DicksonElijahD2013 PDF

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF
Elijah D. Dickson for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Radiation Health Physics presented on April,
11, 2013.
Title: Experimental Shielding Evaluation of the Radiation Protection Provided by Residential Structures
Abstract approved: ________________________________________________
David M. Hamby
The human health and environmental effects following a postulated accidental release of radioactive
material to the environment has been a public and regulatory concern since the early development of
nuclear technology and researched extensively to better understand the potential risks for accident
mitigation and emergency planning purposes. The objective of this investigation is to research and
develop the technical basis for contemporary building shielding factors for the U.S. housing stock.
Building shielding factors quantify the protection a certain building-type provides from ionizing radiation.
Much of the current data used to determine the quality of shielding around nuclear facilities and urban
environments is based on simplistic point-kernel calculations for 1950’s era suburbia and is no longer
applicable to the densely populated urban environments seen today. To analyze a building’s radiation
shielding properties, the ideal approach would be to subject a variety of building-types to various
radioactive materials and measure the radiation levels in and around the building. While this is not
entirely practicable, this research uniquely analyzes the shielding effectiveness of a variety of likely U.S.
residential buildings from a realistic source term in a laboratory setting. Results produced in the
investigation provide a comparison between theory and experiment behind building shielding factor
methodology by applying laboratory measurements to detailed computational models. These models are
used to develop a series of validated building shielding factors for generic residential housing units using
the computational code MCNP5. For these building shielding factors to be useful in radiologic
consequence assessments and emergency response planning, two types of shielding factors have been
developed for; (1) the shielding effectiveness of each structure within a semi-infinite cloud of radioactive
material, and (2) the shielding effectiveness of each structure from contaminant deposition on the roof
and surrounding surfaces. For example, results from this investigation estimate the building shielding
factors from a semi-infinite plume between comparable two-story models with a basement constructed
with either brick-and-mortar or vinyl siding composing the exterior wall weather and a typical single-wide
manufactured home with vinyl siding to be 0.36, 0.65, and 0.82 respectively.
©Copyright by Elijah D. Dickson
April 11, 2013
All Rights Reserved

Experimental Shielding Evaluation of the Radiation Protection Provided by Residential Structures
by
Elijah D. Dickson
A DISSERTATION
submitted to
Oregon State University
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Presented April 11, 2013
Commencement June 2013

Doctor of Philosophy dissertation of Elijah D. Dickson presented on April 11, 2013.
APPROVED:
Major Professor, representing Radiation Health Physics
Head of the Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics
Dean of the Graduate School
I understand that my dissertation will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University
libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my dissertation to any reader upon request.
Elijah D. Dickson, Author

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to acknowledge Dr. David Hamby for his support, encouragement and advice throughout the
last ten years of my academic career. I contribute to you, much of my initial interest in the field of
radiation protection and career aspirations. I have not only been inspired by your high degree of
professionalism but sense of community involvement and social well-being. I firmly believe one’s success
as a professional, neighbor and spouse comes in part by those we surround ourselves with and I am
thankful to call you my friend.
I would like to thank my doctoral advisory committee members; Dr. Kathryn Higley, Dr. Brian Woods, Dr.
Adam Branscum, Dr. Keith Eckerman, and graduate council representative Dr. Susan Carozza for their
participation and guidance. I found their insight to their respective fields helpful.
For those who are pursuing their academic interest and are looking for any words of advice, mine would
be to always plan three steps ahead because you are bound to be set back two.
I would also like to thank my family for their continued love, support and encouragement. When
reflecting back on my childhood, my parents seemed to have raised my sisters and me effortlessly despite
the difficulties of maintaining a happy marriage while raising children and preserving a welcoming home.
Their example has continually reminded me to do the same and I can only hope to do it as well as they
have.
Lastly, I would like to thank my wife Katie; every time I picture how I’m to build my life, you are always the
main component.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Motivation ............................................................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Document Overview ............................................................................................................................. 3
2. SURVEY OF LITERATURE .............................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 The Building Shielding Factor ................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 History of Building Shielding Factors .................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................5
2.2.2 1950s through 1963 .......................................................................................................................6
2.2.3 1964 through 1986 ......................................................................................................................13
2.2.4 1987 through Present ..................................................................................................................22
2.3 Application of Building Shielding Factors in Emergency Response Planning ...................................... 28
2.4 Probabilistic Risk Assessment and Severe Accidents Overview .......................................................... 35
2.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................35
2.4.2 Nuclear Power Plant Risk Assessment: Prior to 1946 ..................................................................38
2.4.3 Nuclear Power Plant Risk Assessment: 1946-1995 ......................................................................38
2.4.4 Nuclear Power Plant Risk Assessment: 1995-Current .................................................................45
2.4.5 Radiological Consequence Analysis .............................................................................................46
2.6 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 59
3. BACKGROUND ON THE FUNDAMENTAL PHOTON INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIAL ................................ 62
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 62
3.2 Primary Photon Interactions ............................................................................................................... 62
3.3 Total Attenuation Coefficients ............................................................................................................ 66
3.4 Buildup Factor ..................................................................................................................................... 68
3.5 Narrow-beam Geometry ..................................................................................................................... 70
3.6 Broad-beam Geometry ....................................................................................................................... 71
3.7 High Purity Germanium Principles ...................................................................................................... 72

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Section Page
4. METHODS AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 74
4.1 Research Synopsis ............................................................................................................................... 74
4.2 Energy Spectrum Characterization ..................................................................................................... 80
4.2.1 Radionuclide Selection ................................................................................................................83
4.3 United States Housing Characterization Survey ................................................................................. 84
4.3.1 Housing-unit Selection .................................................................................................................88
4.4 Shielding Design Model Selections of Structurally Significant Components of a Home ..................... 90
4.4.1 Shielding Designs .........................................................................................................................91
4.4.2 Wall-type ShieldingMmodels .......................................................................................................99
4.4.3 Roof-type Shielding Models .......................................................................................................105
4.4.4 General Purpose Construction Materials ..................................................................................109
4.5 Experimental Setup ........................................................................................................................... 111
4.5.1 Narrow-beam Geometry Experimental Design .........................................................................111
4.5.2 Broad-beam Geometry Experimental Design ............................................................................119
4.6 HPGe Detector .................................................................................................................................. 123
4.6.1 HPGe Detector Calibration ........................................................................................................123
4.7 Spectral Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 129
4.8 Error Propagation of Spectral Data and Total Attenuation Coefficients........................................... 130
4.9 MCNP5 Experimental Model Simulations ......................................................................................... 132
4.9.1 MCNP5 HPGe Model ..................................................................................................................133
4.9.2 MCNP5 Narrow- and Broad-beam Models ................................................................................139
4.10 MCNP5 Protection Factor Calculations ........................................................................................... 142
4.10.1 Stylized Shielding Simulations .................................................................................................145
4.10.2 Full-scale Housing Model Simulations .....................................................................................147
5. RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................... 176
5.1 Narrow-beam Spectral Data and Material Attenuation Coefficients ............................................... 176
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Section Page
5.1.1 Narrow-beam Total Attenuation Coefficients ...........................................................................178
5.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis for Certain Natural Materials .....................................................................184
5.2 Broad-beam Spectral Data and Material Attenuation Coefficients .................................................. 188
5.2.1 Broad-beam Total Attenuation Coefficients ..............................................................................188
5.3 MCNP5 Stylized Shielding Model Simulation Results ....................................................................... 193
5.3 MCNP5 Full-scale Housing Model Simulation Results ..................................................................... 195
6. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................. 203
6.1 Evaluation of Protection Factors ....................................................................................................... 203
6.2 Assumptions and Limitations ............................................................................................................ 204
6.2.1 Source Term Characterization Limitations ................................................................................204
6.2.2 U.S. Housing Characteristics Limitations ...................................................................................205
6.2.3 Application of Building Shielding Factors Limitations ................................................................205
7. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 207
7.1 Relevance of Work ............................................................................................................................ 207
7.2 Future Work ...................................................................................................................................... 207
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................. 210

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 1: Original protection factor sheltering geometry model for deposited material .............................17
Figure 2: Original protection factor sheltering geometry model for cloud immersion .................................18
Figure 3: Building shielding factor literature review reference web .............................................................61
o o
Figure 4: Polar plot of scattering probabilities, 0 to 180 ............................................................................65
Figure 5: Diagram of narrow-beam geometry experiment ...........................................................................70
Figure 6: Diagram of broad-beam geometry experiment .............................................................................71
Figure 7: Flow diagram illustrating how data was used to benchmark computational models ....................79
Figure 8: Representative gamma-ray energy spectra with relative emissions > 1.0% ..................................82
Figure 9: Decision tree alternatives, criterion, and sub-criteria influence diagram ......................................87
Figure 10: U.S. Housing unit type, wall and roof material (P>1.00%) ...........................................................89
Figure 11: Example of material layering of outer wall ..................................................................................91
Figure 12: General component of exterior wall ............................................................................................93
Figure 13: Exterior wall framing with material layers in X/Y-axis view .........................................................93
Figure 14: Gable roof frame with 0.5 pitch in X/Z-axis view .........................................................................94
Figure 15: Model shield design steradian parameter for uniform fluence coverage ....................................96
Figure 16: 44.5 cm x 44.5 cm platform frame model ....................................................................................97
Figure 17: 44.5 cm x 44.5 cm platform frame model with OSB, batt-fiberglass, gypsum, and Housewrap ..97
Figure 18: Top view of shield frame with OSB, batt-fiberglass, gypsum, and Housewrap ............................98
Figure 19: Cut-away view of shield wall layers ..............................................................................................98
Figure 20: Vinyl wall shielding models ..........................................................................................................99
Figure 21: Brick wall shielding models ........................................................................................................100
Figure 22: Wood wall shielding models.......................................................................................................101
Figure 23: Steel wall shielding models ........................................................................................................102
Figure 24: Stucco wall shielding models ......................................................................................................103
Figure 25: Internal wall shielding models ....................................................................................................104
Figure 26: Asphalt roof shielding models ....................................................................................................105
Figure 27: Terracotta roof shielding model .................................................................................................106
Figure 28: Steel roof shielding models ........................................................................................................107
Figure 29: Shake roof shielding models ......................................................................................................108
Figure 30: General purpose construction materials ....................................................................................110
Figure 31: Laboratory equipment view .......................................................................................................111
Figure 32: Narrow-beam assembly components ........................................................................................113
Figure 33: Narrow-beam assembly auxiliary shield .....................................................................................113
LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED)
Figure Page
Figure 34: Narrow-beam assembly view .....................................................................................................114

Figure 35: Source placement within ALARA shield ......................................................................................114
Figure 36: Source placement within ALARA shield and narrow-beam column over the cryostat window .115
Figure 37: Perfect shield placement above HPGe detector cryostat window .............................................116
Figure 38: View of auxiliary shield surrounding the detector .....................................................................116
Figure 39: Auxiliary shield height from HPGe detector cryostat window ...................................................117
Figure 40: HPGe detector cryostat window measurement from lead sarcophagus floor ...........................117
Figure 41: Narrow-beam cutaway illustration.............................................................................................118
Figure 42: Broad-beam assembly ................................................................................................................120
Figure 43: Broad-beam assembly with Masonite bricks placement ...........................................................120
Figure 44: Broad-beam assembly with additional Masonite bricks placement ..........................................121
Figure 45: Broad-beam and Am-241 source placed in lab clamp ................................................................122
Figure 46: EG&G ORTEC Model GEM-70200 GEM series HPGe detector inside the lead sarcophagus ......123
Figure 47: HPGe simple linear regression using Am-241, Cs-134, Co-60, and Na-24 Sources ....................125
Figure 48: Histogram of Co60, 1174 keV peak analysis ...............................................................................128
Figure 49: Histogram of Co60, 1333 keV peak analysis ...............................................................................128
Figure 50: Am-241 photopeak, Compton continuum and background ......................................................130
Figure 51: MCNP5 HPGe detector Marinelli experimental model ..............................................................135
Figure 52: MCNP5 HPGe detector and Marinelli .........................................................................................135
Figure 53: HPGe detector and MCNP5 efficiency calibration estimates .....................................................139
Figure 54: MCNP5 narrow-beam experimental assemble model ...............................................................140
Figure 55: MCNP5 broad-beam experimental assemble model .................................................................141
Figure 56: Stylized brick shield model for Step 2 ........................................................................................147
Figure 57: Scenario A detector location (highlighted in yellow) .................................................................153
Figure 58: Scenario B detector location (highlighted in yellow) .................................................................153
Figure 59: Scenario C detector location (highlighted in yellow)..................................................................154
Figure 60: Isometric view of two-story clay brick and asphalt roof house model ......................................155
Figure 61: Isometric view of two-story house model framing ....................................................................156
Figure 62: Two-story model Z/X-axis view at the unit origin ......................................................................157
Figure 63: Two-story model Z/Y-axis view at the unit origin.......................................................................158
Figure 64: Two-story model Z/X-axis view of front of unit exterior wall.....................................................159
Figure 65: Two-story model Z/Y-axis view of right of unit exterior wall .....................................................160
Figure 66: Two-story model X/Y-axis view of first floor ..............................................................................161
Figure Page
Figure 67: Isometric view of one-story clay brick and asphalt roof house model .......................................162
Figure 68: Isometric view of one-story house model framing ....................................................................163
Figure 69: One-story model Z/X-axis view at the unit origin .......................................................................164
Figure 70: One-story model Z/Y-axis view at the unit origin .......................................................................165
Figure 71: One-story model Z/X-axis view of front of unit exterior wall .....................................................166
Figure 72: One-story model Z/Y-axis view of right of unit exterior wall .....................................................167
Figure 73: One-story model X/Y-axis view of first floor ..............................................................................168
Figure 74: Isometric view of steel wall and asphalt roof manufactured model ..........................................169
Figure 75: Isometric view of manufactured model framing ........................................................................170
Figure 76: Manufactured model Z/X-axis view at the unit origin................................................................171
Figure 77: Manufactured model Z/Y-axis view at the unit origin ................................................................172
Figure 78: Manufactured model Z/X-axis view of front unit exterior wall ..................................................173
Figure 79: Manufactured model Z/Y-axis view of right of unit exterior wall ..............................................174
Figure 80: Manufactured model X/Y-axis view of first floor .......................................................................175
Figure 81: Clay brick material total attenuation coefficients as a function material thickness ..................180
Figure 82: Average Total attenuation coefficients for clay brick interest from measured data .................181
Figure 83: Clay brick material calculated average total attenuation coefficient validation ........................183
Figure 84: Asphalt saturated felt sensitivity analysis ..................................................................................185
Figure 85: Clay brick and terracotta sensitivity analysis ..............................................................................186
Figure 86: Stucco sensitivity analysis...........................................................................................................187
Figure 87: Clay brick shield model total attenuation coefficients as a function of shield position .............189
Figure 88: Average total attenuation coefficient for clay brick wall shield model from measured data ....190
Figure 89: Clay brick wall shield model calculated average total attenuation coefficient validation .........192
Figure 90: Single family detached housing unit decision tree analysis .......................................................224
Figure 91: HPGe detector schematic ...........................................................................................................225
Figure 92: Asphalt roof shingles samples ....................................................................................................245
Figure 93: Clay brick sample ........................................................................................................................246
Figure 94: Roofing felt samples ...................................................................................................................247
Figure 95: Gypsum samples.........................................................................................................................248
Figure 96: Oriented strand board samples ..................................................................................................249
Figure 97: Galvanized steel roof and siding samples ..................................................................................250
Figure 98: Stucco samples ...........................................................................................................................252
Figure 99: Terracotta samples .....................................................................................................................253
Figure Page
Figure 100: Vinyl siding samples .................................................................................................................254

Figure 101: Wood siding samples ................................................................................................................255
Figure 102: Douglas fir studs samples .........................................................................................................256
Figure 103: Fiberglass insulation samples ...................................................................................................257
Figure 104: House wrap samples ................................................................................................................258
Figure 105: Cedar shake samples ................................................................................................................259
Figure 106: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick, 0.0595 (MeV) ........................................................260
Figure 107: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick, 0.475 (MeV) ..........................................................261
Figure 111: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick 0.795 (MeV) ...........................................................265
Figure 119: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Shingle, 0.0595 (MeV) ...............................................273
Figure 120: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Shingle, 0.475 (MeV) .................................................274
Figure 132: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Saturated Felt, 0.0595 (MeV) ....................................286
Figure Page
Figure 133: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Saturated Felt, 0.475 (MeV) ......................................287
Figure 145: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Gypsum, 0.0595 (MeV) ..........................................................299
Figure 146: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Gypsum, 0.475 (MeV) ............................................................300
Figure 158: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: OSB, 0.0595 (MeV) .................................................................312
Figure 159: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: OSB, 0.475 (MeV) ...................................................................313
Figure Page

Figure 171: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Steel, 0.0595 (MeV) ................................................................325
Figure 172: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Steel, 0.475 (MeV) ..................................................................326
Figure 184: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Stucco, 0.0595 (MeV) .............................................................338
Figure 185: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Stucco, 0.475 (MeV) ...............................................................339
Figure 197: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta, 0.0595 (MeV) .......................................................351
Figure 198: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta, 0.475 (MeV) .........................................................352
Figure Page

Figure 210: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl, 0.0595 (MeV) ................................................................364
Figure 211: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl, 0.475 (MeV) ..................................................................365
Figure 223: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Wood, 0.0595 (MeV) ..............................................................377
Figure 224: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Wood, 0.475 (MeV) ................................................................378
Figure Page

Figure 236: Experimental Clay Brick Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ............................................390
Figure 237: Experimental Asphalt Shingle Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...................................391
Figure 238: Experimental Asphalt Saturated Felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ........................392
Figure 239: Experimental Gypsum Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...............................................393
Figure 240: Experimental OSB Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .....................................................394
Figure 241: Experimental Steel Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ....................................................395
Figure 242: Experimental Stucco Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .................................................396
Figure 243: Experimental Terracotta Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...........................................397
Figure 244: Experimental Vinyl Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ....................................................398
Figure 245: Experimental Average Wood Total Attenuation Coefficients ..................................................399
Figure 246: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Clay Brick Average Attenuation Coefficients ................400
Figure 247: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ................401
Figure 248: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ................402
Figure 249: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Gypsum Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .........403
Figure 250: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental OSB Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ................404
Figure 251: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Steel Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ..............405
Figure 252: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Stucco Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ............406
Figure 253: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Terracotta Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .....407
Figure 254: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Vinyl Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ..............408
Figure 255: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Wood Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ............409
Figure 256: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Brick Wall, 0.0595 (MeV) ..........................................................410
Figure 257: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Brick Wall, 0.475 (MeV) ............................................................411
Figure Page
Figure 269: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Stucco Wall, 0.0595 (MeV) .......................................................423
Figure 270: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Stucco Wall, 0.475 (MeV) .........................................................424
Figure 282: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Wood Wall, 0.0595 (MeV) ........................................................436
Figure 283: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Wood Wall, 0.475 (MeV) ..........................................................437
Figure 295: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Wall, 0.0595 (MeV) ..........................................................449
Figure 296: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Wall, 0.475 (MeV) ............................................................450
Figure Page
Figure 299: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Wall ,0.605 (MeV) ............................................................453
Figure 308: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl Wall, 0.0595 (MeV) ..........................................................462
Figure 309: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl Wall, 0.475 (MeV) ............................................................463
Figure 318: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl Wall, 1.333 (MeV) ...........................................................472
Figure 321: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Internal Wall, 0.0595 (MeV) .....................................................475
Figure 322: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Internal Wall, 0.475 (MeV) .......................................................476
Figure Page
Figure 334: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Roof, 0.0595 (MeV) ..........................................................488
Figure 335: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Roof, 0.475 (MeV) ............................................................489
Figure 347: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Shake Roof, 0.0595 (MeV) ........................................................501
Figure 348: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Shake Roof, 0.475 (MeV) ..........................................................502
Figure 360: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Roof, 0.0595 (MeV)......................................................514
Figure 361: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Roof, 0.475 (MeV)........................................................515
Figure Page

