalt, permeable ‫اﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺺ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺎذة ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم‬ WS2 Absorbed Asphalt VS2
and impermeable porous W V
‫اﻟﻔﺠﻮات اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم واﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ‬ Permeable Porous

‫اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم‬ Solid Aggregate V3

+
Wagg.
+ V2
‫اﻟﻔﺠﻮات اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻤﺎء‬ Impermeable Porous V1

Aggregate coated with

asphalt, showing air voids

Va = volume of air voids in total mix

Vs1 = volume of effective asphalt
Vs2 = volume of absorbed asphalt
V1 = apparent volume of aggregate
V2 = effective volume of aggregate
V3 = bulk volume of aggregate
V = total volume of mixture
Vv = voids of aggregate (Voids in mineral aggregate)

WAgg.
- Bulk GA = bulk specific gravity of combined aggregate =
V3

100
=
%course %fine %filler
+ +
Gs(course) Gs(file) Gs(filler)

Ex.:
50% (1"-No.4) Gs=2.6, 45%,
45% (No.4-No.200) Gs=2.65,
5% (No.200) Gs=3.15
100
Bulk GAgg. =
50 45 5
+ +
2.6 2.65 3.15

3
- PS = total % of asphalt (by wt. of total mix)
- PA = % of aggregate (by wt. of total mix)
PS + PA = 100% Æ PA = 100 - PS
- In void less mix Æ max. theoretical sp. gr. of mix
(max. Gm by testing in the lab (ASTM-2041)
W
max . Gm =
V − Va
WA
- Effective GA =
V2

100 − PS
= (as sp. gr. of asphalt), where V2 = V-(Va+Vs1+Vs2),
100 PS
−
Gm Gs
Effective GA constant property (independent of asphalt content)
‫ وﻻﻳﺠ ﺎد‬،‫( ﻟﻨﺴ ﺒﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻻﺳ ﻔﻠﺖ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴ ﺔ رآ ﺎم واﺳ ﻔﻠﺖ‬Theoretical) (max. Gm) ‫ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑ ﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ أﻳﺠ ﺎد‬
(max. Gm) ‫( وﻧﻄﺒ ﻖ اﻟﻘ ﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻵﺗﻴ ﺔ ﻻﺳ ﺘﺨﺮاج ﻗ ﻴﻢ‬effective GA) ‫( ﻟﻨﺴ ﺐ أﺧ ﺮى ﻣ ﻦ اﻻﺳ ﻔﻠﺖ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ أﻳﺠ ﺎد‬max. Gm)
.‫( دون إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺠﺎرب أﺧﺮى‬Calculated)
W Wair
- Actual Gm = =
V Wair − Wwater

Found by: Core from pavement, or compacted sp. gr. in lab

W 100
- Calculated max. Gm = =
V − Va P 100 − PS
S
+
Gs effective G A

Va max . Gm − actual Gm
- % air voids (in total mix) = *100% = *100%
V max . Gm

Vv actual Gm * PA
- % voids in mineral aggregate (V.M.A.%) = *100% = 100 −
V bulk G A

Vv = V – V3, WS1 + WS2 = WS, WS + WA = W

WS 2
- Absorbed asphalt (% by wt. of agg.) = P'S2 = *100%
WA

⎡ 1 1 ⎤
=⎢ − ⎥ * Gs *100%
⎣ bulk G A effective G A ⎦

VS2Gs ⎛ WA WA ⎞
V3 – V2 = VS2, , ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟
WA ⎝ V3 V2 ⎠

4
 P'S2 *PA
- Effective asphalt (% by wt. of total mix) = PS1 = PS − = PS – PS2
100
Where: PS2 = absorbed asphalt (% by wt. of total mix)
VS1
- % voids filled with asphalt = *100%
Vv
actual Gm * PS1
= *100%
actual Gm * PS1 + Gs * % air voids

Vv = Va + VS

Ex.: To prepare asphalt mixture as surface course, it is found the following:

a) For aggregate:
Sieve size: 1" No. 4 No. 200
% passing: 100 45 5
For course agg. Gs = 2.64
For fine agg. Gs = 2.67
For filler Gs = 3.10
b) For asphalt (40-50) Æ Gs = 1.04
c) For asphalt concrete contains 5% asphalt Æ max. Gm = 2.49
If the same above materials used to construct asphalt concrete layer with 5.7%
asphalt. The core from layer has Wair = 1200gm, & Wwater = 692gm. Check this layer?

Sol.:
Check: % air voids (3-5), V.M.A. = min. 15,
asphalt voids (70-85), effective asphalt (4.5-6.5)%, ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﺜﻼث ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ‬

100
Bulk GA = = 2.672
55 40 5
+ +
2.64 2.67 3.1
100 − 5
Effective GA = = 2.687 (‫)ﻣﻘﺪرا ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ‬
100 5
−
2.49 1.04
For the layer with asphalt = 5.7%
1200
Actual Gm = = 2.362
1200 − 692
5
 100
Calculated max Gm = = 2.464
5.7 100 − 5.7
+
1.04 2.687
Check:
2.362 * 94.3
1) % V. M. A. = 100 − = 16.6% ≥ 15% ∴OK
2.672
2.464 − 2.362
2) % air voids = *100% = 4.1% (3 – 5)% ∴OK
2.464

3) absorbed asphalt (by wt. of agg.)

= ⎡⎢
1 1 ⎤
− *1.04 *100% = 0.23%
⎣ 2.672 2.687 ⎥⎦
0.23 * 94.3
∴ effective asphalt concrete = PS1 = 5.7 − = 5.48% (4.5-6.5)% ∴OK
100

4) % voids filled with asphalt

2.362 * 5.48
= *100% = 75.2% (70 – 85)% ∴OK
2.362 * 5.48 + 1.04 * 4.1