STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

A group of cells along with intercellular substances perform similar function –

Tissue.

There are 4 types of animal tissues:

 Epithelial
 Connective
 Muscular
 Nervous

EPITHELIAL TISSUE:-

They are single layered cells. It is used a lining for body cavities, ducts and tubes.

There are 2 types – simple and compound.

In simple, there are 4 types:

Type of
epithelial Shape of cells Functions Where it is
tissue present?

Squamous Single thin layer of flattened Formation of a Blood vessels and

cells with irregular boundaries diffusion boundary air sacs of lungs

Cuboidal Single layer of cube like cells Secretion and Ducts of glands
absorption and tubular parts
of nephron
Columnar Single layer of tall and slender Secretion and Lining of stomach
cells. Their nuclei located at absorption and intestine
the base.
Ciliated Columnar cells or cuboidal To move particles or Inner surface of
cells with cilia. mucus in a specific hollow organs like
direction over the bronchioles or
epithelium fallopian tubes

Glandular epithelium:- cuboidal cells specialised for secretion. They are of two types:

 Unicellular: isolated glandular cells. Ex: goblet cells in alimentary canal.

 Multicellular: cluster of cells. Ex: salivary gland.
On the basis of mode of poring secretions, glands are of two types:

 Exocrine: There are ducts. They secrete saliva, ear wax, mucus, etc.
 Endocrine: They are ductless. They secrete hormones. Directly to fluid bathing
the gland.

In compound,

 Multi layer cells

 Limited role in secretion
 To provide protection against chemical and mechanical stress. – Main function
 It covers the dry surface of the skin, moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx,
inner lining of ducts of salivary glands and of pancreatic glands.

THREE TYPES OF CELL JUNCTIONS:-

 Tight junctions- help to stop substance from leaking across a tissue.

 Adhering junction- perform cementing (keeps neighbouring cells together).
 Gap junction- communication between cells by connection of cytoplasm of
adjoining cells, for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and sometimes nig
molecules.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE:-

 Special function of linking and supporting the other tissues.

 The cells (except blood) secrete fibres of structural proteins called collagen or
elastin.
 These fibres provide strength, elasticity and flexibility to the tissue.
 These cells also secrete modified polysaccharides, which accumulate between
cells and fibres and act as a matrix (ground substance).

There are three types:-

1. Loose connective tissue: Cells and fibres are loosely packed.

S.No Type of tissue Location Function

1. Areolar( contain fibroblasts, Beneath the skin Support framework
macrophages and mast cells) for epithelium
2. Adipose Beneath the skin Stores fats
(NOTE: FIBROBLASTS are the cells that produce and secrete fibres)

2. Dense connective tissue: Cells and fibres are packed.

Based on the orientation of fibres, it is divided into 2:

 Dense regular tissue- the collagen fibres are present in rows between many
parallel bundles of fibres.
 Dense irregular tissue – all the fibres are oriented differently. Present in skin.

Bone marrow is the site of production of blood cells.

S.NO Types of tissue Important characteristics

1. Tendons Attach skeletal muscles to bones

2. Ligaments Attach one bone to another

 Solid and pliable

3. Cartilage  Small cavities within the matrix
(Chondrocytes)  Vertebrates-cartilage-replaced-bones in adults
 Present at tip of nose, outer ear joints, between
adjacent bones of the vertebral column and hands in
adults
 Hard and non pliable
4. Bones  Rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres(strength of it)
(Osteocytes)  Structural frame to the body
 Supports and protect soft tissues
 Present in lacunae
 Limb bones- serve weight bearing functions
 Fluid connective tissue
5. Blood  It contains RBCs, WBCs and platelets
 Main circulating fluid that transfers various substances

MUSCLE TISSUE:-

Muscle-made of many long, cylindrical fibres arranged-parallel arrays-fibres-

composed of numerous fine fibrils (myofibrils)-contract, shorten- relax, lengthen-
all movements of the body. There are 3 types:-
Types of tissue Features Striations Voluntary

Skeletal  Fibres- bundles together in parallel. Yes Yes

 Attached to skeletal bones.
Smooth  Show fusiform (taper at both ends). No No
 Cell junctions hold them together
and they are bundled together in a
connective tissue sheath.
Cardiac  Contractile tissue. - No
 Present only in heart.
 Cell junctions fuse the plasma
membrane of cardiac muscle cells
and make them stick together.

Contraction in cardiac muscles:

Communications junctions (intercalated discs) at some fusion points allow the cells
to contract as a unit, i.e., when one cell receives a signal to contract, its
neighbours are also stimulated to contract.

NEURAL TISSUE:

Neurones - the unit of neural system - excitable cells – neuroglia - more than half
the volume of neural tissue in our body.

Transmission of impulse:

When a neuron is suitably stimulated, an electrical disturbance is generated which

swiftly travels along it plasma membrane. Arrival of the disturbance at the
neuron’s ending or output zone, triggers events that may cause stimulation or
inhibition of adjacent neurons and other cells.