Figure 373: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta Roof, 0.0595 (MeV) .................................................527
Figure 374: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta Roof, 0.475 (MeV) ...................................................528
Figure 386: Brick Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data .................................540
Figure 387: Stucco Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data ...............................541
Figure 388: Wood Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data ...............................542
Figure 389: Steel Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data .................................543
Figure 390: Vinyl Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data .................................544
Figure 391: Internal Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data .............................545
Figure 392: Steel Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data .................................546
Figure 393: Shake Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data ...............................547
Figure 394: Asphalt Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data .............................548
Figure 395: Terracotta Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data ........................549
Figure 396: MCNP5 Calculated Brick Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...................................550
Figure Page
Figure 397: MCNP5 Calculated Stucco Wall Total Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ........................551
Figure 398: MCNP5 Calculated Shake Roof Total Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ........................552
Figure 399: MCNP5 Calculated Steel Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...................................553
Figure 400: MCNP5 Calculated Vinyl Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...................................554
Figure 401: MCNP5 Calculated Interior Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...............................555
Figure 402: MCNP5 Calculated Steel Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...................................556
Figure 403: MCNP5 Calculated Asphalt Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...............................557
Figure 404: MCNP5 Calculated Terracotta Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ..........................558
Figure 405: MCNP5 Calculated Shake Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .................................559
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1: Burson and Profio's (1979) representative reduction factors for deposition source ......................17
Table 2: Burson and Profio's (1979) representative reduction factors for cloud source ..............................18
Table 3: Selected nuclides and respective experimental photon emissions .................................................84
Table 4: Top 17 DTA branch outcomes (P>1.00%) ........................................................................................88
Table 5: Synopsis of top 17 branch decision outcomes ................................................................................89
Table 6: Narrow-beam Measurement Materials .........................................................................................109
Table 7: Tabulated HPGe data and calculated photopeak energies ...........................................................124
Table 8: HPGe detector resolution data for each photopeak of interest ....................................................126
Table 9: Estimate of counting system precision ..........................................................................................127
Table 10: Certified 500 ml multinuclide Marinelli beaker data ...................................................................133
Table 11: Absolute efficiency for experimental data and MCNP5 calculations ..........................................136
Table 12: MCNP5 absolute efficiency calculations for representative source term photons .....................138
Table 13: Reference of notations ................................................................................................................176
Table 14: Measured narrow-beam processed photopeaks for Co-60 1.333 MeV photon in clay brick ......177
Table 15: Narrow-beam clay brick marerial summary data for 1.333 MeV ................................................179
Table 16: Clay brick average total attenuation coefficients derived from measured data .........................180
Table 17: Experimental and MCNP5 calculated total attenuation coefficients for clay brick material ......182
Table 18: Broad-beam clay brick shielding model summary data for 1.333 MeV.......................................188
Table 19: Clay brick shield wall model data summary of 1.333 ..................................................................189
Table 20: Clay brick wall model average total attenuation coefficients derived from measured data ......190
Table 21: Experimental and MCNP5 calculated total attenuation coefficients for clay brick shield wall ...191
Table 22: Stylizes shield model protection factors ......................................................................................193
Table 23: Building shielding factors for cloud immersion ...........................................................................199
Table 24: Building shielding factors for clay brick and asphalt roof unit for deposited material ................200
Table 25: Building shielding factors for vinyl sided and asphalt roof unit housing for deposited material 201
Table 26: Building shielding factor for manufactured housing for deposited material ..............................202
Table 27: Realistic source term gamma-ray energy data ............................................................................218
Table 28: Asphalt roof shingles data sheet .................................................................................................245
Table 29: Asphalt MCNP5 input data ..........................................................................................................245
Table 30: Clay brick data sheet....................................................................................................................246
Table 31: Clay brick MCNP5 input data .......................................................................................................246
Table 32: Asphalt saturated felt data sheet ................................................................................................247
Table 33: Asphalt saturated felt MCNP5 input data....................................................................................247
LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED)
Table Page
Table 34: Gypsum data sheet ......................................................................................................................248

Table 35: Gypsum MCNP5 input data .........................................................................................................248
Table 36: Oriented strand board data sheet ...............................................................................................249
Table 37: OSB MCNP5 input data ................................................................................................................249
Table 38: Galvanized steel roof and siding data sheet ................................................................................250
Table 39: Galvanized MCNP5 input data .....................................................................................................250
Table 40: Stucco data sheet ........................................................................................................................251
Table 41: Stucco MCNP5 input data ............................................................................................................251
Table 42: Terracotta data sheet ..................................................................................................................253
Table 43: Terracotta MCNP5 input data......................................................................................................253
Table 44: Vinyl siding data sheet .................................................................................................................254
Table 45: Polyvinyl chloride MCNP5 input data ..........................................................................................254
Table 46: Wood siding data sheet ...............................................................................................................255
Table 47: Wood siding MCNP5 input data ..................................................................................................255
Table 48: Douglas fir stud data sheet ..........................................................................................................256
Table 49: Douglas fir stud MCNP5 input data .............................................................................................256
Table 50: Fiberglass Insulation data sheet ..................................................................................................257
Table 51: Fiberglass MCNP5 input data ......................................................................................................257
Table 52: House wrap data sheet ................................................................................................................258
Table 53: Housewrap MCNP5 Input data ....................................................................................................258
Table 54: Cedar shake data sheet ...............................................................................................................259
Table 55: Cedar shakes MCNP5 input data .................................................................................................259
Table 56: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick, 0.0595 (MeV) ...........................................................260
Table 57: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick, 0.475 (MeV) .............................................................261
Table 58: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick, 0.563 (MeV ..............................................................262
Table 61: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick 0.795 (MeV) ..............................................................265
Table Page
Table 69: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Shingle, 0.0595 (MeV) ..................................................273
Table 70: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Shingle, 0.475 (MeV) ....................................................274
Table 82: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Saturated Felt, 0.0595 (MeV) .......................................286
Table 83: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Saturated Felt, 0.475 (MeV) .........................................287
Table 95: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Gypsum, 0.0595 (MeV) ..............................................................299
Table 96: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Gypsum, 0.475 (MeV) ................................................................300
Table Page

Table 108: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: OSB, 0.0595 (MeV) ..................................................................312
Table 109: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: OSB, 0.475 (MeV) ....................................................................313
Table 121: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Steel, 0.0595 (MeV) .................................................................325
Table 122: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Steel, 0.475 (MeV) ...................................................................326
Table Page

Table 134: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Stucco, 0.0595 (MeV) ..............................................................338
Table 135: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Stucco, 0.475 (MeV) ................................................................339
Table 147: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta, 0.0595 (MeV) ........................................................351
Table 148: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta, 0.475 (MeV) ..........................................................352
Table 160: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl, 0.0595 (MeV) .................................................................364
Table 161: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl, 0.475 (MeV) ...................................................................365
Table Page

Table 173: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Wood, 0.0595 (MeV) ...............................................................377
Table 174: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Wood, 0.475 (MeV) .................................................................378
Table 179: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Wood, 0.801 (MeV ..................................................................383
Table 186: Experimental Clay Brick Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ..............................................390
Table 187: Experimental Asphalt Shingle Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .....................................391
Table 188: Experimental Asphalt Saturated felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ..........................392
Table 189: Experimental Gypsum Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ................................................393
Table 190: Experimental OSB Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .......................................................394
Table 191: Experimental Steel Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .....................................................395
Table 192: Experimental Stucco Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...................................................396
Table 193: Experimental Terracotta Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ............................................397
Table 194: Experimental Vinyl Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .....................................................398
Table 195: Experimental Average Wood Total Attenuation Coefficients ...................................................399
Table 196: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Clay Brick Average Attenuation Coefficients .................400
Table 197: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .................401
Table 198: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .................402
Table Page
Table 199: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Gypsum Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ..........403
Table 200: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental OSB Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .................404
Table 201: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Steel Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...............405
Table 202: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Stucco Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .............406
Table 203: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Terracotta Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .......407
Table 204: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Vinyl Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ................408
Table 205: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Wood Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ..............409
Table 206: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Brick Wall, 0.0595 (MeV) ...........................................................410
Table 207: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Brick Wall, 0.475 (MeV) .............................................................411
Table 219: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Stucco Wall, 0.0595 (MeV).........................................................423
Table 220: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Stucco Wall, 0.475 (MeV)...........................................................424
Table Page
Table 232: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Wood Wall, 0.0595 (MeV) .........................................................436
Table 233: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Wood Wall, 0.475 (MeV) ...........................................................437
Table 245: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Wall, 0.0595 (MeV) ...........................................................449
Table 246: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Wall, 0.475 (MeV) .............................................................450
Table 249: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Wall ,0.605 (MeV) .............................................................453
Table 258: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl Wall, 0.0595 (MeV) ...........................................................462
Table 259: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl Wall, 0.475 (MeV) .............................................................463
Table Page
Table 268: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl Wall, 1.333 (MeV) ............................................................472
Table 271: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Internal Wall, 0.0595 (MeV).......................................................475
Table 272: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Internal Wall, 0.475 (MeV).........................................................476
Table 284: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Roof, 0.0595 (MeV) ...........................................................488
Table 285: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Roof, 0.475 (MeV) .............................................................489
Table 297: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Shake Roof, 0.0595 (MeV) .........................................................501
Table Page
Table 298: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Shake Roof, 0.475 (MeV) ...........................................................502
Table 310: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Roof, 0.0595 (MeV) .......................................................514
Table 311: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Roof, 0.475 (MeV) .........................................................515
Table 323: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta Roof, 0.0595 (MeV) ..................................................527
Table 324: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta Roof, 0.475 (MeV) ....................................................528
Table Page
Table 336: Brick Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data ...................................540
Table 337: Stucco Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data ................................541
Table 338: Wood Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data .................................542
Table 339: Steel Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data ..................................543
Table 340: Vinyl Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data...................................544
Table 341: Internal Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data ..............................545
Table 342: Steel Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data ..................................546
Table 343: Shake Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data .................................547
Table 344: Asphalt Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data ..............................548
Table 345: Terracotta Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data .........................549
Table 346: MCNP5 Calculated Brick Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .....................................550
Table 347: MCNP5 Calculated Stucco Wall Total Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .........................551
Table 348: MCNP5 Calculated Shake Roof Total Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ..........................552
Table 349: MCNP5 Calculated Steel Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .....................................553
Table 350: MCNP5 Calculated Vinyl Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .....................................554
Table 351: MCNP5 Calculated Interior Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ................................555
Table 352: MCNP5 Calculated Steel Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ....................................556
Table 353: MCNP5 Calculated Asphalt Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ................................557
Table 354: MCNP5 Calculated Terracotta Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...........................558
Table 355: MCNP5 Calculated Shake Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...................................559
Table 356: Two-Story brick house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) and Protection Factor ......................560
Table 357: One-Story brick house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) and Protection Factor ......................561
Table 358: Two-Story brick house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario B) and Protection Factor ......................562
Table 359: One-Story brick house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario B) and Protection Factor ......................563
Table 360: Two-Story brick house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario C) and Protection Factor ......................564
Table 361: One-Story brick house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario C) and Protection Factor ......................565
Table 362: Two-Story vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) and Protection Factor ......................566
Table 363: One-Story vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) and Protection Factor .......................567
Table Page
Table 364: One-Story vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario B) and Protection Factor .......................568
Table 365: One-Story vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario B) and Protection Factor .......................569
Table 366: Two-Story vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario C) and Protection Factor .......................570
Table 367: One-Story vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario C) and Protection Factor .......................571
Table 368: Manufactured vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) and Protection Factor ................572
Table 369: Manufactured vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario B) and Protection Factor ................572
Table 370: Manufactured vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario C) and Protection Factor ................573
Table 371: Manufactured steel house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) and Protection Factor................574
Table 372: Manufactured steel house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario B) and Protection Factor ................574
Table 373: Manufactured steel house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario C) and Protection Factor ................575
Table 374: Two-Story brick house with basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) .................................577
Table 375: Two-Story brick house with basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor...........578
Table 376: Two-Story brick house with basement average home unit Protection Factor results ..............578
Table 377: Two-Story brick house no basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) ....................................579
Table 378: Two-Story brick house no basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor..............580
Table 379: Two-Story brick house no basement average home unit Protection Factor results .................580
Table 380: One-Story brick house with basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) .................................581
Table 381: One-Story brick house with basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor ...........582
Table 382: One-Story brick house with basement average home unit Protection Factor results ..............582
Table 383: One-Story brick house no basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) ....................................583
Table 384: One-Story brick house no basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor ..............584
Table 385: One-Story brick house no basement average home unit Protection Factor results .................584
Table 386: Two-Story vinyl house with basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) .................................585
Table 387: Two-Story vinyl house with basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor ...........586
Table 388: Two-Story vinyl house with basement average home unit Protection Factor results...............586
Table 389: Two-Story vinyl house no basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) ....................................587
Table 390: Two-Story vinyl house no basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor ..............588
Table 391: Two-Story vinyl house no basement average home unit Protection Factor results..................588
Table 392: One-Story vinyl house with basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) .................................589
Table 393: One-Story vinyl house with basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor ...........590
Table 394: One-Story vinyl house with basement average home unit Protection Factor results ...............590
Table 395: One-Story vinyl house no basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) ....................................591
Table 396: One-Story vinyl house no basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor ..............592
Table Page
Table 397: One-Story vinyl house no basement average home unit Protection Factor results ..................592
Table 398: Manufactured vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) ....................................................593
Table 399: Manufactured vinyl house weighted calculated tally results for each floor .............................593
Table 400: Manufactured vinyl house average home unit Protection Factor results .................................593
Table 401: Manufactured steel house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) ...................................................594
Table 402: Manufactured steel house weighted calculated tally results for each floor .............................594
Table 403: Manufactured steel house average home unit Protection Factor results .................................594
Table 404: Average material thickness by layer (cm) ..................................................................................595
Table 405: Shielding model average layer-thickness (cm) parameters .......................................................596
LIST OF APPENDICIES
Appendix Page
APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................................................. 218
APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................................................. 222
APPENDIX C ................................................................................................................................................. 225
APPENDIX D ................................................................................................................................................. 226
APPENDIX E ................................................................................................................................................. 229
APPENDIX F.................................................................................................................................................. 235
APPENDIX G ................................................................................................................................................. 240
APPENDIX H ................................................................................................................................................. 243
APPENDIX I .................................................................................................................................................. 245
APPENDIX J .................................................................................................................................................. 260
Clay Brick Material Narrow-beam Data .................................................................................................. 260
Asphalt Shingle Material Narrow-beam Data ......................................................................................... 273
Asphalt Saturated Felt Material Narrow-beam Data .............................................................................. 286
Gypsum Material Narrow-beam Data..................................................................................................... 299
OSB Sheathing Material Narrow-beam Data .......................................................................................... 312
Steel Siding Material Narrow-beam Data ............................................................................................... 325
Stucco Siding Material Narrow-beam Data ............................................................................................ 338
Terracotta Material Narrow-beam Data ................................................................................................. 351
Vinyl Siding Material Narrow-beam Data ............................................................................................... 364
Wood Siding Material Narrow-beam Data ............................................................................................. 377
APPENDIX K ................................................................................................................................................. 390
Clay Brick Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients................................................................. 390
Asphalt Shingle Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients ....................................................... 391
Asphalt Saturated Felt Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients ............................................ 392
Gypsum Wallboard Material Total Averaged Attenuation Coefficients ................................................. 393
OSB Sheathing Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients ........................................................ 394
Steel Siding Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients ............................................................. 395

LIST OF APPENDICIES (CONTINUED)
Appendix Page
Stucco Total Material Averaged Attenuation Coefficients ..................................................................... 396
Terracotta Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients ............................................................... 397
Vinyl Siding Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients.............................................................. 398
Wood Siding Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients ............................................................ 399
APPENDIX L .................................................................................................................................................. 400
Clay Brick Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficient Validation ................................................... 400
Asphalt Shingle Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficient Validation .......................................... 401
Asphalt Saturated Felt Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficient Validation ............................... 402
Gypsum Wallboard Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficient Validation .................................... 403
OSB Sheathing Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation ......................................... 404
Steel Siding Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation .............................................. 405
Stucco Siding Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation ............................................ 406
Terracotta Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation ................................................ 407
Vinyl Siding Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation .............................................. 408
Wood Siding Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation............................................. 409
APPENDIX M ................................................................................................................................................ 410
Clay Brick Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data ................................................................................ 410
Stucco Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data ..................................................................................... 423
Wood Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data ...................................................................................... 436
Steel Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data ........................................................................................ 449
Vinyl Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data ........................................................................................ 462
Internal Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data ................................................................................... 475
Steel Roof Shielding Model Broad-beam Data ....................................................................................... 488
Shake Roof Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data .............................................................................. 501
Asphalt Roof Shielding Model Broad-beam Data ................................................................................... 514
Terracotta Roof Shielding Model Broad-beam Data ............................................................................... 527
APPENDIX N ................................................................................................................................................. 540

Appendix Page
Clay Brick Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .............................................. 540
Stucco Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ................................................... 541
Wood Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .................................................... 542
Steel Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...................................................... 543
Vinyl Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ...................................................... 544
Internal Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ................................................. 545
Steel Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ..................................................... 546
Shake Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients .................................................... 547
Asphalt Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients ................................................. 548
Terracotta Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients............................................. 549
APPENDIX O ................................................................................................................................................. 550
Brick Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation..................................... 550
Stucco Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation .................................. 551
Wood Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation ................................... 552
Steel Wall Shielding Model Total Attenuation Coefficient Validation .................................................... 553
Vinyl Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation .................................... 554
Internal Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation ................................ 555
Steel Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation .................................... 556
Asphalt Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation ................................ 557
Terracotta Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation ........................... 558
Shake Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation ................................... 559
APPENDIX P ................................................................................................................................................. 560
Brick Model Building Shielding Factor Detector Location Results for Cloud Immersion ........................ 560
Vinyl Model Building Shielding Factor Detector Location Results for Cloud Immersion ........................ 566
Manufactured Model Building Shielding Factor Detector Location Results for Cloud Immersion ......... 572
Manufactured Vinyl house with Asphalt Roof………………………………………………………………………………. 572
Manufactured Steel house with Steel Roof…………………………………………………………………………………… 574

Appendix Page
APPENDIX Q ................................................................................................................................................. 576
Brick Model Building Shielding Factor Detector Location Results for Deposition .................................. 577
Vinyl Model Building Shielding Factor Detector Location Results for Deposition .................................. 585
Manufactured Model Building Shielding Factor Detector Location Results for Deposition ................... 593
Manufactured Vinyl house with Asphalt Roof………………………………………………………………………………. 593
Manufactured Steel house with Steel Roof…………………………………………………………………………………… 594
APPENDIX R ................................................................................................................................................. 595
APPENDIX S.................................................................................................................................................. 596
APPENDIX T ................................................................................................................................................. 597

Experimental Evaluation of the Radiation Protection
Provided by Residential Structures
1. INTRODUCTION
In the event of a nuclear threat, good emergency response planning leads to good emergency
response. The purpose of an emergency preparedness program is to enable emergency personnel to
rapidly identify, evaluate and react to a wide variety of emergencies. The Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) publishes emergency protection guidelines for federal, state and local governments for use
in developing emergency management procedures. A key component of a robust emergency response
plan is to ensure adequate protective actions are in place prior to an event taking place. Protection
strategies designed to decrease exposure to ionizing radiation during the early phase of an emergency are
mostly limited to only a few options: (1) population relocation only with no specific sheltering response
initiated; (2) sheltering-in-place at location followed by relocation; and (3) preferential sheltering followed
by relocation. Each of these three protective action strategies provide varying degrees of risk reduction
depending on the type of threat, the amount of time available to assess and respond, and the availability
of infrastructure for effective implementation.
For instance, in the event of a nuclear power plant accident, a prompt evacuation of the local
population can be the most effective way of mitigating acute effects, but requires both early notification
and expeditious movement to be successful. On the other hand, time to implement protection action
strategies in response to a terrorist event is short and decision-makers must have the best available
information to make well-informed decisions on which protective actions should be made generally
within a few hours of the event initiation. When developing these types of protective action plans, the
need for realism is a necessity since worst-case bounding estimates of the risks imposed on a population
may not accurately consider the immediate need to treat trauma victims and account for the potential
long-term latent health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. As such, one-size-fits-all emergency
planning is not necessarily effective in protecting all populations at risk.
The use of local structures to protect local populations is referred to as the shelter-in-place
protective action strategy and is an extremely important and effective tool to be utilized by decision-
makers in the early stages of a nuclear emergency. When analyzing the shielding quality of homes and
other structures available to shelter local residences, building shielding factors are used to assign an
estimated amount of protection a particular building-type provides from the ionizing radiation emitted
from a passing plume of radioactive material and subsequent deposition on the surrounding ground and
roof. Shelter-in-place protective action strategies in-part utilizes building shielding factor data as part of
the technical basis to determine the quality of shielding around nuclear facilities and urban environments.
2
The concept of sheltering populations from radiation fallout is not new and has been studied
since the early 1950s. Unfortunately, much of this data is based on simplistic point-kernel calculations for
a few building-types from 1950’s era suburbia and is no longer applicable to the densely populated urban
environments seen today. Furthermore, these archaic building shielding factors are widely referenced in
the scientific literature, making their use easily defensible due to circular referencing. As such, the
technical basis behind the building shielding factor must be reexamined to help provide credible
sheltering data for emergency planning analysts when developing realistic state-of-the-art emergency
response strategies.
To analyze a building’s radiation shielding properties, the ideal approach would be to subject a
variety of building-types to various radioactive materials and measure the radiation levels in and around
the building. While this is not entirely practicable, this research analyzes the shielding effectiveness of a
variety of likely U.S. residential buildings from ionizing radiation emitted from a realistic source term in a
laboratory setting to reduce unnecessary conservatism when being applied to either a radiologic
consequence analysis or emergency response plan. The objective of this investigation is to research and
develop the technical basis for contemporary building shielding factors for U.S. housing stock. Results of
this investigation provide a comparison between shielding theory and experiment by applying laboratory-
produced attenuation coefficient measurements to detailed computational models. These models are
used to develop a series of validated building shielding factors for generic residential housing units using
the computational code MCNP5.
For these building shielding factors to be useful in radiologic consequence assessments and
emergency response planning, two types of shielding factors have been developed for; (1) the shielding
effectiveness of each structure within an semi-infinite cloud of radioactive material, and (2) the shielding
effectiveness of each structure from contaminant deposition on the roof and surrounding surfaces.
3
1.1 Motivation
The motivation of this investigation is based on a genuine concern of archaic data being used in
modern state-of-the-art radiologic consequence assessments and emergency response plans; while also
being given the opportunity to contribute to both the scientific body of knowledge and make available
practical information to assist analysts in their work. As such, the purpose of this work is to empower
others when developing and creating state-of-the-art radiologic consequence assessments and robust
emergency response plans.
1.2 Document Overview

This document is organized as follow:
Chapter 1: Introduction – Introduction to the topic and motivation for the work presented on
behalf of the study under discussion.
Chapter 2: Survey of Literature – Background information and survey of available literature on

building shielding factors, radiologic consequence assessment, probabilistic risk
assessment, and emergency response planning in the event of a nuclear threat.
Chapter 3: Background on the Fundamental Photon Interactions with Material - A brief overview
of the first principles of primary photon interactions and ionizing shielding methodology
to provide a general understanding of how to perform a comprehensive analysis on the
shielding effectiveness provided by residential structures.
Chapter 4: Methodology and Models – A detailed description of the Methodology and Models
behind analyzing the protection afforded by residential housing units and the
experimentally validated building shielding factors.
Discussions include how to: characterize a representative source term; select the
appropriate building-types to be modeled; design each shielding model and the
experimental assemblies; perform the narrow- and broad-beam measurements; derive
experimental material- and shielding model specific total attenuation coefficients;
validate the computational models, and produce generic building-specific shielding
factors.
Chapter 5: Results – Presentation of; both the experimentally-derived and computationally-

calculated average total attenuation coefficients for each general purpose construction
material and shielding models, and a series of validated building shielding factors for
generic residential housing units. Results are presented in the context of analyzing the
4
shielding properties of a two-story brick and mortar home; from performing

experimental attenuation measurements to computing the validated building shielding
factor.
Chapter 6: Discussion – Discussion of the shielding effectiveness of each building-type with regard
to two exposure scenarios for; (1) the shielding effectiveness of each structure within a
semi-infinite cloud of radioactive material, and (2) the shielding effectiveness of each
structure from contaminant deposition on the roof and surrounding surfaces.
Chapter 7: Conclusion – Concluding remarks and observations relative to this dissertation work,
future areas of improve, and how models can be extended to be used in radiologic
consequence analysis and emergency response applications.
5
2. SURVEY OF LITERATURE
2.1 The Building Shielding Factor

The shielding effectiveness of a certain building is termed the “building shielding factor” and is
simply a unit-less ratio quantifying how well a particular building-type shields ionizing radiation emitted
from a passing plume of radioactive material and subsequent deposition on the surrounding grounds and
roof. Traditionally, the building shielding factor, “P,” is defined as the ratio of the detector response, “Do,”
in a standard unprotected position to the detector response, “D,” in a protected position within a
particular build-type expressed as:
; (2-1)
the inverse quantity is also equally referenced in the open literature and defined as:
. (2-2)
Through this literature review, the use of either P or P* to specify the shielding effectiveness of certain
building-types is used interchangeably.
2.2 History of Building Shielding Factors
2.2.1 Introduction
The concept of sheltering populations from radiation fallout is not new and has been studied
since the early 1950s. The initial concern for understanding how well certain structures provide shielding
from fallout stemmed from the threat of a nuclear weapon detonation in an urban environment, with
little to no time for coordinated orderly evacuations of the surrounding population. Early research behind
sheltering populations from radiation fallout was initially performed by U.S. Office of Civil Defense under
the National Fallout Shelter Survey (NFSS) (1948-1986). The general objective of the NFSS program was to
gather data from a variety of structures and use the information as the technical bases for developing and
refining practical and simplified methods of predicting the protection provided by existing structures
against fallout, and make available practical information for new-build design criteria. Near the end of the
Cold War, the threat of a nuclear attack on U.S. soil diminished and research funding for the NFSS
program tapered. Researchers began to focus their efforts away from expensive full-scale experiments to
developing the foundations of shielding theory; computational modeling; and, the application of applying
building shielding factors to radiologic consequence assessments and emergency response planning.
6
2.2.2 1950s through 1963

The NFSS program was divided into two phases. Phase 1 took place from 1948-1964, where
individual buildings were inspected and licensed as facilities for fallout shelters and can still be identified
by a brass fallout shelter sign located near their entrance. Phase 2, 1963-1986, focused on details of each
structure to identify if there were any supply issues (e.g. availability of potable water, adequate
ventilation, and sewer capacity). An update to the initial survey was performed in the 1970s and for a
final time in the 1980s since the end of the Cold War made the need for these facilities unnecessary.
In engineering design, the properties of a structure or other item are specified and the
components are selected and proportioned to meet certain minimum requirements. In engineering
analysis, a structure is completely specified and then some property, such as its behavior under an
unusual condition, is calculated. (Preiss, 1966) To analyze a building’s radiation shielding properties, the
ideal approach would be to subject a variety of building-types to various radioactive materials and
measure the radiation levels in and around the building. This method is not entirely practical; however,
efforts were made in the 1950s to develop theoretical methods that could be applied to any structure
type. The initial work to quantify the shielding properties of structures from fallout radiation was
conducted by Shapiro (1955) at the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. Shapiro’s work was
concentrated on ship decontamination from atmospheric atomic bomb testing in the South Pacific.
Shapiro used simple assumptions about the energy spectrum and material attenuation of gamma-rays
from nuclear fallout to perform this analysis. Calculations were bounded by 0.5 MeV and 1.25 MeV
gamma-rays which were thought to represent the upper and lower bounds of a typical fallout spectrum.
For penetration data, a combination of exponential linear total attenuation coefficients, the inverse-
square law and the assumption of linear buildup factors to account for single and multiple scatterings
events were considered. (ICRU, 1964) The attenuation data for a point monoenergetic source were
approximated from these factors; and, by adding contributions from multiple point sources located in
different positions, the detector response was simulated due to fallout fields of infinite extent, as well as
fallout fields of simple shapes and finite extent. (Spencer L.V., 1980) Even though Shapiro’s work was
overly simplified, it is one of the first examples of determining the protection provided by a structure from
ionizing radiation.
The first experimental field work of structural shielding was performed in the mid-1950s.
McDonald (1956) reported on studies performed in England in which a gamma source was placed at
numerous points over an area around and on top of a structure. Similar experiments were performed for
brick houses with a Co-60 source by Stewart (1955). Results from this work provided generic shielding
data for a variety of building-types. Soon after the publication of McDonald’s and Stewart’s work, the
shielding data was applied to an early consequence study by Jones (1958). Jones applied a “points”
7
method for estimating the quality of structural shielding from ionizing radiation for a given geographic
location. The points method is the basis for determining the protection provided to a local population if
sheltered-in-place. The points method applies an average shielding value to each individual structure in
the geographic region; resulting in a visual representation of the shielding quality afforded by local
buildings. Jones applied this method to over 100,000 private homes to analyze the protection afforded to
a population against radiation fallout.
By 1959, Auxier (1959) also performed extensive experimental studies to obtain quantitative
data for use in evaluating the residential protection afforded against fallout radiation. The study focused
on location-specific shielding factors within a structure. Auxier’s experimental design resembled the
previous experiments performed in England (McDonald, 1956) . Both Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137 sources
were used to simulate fallout and Victoreen pocket-type ion chambers were used to record exposure
measurements. The buildings included single- and multi-story structures, both with and without
basements. Building walls were made up of both light (wood frame) and heavy (brick and mortar)
materials. The housing stock included: (1) a phantom house, (2) a two-story wood frame house, (3) a one-
story precast concrete house, (4) a one-story wood rambler, (5) and a two-story brick house.
To simulate a distributed sources surrounding each of the buildings, four hundred (400) Co-60
and twenty (20) Cs-137 sources were scattering around and on top of each of the structures, as well as
two sources located inside to simulate internal deposition. Exposure measurements were taken at a
height of three feet above the floor at various locations within each structure. Measurements were then
compared to the dose-rate distributions above an extended plane source measured in the “phantom”
house considered to be the reference standard for the non-attenuated exposure measurements.
The two-story wood frame house was similar to the one used in the earlier 1953 blast test series
at the Nevada Test Site. However, building reinforcements were applied to the new Nevada Test Site
structures to investigate better building techniques that would be more effective at withstanding the
blast effects of a nuclear detonation. Like typical wood-frame houses today, all framing was 2” X 4” (5.08
cm X 10.16 cm) studs places on 16” (40.64 cm) centers. The exterior walls contained about 2” (5.08 cm)
of wood siding and interior walls were faced with 3/8” (0.95 cm) plywood. The first floor was supported
by 2” X 10” (5.08 cm X 25.4 cm) joist and the second floor by 2” X 8” (5.08 cm X 20.32 cm) joist. The attic
floor was supported by 2” X 8” (5.08 cm X 20.32 cm) joist, and roof by 2” X 10” (5.08 cm X 25.4 cm)
rafters, all spaced on 16” (40.64 cm) centers. The basement was modified with the addition of 8” (20.32
cm) of reinforced concrete exterior walls and three 8” (20.32 cm) interior walls; two of which served as
the walls of a concrete basement shelter. The basement design gave these particular residential structure
two effective basement shelters (one within another). Brief building specifications for these structures
can be found in Report IRT-1194, Operation Teapot.
8
Due to time limitations, research efforts were focused on exposure measurements within the
two-story wood frame house. Researchers concluded the best-shielded region within a residential
structure was in the basement. The dose rate (from both the roof and ground shine sources) at a point 3
feet above the center of basement floor was reduced by a factor of 30 because of the presence of building
materials. Major contributions to dose on both the first and second floors were due to contamination on
the surrounding ground and roof.
As presented in Auxier’s report (1959), analysis of results produced in Operation Teapot were
incomplete due to the general since of urgency to publish results for immediate use by scientist and
engineers in developing home designs that can provided better protection from fallout radiation.
However, the isopleth exposure plots for each building design proved useful when identifying the best
locations within a residential building for the most protection of individuals from a passing radioactive
plume and subsequent deposition on the ground and roof.
By 1958, advances in experimental techniques of measuring the shielding effectiveness of

buildings were made by the invention of the tube source (Clarke, 1959). Instead of placing hundreds of
individual point sources around a structure to simulate a uniform deposition of fallout, a single large
encapsulated source was driven through a length of plastic tubing by water pressure. The tubing was
placed in the desired location about the building structure before the source was pumped out of the lead
pig to various locations around the structure. Sources of varying strength and energy could be used to
simulate a spectrum of radionuclides. The sources were encapsulated in stainless steel, machined to fit
inside of the plastic tubing then hydraulically pumped at a constant speed through the tubing. Thus, for
an integral number of cycles through the tubing, the source was effectively distributed evenly over all
portions of the area covered by the tubing. The invention of the tube source method made
measurements on large structures feasible.
Clarke (1959) describes the use of the tube source system and experiments performed on
existing houses. Examples of measurements performed on large buildings include the Atomic Energy
Commissions’ headquarters in Germantown Maryland (now the Department of Energy), a former army
barracks on the Boston Harbor, the Brookhaven National Laboratory Medical Center, and various
buildings in the Los Angeles area.
Batter (1960) reported on shielding results afforded by the AEC Headquarters in Germantown
Maryland and developed data that could be applied to other similar reinforced-concrete structures
against contamination uniformly dispersed on the ground and roof. The AEC Headquarters was a modern
four-story reinforced concrete and brick office building. Exposure measurements were taken with the
tube source system using three sources: (1) 198-Ci Co-60, (2) 104-Ci Ir-192 and (3) 27-Ci Co-60. Victoreen
9
pocket ion chambers were placed at specific locations in the building at a height of 1 meter above the
floor. As the source was cycled through the tubing, the pocket chambers integrated the total exposure at
that particular location. Exposure readings were then translated to isopleth exposure plots to analyze
locations within the building provided that possesses the greatest shielding characteristics. Results
demonstrated how shielding factors vary from floor to floor in a multistory building.
Soon after Batter’s (1960) results on protection factors for large concrete buildings were
published, Strickler (1960) evaluated the protection afforded against simulated fallout radiation for
homes located in Oak Ridge Tennessee. Nine homes were selected to represent a variety of construction
materials, topographical conditions, and sizes. Housing stock included three types of Oak Ridge Cemesto
houses, one concrete-block house with a basement (fallout shelter), and two wood-frame houses.
Cemesto is a sturdy, lightweight, waterproof and fire-resistant composite material made from cement and
th
asbestos. It was applied to the outer surface of small buildings in the early 20 century and is no longer a
general building material due to the detrimental health effects associated with asbestos. The tube source
method was used to simulate uniform contamination on the house and grounds with Colbot-60 sources
(1.6- and 18-Ci) and approximately 150 Victoreen dosimeters distributed inside. Strickler compared
exposure results by taking the ratio between the experimental measurement and hypothetical infinite-
plane dose rate estimated to be 500 (mR/h)r for Co-60 based on Eisenhauer’s (1959) work.
Borella et al. (1961) performed an experimental study to determine the protection against fallout
provided by the Medial Research Center at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The experimental setup was
based on experiments performed by Auxier (1959) and Strickler (1960) using the Mobile Radiological
Measuring Unit (MRMU). The intent of the experiment was to identify which areas of the facility provided
the most protection from fallout. The objectives of the experiment were to: (1) determine the radiation
protection characteristics throughout the basement area of the Medical Research Center; (2) determine
the radiation protection provided at selected sites on the first-floor level of the Medical Research Center;
(3) recommend means of improving radiation protection; and (4) determine the effect of buildup of
radioactive contamination in air filters. Placement of the tubing was made to represent four distinct
source geometries: (1) source evenly distributed on the ground outside selected portions of the building;
(2) source evenly distributed on selected portions of the Medical Research Center roof; (3) source
concentrated in select air filters and vents; and (4) source placed at points on the ground outside selected
portions of the building. Detectors were places within the building at preselected positions to report the
exposure measurements at various heights above the floor. Protection factors were based on the method
used by Strickler (1960) by calculating the ratio between the experimental measurement and the
hypothetical infinite-plane dose rate (estimated to be 500 (mR/hr) for Co-60). Results from Borell’s
experiment show that roof contamination was the major factor in determining the protection at almost
10
every point in the building. For instance, at all points in the basement, except near walls, simulated roof
contamination contributed more than 90% to the total dose rate. In all rooms on the first floor, except
those next to the walls, the roof contributed more than 95% of the total exposure.
The Mobile Radiological Measuring Unit (MRMU) is a second-generation tube source system
developed by Batter and Clarke (Batter, 1960). The MRMU is a vehicle-mounted device using a moving Co-
60 source hydraulically pumped through polyethylene tubing at a uniform rate to simulate a blanket of
radioactive fallout material over an area. The MRMU traveled from city to city measuring the protection
afforded by the buildings identified in the NFSS.
Burson (1962) performed an experimental study designed to provide the technical basis for
estimating protection against fallout radiation for representative housing in the Los Angeles California
area. The four building-types studied were: (1) the Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology
at the University of California at Los Angeles; (2) a family fallout shelter; (3) the communications section
of the Los Angeles Police Department building; and (4) a typical classroom located at North Hollywood
High School. The objectives of this project were (1) to measure radiation levels at various locations inside
four distinctly different types of structures, (2) to demonstrate the simplicity and safety by which such
measurements could be made, and (3) to compare results based on measurements with simplified
estimates of the fallout protection. The experimental methods used for this project employed the same
techniques as the Borella (1961) study of the Brookhaven Medical Facility and the Strickler (1960) study of
typical homes in Oak Ridge Tennessee. As with other large buildings constructed of concrete, the
protection provided was much larger than small wood frame homes. Protection factors ranged from 10
to 2,000 in the UCLA building, up to 10,000 in the family fallout shelter, from 50 to 150 in the
communications section of the law enforcement building, and from less than 10 to approximately 20 in
the high school classroom.
In 1962, calculations and tabletop laboratory experiments with monoenergetic gamma-ray

sources (Co-60 and Cs-137) were performed by Spencer (1962). The objective of this work was to identify
structures that could be used to shield local residences from a passing radioactive plume. Examples
discussed in the report include density interfaces between materials, foxholes, shielded foxholes or
basement, light superstructures, vertical wall, blockhouse, vents, compartmentalization effects, and
mazes. Spencer introduced the quantitative measure of protection, the “protection factor,” afforded by
structures by comparing one structure relative to another or one location within a structure relative to
another. Spencer also introduced a measurement standard for which to gauge the overall effectiveness
that a structure provides by comparing it to a standard unprotected position. The standard is defined as a
completely unprotected location three feet above ground in a large, open field in dry air at STP. Spencer
states this choice had been made frequently in previous studies. However, it has two difficulties: (1) the
11
detector response depends upon the "roughness" of the ground surface; and (2) the source location at
the ground-air interface makes it difficult to calculate the detector response accurately, even if the
spectrum and strength of the primary source are completely characterized. Since surface roughness
varies greatly in the real world, the standard unprotected position of the detector above a hypothetically
smooth, infinite plane "interface" with the ground replaced by ideally smooth compressed air avoids the
ground roughness difficulty. By replacing the ground with "compressed air," an accurate theoretical
analysis is possible in a fairly realistic case which avoids the second difficulty.
Spencer explains three additional reasons for this choice of reference detector location: (1) it
gives an extreme, but not unrealistic estimate of the dose to which the centroid of the body is exposed in
an open contaminated field; (2) given the spectrum and strength of the gamma-rays emitted per unit area
of the primary source, the reference exposure rate can be calculated to about 2-3 percent accuracy; and
(3) it appears easier and more natural to consider ground roughness as an additional "bonus" shielding
from fallout on the ground. (Spencer, 1962) On a parallel endeavor, the theory of gamma interactions
with matter was also being research by Fano et. al. (Fano, 1959). Spencer’s and Fano’s work ultimately
became the foundation for shielding work and now referred to as the “Standard Method” (Office of Civil
Defense, 1963). The Standard Method includes calculations for the radiation contribution from
contamination deposited on the roof and surrounding ground area for both simple and complex
geometries.
In 1962, Burson and Borella performed a study to determine the protection against fallout
radiation provided by an earth-covered shelter. These types of shelters were both quick and inexpensive
to build and where thought to be viable solutions to providing shelter to local populations. The objectives
of their experiment were to: (1) determine the radiation protection throughout a half-round corrugated-
steel earth covered shelter; and (2) determine the pulse-height distribution of the radiation inside the
shelter from a plane radiation source on and around the structure. The shelter, 20’ (609.6 cm) wide, 100’
(3048 cm) long, and 10’ (304.8 cm) high, was part of a line of pre-engineered and packaged fallout
shelters fabricated from 2-ft-wide (60.96 cm) sheets of vinyl coated galvanized steel. The steel sheets
were corrugated and curved to form self-supporting arches secured by simple nut-and-bolt fasteners. The
entire shelter was covered to a minimum thickness of approximately 2’ (60.96 cm) of earth. The
experimental method used in this experiment was based on Auxier (1959) and Sticklers (1960)
experiments with the MRMU. The study indicated that the shelter offered excellent protection from
fallout radiation.
Burson and Borella (1962) evaluated the protective quantities of the earth-covered shelters
relative to the total infinite-plane dose, D0, based on Eisenhauer’s (1959) standard of 500 (mR/hr). In
general, the results indicated a protection factor of approximately 5,000 in the center of the shelter,
12
increasing to values between 10,000 and 15,000 along the sides, and decreasing to about 3,000 near the
ends. Directly below the vents, the protection factor is approximately 2,500 at the 3’ (91.44 cm) level. The
vent opening affects the protection factor only in a small area (less than 4’ (121.92 cm) in diameter)
directly below. The protection factors were slightly more at the 1-ft (30.48 cm) level and slightly less at
the 5’ (152.4 cm) and 7’ (213.36 cm) levels, except directly below the vents and near the ends of the
shelter. High protection factors are attributed to the existence of a thick layer of earth completely
covering the shelter, with a minimum thickness of 21” (53.34 cm), measured at one point from the top
and increasing from 5’ (152.4 cm) and 7’ (213.36 cm) on the sides. The protection factors tended to differ
from point to point throughout the shelter, undoubtedly as a result of variations in the thickness of the
earth cover. For instance, the area along the side and rear appeared to have a deeper than normal cover,
and a high factor of 17,000 was noted at that point. (Burson Z., 1962) The study noted the soil to be
relatively water soaked at the time of the test. This would increase the effective density of the material
resulting in higher protection factors not normally afforded if the soil was dry.
Schoke and Rexford (1963) conducted experiments to verify theoretical calculations of wall
thickness effects on the shielding characteristic of a full-scale concrete blockhouse in a uniformly
contaminated field. Results were compared to the predictive method developed by Spencer (1962). To
simulate a continuous distribution of fallout, investigators divided the area around the test structure into
an array of squares and placed two isotropic-point sources (Co-60 and Cs-137) at the center of each.
Instead of having sources at each of the points simultaneously, a single source was moved over the
successive centers until the total area around the structure was “covered”. Due to the symmetry of the
experimental structure, only one-eighth of the surrounding fallout field required simulation. (Schmoke,
1963) The inside dimensions of the square structure were 12’ by 12’ by 8’ (365.76 cm by 365.76 cm by
243.84 cm). The floor and walls were standard 4” (10.16 cm) poured concrete. Effects on wall thicknesses
were examined in increasing the concrete in increments of 3-13/16” (7.62 cm), to a total thickness of 11-
5/8” (27.94 cm). Reduction factors were calculated from the data taken at the center detector positions.
Experimental and theoretical reduction factors 3’ (91.44 cm) and 6’ (121.92 cm) above the center of the
concrete blockhouse agreed within 15% for a uniformly contaminated plane of cobalt 60, and within 20%
for cesium-137.
By this point in time, the concept of building shielding factors had more or less been established
and the Engineering Method for calculating protection afforded by structures was being developed by
Eisenhauer (1964). In this report, Eisenhauer briefly discusses the technical assumptions underlying the
methodology recommended by the Office of Civil Defense for calculating protection afforded by
structures against fallout radiation. A focus on a practical method intended for engineers was
emphasized in this report while Spencer’s (1962) work goes into detail about shielding theory and
13
solutions for idealized structure configurations. Spencer does not describe how shielding calculations
should be made. In essence, Eisenhauer’s work is the practical handbook of calculated shielding factors.
Near the mid-1960’s studies of building components were carried out at a facility designed for
the specific purpose of testing the effectiveness of shielding effects on tall complex building structures at
the Radiation Test Facility at Ft. Belvoir, Virginia (Mc Donnell, 1964). This facility was designed specifically
to investigate, improve and further develop methods of fallout shelter design. The structure was
designed so that floors and interior partitions of varying thicknesses could be inserted temporarily for
purposes of studying interior shielding effect from zero to twelve inches thick (in 4” (10.16 cm)
increments). Results of these experiments showed buildings made with thicker building materials were
more effective at attenuating fallout radiation, as expected.
2.2.3 1964 through 1986

By the late 1960s, a wide variety of experimental results pertaining to both light and heavy
structures were available and a generally accepted theory of building shielding had been developed.
Research efforts began to deviate from full-scale building experiments to more focused analyses
examining specific exposure parameters with deterministic and Monte Carlo based codes to verify early
experimental data and validate new models. Examples of work performed during this time include
elementary studies analyzing shielding effects at material interfaces with differing densities, angular
dependencies of exposure, ground roughness effects, methods to develop shielding factors for specific
building types. In addition to the basic research being performed, shielding factors were beginning to be
applied to a verity of consequence analyses throughout 70’s.
Federal agencies, such as the AEC, began to steer the scientific community toward developing
realistic consequences assessments of severe nuclear reactor accidents, instead of the historically relied
upon deterministic worst case exposure modeling performed prior to facility siting. These consequence
analyses sought to produce a clearer picture of the relative risks of operating a nuclear power plant by
modeling real world reactions to a release of nuclear material and account for the potential reduction in
risk by implementing a verity of accident mitigation and emergency management strategies designed to
protect the general public. One such strategy was to utilize building shielding factor data developed in
the 1960s and incorporate them into shelter-in-place protective action strategies during the emergency
phase of a nuclear accident.
At the Defense Research Board of Canada, Clifford (1963) developed dose coefficients for
ground-surface contamination taking into account surface roughness and angular dependence on
exposure from Cs-137 deposition. The ground-surface roughness is an important mechanism of natural
shielding and accounts for the reduction in energy, intensity and angular distribution of the gamma field
14
one would expect from a hypothetically smooth source. As previously described, protection factors
historically had been compared to a reference exposure one meter above a hypothetically smooth,
infinite plane "interface" with the ground replaced by compressed air. When accounting for surface
irregularities at one meter above the standard hypothetically smooth plan source, shielding factors as
high as 0.7 can be credited for dose reduction purposes. Ground roughness occurs for all real surfaces
such as pavement, road surfaces, fields, lawns and trees. Larger surface irregularities are referred to as
terrain effects which include hills, washes, curbs, ditches, and local buildings. The reference exposure, up
until this point, had been accepted in practice since it was difficult to calculate the detector response
based on an arbitrary ground roughness. Clifford sought to account for the natural shielding effects of
ground roughness by analyzing a variety of different ground covers.
Work performed by Huddleston et. al. (1964) investigated ground roughness effects on the
energy and angular distribution of gamma radiation for three different types of ground surfaces at the
Nevada Test Site. These surfaces included: (1) a flat dry-lake bed; (2) a plowed field with a known and
uniform degree of roughness: and (3) a typical wild desert since the hypothetical infinite smooth plane
does not actually exist in nature. Dose vs. height measurements were taken from 0 to 40’ (0 to 1219.2
cm) to identify the energy spectra’ dependence on angular distributions. These data have been applied to
a number of theoretical calculations over the past several decades for structural shielding factors with
respect to height and ground roughness.
Eisenhauer (1964), reported on the technical assumptions underlying the methods used by the
Office of Civil Defense for calculating protection afforded by structures against fallout radiation. Methods
for calculating the contribution from radiation fallout on the roof and grounds surrounding a simple one-
story building were specifically discussed in a practical sense. The methodology used by Eisenhauer
(1964) is based on the primary calculations presented by Spencer (1962). Eisenhauer agrees with the
methods presented by Spencer in calculating the relative amount of protection from fallout radiation
associated with a wide variety of shielding situations. Comparisons of numerical results with
experimental information show fairly good agreement for simple structures surrounded by an infinite
plane source with less complex structures. (Eisenhauer, 1964)
In 1966, Preiss and Chilton (1966) reviewed some of the basic technology and conceptual basis
that had been developed to check the validity of functions used in computing the ground contamination
contribution to fallout radiation penetrating into simple structures under infinite field conditions. Since
much of the experimental work performed in the 1960s had been on specific structures, such as houses
and military barracks having complicated geometrical configurations, they tested the method of
calculating protection factors for buildings with simple structural geometry. Results provided a
comparison between theory and experiment by using data produced in earlier experiments and
15
computing the exposure due to a plane isotropic source at several energies penetrating steel, concrete
and air. Preiss and Chilton identified three factors that could be a cause for error in comparing
computational results to experimental data. These three factors are:
(1) Source anisotropy in free field measurements using a stationary source causing an error
on the order of 4% when normalizing the measured exposure to the calibrated source
intensity;
(2) The lack of a reflector above a contaminated roof experiment causes larger errors for
concrete than for a steel roof calculations; this error for concrete was on the order of
6% at 25’ (762 cm), 3% at 50 (1524 cm), and decreases to less than 1% above 100 (3048
cm). The source should have had a reflector that could cause the skyshine effect; and
(3) Error in the assumed value of thickness of a steel roof will cause an error in the
calculated exposure of about 1% per inch (2.54 cm) thickness, for an error of 1% in
assumed roof thickness.
In 1968, Slade (1968) published an important piece of work entitled, Meteorology and Atomic
Energy, for use in sitting nuclear power plants by the AEC. The report discusses the fundamentals of
atmospheric transport and diffusion of contamination, and outlines the diffusion theories for lower layers
of the atmosphere. Regarding releases of radioactive contamination, he discusses in detail the aspects of
nuclear technology necessary for radioactive plume dose calculations. Slade touches on the fundamental
principle and methods used for calculating dose from external sources of gamma emitting radiation, as
well as accounting for dose reduction provided by structures.
Burson and Profio (1975) used the atmospheric transport methodology discussed by Slade (1968)
to compared source terms produced by both a nuclear power reactor accident and the detonation of a
nuclear weapon. Results demonstrated that the gamma energy spectrum produced by a plume from a
reactor accident is comparable to that measured in nuclear weapons tests. With this assumption in mind,
Burson and Profio calculated building shielding factors for a gamma spectrum based on the AEC’s Reactor
Safety Study (WASH-1400) of 54 significant fission products for both simple and complex structures. To
simplify the calculations, two representative spectra were chosen, one for cloud submersion and one for
ground deposition. Both spectra apply to a PWR Category II accident 10 miles from the plant under
average dry meteorological conditions. The photon energies from the nuclear power plant source term
were grouped into five energy intervals and compared to the 1.12-hour fission product spectrum
produced by Spencer (1962) for a nuclear bomb detonation. Slight variations in the spectrum were not
considered significant since the high-energy gamma-rays were of most interest due to their ability to
16
penetrate building materials. These building shielding factors were developed using the point-kernel
method with the latest shielding technology/data available at the time; taking into account calculations of
radionuclides with at least 1.12 hour half-lives and experimental shielding data using the radionuclide Co-
60. These point-kernel calculations relied on linear total attenuation coefficients evaluated at the mid-
point and boundaries of the five photon energy bins for different transport mediums and buildup factors
to accounting for contributions of Compton scatter at the detector. Housing-unit modeling assumptions
included:

2
The exterior walls and roof compositions were equal in mass-thickness (g/cm );
 No windows or doors present;
 Exclusion of contaminated material ingress; and,
 Ground roughness effects considered by raising the detector above the ground.
Protection factors for deposited material on the surrounding ground and roof of varying housing units
were calculated in units of dose rate (rad/sec) at radius r using the point-kernel method given by the
generic equation:
, (2-3)
where K is the energy-dependent flux-to-dose rate conversion factor, is the linear total
attenuation coefficient pertaining to the photon energy and radiation transport medium, and B is the
dose buildup factor accounting for contributions of scattered radiation to the receptor. Housing unit
models were of various sizes modeled with simplistic geometries (see Figure 1 and Table 1). Deposition of
the source term was considered to be in equal concentrations on both the ground and roof. For
protection factor comparisons between homes composed of different primary weather barriers, the
effective mass thickness was used as follows:
( ⁄ )
( ) ( ) , (2-4)
3 2
where ρ (g/cm ) is the density and X (g/cm ) is the effective mass thickness. Values of ( ) were
evaluated at the midpoints and boundaries of each of the five source term spectrum groups for both the
ground and cloud immersion spectrum. The buildup factor, ( ), for water as a function of X were
used to account for scattered radiation through the walls and roof of the structure.
17
Figure 1: Original protection factor sheltering geometry model for deposited material
Table 1: Burson and Profio's (1979) representative reduction factors for deposition source
Representative reduction factors for deposited radioactivity

Structure and/or Location Protection factor
1 m above a hypothetical infinite smooth plane 1.00
1 m above ordinary ground 0.70
1 m above center of 50-ft roadway halfway contaminated 0.55
cars, pickups, buses, and trucks on 50-ft road:
-road fully contaminated 0.50
-for 50% contaminated 0.50
-fully decontaminated 0.25
Trains 0.40
1 & 2-story wood frame homes (no basements) 0.40
1 & 2-story block or brick homes (no basement) 0.20*
Home basement :
- 1 or 2 walls fully exposed 0.10*
- 1-story, less than 2 ft. of
basement walls exposed 0.05*
- 2-story, less than 2 ft. of
basement walls exposed 0.03*
3 or 4-story structures, 5000-10,000 ft2 per floor:
- first and second floors 0.05*
- basement 0.01*
multi-story structures, > 10,000 ft2 per floor:
- upper floor 0.01*
- basement 0.005*
* Away from doors and windows
18
Protection factors for cloud immersion were calculated in units of dose rate (rad/sec) at radius r
as suggested by Slade (1968) using an adapted point-kernel method as follows:
( ⁄ )
( ) ∫ , (2-5)
where the cloud source is modeled as a semi-infinite source in air, with an inner radius, a, and outer
radius R. The buildup factor for the wall material ( ) is evaluated for a point isotropic source in an
infinite medium while is for air. As a check, Monte Carlo calculations with the code MORSE-L were
performed for a representative structure of 9.0 m x 9.0 m x 3.0 m high, with typical wall- and roofing
materials modeled as 0.12 m thick water-layers of equivalent material-densities. These calculated
building shielding factors were found to be about 30% lower than the results using the point-kernel
method.
Figure 2: Original protection factor sheltering geometry model for cloud immersion
Table 2: Burson and Profio's (1979) representative reduction factors for cloud source
Representative reduction factors for cloud source

Structure location Reduction factor
Outside 1
Vehicles 1
Wood-frame house, no basement 0.9
Masonry house, no basement 0.6
Basement of wood frame house 0.6
Basement of masonry house 0.4
Large office or industrial-type building 0.2 or less
19
away from doors and windows
Significant difference between the calculated building shielding factors and previously mentioned
experimental results were justified by Burson and Profio (1977) in that the point-kernel method with an
infinite-medium buildup factor produced results accurate enough for radiation protection purposes.
These building shielding factors developed by Burson and Profio (1975) have been the primary source
data used for most notable radiologic consequence assessments, including; the Reactor Safety Study
(WASH-1400), and Severe Accident Risk: An Assessment for Five U.S. Nuclear Power Plants (NRC, 1990)
(NUREG-1150).
In 1975, the AEC published the Reactor Safety Study (WASH-1400) which attempted to estimate
the relative risk to the public from a potential release of radioactive material from a commercial light-
water nuclear power plant in the U.S. The objective of WASH-1400 was to make a realistic estimate of the
risks these facilities impose and provide perspective, to compare them with non-nuclear risks to which
society and its individuals are likely exposed. As mentioned, the building shielding factors used in this
study were cited from Burson and Profio (1975) for both cloud immersion and uniformly deposited
material. Further realism was modeled in this analysis by developing what is known as representative
shielding factors. Representative shielding factors developed for the WASH-1400 study attempted to
account for lifestyle difference between certain population segments since the available protection varies
throughout one’s day. Details incorporated into representative shielding factors include; shielding
provided by ground roughness data from Huddleston (1964), occupancy frequencies from Robinson
(1966), and the variability of general construction building materials used across differing geographic
locations.
To account for the occupancy frequency of each building-type, data collected from the Robinson
and Converse Time-use study (1966) was used to estimate the fraction of time the population spends in
performing various activities. Since the study was intended to establish the time spent performing
particular activities, it was necessary to categorize each activity by location. These categories were: (1)
home; (2) school or work; (3) commuting; and (4) outdoors. Probability density functions were then
generated for shielding available to the public in respect to the frequencies spent at these locations. To
account for building-type and specific characteristics in each of the five geographical locations, data from
the 1970 Census of Housing (DOC, 1970) and the Federal Housing Authority report (FHA, 1971) , were
used to identify the percentages of brick homes to wood frame homes within the U.S. Information on
specific housing characteristics was gathered from the 1970 Census of Population and Housing (U.S.
Census Bureau, 1970).
20
The frequency distributions for each structure in each of the five regions were related to the
corresponding average shielding factors for a characteristic passing cloud and ground contamination.
When modeling the protective action strategies following a reactor accident, WASH-1400 applied the
same evaluation model for all facilities in all directions without consideration of site-specific
characteristics. The evacuation model is based on earlier research performed by Hans and Sell (1974) for
all facilities in all directions. The affected populations considered were within a five mile radius of the
facility and out to 25 miles within a 45 degree sector about the center-line of the downwind direction.
Aldrich (1978) examined how shielding concepts with existing public and private structures could
be applied to protect the public. He stated the protection strategies designed to decrease exposure to
ionizing radiation were limited to only a few options: (1) population relocation only with no specific
sheltering response initiated; (2) sheltering at location followed by relocation; and (3) preferential
sheltering followed by relocation. Aldrich supports the view that it is desirable to consider alternatives or
supplemental strategies to evacuation that include population sheltering followed by relocation. In
Aldrich’s evaluation of the three protective action strategies identified above, protection strategies two
and three require knowledge of specific building types available in the immediate vicinity. Aldrich applies
building shielding factors developed by Burson and Profio (1975) ultimately to develop representative
shielding factors for specific populations. Their technique of applying generic building shielding factors to
generate applicable representative shielding factors for specific populations was used in both WASH-1400
and NUREG-1150 consequence analysis studies.
Cohen (1978) performed a series of calculations to determine exposure rates applicable to

radioactive fallout deposited in typical urban environments. He explains a step-by-step approach of
analyzing the effects that ground roughness and washout have on exposure thus developing more
realistic dose assessments. If a uniform fallout distribution on the road and neighboring structures is
assumed, one can develop more accurate base-line outdoor exposure estimates. Shielding effects caused
by the presence of large neighboring structures and ground roughness will effectively lower exposure
levels from the historically relied upon infinitely smooth surface. Cohen assessed theoretically the
magnitude of local 'hot spots' caused by the redistribution of fallout as might occur due to the action of
the wind or rain. Cohen’s results verified that protection factors based on uniform deposition onto a
theatrically flat surface overestimates exposure. To realistically assess exposure, Cohen states that
weathering effects need to be accounted for over longer periods of time post deposition.
In 1979, Cohen (1979) experimentally estimated the protection afforded by being indoors against
the inhalation of particulates of outdoor origin. A ventilation model was developed to estimate the
potential effectiveness of sheltering in reducing the dose due to inhaled radionuclides. Results of the
study suggest average protection factors for homes of approximately 4 for large particles (5-micron) and 2
21
for submicron particles. For larger buildings, protection factors were found to be somewhat higher due to
construction type. Use of ''best estimate'' values for the model parameters suggested a protection factor
of 1.5. In light of the results obtained by Cohen, and the uncertainty of the particle size distribution
resulting from a reactor accident, a protection factor of 2 was reasonably assumed for sheltered
individuals with some degree of conservatism. NUREG-1150 (NRC, 1990) suggests that dose from building
infiltration only contributes up to 5% of the total dose for those who stay indoors.
A review performed by Spencer and Clifford (1980) looked at the effects of ground roughness for
Cs-137 sources from prior work performed by Clifford (1963), Clifford (1964) and dependence of total
dose rate and skyshine dose rate on areas of contamination, Clifford (1970). Recommendations of dose
reduction factors ranging from 1.0 for paved areas to 0.5 for deeply plowed fields, with a value of 0.7 to
be a representative average. For ground-surface exposure, an alternative approach to estimating a dose
reduction factor for ground roughness was assumed for concentrations of radionuclides per unit area
deposited on the ground surface being distributed uniformly to a depth of 1 cm. For radionuclides that
emit high-energy photons, this approach gives a dose reduction factor that is consistent with the
representative average of the 0.7 average described by Burson and Profio (1975). This approach of
describing a surface deposition of activity over the depth of 1 cm in soil has the advantage that the
dependence of the dose reduction factor on photons is taken into account. (Till J. E., 2009)
By the 1980’s, the use of shielding factors had more or less been established and computer
technology became powerful enough to allow researchers to use computational modeling in place of
expensive large-scale experiments. Much of the research focus was centered around the need for
improved calculations concerning the potential radiological consequences following a radioactive release
from a nuclear power plant based on concerns stemming from the Chernobyl accident. Much of the data
produced during the 1980’s came from European countries.
Jensen (1982) developed a computer code to calculate shielding factors for indoor residence in
multistory and single-family Danish houses from activity deposited on roofs, outer walls, and ground
surfaces. These shielding factors where then applied to a consequence analysis for a hypothetical
accident at the Barseback nuclear power plant in Sweden (GJØRUP, 1982). Housing data from the Danish
Building Research Institute was the basis for identifying and characterizing the typical Danish house (note:
a specific document reference for the Danish Building Research Institute data was not listed in the
reference section of Jensen (1982) report). To account for more realism in modeling the protections
afforded by an urban home, features such as windows and nearby surroundings were considered. These
dose rates were then compared to a reference dose rate one meter above an infinitely smooth, plane
source. An important feature of Jensen’s model was unique in that it attempted to account for varying
deposition velocities on ground and structural surfaces, as well as various decontamination techniques.
22
For the Copenhagen area result, the time-averaged protection factor for Cs-137 was found to be 80;
meaning the average individual dose rate in a single-family residence in a metropolitan area is 80 times
less than the dose rate one meter above an infinite surface source with the same surface concentration.
In 1984, Jensen (1984) performed additional modeling research to calculate shielding factors for
selected European houses with the computer model DEPSHIELD. Shielding factors were calculated for
single- and multi-story buildings in France, the United Kingdom and Denmark. In general, shielding factors
for single-family homes in all three countries were found to be a factor of one to two higher than those
for buildings with five or more stories. Away from doors and windows, the shielding factors for French,
British, and Danish single-family houses were in the range 0.03 – 0.1, 0.06 – 0.4, and 0.07 - 0.3
respectively. Jensen compared the DEPSHIELD results to the experimental result produced by Auxier
(1959), Burson (1962), Stickler (1960), Burson (1970), and Bore (Borella, 1961) as well as the numerical
methods described by the Standard Method (Spencer, 1962). Jensen found agreement in most cases to
be better than 20% for both the simple block houses and complex structures over a range of shielding
factors down to ~0.01, confirming the validity of the methods used in DEPSHIELD.
2.2.4 1987 through Present

In 1987, Jacob and Mackbach (1987), performed Monte Carlo simulations of shielding
characteristics for European houses in urban and suburban environments. An effort was made to make
realistic estimates of building protection factors from deposited contamination on areas such as lawns,
trees, windows, walls, roofs, paved areas, light-shafts, and internal surfaces. The Monte Carlo models
included in detail, a typical suburban community with a single-family home, semi-detached home, a row
of four large terraced houses and typical lawn and roadway structures. Indoor exposure rates were
determined for different contamination patterns, taking into account decontamination and washout at
time intervals of one week and one year after deposition. Results of their work demonstrated how
shielding factors are relatively independent on time, but vary significantly between dry and wet
depositions.
Grand and Corize (1987) used Monte Carlo methods to determine exposure rates outside and
inside four typical housing unit types found around French nuclear sites. These housing types include both
old and recently built single- and multi-family homes. Attenuation calculations were performed for both
0.5 and 5.0 MeV photons. A historical approach to collecting housing data was taken in which a
combination of census data, tax records and a general knowledge of the historical construction practices
and materials were used to create a representative sample of building types around each facility.
Exposure sampling from within each building-type was performed for multiple locations one meter above
the floor for each level. Shielding factors were computed by taking the quotient of the mean exposure
23
rate on the floor by the exposure rate in open air. Shielding factors for multistory homes were
determined from averages of the calculated exposure rates for each floor.
Catsaros and Vassiliou (1987) develop the SHIELD-F code to assess the average shielding factor
for populations located in the Accica Basin of Greece. The SHIELD-F code has the ability to assess
shielding factors for specified photon energies from activity deposited on roofs, outer walls, and ground
surfaces around residences. SHEILF-F is a FORTRAN-77 version of the program DEPSHIELD, develop by
Jensen.
By the mid-1980s, physical deposition measurements of radionuclides in urban environments

were being collected throughout Europe after the Chernobyl accident. Knowledge of dry deposition
velocities is very useful in assessing the dose to a population in a situation where an area has been
exposed to a cloud of radioactive material under dry weather conditions. (Roed, 1987) Considerations for
a dry deposition relative to contaminations depend primarily on the deposition velocities of the aerosol-
bound radionuclides (Schwarz G. , 1985) and (Roed, 1987). After the initial deposition of radionuclides in
an urban environment different radionuclide concentrations will be found on various deposition surfaces
of the buildings and surroundings. (Jacob P. R., 1988) Jacob and Mackbach (1988) proposed the term of
“location factors” to be used in place of protection factors. Location factors are defined as the ratio of the
exposure rates actually determined at the respective location inside or outside of the building and the
infinitely smooth reference rate. Jacob and Mechbach explain shielding factors do not accurately describe
the effected of dry deposition in the environment with trees, which may be higher than the typically used
reference location. Roed (1987) concluded that deposition velocities of cesium on house surfaces have
shown to be very small values of about 5-10 (m/s), with velocities over road surfaces up to five times
higher. These factors rose further by a factor of 5-10 when considering rough surfaces such as bare soil,
roof and mown grass. The values for bushy and forested areas are even higher. (Roed, 1987)
On July 29, 1980 the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) posted an advance notice to the
nuclear power plant licensee community of a rulemaking for the siting of nuclear power reactors. One of
the principle elements contained in the notice was a request for licensees to perform a comprehensive
analysis of all technical issues relevant to siting nuclear power plants. The NRC directed Sandia National
Laboratory to perform the study and document the technical guidance in NUREG/CR-2239, entitled
“Technical Guidance for Siting Criteria Development,” (NRC, 1981). The work was focused primarily
toward developing generic siting criteria uncoupled from specific plant designs. Four areas considered for
possible sitting criteria of a nuclear power plant included: (1) consequences of hypothetical severe
nuclear-power-plant accidents; (2) characteristics of population distributions about current reactor sites;
(3) site availability within the continental United States; and (4) the socioeconomic impacts of reactor
siting. This study analyzed the impact on consequences of source-term magnitude, meteorology,
24
population distribution, and emergency response. The population distributions about current sites were
analyzed to identify statistical characteristics, time trends, and regional differences. A site-availability data
bank was constructed for the continental United States. The data bank contains information about
population densities, seismicity, topography, water availability, and land-use restrictions. Finally, the
socioeconomic impacts of rural-industrialization projects, energy boomtowns, and nuclear power plants
were examined to determine their nature, magnitude, and dependence on site demography and
remoteness. (NRC, 1981)
Shielding factors used in the consequence assessment for developing generic siting criteria took
into account the important housing characteristics specific to seven regions of the continental United
States. Shielding factors used in the Sandia Siting Study (NRC, 1981) are subsequently cited from Aldrich
(1978). These shielding factors illustrate the impact of the availability of basements upon the degree of
shielding and thereby the reductions in consequences afforded by sheltering in each region of the Unite
States. Also, these shielding factors shows that the mean and 99th percentile values of early fatalities are
substantially less if Northeast regional shielding factors (building characteristics: 87% basements, 47%
brick) are used rather than the Pacific Coast regional shielding factors (building characteristics: 23%
basements, 27% brick). Aldrich also contributed to the consequence analysis portion of WASH-1400 (NRC,
1975), basing the sheltering-in-place protective strategies on data produced by Burson and Profio (1975).
NUREG-0654 (NRC, 1980) entitled, “Criteria for Preparation and Evaluation of Radiological
Emergency Response Plans and Preparedness in Support of Nuclear Power Plants,” provides guidance and
upgraded acceptance criteria for NRC Licensees, State and local governments to develop radiological
emergency plans and to improve emergency preparedness. NUREG/CR-6953 (NRC, 2010), entitled,
“Review of NUREG-0654, Supplement 3, ‘Criteria for Protective Action Recommendations for Severe
Accidents Protective Action Recommendation,” (a.k.a. the PAR Study) provides additional technical basis
for NUREG-0654 (NRC, 1980). NUREG/CR-6953 (NRC, 2010) included an assessment of alternative
protective actions within a range of evacuation times and calculated public health consequences for these
alternative protective actions. Protective action recommendations (PARs) identified in NUREG/CR-6953
(NRC, 2010) was developed to aid in the determination of whether improvements or changes to the
Federal guidance contained in NUREG-0654/FEMA-REP-1, Supplement 3 (NRC, 1996) would be beneficial.
NUREG/CR-6953 Vol. 3 (NRC, 2010b) entitled, “Review of NUREG-0654, Supplement 3, “Criteria for
Protective Action Recommendations for Severe Accidents,” is the final volume of the PAR Study and
provides the technical basis for decision criteria that can be used by licensees and offsite response
organizations to enhance protective action strategies for rapidly progressing nuclear power plant
accidents.
25
One parameter varied in the PAR Study was the duration of the shelter-in-place protective
action. The duration was incrementally increased to aid in bounding when shelter-in-place is more
protective. Varying the shelter-in-place duration represented a longer mobilization time of the general
public. Shielding values for shelter-in-place were applied for the duration during which residents were
sheltered. Very little documentation was found with regard to the sources of shielding factors used in the
PAR study, however NUREG/CR-6953, Vol. 3 references NUREG-1150 (NRC, 1990) for shielding factors
borrowed from recommendations made by Burson Profio (1975), Ostmeyer and Helton (1988), select
European studies, and Roed (1988).
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) (1984) performed a study for the NRC to explore the
relationship between nuclear power plant site characteristics, emergency preparedness and response.
This evaluation concentrated on measures to reduce potential short-term effects of a reactor accident by
considering a number of protective actions, e.g., evacuation, sheltering, ventilation controls, air filters,
and pharmaceutical prophylaxis. This work can be found in the ORNL report, ORNL-5941 (ORNL, 1984) ,
entitled, “Protective Actions as a Factor in Power Reactor Siting.”
Results from the accident consequence calculations indicated a prompt evacuation of the local
population is the most effective way of reducing acute fatalities and health effects, but requires both
early notification and expeditious movement to be successful. The study states early notification can
reduce the delay in leaving the area after the release occurs and that it would be best if the population
was notified well in advance of an actual major release. Any time-delay in notifying the public would
dependent on such factors as operator recognition of the emergency conditions, predetermined action
levels for recommending evacuation, early and prompt notification of the public, and the motivation of
the public to respond. Impediments to evacuation will affect the expeditious movement away from the
reactor. Some of these impediments may be siting issues. A number of site-specific factors, such as
geography, transportation systems, frequent bad weather conditions, institutional populations, and
political considerations can make planning for effective evacuation a very complex problem. If alternative
or corrective measures cannot be identified, the inability to evacuate promptly the area around a
proposed plant site could be sufficient reason to prevent siting there. (ORNL, 1984)
While siting a nuclear power plant, the study ORNL study suggests local housing stock should be
reviewed to understand the character, kind, and availability of shelter in the area. Higher quality shelters
are typically found in highly populated areas, and less so in sparsely populated areas. However, it is not
wise to site a nuclear reactor near urban environments in order to have better shelters for sheltering-in-
place protective actions. It is also not particularly wise to site a nuclear reactor in sparsely populated
areas if no adequate local sheltering is available, should the need arise. A few reactors have been sighted
near highly populated areas, Indian Point is one example. For emergency planning measures, the best
26
available sheltering near these facilities should be evaluated in the event of a large accidental release.
Also, many facilities in the U.S. built over 40-years ago in sparsely populated areas now have much larger
population centers around them due to the availability of jobs and prosperous economic development.
These populations are known as energy boom towns. In such cases, reassessments of the viability of the
original emergency plans should continually be reviewed. Local infrastructure needs to be periodically
reevaluated to understand whether expeditious movement would be successful if shelter-in-place
protective actions were more suited to the present surrounding population. This report refers to building
shielding factors used in WASH-1400 (NRC, 1975); which are referenced from research performed by
Burson and Profio (1975) and Huddleston et. al. (1964).
In 1988, Mechbach and Paretzke, continued their work in developing building shielding factors
for urban environments using Monte Carlo Methods and published a two-part paper on their results.
They include the same models considered in their previous work (prefabricated house, a semi-detached
house, and a row of four large terrace houses), as well as a multistory house block (also known as garden-
style apartments). Computations were performed for three source energies of 0.3 MeV, 0.622 MeV and
3.0 MeV. In the first part, results for exposure at various locations inside and outside the buildings due to
surface contamination are presented separately for each of the various deposition areas (walls, window,
roofs, light shafts, paved areas, lawns, and trees). The second part presents work focused on different
source strength patterns for the various urban surfaces like windows, external walls, roofs, paved areas,
lawns, trees, etc. These parameters were varied by a number of factors such as weathering conditions at
the time of deposition and the time elapsed between deposition and the effects of decontamination
measures. The values for the relative source strength on lawns, streets and roofs were derived from
measurements of wet deposition from Chernobyl fallout. (Jacob P. M., 1987)
In 1990, the NRC published the study, “Severe Accident Risk: An assessment for Five Nuclear
Power Plants,” to assess the risks from severe accidents for five commercial nuclear power plants in the
U.S. A description of the offsite consequence analysis data is summarized in Volume 2, Section A.5 of
Appendix A (NRC, 1990). A more thorough description of the methodology to evaluate severe accident
risks can be found in NUREG/CR-4551 (NRC, 1993), entitled, “Evaluation of Severe Accident Risks:
Methodology for the Containment, Source Term, Consequence, and Risk Integration Analyses.” Specific
inputs into the consequence model are given in Volume 2, Part 7 of NUREG/CR-4551 (NRC, 1993a). In this
study, building shielding factors from cloudshine were qualitatively calculated using first principle mass-
attenuation calculations as described by Ostmeyer and Helton (1988) and compared to experimental
calculations made by Burson and Profio (1975). As stated, these building shielding factors were found to
be within reasonable agreement. Burson and Profio’s (1975) shielding factors were used for shielding
from cloudshine. A review of groundshine shielding values were also examined by Burson and Profio
27
(1975), Ostmeyer and Helton (1988) and the European studies mentioned above. Inspection of
NUREG/CR-4551 (NRC, 1993) suggests that reasonable values for groundshine shielding factors used in
the consequence study for normal activity were 0.5 for wood frame houses, 0.3 for masonry houses, 0.3
for schools and small office buildings, and 0.1 for basements. For sheltering, the following values were
recommended: 0.4 for wood frame houses, 0.2 for masonry houses, 0.2 for schools and small office
buildings, and 0.05 for basements.
Eckerman and Ryman (1993) published tabulated dose coefficients for external exposures to
photons and electrons emitted by radionuclides distributed in air, water and soil. These dose coefficients
are used by both federal agencies and utility companies when performing consequence analyses. These
dose coefficients are based on standard dosimetry methodologies and take account of the energy and
angular distributions of the radiations incident upon the body and the transport of these radiations within
the body. Particular effort was devoted to expanding the information available for the assessment of the
radiation dose from radionuclides distributed on or below the surface of the ground. (Eckerman, 1993) ()
These dose coefficients are used in conjunction with building shielding factors developed by Burson and
Profio (1975) for most U.S. contemporary radiological consequence assessments when modeling the
exposure to the public within buildings.
In 1996, Muck (1996) researched the shielding factors of buildings in a typical Austria urban
environment. Muck performed measurements on 41 Viennese housing units to best represent the
building stock of the city. Muck established nine different building categories according to their
construction period. Exposure measurements were taken in both outdoor and indoor locations with in-
situ gamma spectroscopy. Muck’s work was unique in the sense that an assessment between the
shielding effects of buildings built before World War II and those build afterword was made. Older
buildings built before WWII had higher shielding factors than modern prefabricated buildings and single-
family homes built afterword. The higher factors are presumably due to the use of heavy building
material.
Since the housing features in a particular country depend much on regional and local climate,
Salinas (2006) developed shielding factors specific for a typical house in Brazil; a warm climate with
varying socioeconomics. Housing in warm climates is of much lighter construction than in cold ones,
which reflects on the amount of shielding against radiation they provide. (Salinas I. C., 2006) Salinas notes
how socioeconomic factors, such as wealth, influence the local and regional building stock and should be
taken into account when developing representative building shielding factors. Shielding factors were
calculated by Salinas for three different housing patterns ranging from very simple to very complex
structures with Monte Carlo methods for photon energies for 0.3 MeV, 0.662 MeV, and 3.0 MeV.
28
2.3 Application of Building Shielding Factors in Emergency Response Planning

Good emergency response planning leads to good emergency response. Emergency response
planning for nuclear facilities involve a variety of stakeholders at all levels of government and industry. At
the Federal level, the roles and responsibilities of emergency response planning for nuclear facilities are
coordinated between the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The NRC and FEMA are responsible
for ensuring emergency plans are adequate to protect the public health and safety. FEMA is the federal
interface with State and local governments with regards to emergency preparedness. NRC provides
assistance in offsite preparedness. State and local government officials have the overall responsibility of
deciding and implementing the appropriate protective actions for the public during a radiological
emergency. These officials base their decisions on the protective action recommendations by advice
given by the nuclear facility operator and their own radiological or health organizations.
The purpose of an emergency preparedness program is to enable emergency personnel to

rapidly identify, evaluate and react to a wide spectrum of emergencies. The incidence response program
at the NRC falls under the U.S. National Response Framework (NRF). The NRF presents guidance for all
response partners to prepare for and provide a unified national response to disasters and emergencies.
The framework defines the key principles, roles, and structures that organize the way the U.S.
government responds to the event. The framework also describes how communities, tribes, State, the
Federal Government, private-sector and nongovernmental partners apply these principles for a
coordinated, effective national response to the event. It also identifies special circumstances where the
Federal Government exercises a larger role, including incidences where Federal interests are involved and
catastrophic events overwhelm the response capabilities of state governments.
Under the National Response Framework, the NRC’s primary mission is to protect the public
health and safety from a nuclear threat. The NRC maintains oversight of many of the nation’s nuclear
facilities by maintaining four regional offices that implement the agencies inspection program.
Inspections are an important element of NRC's oversight of its licensees to ensure they meet regulatory
requirements. When licensees meet these requirements, the agency knows they are most likely
conducting safe operations that protect the public and the environment from any undue nuclear risk. A
key component of the agency’s mission is to ensure adequate protective actions are in place prior to an
even taking place. The NRC ensures the effectiveness of any emergency preparedness plan by reviewing
the capabilities of nuclear plant operators in response to a nuclear emergency. As part of the condition to
owning a license to operate a nuclear power plant, licensees must develop and maintain emergency
preparedness plans. The NRC assesses these emergency response plans and requires additional full-scale
29
exercises at least once every two years which include participation from other federal, states and local
government agencies.
In general, a nuclear emergency is divided into four Emergency Classifications based on a set of
nuclear operating plant conditions. These plant conditions indicate the level of risk to the general public
and increase in severity. The four emergency classifications (NRC, 2012) are:
 Notification of Unusual Event – emergency events are in process or have occurred which indicate
potential degradation in the level of safety of the plant. Neither a release of radioactive material
is expected nor is the initiation of offsite emergency response expected unless further
degradation occurs.
 Alert – events at the facility are in process or have occurred which involve an actual or potential
substantial derogation in the level of safety of the plant. Releases of nuclear material are
expected to be limited to a small fraction of the EPA protective action recommendations.
 Site Area Emergency – events at the facility result in actual or likely major failures of plant
functions needed for protection of the public. Any release of radioactive material are not
expected to exceed the EPS PAGS excepts near the site boundary.
 General Emergency – actual or imminent core damage with the potential for loss of containment
integrity is expected. Releases of radioactive material can reasonably be expected to exceed the
EPA PAGs for more than the immediate site area. In terms of fission product barriers, loss of two
barriers with potential loss of the third barrier constitutes a General Emergency Onsite and
offsite emergency response plans must meet the standards listed in 10 CFR 50.47 in order there
to be reasonable assurance that adequate protective measures can and will be taken in the event
of a radiological emergency. To assist emergency planners develop protective action strategies,
two emergency planning zones (EPZs) around the facility are required by the NRC to be assessed.
The two EPZs are described as followed:
o Plume Exposure Pathway – encompasses an area around a nuclear facility within 10
miles. Predetermined protective action plans are in place for this EPZ and are designed
to avoid or reduce dose from potential exposure of radioactive materials.
o Ingestion Exposure Pathway - encompasses an area around a nuclear facility within 50
miles. Predetermined protective action plans are in place for this EPZ and are designed
to avoid or reduce dose from potential ingestion of radioactive materials. These actions
include a ban of contaminated food and water.
If an incident at a nuclear reactor is expected to result in exposures that exceed the EPA’s
protective action guidelines (PAGs), facility personnel evaluate/diagnose current plant conditions and
30
then make protective action recommendations (PARs) to the State and local government agencies on how
to protect the population within 15 minutes of declaring an emergency classification. If an incident
involving a dirty bomb were to occur, emergency response and preparedness efforts would first direct
those in the immediate area to first move away from the detonation location and shelter-in-place until
further notice. In most instances, the conventional explosive itself would have more immediate lethality
than the radioactive material. At the levels created by the most probable source, not enough radiation
would be present in a dirty bomb to kill people of cause severe illness. These bombs do however eject
and disperse material into the air, contaminating the environment.
In 1992, the EPA published emergency protection guidelines for federal, state and local
governments for use in developing emergency management procedures. The report states emergency
planners should identify the population distribution, the sheltering effectiveness of residences and other
structures, institutions containing population groups that require special consideration, evacuation
routes, and logical boundaries for evacuation zones, transportation systems, communication systems, and
special problems. This type of detailed analysis requires collecting planning information data before and
following an incident. The data can then be used to evaluate whether evacuation, sheltering, or a
combination of sheltering followed by evacuation should be recommended at different locations. For the
sheltering-in-place protective action, the technical basis supporting the EPA (1992) recommendations can
be found in EPA (1978a) report entitled, “Protective Action Evaluation Part 1: The Effectiveness of
Sheltering as a Protective Action Against Nuclear Accidents Involving Gaseous Releases,” and EPA (1978b),
entitled, “Protective Action Evaluation Part II: Evacuation and Sheltering as Protective Actions Against
Nuclear Accidents Involving Gaseous Releases.” Both of these studies cite the same methodologies and
technical basis used in the Reactor Safety Study, WASH-1400 (NRC, 1975). WASH-1400 (NRC, 1975),
NUREG-0654 (1980) and NUREG-1550 (NRC, 1990) , all based the same methodologies and technical basis
for the use of shielding factors on Burson and Profio’s (1975) building shielding study and Aldrich’s (1978)
method of applying generic shielding factors to representative populations.
Through the 1990’s, emergency response research began to focus on risk assessments associated
with a radiological dispersion device (RDD) events. An RDD (a.k.a. dirty bomb) is a conventional explosive
packaged within a radiological material. Terrorist may use an RDD to disperse radioactive material across
a populated area, causing casualties and/or economic damage. (Dombroski M., 2006) The time to
implement protection actions in response to a terrorist event is short and decision-makers must have the
best available information to make well-informed decisions on which actions should be made. The use of
available shelters in the immediate vicinity to protect a population from exposure to ionizing radiation
plays an important role in developing effective emergency responses to an RDD event.
31
In 2006, Dombroski (2006) discusses how recommendations to protect the public depend on
many different variables. These variables include; the amount of trauma at ground zero, the
capability of emergency responders to get trauma victims to local hospitals quickly and efficiently, how
quickly evacuations can take place in the city and the amount of shielding available by local shelters.
Dombroski (2006) used a parametric analysis to model realistic risk assessments to identify which
variables affect an optimal risk reduction policy. With regard to sheltering a population,
recommendations by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Report No.
138, entitled, “Management of Terrorist Events Involving Radioactive Material,” (NCRP, 2001) are
reference in Dombroski’s study. NCRP suggests sheltering-in-place protective actions in masonry
buildings can reduce radiation exposures by about 40%. This protective action would be particularly
effective in dense urban environments located in the northeast where many residential homes are
constructed out of heavy materials. Dombroski states a one-size-fits-all emergency contingency plans
would not be effective in protecting all populations at risk and depending on how it was implemented,
could result in significant unnecessary and preventable deaths. Worst-case, bounding studies do not
capture the interaction between the treatment of trauma victims and the exposure of the public to long-
term cancer risk. Carefully modeling the fate and transport of radioactive material from an RDD event
while making gross simplifications about what the public would do is not sufficient for evaluating
response decisions. (Dombroski M., 2006)
More recent research on reducing the consequences of a radiation exposure following a release
of nuclear material or detonation of an RDD indicates that other modeling assumptions should also be
readdressed. These assumptions include advancements in computational power, weather forecasting
technologies, probabilistic risk assessment technologies, refined health effects models, and finely tuned
emergency management and response capabilities at all level of governments. Federal agencies, such as
the NRC, EPA and FEMA, have developed guidance to assist emergency planning teams in the
development of robust emergency response plans.
The NRC is specifically charged with the authority to oversee the operations of commercial,
academic, and military nuclear facilities to protect the public health and environment. The Federal
Guidance report published in NUREG-0654/FMEA-REP-1 (NRC, 1980), “Criteria for Preparation and
Evaluation of Radiological Emergency Plans and Preparedness in Support of Nuclear Power Plants,” and
the EPA-400-R-92-001 (EPA, 1982), “Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for
Nuclear Incidents,” give guidance to local, state, and federal governments in preparing and responding to
nuclear accidents. A supplement to the PAG (Supplement 3) gives additional guidance for protective
action strategies, which include: staged evacuations and expanded use of shelter-in-place philosophy;
guidance for public information material and messaging; and, logical diagram development tools to aid in
32
the decision-making process. Under regulations governing radiological emergency planning and
preparedness issued by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (47 FR10758, March 11, 1982), the
Environmental Protection Agency's responsibilities include, among others: (1) establishing Protective
Action Guide s (PAGs); (2) preparing guidance on implementing PAGs, including recommendations on
protective actions; (3) developing and promulgating guidance to State and local governments on the
preparation of emergency response plans; and, (4) developing, implementing, and presenting training
programs for State and local officials on PAGs and protective actions, radiation dose assessment, and
decision-making. (EPA, 1982) The regulatory basis for protective action recommendations falls under 10
CFR 50.47 (b) (10), entitled, “Emergency Planning,” and states that:
“A range of protective actions has been developed for the

plume exposure pathway EPZ for emergency workers and the public.
In developing this range of actions, consideration has been given to
evacuation, sheltering, and, as a supplement to these, the prophylactic
use of potassium iodide (KI), as appropriate. Guidelines for the choice
of protective actions during an emergency, consistent with Federal
guidance, are developed and in place, and protective actions for the
ingestion exposure pathway EPZ appropriate to the locale have been
developed.”
While the NRC requires protective actions be developed, the means for controlling radiological exposures
to the public shall include exposure guidelines consistent with the EPA Emergency Worker and Lifesaving
Activity Protective Action Guides. These protective actions are expected to balance the risk of acute
health effects with the initial uncertainties surrounding the nature of the threat, the need for timeliness,
and the certain health risks associated with an unwarranted evacuation. An unwarranted evacuation can
be a non-conservative response for certain population segments.
For example, many emergency response plans are prospective in nature and make many
simplifying assumptions in respect to the atmospheric transport and public response to an event. Till
(2008) states the most important meteorological parameter for atmospheric transport and diffusion is the
wind. The magnitude of exposure to an atmospheric release of nuclear material depends on the
atmospheric transport, diffusion, and deposition process. In the absence of complex, accurate weather
information, fallout modeling has typically relied on the cigar-shaped Gaussian fallout pattern.
(Buddemeier, 2010) Those who develop and interpreted these models must be careful or they can
produce incorrect and misleading results. (Till E. J., 2008) This is due to the idealized transport and
diffusion of the plume based the Pasquill-Gifford Stability Categories. The Pasquill-Gifford Stability
Categories are generic atmospheric stability classes that describe the vertical and horizontal distribution
33
of contaminates as Gaussian in nature. These stability classes were based on environmental monitoring
measurements from a stack release of short, 30 minute time intervals at a traveling distance of about 10
miles in ideal atmospheric weather conditions. Buddemeir (2010) states that; although this pattern would
occur under ideal weather conditions, it is not a good planning assumption because fallout patterns would
most likely be irregular or differently shaped in real-world atmospheric conditions.
Basing community or regional response plans on the expectation of a Gaussian fallout pattern
would create a false impression that fallout would be limited to a symmetrical, easily defined area that
could be quickly and easily traversed and that the population in the fallout area would have perfect
situational awareness of which areas had been contaminated. (Buddemeier, 2010) These false
expectations may contribute to “evacuate immediately” guidance, which can actually result in higher
exposures, since it would put people outdoors and in harm’s way when the radiation levels would be
highest. (Davis, 2003) This most recent work in emergency response highlights the importance of
considering sheltering-in-place protective actions over the evacuation during the early phase of a release
of nuclear material to the atmosphere. As a result, a better understanding of the available housing stock
in urban environments and the shielding available to the public needs further review since most data are
based on experimental measurements performed in the 1960s and 1970 as mentioned earlier.
In 2009, Brandt and Yoshimura (Brandt, 2009b) performed an analysis of the sheltering and
evacuation strategies for an urban nuclear donation scenario of a 10 kt bomb. The focus was to reduce
the number of people who receive very high radiation doses that might lead to acute radiation sickness by
analyzing the shelter quality immediately available to the public. Results show that shelter quality and its
availability is key to the effectiveness of the shelter-in-place protective action procedures. Results from
the analyses were;
 When high-quality shelter (protection factor ~10 or greater) is available, shelter-in-place for at
least 24 hours is generally preferred over evacuation;
 Early shelter-in-place followed by informed evacuation (where the best evacuation route is
employed) can dramatically reduce harmful radiation exposure in cases where high-quality
shelter is not immediately available;
 Evacuation is of life-saving benefit primarily in those hazardous fallout regions where shelter
quality is low and external fallout dose rates are high. These conditions may apply to only small
regions within the affected urban region; and
 External transit from a low-quality shelter to a much higher-quality shelter can significantly
reduce radiation dose received, if the move is made soon after the detonation and if the transit
times are short.
34
The shielding factors used for the study (Brandt, 2009b) were supplied by Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (LLNL). The shielding factors are for a generic: (1) a 1-story wood frame house of a
protection factor of PF =2-3 and PF=10 in the basement; (2) 2-story brick/veneer PF=3 and PF=20 in the
basement; (3) 3-story brick/concrete PF=7 and PF=50 in the basement; (4) 5-story brick/concrete PF=10-
20 and PF=100-200 in the basement; and (5) large office buildings with PF=10-100 and PF=20-200 in the
basement. The technical basis supporting these reduction factors are adapted from the Glasstone and
Dolan (1977). This work was ultimately based on Office of Civil Defense experiments in the 1950s and
1960s.
Also in 2009, Brandt and Yoshimura (2009b) reported on the development of a software program
named NUclear EVacuation Analysis Code (NUEVAC). NUEVAC is a tool for the evaluation of sheltering
and evacuation responses following urban nuclear detonations developed at Sandia National
Laboratories. Brandt states that NUEVAC can model a wide range of behaviors, including complex
evacuation timing and path selection, as well as various sheltering or mixed evacuation and sheltering
strategies. It allows the zoning of an urban area with occupants of each zone assigned a specific shelter-
evacuation action. The focus of the NUEVAC tool is on decisions that must be made by local responders
within the first 72 hours after an urban nuclear detonation. The NUEVAC code is an important example of
what the emergency management and planning communities are moving towards with regards to state-
of-the-art consequence analysis for emergency response purposes.
Most recently, an assessment of protection factors for fallout radiation was discussed in an
Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) Modeling and Analysis Coordination Working Group Technical Seminar
(2010) given by Jeffery Johnson from Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The seminar was entitled,
“Assessment of Building Protection Factors for Fallout and Prompt Radiation Due to An Improvised
Nuclear Device Urban Detonation,” Johnson (2010). The objective of the work was to determine radiation
protection factors afforded to occupants of representative urban buildings from prompt and non-
uniformly distributed fallout radiation fields generated by the detonation of an improvised nuclear device.
Three building types were selected for analysis and related to those found in the Multi-hazard Loss
Estimation Methodology: Earthquake Model (FEMA, 2003) developed by the Department of Homeland
Security. General building stock data for single-family residential housing and manufactured housing are
presented in this report which compiles a number of other national databases on housing stock. Data
bases include the 2002 Census of Population and Housing and general housing characteristic provided by
the DOE Housing Characteristics 1993 survey (DOE, 1995). The particle transport code, Monte Carlo N-
Particle Transport (MCNP), was used to analyze the protection afforded certain buildings from ionizing
radiation. Simulations were run for: (1) single-family homes – modeled vinyl and brick exterior; (2) garden
35
apartment buildings – modeled vinyl and brick exterior; and (3) residential office buildings. Simulation
results were used to produce detailed isopleth exposure plots for each building-type. Data found in Multi-
hazard Loss Estimation Methodology (FEMA, 2003) contains descriptions of each building-type, frame
type and the number of stories for each. Final protection factors were calculated at 1 meter above the
floor at varying locations within each structure using a free-in-air tissue KARMA response function. The
source term used peak fallout source gamma distribution that would be found 1-km down wind, one hour
after detonation. Source terms were generated by Defense land Fallout Interpretative Code (DELFIC).
Johnson states results from this Monte Carlo analysis are consistent with previously published numbers
for single-family home and garden-style apartments from Mechbach and Paretzke (Jacob P. R., 1988) and
Burson and Profio (Burson Z. G., 1975).
2.4 Probabilistic Risk Assessment and Severe Accidents Overview
2.4.1 Introduction
The use of probabilistic risk (PRA) assessment has been recognized by both the U.S. NRC and the
nuclear industry as a powerful tool in supplementing traditional deterministic and defense-in-depth
engineering approaches to reactor safety and regulatory decision-making. The use of PRA was introduced
by the Commission to the NRC in the August 16, 1995 Federal Register, Vol. 60, p 42622, entitled, “Use of
Probabilistic Risk Assessment Methods in Nuclear Regulatory Activities: Final Policy Statement.” This
publication directed the NRC staff to develop a regulatory framework that incorporates risk insight into
their decision-making process. The framework was later addressed in the November 27, 1995 paper to
the Commission, entitled, “Framework for Applying Probabilistic Risk Analysis in Reactor Regulation,”
SECY-95-280. This document addressed the need to apply PRA to in-service inspections of piping within
the agency’s Standard Review Plan. Since then, a number of federal and industrial lead efforts have been
made to develop and assist the community in increasing the use of PRA in nuclear plant design, operation
and regulation. Examples include; the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) initiated Code
Cases N-560, entitled, ”Alternative Examination Requirements for Class 1, Category B-J Piping Welds
Section XI, Division 1," in August 9, 1996, Code Case N-577, entitled “Risk-Informed Requirements for
Class 1, 2, and 3 Piping, Method A, Section XI, Division 1,” and Code Case N-578, entitled, “Risk-Informed
nd
Requirements for Class 1, 2, and 3 Piping, Method B, Section XI, Division 1,” September 2 1997. The
non-profit organization, the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), published its guidance for
implementing PRA for both regulatory and non-regulatory applications (1995). The latest guidance issued
by the NRC in implementing PRA into its decision making process can be found in the Regulatory Guide
1.174, entitled, “An Approach for Using Probabilistic Risk Assessment in Risk-Informed Decisions on Plant-
Specific Changes to the Licensing Basis.”
36
For licensing purposes, 10 CFR Part 100 requires an analysis of accidental fission product release
resulting from “substantial meltdown” of the core into the containment. This accident is postulated to
occur and its potential radiological consequences are evaluated assuming that the containment remains
intact, but leaks at a maximally allowable rate. (L. Soffer, 1995) The fission product release assumed for
these calculations is based upon a major accident, hypothesized for purposes of site analysis or postulated
from considerations of possible accidental events that would result in potential hazards not exceeded by
those from an accident considered credible. To perform such an analysis, the traditional PRA for a nuclear
power plant is traditionally divided into three phases. These phases have been documented in a series of
guidelines and publications by a number of stakeholders, in both industry and various government and
international organizations. These three phases are:
 Level 1: the assessment of plant failures leading to core damage;

 Level 2: the assessment of containment response to level 1 results to determine the source term
release frequency; and,
 Level 3: the assessment of off-site consequences from the release of radioactive material.
Level 1 Probabilistic Risk Assessment
The first step to a fully integrated PRA is to develop a model that defines an initiating event of a
potential accident, the plant response to the initiating event, and the spectrum of plant damage states as
a result. In the case of a risk assessment for a nuclear facility, a Level 1 PRA is completed to estimate the
frequency of accidents that will cause damage to the core, i.e., core damage frequency (CDF). The plant
response pathways resulting from an initiating event are called accident sequences. Specific accident
sequences consist of an initiating event group, specified system failures and successes, their timings and
human responses. (Tao Liu, 2008) Due to the complexity of nuclear power systems, numerous accident
sequences are produced from individual initiating events. These accident sequences arise from various
system operation responses and operator actions that will result in a safe recovery or core damage. The
modeling of the system responses resulting from an initiating event produces event sequences of either
successful or non-successful mitigating systems or operator actions. This is an inductive model approach
to analyzing the system behavior and is utilized in a common risk analysis tool called an event-tree
diagram. An event-tree graphically represents the various accident scenarios that can occur as a result of
an initiating event, and considers the responses from all related systems that could respond to the event
until the sequence ends in either a safe recovery or core damage. For initiating events that result in a
system failure, another set of models are developed to analyze the CDF in detail.
37
A Level 2 PRA uses the CDF results (from the Level 1 PRA) and focuses on plant system behavior
through fault-tree diagrams to estimate the frequency of accidents that lead to containment failure and
subsequent release of radioactivity to the environment. Fault-tree diagrams are a deductive modeling
approach, which identifies combinations of equipment failures and human errors that result in an
accident. Accident frequencies resulting in core damage are referred to as severe accidents. Each CDF is
screened for selection and placed into common groups that define a certain plant damage state (PDS).
The PDS provides detailed information regarding plant system performance through the core damage
sequences, taking into account certain engineered safety features and emergency response procedures to
prevent and or mitigate the release of radioactive material to the environment. The end state of the
sequence is defined as release categories (source term), which correspond to different release features,
such as a large early release. The source term contains information on the radionuclide inventory, plume
energy and release height of the contaminant. This information is fed into the radiological consequence
assessment, i.e., the Level 3 PRA.
For all practical purposes, a Level 3 PRA is a radiological impact assessment or consequence
analysis. Their purpose is to investigate the injuries to the general public and economic losses that might
result if radioactivity escapes from the reactor containment to the environment. The analysis utilizes the
source term results derived from the Level 2 analysis and is defined as the process of estimating the dose
and risk to humans from radioactive materials in the environment. The consequence analysis is the last
step in a PRA which integrates results from the Level 1 and 2 PRAs to produce tangible results that are
easily communicated to the general public. The Level 3 PRA result gives valuable insight into the relative
importance of various risk contributors and allows utility operators and regulators to focus limited
resources on those most important to public health and safety. However, as previously discussed, they
are costly and complex to perform in extreme detail, and are not routinely used in risk-informed
regulatory decision-making. Instead, estimates of reactor specific risk metrics produced from Level 1 and
2 PRAs are used to compare against the Commission Safety Goals.
Due to the large variability in facility locations, site parameters, and population inhabitance, a
Level 3 PRA requires a large set of input data to accurately model and calculate risk. Each parameter
carries its own uncertainties, which are also difficult to characterize. As a result of the model having
multiple parameters and large uncertainties associated with each, consequence assessments are widely
bound with no specific certainties. This makes risk-informed regulatory decision-making based on these
analyses difficult since many of the parameters and outputs are left to interpretation. However, the
38
importance of Level 3 PRA resides in the fact that a direct comparison can made to satisfy the
Commissions’ quantitative health objectives by theoretically integrating all risks from all hazards
associated with nuclear power plant operations.
2.4.2 Nuclear Power Plant Risk Assessment: Prior to 1946

Contemporary radiological risk assessments began with the testing of nuclear weapons as
scientist tried to predict the path of radioactive fallout and the dose to people who lived downwind from
the detonation. Early research in the area, more than any other, laid the foundation for the methods use
today to estimate risk to people from radioactive materials in the environment. (Till E. J., 2008) Examples
of early areas of research include; source term estimates, radioactive material transport assessments,
exposure assessment to humans and biota, dose and risk coefficients development, and risk
communication.
2.4.3 Nuclear Power Plant Risk Assessment: 1946-1995

The Evolution of Regulatory Bodies
After World War II, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was established in 1947 to foster
the control and peaceful development of atomic science and technology. The AEC was later dismantled
by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, which was passed during the 1973 oil crisis. Its functions were
assigned to two new agencies; the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), and the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The ERDA was responsible for energy research and development,
managing the country’s nuclear weapons stockpile, and the U.S. naval reactor program. The NRC would
regulate the commercial nuclear power industry. The ERDA was later combined with the Federal Energy
Administration to form what is known as the U.S. Department of Energy.
Design-basis Accidents and Defense-in-Depth Philosophy:
Early regulations surrounding nuclear power applications attempted to ensure adequate

protection of the public health and safety through a conservative, deterministic approach. This approach
demonstrated how nuclear power plant designs would withstand a set of predefined worst-cast design-
basis accidents (DBAs). Design-basis accidents are defined as postulated accidents that a nuclear facility
must be designed and built to withstand without loss to the systems, structures, and components
necessary to ensure public health and safety. All DBAs are either mitigated and/or controlled by the
reactor safety systems with little or no assistance from the reactor operators. The DBA concept is useful
for both normal and abnormal operations and help nuclear power plant designers propose, and regulators
verify that, performance requirements for the reactor structure, systems and components are adequate
to perform as intended. In addition to the DBA concept, the AEC also embraced a defense-in-depth
philosophy of redundant safety-systems. The defense-in-depth philosophy is defined as an approach to
39
designing and operating nuclear facilities that prevent and mitigate accidental releases of radiation or
hazardous materials. This strategy relies on creating a system with multiple independent and redundant
layers of defense to compensate for potential human and mechanical failures so no single layer of safety
systems is exclusively relied upon. Defense-in-depth consists as a hierarchical deployment of different
levels of equipment and procedures which maintain the effectiveness of physical barriers placed between
radioactive materials and workers, the public or the environment in normal and anticipated operational
occurrences. Defense-in-depth is implemented through design and operation to provide a graded
protection against a wide variety of transients, incidents and accidents, including equipment failures and
human errors, within the plant and events initiated outside the plant. (Group, 1996) Theoretically,
defense-in-depth strategies would mitigate the consequences of a severe accident resulting in core
damage or even beyond-design-basis accidents should one occur. Beyond-design-basis accidents are
more serious accidents that may involve significant core degradation and/or impose a significant release
of radioactive material into the environment. To better understand the DBA and defense-in-depth
philosophies of reactor design, deterministic consequence analyses were performed in the 1950’s.
The first consequence analysis entitled, “Theoretical Possibilities and Consequences of Major
Accidents in Large Nuclear Power Plants,” (WASH-740) was performed in the 1950s and published in
March 1957 by the AEC. Its purpose was to develop the technical basis in support of the Congressional
deliberation on the Price-Anderson Act to govern the liability-related issues for all non-military nuclear
facilities constructed in the US. Its intent was to evaluate the adequacy of facility sitting and design in
order to ensure the public was adequately protected against potential accidents at commercial nuclear
power facilities. WASH-740 (1957) estimates consequence resulting from a nuclear power plant severe
accident by analyzing three typical cases for a 500 MWe reactor: (1) Contained – no release but a “gamma
shine” dose; (2) Volatile Release – significant faction of noble gases, halogens, est., released; and (3) 50
Percent Release – 50% of all fission products in reactor released to atmosphere. At that point in time, the
large loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) was thought to be the most probable worst-case radioactive
releases to the environment. The consequence calculations from the study resulted in a maximum 3400
fatalities and $7 billion potential damage from a nuclear accident. It is important to note that this was a
deterministic study and did not use PRA methodology to calculate risk estimates, however, the probability
-5 -9
of a sever accident was estimated to be between 10 to 10 per reactor-year of operation.
As PRA methodology and technology evolved, the AEC initiated another consequence study in
the 1970s. The study was published in 1974 entitled, the “Reactor Safety Study” (WASH-1400) to
estimate the public risk involved with potential accidents in commercial light-water nuclear power plants
in the U.S. The objective of this study was to make a realistic estimate of the risks these facilities impose
40
and provide perspective, to compare them with non-nuclear risks to which society and its individuals are
likely to be exposed.
Following WASH-1400, the NRC initiated a research program to improve its ability to assess the
risks of severe accidents for commercial light-water reactors. Most of this research focused on methods
used to assess the frequencies of accidents, collection of operational plant data, and advance methods for
assessing the impacts of human error and other common-cause failures that result in core damage.
Additional research was performed in previously overlooked severe accident phenomena identified in
WASH-1400 such as interactions between molten core-containment structures interactions and
containment bypass events.
After the 1979 accident at Three Mile Island, two investigations were commissioned: (1) the
Report of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island (Kemeny, 1979); and (2) Three
Mile Island-A Report to the Commissioners and to the Public, (Rogovin, 1979). Both reports
recommended that the NRC incorporate PRA methodology and technology as a complement to its
traditional defense-in-depth method of analyzing nuclear plant safety, consider additional initiating
events, and develop probabilistic safety-goals which define “how safe was safe enough”. These two
investigations initiated a substantial research program on severe accident phenomenology to include
experimental and analytical studies of accident progression by the NRC.
By 1988, the NRC staff requested information on the assessment of severe accident
vulnerabilities by each licensed nuclear power reactor in the Generic Letter 88-20, entitled “Individual
Plant Examinations for Severe Accident Vulernabilties-10 CFR50.54(f). (NRC, 1988) By this point, risk
assessment methodology/technology, understandings of severe accident phenomena and sufficient
computational power had evolved to where nearly all licensees responded to the NRC of their intent to
use PRA in their assessments. The individual plant examination results were then integrated into parallel
work being done by the Commission to further analyze and come to closure on other severe accident
phenomena as stated in the SECY-88-147 paper entitled “Integration Plan for Closure of Severe Accident
Issues,” issued in 1988. (NRC, 1988) Part of the severe accident closure process was to reassess the risks
imposed by nuclear reactors using the latest technology available. This reassessment updated the first
staff true PRA, the Reactor Safety Study, and provides a “snapshot” in 1988 the estimated plant risks for
five commercial nuclear power plants of different designs. (NRC, 1990) The assessment of severe
accidents in this report is be divided into five general parts: (1) accident frequency; (2) accident
progression, containment loading, and structural response; (3) transport of radioactive material; (4)
offsite consequences; and (5) integrate risk analysis. To date, NUREG-1150 is the most recently published
work by the NRC to include a comprehensive risk analysis of commercial nuclear facilities in the United
States.
41
Commission Safety Goals and Risk-Informed Regulations:
After the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the Commission issued its policy statement entitled,
“Safety Goals for the Operation of Nuclear Power Plants” in the 51 Federal Register 30028. This policy
statement focused on the risk to the public from nuclear power plant operation and established goals that
broadly define an acceptable level of risk. It recognized the important insight generated from the Reactor
Safety Study which sought to estimate the public risk that would be involved in potential accidents in
commercial light-water reactors and clarify the question “How safe is safe enough?” The Commission
defined an acceptable level of risk by establishing two qualitative safety goals supported by two
qualitative health objectives. These two supporting objectives are based on the principle that nuclear risk
should not be a significant addition to other societal risk. (NRC, 1986) The basis for establishing safety
goals was to create a level of safety considered safe enough, enhance the public’s understanding of
regulatory criterion, and restore confidence in the safe operation of commercial nuclear power plants.
The Commissions’ first qualitative safety goal is that the risk from nuclear power plant operation
should not be a significant contributor to a person’s risk of accidental death or injury. The intent is to
require such a level of safety that individuals living or working near nuclear facilities should be able to go
about their daily lives without special concern by virtue of their proximity to these plants. (NRC, 1986)
Thus, the Commission’s first safety goal is—
“Individual members of the public should be provided a level

of protection from the consequences of nuclear power plant
operation such that individuals bear no significant additional
risk to life and health.”
In additional to protecting individuals from undue risks from nuclear power plants, the
Commission also decided a limit for societal risks imposed by these facilities. The Commission believes
that the risks of nuclear power plant operation should be comparable too, or less than, the risks from
other viable means of generating the same quantity of electrical energy. (1986) Thus, the Commission’s
second safety goal is—
“Societal risks to life and health from nuclear power plant

operation should be comparable to or less than the risks of
generating electricity by viable competing technologies and
should not be a significant addition to other societal risks.”
The quantitative health effects objectives established NRC guidance for public protection with nuclear
plant designers and operators. The Commission adopted the following two health effects as the
42
quantitative objectives concerning mortality to be used in determining achievement of the quantitative

safety goals—
“The risk to an average individual in the vicinity of a nuclear

power plant of prompt fatalities that might result from
reactor accidents should not exceed one-tenth of one percent
(0.1 percent) of the sum of prompt fatality risks resulting
from other accidents to which members of the U.S.
population are generally exposed.”
“The risk of the population in the area near a nuclear power

plant of cancer fatalities that might result from nuclear power
operation should not exceed one-tenth of one percent (0.1
percent) of the sum of cancer fatalities risks resulting from all
other causes.”
The Commission believed these quantitative safety goals provide both the average individual and
societies surrounding nuclear facilities with reasonable protection such that they would bear no
significant additional risks from other comparable hazards of daily life. The average individual in the
vicinity of the plant is defined as the average individual biologically (in terms of age and other risk factors)
and locality within 1 mile of the nuclear power plant. The Commission defined the quantitative prompt
fatality health objective as the individual guideline for those persons within this one-mile radius, “since
consequences of a major accident suggest that individuals within a mile of the plant site boundary would
generally be subjected to the greatest risk to prompt deaths attributed to radiological causes.” (NRC,
1986) The commission defined the quantitative cancer fatality as a population guideline for individuals
within 10 miles of the plant site boundary since “the bulk of significant exposures of the population to
radiation would be concentrated within this distance and thus is the appropriate population for
comparison with cancer fatality risks from all other causes.” (NRC, 1986) The Commission states this
safety goal as a means to ensure the estimated increase in cancer risk from all potential radiation releases
at a typical plant would be no more than a small fraction of the year-to-year normal variation in the
expected cancer deaths from non-nuclear causes. The protection provided by the prompt fatality
objective to individuals’ residing within 1 mile of the plant site boundary is the limiting guideline. That is,
if the quantitative objective for prompt fatalities is met for individuals in the immediate vicinity of the
plant, the estimated risk of delayed cancer fatalities to persons within 10 miles of the plant and beyond
would generally be much lower than the quantitative objective for cancer fatalities. (NRC, 1986) As a
result of these recommendations, the Commission directed the NRC staff to develop regulatory guidelines
for their use based on determining whether a level of safety attributed to a nuclear power plant is
43
consistent with the safety goals. The Commission further directed staff to address matters such as plant
performance guidelines, indicators for operational performance, and guidelines to conduct a cost-benefit
analysis. The guidance would be based on the following general performance guideline proposed by the
Commission for further staff examination –
“Consistent with traditional defense-in-depth approach and

the accident mitigation philosophy requiring reliability
performance of containment systems, the overall mean
frequency of a large release of radioactive materials to the
environment from a reactor accident should be less than 1 in
1,000,000 per year of reactor operation.”
The combination of these safety goals and the defense-in-depth philosophy of NRC regulations
requiring conservatism in design, construction, testing, operation, and maintenance of nuclear power
plants, would provide adequate protection of the public health and safety. Also, it is important to note
the safety goals were indented to provide guidance to the NRC staff to use in the regulatory decision-
making process. In response to this policy statement, the NRC staff responded to the commission in SECY-
89-102, entitled, “Implementation of the Safety Goals.” The SECY proposed that safety goals and
quantitative health objectives are further categorized into objectives consistent with risk metrics
produced in Level 1, 2, and 3 PRAs. This NRC staff response was only partly rejected by the Commission
since the recommendation to endorse “surrogate metrics” for the quantitative safety goals were
supported. This rejection was due to the difficulty in implementing the initial guidance that “resulted in
large uncertainties involved in calculating the risk in the mathematical sense of probability times
consequence.” (Meserve, 2001) Uncertainties in the consequence assessment results originate from the
large amount of necessary input parameters with varying uncertainties of each. In essence, reactor safety
would be determined with a Level 2 PRA as opposed to the consequence assessment of a Level 3 PRA.
The Commission Safety Goals and PRA:
In 1990, the Commission provided additional guidance regarding the safety goals, and endorsed
“surrogate objectives” consistent with risk metrics produced through Level 1 and 2 PRAs. These surrogate
objectives quantify the frequency of core damage accidents and large early releases of the source term.
The surrogate objective concerning the frequency of core damage accidents in known as the core damage
frequency (CDF) and its numerical value of one-in-ten-thousand has been cited as a very useful
benchmark. The surrogate objective concerning large releases of radioactivity is known as large early
releases of activity (LERF) and is conditional on the containment failure probability of one-tenth, which
was approved in applications of evolutionary light-water reactor designs. The surrogate LERF objective
44
resulted in a large early release frequency of one-in-one-hundred-thousand, since containment failure is

necessary for a large release to occur. These values have ultimate evolved into the “benchmark” values of
-4 -5
10 for CDF and 10 for LERF as discussed in Regulatory Guide 1.174 (NRC, 2002), which is used in risk-
informed regulatory decision-making. In practice, the surrogate objectives have been used as minimum
acceptance criteria for prevention and mitigation, and are the underpinning of the regulatory system for
all practical purposes. The combination of defense-in-depth philosophy paired with applications of risk
assessment in current regulatory decision-making allows the system to reduce needless regulatory
burdens while still adhering to the basic concepts discussed in the original safety goal policy statement.
Individual Plant Examination Program:
As more commercial light-water reactors came online in the U.S., PRA technologies were used to
periodically assess the risk imposed to the public from the operating fleet. Each successive study built
upon lessons learned from its processor and have evolved significantly over the past several decades as
both nuclear power plant designs and PRA methodologies have improved. In November of 1988, the NRC
made a request to all holders of operating licenses in Generic Letter 88-20, “Individual Plant Examination
for Severe Accident Vulnerabilities,” for licensees to perform a risk analysis that considers the unique
aspects of their particular plant, as well as identify vulnerabilities to severe accidents. The Commission
concluded that existing plants pose no undue risk to public health and safety, and there were no present
bases for immediate action on generic rulemaking to other regulatory requirements for these plants.
However, the Commission recognized, based on NRC and industry experience with plant-specific PRAs,
systematic examinations are beneficial in identifying plant-specific vulnerabilities to severe accidents that
could be fixed with low cost improvements. (NRC, 1988)
The NRC staff received and evaluated 75 individual plant examinations covering 108 plants based
on its request and demonstrated that the licensees were capable of performing PRA’s, on their own. The
agency also realized from its review of the licenses PRA’s their ability to implement certain actions, or
management strategies, that have significant potential for recovering from a wide variety of accident
scenarios. (NRC, 1990) As a result, a wave of additional generic letters requesting more PRAs were seen in
the following decades. These additional PRAs built upon each other as more information was gathered in
regards to the potential risk nuclear power plant impose on the surrounding area and their abilities to
mitigate the consequences.
An example of the usefulness of PRAs in identifying previously unknown risks can be seen with
the issuance of Generic Letter 88-20, Supplement 4 (NRC, 1991), which stemmed from indications that the
risk from external events could be a significant contributor to core damage based on its review of Generic
Letter 88-02, Reference 2. Their document initially requested each licensee to conduct an individual plant
45
examination (IPE) for internally, initiated events. The external events that were asked to be included after
the initial IPE were those initiations external to all systems associated with the normal emergency
operating situations. The five external events requested in Generic Letter 88-20 Supplement 4, include:
1. Seismic Events;
2. Internal Fires;
3. High Winds and Tornadoes;
4. External Floods;
5. Transportation and Nearby Facility Accident.
2.4.4 Nuclear Power Plant Risk Assessment: 1995-Current

As mentioned earlier, the use of PRA was formally introduced in the August 16, 1995 Federal
Register, Vol. 60, p 42622. In response, the staff developed a regulatory framework that incorporates risk
insight into their decision-making process. This framework (SECY-95-280) addressed the need to apply
PRA to in-service inspections of piping within the agency’s Standard Review Plan.
As PRA technology matured, and as the NRC and nuclear industry confidence in the use of PRA
increased, many positive impacts on plant safety evolved. For example, another important step in
developing more realistic risk assessments for operating plants was the initiative of revising the accident
source term by developing NUREG-1465 (NRC, 1995), from the original Technical Information Document
14844 (TID-14844) (AEC, 1962). The TID-14844 report specified an instantaneous release of fission
products from a light-water reactor core melt to containment atmosphere and subsequently the
environment for the purposes of calculating off-site does in accordance with 10 CFR Part 100. The TID-
14844 report defines substantial core melt with specific percentages of core fission products released into
the containment: 100% of the Nobel gases; 50% of the halogens; and 1% of the solids. A plate-out factor
of 50% is applied to halogen activity resulting in 25% of the halogens available for release as a result of
containment leakage. NUREG-1465 changes the source term treatment of the fission product release as a
time dependent process, as opposed to an instantaneous event and conservative assumptions made
regarding the chemical form of many of the isotopes.
The reactor sitting criteria under 10 CFR part 100 requires the fission product release into
containment be postulated by the licensee. The release is determined so that offsite radiological
consequences can be evaluated against reference accident dose limits of 25 rem whole body and 300 rem
thyroid to the public under emergency conditions. Also, control room dose limits under 10 CFR Part 50,
specify that adequate protection shall be provided to those in the control room for the duration of an
accident without exceeding radiation doses of 5 rem whole body or its equivalent to any part of the body.
46
The result of implementing the revised source term specified in NUREG-1465 produced lower
calculated doses, ranging from a slight reduction up to an order of magnitude decrease for individuals,
whether in the exclusion area boundary, low population zone or control room. (NRC, 1998) This is a
prime example of an attempt to make more realistic risk models in the consequence analysis of nuclear
power plants.
2.4.5 Radiological Consequence Analysis

A Level 3 PRA is defined as an assessment of the environmental impacts following the occurrence
of a radiological accident, independent of the probability of that accident. For all practical purposes, a
Level 3 PRA is a radiological consequence analysis. In respect to radiological risk assessments, an estimate
of the dose to humans from a release of radioactive materials to the environment is made. As Till (2008)
states, the components that compromise radiological assessments today evolved from individual sciences
that have been merged gradually to form the computational methods used to estimate dose and risk to
humans. In explaining the process of a radiologic consequence assessment, Till (2008) used the
illustrative equation to express the interdisciplinary nature of this research:
(2-6)
where:
S = source term;
T = environmental transport;
E = exposure factors;
D = conversion to dose;
R = conversion of dose to risk;
u = uncertainty analysis;
v = validation;
c = communication of results; and
p = participation of stakeholders.
The main elements of a radiological risk assessment are explained in this section to fully
understand the data necessary for developing contemporary building shielding factors. The material on
47
the methodology of a radiological risk assessment has been borrowed from IAEA (1996), NRC (1983), and
Till (2008).
A History of Source Term Development:
The use of postulated accidental releases of radioactive materials is deeply embedded in the
regulatory policy and practices of the NRC. Analysis to determine the radioactive release to the public
begins with the definition of the source term. The NRC defines the source term as the type and amount
of radioactive or hazardous material released to the environment following an accident. Typical
descriptions of the source term also include rates of release and the chemical and physical forms of the
material. In principle, separate descriptions of the source term are needed for each radionuclide that
would affect public safety. (Powers, 2009) Powers (2009) makes the distinction between two uses of the
expression ‘source term’ common in reactor accident analysis: (1) the release of radioactivity from the
nuclear power plant into the environment; and (2) the defense-in-depth safety philosophy in 10 CFR part
100.11 which requires for design-basis accidents a release of radioactivity from the reactor coolant
system to the reactor containment. As mention earlier, the defense -in-depth philosophy is defined as an
approach to designing and operating nuclear facilities that can prevent or mitigate accidents that have the
potential to release radioactive or hazardous materials. This strategy relies on creating a system with
multiple independent and redundant layers of defense to compensate for potential human and
mechanical failures so that no single layer of safety systems is exclusively relied upon. Defense-in-depth
philosophy consists as a hierarchical deployment of different levels of equipment and procedures which
maintain the effectiveness of physical barriers placed between radioactive materials and workers, the
public or environment, and in normal and anticipated operational occurrences. Defense-in-depth is
implemented through design and operation to provide a graded protection against a wide variety of
transients, incidents and accidents, including equipment failures and human errors within the plant and
events initiated outside the plant. (Group, 1996) Theoretically, defense-in-depth strategies would
mitigate the consequences of a severe accident resulting in core damage or even beyond-design-basis
accidents, should one occur.
Original risk assessments performed for current operating plants in the US relied upon the
Technical Information Document (TID) 14844 (AEC, 1962) for initial siting purposes. The TID-14844 report
specified an instantaneous release of fission products from a substantial light-water reactor core melt to
containment atmosphere, and subsequently the environment, for the purposes of calculating off-site
doses in accordance with 10 CFR Part 100, Regulatory Guides 1.3 Rev. 2, and Regulatory Guide 1.4. These
documents specify the theology of this type of source term in more detail. The TID-14844 report defines
substantial core melt with specific percentages of core fission products released into the containment as
being: 100% of the Nobel gases; 50% of the halogens; and 1% of the solids. A plate-out factor of 50% is
48
typically applied to halogen activity resulting in 25% of the halogens available for release as a result of
containment leakage. The chemical form is assumed to be 91% elemental iodine, I 2, with 5% assumed to
be particulate iodine and 4% assumed to be organic form. These values were based on the experiments
performed in the late 1950s involving heated irradiated UO 2 pellets within an oven. The thyroid dose
from the inhalation of iodine is calculated using a 0.1% per day containment leakage rate and
conservative estimates for atmospheric dispersion factors. The whole body dose is calculated on the
direct shine from an unshielded containment structure with the fuel melt modeled as a point source.
In contrast to the TID-14844 source term and containment leakage release used for design-basis
accidents, severe accident release to the environment first arose from WASH-1400 (NRC, 1975). WASH-
1400 represented the source term releases to the environment mechanistically. This is much different
than the approach taken in TID-14844 which assumes an instantaneous release to the environment. The
results from WASH-1400 found the worst severe accident release resulting from containment bypass can
lead to consequences that are much greater than those associated with a TID-14844 source term release
into containment where the containment is assumed to be leaking at its maximum leakage rate for its
design conditions. (L. Soffer, 1995) This method was used until the Three Mile Island nuclear accident
occurred, which suggested that the TID-14844 source term might be incorrectly focusing the safety
analysis of reactors on accidents involving gaseous iodine. (Powers, 2009)
The amount of iodine that reached containment in gaseous form during the Three Mile Island
accident was minuscule compared to the expectation based on the TID-14844 source term. (Powers,
2009) As a result of this insight of actual data pertaining to the release of radioactivity from the reactor
coolant system to the containment, further analysis was needed to more accurately understand the
realistic physical and chemical characteristic of the source term within the reactor coolant system and
subsequent release into containment.
The NRC began major research efforts in 1981 to obtain a better understanding of the fission-
product inventory, transport, mitigating efforts and release mechanism in light-water reactors. Results of
this work revised the original source term and are documented in NUREG-1465 (NRC, 1995). This
guidance changes the source term treatment of the fission product release as a time dependent process,
as opposed to an instantaneous event, as well as accounting for the chemical form and behavior of many
of the nuclides. Accounting for chemical form and behavior allowed for phenomena such as plate-out on
components and scrumming through the suppression pool to be more accurately modeled. In contrast to
the instantaneous releases that were postulated in Regulatory Guides 1.3 and 1.4, analysis of severe
accident sequences demonstrated how, despite differences in plant design and accident sequences,
releases can be generally categorized in terms of phenomenological phases associated with the degree of
49
fuel melting and relocation, reactor pressure vessel integrity and as applicable, attack upon concrete
below the reactor cavity by molten core material. (L. Soffer, 1995)
In order to determine an accident source term, for regulatory purposes, NUREG-1150 (NRC,
1990), a range of severe accidents was analyzed for representative BWR and PWR reactor designs in the
United States. (NRC, US, 1993) The treatment of the fission product composition and magnitude for
various severe accidents was considered in both WASH-1400 and NUREG-1150. For WASH-1400, the
fission product spectrum was analyzed by categorizing 54 radionuclides into seven major groups’ based
on their similarity in chemical behavior. Further analysis on the source term groupings performed for
NUREG-1465 revised the radionuclide groups to account for elements such as curium. Of the radioiodine
released from the reactor coolant system (RCS) to the containment in a postulated accident, 95 percent of
the iodine released should be assumed to be cesium iodide (CsI), 4.85 percent elemental iodine, and 0.15
percent organic iodide. (NRC, 2000) This includes releases from the gap and the fuel pellets. With the
exception of elemental and organic iodine and noble gases, fission products should be assumed to be in
particulate form. (NRC, 2000) The same chemical form is assumed in releases from fuel pins in a fire
hazard analysis (FHA) and from releases from the fuel pins through the RCS in design-basis-accidents
other than FHAs or loss-of-coolant-accidents. However, the transport of these iodine species following
release from the fuel may affect the assumed fractions. (NRC, 2000)
Containment Source Term:
Regulatory Guide 1.183 (NRC, 2000) describes how one should calculate fission product
inventory for DBAs and is stated here after. The inventory of fission products in the reactor core available
for release to the containment should be based on the maximum full power operation of the core with, as
minimum, current values for fuel enrichment, fuel burnup, and an assumed core power. The core power
is equal to the current licensed rated thermal power times the emergency core cooling evaluation
uncertainty. (NRC, 2000) Irradiation of the fuel should be of sufficient time to allow for dose-significant
nuclides to reach activity equilibrium and or maximum activity values. For the DBA LOCA, all fuel
assemblies in the core are assumed to be affected and the core average inventory should be used. For
DBA events that do not involve the entire core, the fission product inventory of each of the damaged fuel
rods is determined by dividing the total core inventory by the number of fuel rods in the core. To account
for differences in power level across the core, radial peaking factors from the facility’s core operating
limits should be applied in determining the inventory of the damaged rods.
NUREG-1465 (NRC, 1995) presents a representative accident source term for a boiling-water
reactor (BWR) and for a pressurized-water reactor (PWR). These source terms are characterized by the
50
composition and magnitude of the radioactive material, the chemical and physical properties of the
material, and the timing of the release to the containment event tree sequences in NUREG-1150.
Environmental Source Term:
Building shielding factors developed through the course of this research are based on a realistic
environmental source term applicable to representative accident sceneries for both BWR and PWR light-
water reactors. Representative environmental source terms have been developed for 3412 and 1518
MWt PWRs and a 3578 MWt BWR in NUREG/CR-4467 (NRC, 1986). The potential importance to each
radioactive element is a function of four factors:
1. The fraction of the total inventory of the element that is release;

2. The abundance in the rector of the element’s radionuclides;
3. The radioactive half-life’s of those nuclides; and
4. The radiobiological importance of those nuclides, including any daughter nuclides produced after
their release. (NRC, 1986)
The code used to predict spent fuel isotopic evolution is the Oak Ridge Isotope GENeration
(ORIGEN) software package. (Gauld, 2006) The ORIGEN code currently tracks 1119 individual fission
products generated in the fuel during irradiation, 129 actinides, and 698 nuclides associated with
structural, and/or activation compounds. Most of the decay data, cross sections, and fission product
yields are based on ENDF/B-Vi evaluated nuclear data. (Gauld, 2006) Data not available from ENDF/B-VI
are obtained from the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDS), the Fusion Evaluation Nuclear Data
Library, (FENDL), and the European Activation File (EAF). (Gauld, 2006) One of the primary advantages of
ORIGEN-S for spent fuel safeguards (Gauld, 2006) support applications is the ability to accurately predict
the neutron and gamma-ray emissions from spent fuel. (Gauld, 2006) The gamma-ray source is generated
using a recently updated database containing discrete-energy photon data for more than 1132 nuclides.
(Gauld, 2006) This feature allows the user to generate gamma spectra in any energy-group structure of
arbitrary energy resolution. The photon calculation has been validated against experiments for times less
than 1 sec after fission. (Gauld, 2006)
The relative radiological importance of each radionuclide was determined with the MELCOR
Accident Consequence Code System (MACCS). MACCS was developed to evaluate the impacts of severe
accidents at nuclear power plants on the surrounding public. The principle phenomena considered are
atmospheric transport and deposition under time-variant meteorology, short- and long-term mitigative
actions and exposure pathways, deterministic and stochastic health effects, and economic costs. (D. I.
Chanin, 1998)
51
The inventories of the nuclides calculated by ORIGEN for each of the three reactor types were
determined at the time of accident initiation, just before shutdown for refueling. Calculated nuclide
inventories can be found in Appendix A of NUREG/CR-4467 (NRC, 1986) for reference. For simplicity, the
relative isotopic importance was calculated using only the inventory of the 3412 MWt PWR since
inventories of short-lived nuclides are not significantly different for a BWR or for a different time in the
fuel cycle. (NRC, 1986)
Important assumptions made in the consequence calculations in MACCS for the ORIGEN-produced
inventories included:
1. Equal release fractions of all elements;

2. Weather conditions for a typical day, i.e., category D stability with a constant wind speed of 5
meters per second;
3. The release occurs outside the growing season (no direct reposition onto crops or pasture);
4. Doses from elements released from containment attributable to the decay of all nuclides of
that element including contributions from daughter products;
5. A non-buoyant release of each element at ground level;
6. A uniform, one-hour release of each element one hour after accident initiation;
7. A dry deposition velocity of 0.002 m/sec for all elements except noble gases (this deposition
velocity is appropriate for particles with a one micron AMAD, the deposition velocity of the
noble gases is zero);
8. Radiation protection factors of 0.75 for cloudshine, 0.45 for ground shine, and 1.0 for
inhalation (normal activity);
9. No emergency protective actions; early doses calculated for both 4 and 24 hours of exposure to
contaminated ground;
10. No long-term protective actions; long-term doses decreased only by weathering; and
11. Long-term exposure begins seven days after deposition and persists for the duration of the
contamination.
Calculations performed using ORIGEN and MACCS considered 89 elements, of which only 25 could
be important contributors to offsite consequences. (NRC, 1986) Of the 25 elements, sixty nuclides were
found to be of importance for early and long-term doses. Including significant daughter products, a total
of 71 nuclides have been identified as important contributors to dose when used for radiological
consequence modeling.
52
Environmental Transport:
Once the source term has been estimated, the next step is to determine how the radioactive
materials are transported in the environment, and what concentrations result in various environmental
media. (Till E. J., 2008) There are several different environmental transport pathways and it is important
to identify as many relevant pathways of exposure to a target population as possible. Transport of
radioactive material in the environment can be determined by environmental sampling, measured data
and modeling. When possible, the use of site-specific measured data is most useful to characterize
movement of radioactive material at the site. However, this is quite rare for most facilities and
mathematical modeling is needed. Examples of transport pathways of radioactive material through the
environment include: atmospheric transport; surface water; groundwater; terrestrial food chain
pathways; and aquatic foods.
The early phase of a nuclear accident and is specifically concerned with microscale atmospheric
transport of radioactive material. The microscale wind transport of radioactive material poses the most
immediate health risks to the local population since the time between taking protective measures and
distance between the facility and local population is short. When modeling the transport of radioactive
material at the microscale level, considerations of the atmospheric boundary layer, stability class, and
local structures all need to be considered to make accurate forecasts. Typical atmospheric transport and
diffusion modes used in radiological risk assessments include: Gaussian diffusion models; puff-transport
and diffusion models; multi-box models; particle-in-cell models; screening models; and the various
process of removing material from the atmosphere.
As Till explains (2008) the bottom of the troposphere includes an interface extending upward
from the surface of the earth to the free atmosphere. This interface is called the atmospheric boundary
layer and varies spatially and temporally. The atmospheric boundary layer typically ranges between a few
meters and 2,000 m meters depending primarily on the time of day. Consideration of the atmospheric
boundary layer at the time of an accidental release of radioactive material is extremely important for
emergency risk management and response since surface roughness affects the microscale wind flow and
turbulence within the atmospheric boundary layer.
To modify the input data for Gaussian-based models of atmospheric transportation and
dispersion, parameters such as gravitational effect, effective release height, building wake effects, mixing
height, changing wind direction, atmospheric stability class, averaging time, complex terrain, and finite
plumes can all be considered. The flexibility and general ease of the Gaussian plume model makes it a
popular one to be used in the siting of nuclear facilities and emergency management planning, but it is
not without a number of limitations.
53
Theoretically, the model is only valid when certain basic assumptions are completely met. (Brenk,
1983) In the real atmosphere, some of these basic assumptions are never met, such as the assumption of
constant eddy diffusivity in time and space implicit in the derivation of the equations. (Till E. J., 2008) The
Pasquill-Gifford curves were determined for distances out to about 1-km under observations of about 1-
hour (Pasquill, 1983), but are commonly extrapolated out to 50 miles over much longer durations.
For emergency response purposes, a continuous release is generally not used. Instead, a derived
version of the Gaussian model is used which represents the plume as an instantaneous puff. A useful rule
of thumb is that if the release duration of the effluent is short compared to the travel time of interest
then it is modeled as a puff. (Pasquill, 1983)
Puff models are useful for estimating the path taken by a radioactive cloud as it travels through
varying wind fields created by obstacles within the atmospheric boundary layer. A sequential puff-
trajectory is used to model these varying wind fields. In such a model, a continuous plume is
approximated by a series of puff releases in succession.
Atmospheric Removal Processes:
One of the fundamental questions that atmospheric dispersion models often address is how and
when material emitted into the atmosphere is removed. (Till E. J., 2008) Important atmospheric removal
processes include material fallout, wet deposition and dry deposition. When considering the shielding
afforded by structures, these removal processes have a direct effect on in modeling exposure from
deposited material on the ground, on roof tops and submersion within the plume.
Exposure Factors:
The dose or risk to a person depends upon a number of characteristics, called exposure factors.
These include, for example, time, location, transport of radionuclides thorough the environment, and the
traits of the individual. (Till E. J., 2008) These routes of exposure include physiological parameters such as
breathing, dietary information such as consumption rate of various foods, residence data such as dwelling
type, use of local resources such as agriculture, recreational activities such as swimming, and any other
individual-specific information that is necessary to estimate dose or risk.
An example of an exposure pathway for the early phase a nuclear accident can include
immersion within the plume contributing to both external and internal dose. To model this exposure
pathway, it is common to create separate groups of people based on behaviors and activities. The
behavior and activities associated with the season, time of day, location, occupation, age, and gender can
help characterize certain populations for modeling purposes. A population can be divided into workers
54
school aged children, and home-makers. These three categories generally will be located at different
geographical locations throughout a 24-hour period with differing available resources. For example,
workers can be further subdivided into indoor or outdoor, who would either benefit from the structural
shielding provided by a concrete office building for example, or direct exposure to a passing radioactive
plume. On the other hand, the time of day can play an important roll between exposure scenarios for
children. During the day, children are typically clustered in large concrete facilities while attending school,
but are dispersed about the geographic area at night while at home. The shielding provided to children in
either one of these scenarios will depend on the time of day.
Exposure pathways are used to evaluate the potential risks associated with an exposure scenario.
Its corresponding exposure pathways require the use of parameters values known as exposure factors.
These represent the behaviors and characteristic that affects one’s exposure to radionuclides in
environmental media. (Till E. J., 2008) As described in the example above, exposure factors vary from
person to person, age and gender. As described by Till (2008), common exposure factors include:
exposure frequency; time; duration; body weight; inhalation rate; drinking-water injection; food
ingestion; soil ingesting; and surface water injection. Exposure factors have been compiled by a number
of international scientific bodies and governmental agencies and can be found in the EPA Exposure Factor
Handbook (EPA, 1997), the Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (EPA, 2002), and ICRP Publication 89
(ICRP, 2003).
Conversion to Dose:
The conversion of radionuclide material taken into the body or the conversion of external
radiation to dose has become a routine process due to the large effort put into deriving and publishing
dose coefficients over the past several decades. (Till E. J., 2008) When performing an environmental risk
assessment, it is important to model both contributions from external and internal sources. The term
dose is defined carefully in terms of two concepts: (1) absorbed dose, which is the energy deposited per
gram in an absorbing medium, principally tissue; and (2) effective dose equivalent, which a measure of
the damaging effect of the radiation type. (Martin, 2006)
Absorbed dose is defined as the amount of energy deposited per unit mass and is expressed in
units of rad (100 erg/g) of gray (1 J/kg). Dose equivalent is defined as a measure of the biological damage
to living tissue as a result of radiation exposure and is expressed in units of rem of Sievert (Sv).
External Dosimetry:
External dosimetry is the method of estimating radiation dose to tissue of the human body due
to exposure from ionizing radiation located outside the body. Calculations for determining external dose
55
are typically performed for reference individuals of a particular age, gender, and ethnic group. Energy
deposition from external radiation takes place in two stages: (1) incident photon interacts with the
material of interest by transferring energy to orbital elections and ejecting them from their orbits with
kinetic energy; and (2) the ejected electrons transfer energy into the medium through excitation and
ionization interactions along its traveled path length. The first process is known as the kinetic energy
released in material (KERMA), and the second is the absorbed dose. External dose can be calculated for a
reference individual with the following information:
 Activity of a particular nuclide in the environment as a function of and distance from the
receptor;
 Photon energy and intensity per disintegration emitted by the nuclide;
 Establishing the material type through which photons travel to reach the receptor location; and,
 Transmission of incident photons through the body and energy deposition to the exposed tissue
or organ.
Absorbed dose can be calculated by the following equation:
̇[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( )[ ] [ ] [ ], (2-7)
⁄
where:
= gamma flux at the receptor location;
E = photon energy emitted disintegration;
f = photon yield per disintegration; and,
( )= probability of absorption per unit density.
The EPA has developed a series of helpful reports for determining radiation dose. Federal Guidance
Report No. 12 (1993) was developed for the ease of converting exposure to dose for general applications.
These dose coefficients are based on dosimetric methodologies which include the energy and angular
dependence of radiations incident upon the body and the transport of these radiations within the body
from exposures related to contaminants within air, water, and soil. The source region is effectively
infinite or semi-infinite in extent and the concentrations of radionuclides are uniform throughout the
source region. These are idealized conditions and are appropriate for realistic estimates of dose from
external emitters.
56
Internal Dosimetry:
Internal dosimetry is the method of determining radiation dose to a tissue or organ in the body
due to an intake of radioactive material. The amount of radioactivity can either be estimated or
measured. Since internally deposited radionuclides will continue to contribute to dose until it has been
removed from the body through biological or physical process, internal dose is typically calculated for a
long period of time, generally 50 to 70 years. The committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) is used to
perform this calculation. CEDE is defined as the dose equivalent to a given organ that will accumulate
over a 50 to 70 year period, representing the lifetime of the individual following a single intake of
radioactive material into the body.
Internal dose can be calculated for a reference individual with the following information:
 Route of nuclide intake;

 Activity of the particular nuclide of interest;
 Biokinetic pathways, retention functions and excretion of nuclides within the body;
 Total number of disintegrations within each body organ; and
 Specific effective energy emitted per nuclide disintegration.
The absorbed dose can be calculated with the following equation:
[ ] [ ] ← , (2-8)
where:
= total amount of disintegrations emitted within the body (nt); and
SEE = specific effective energy absorbed in a target tissue per emitted per disintegration.
The term can be calculated using:
∫ , (2-9)
where:
= activity of nuclide of interest within the tissue or organ of interest (Bq); and
-1
= effective removal constant of the nuclide within the tissue or organ of interest (t ).
The term ← is calculated:

57
∑ ←
( ← ) , (2-10)
where:
Yi = photon yield per disintegration;
= average photon energy per disintegration {MeV);
← = absorbed fraction of energy in target tissue from source tissue; and
mt = mass of tissue or organ (g).
Conversion of Dose to Risk:
The purpose of a radiological risk assessment is to understand risk. The conversion from dose to
risk is necessary and is accomplished by applying risk coefficients to doses calculated to individuals. The
EPA report, “Cancer Risk Coefficients for Environmental Exposure to Radionuclides, Federal Guidance,
Report No. 13,” provides the numerical factors for use in estimating the risk of cancer from low-level
exposure to radionuclides. A risk coefficient for a radionuclide that exposes persons through a given
environmental medium is an estimate of the probability of radiogenic cancer mortality or morbidity per
unity activity inhaled or ingested, of internal exposure, or per unit time-integrated activity concentration
in air or soil, for external exposure. (Eckerman, 1999)
PRA in Emergency Response Planning:
During a nuclear incident in which a release of radioactive material to the environment is not
under control, the public can be protected through certain actions or interventions initiated by the
decision-makers. These interventions are known as Protective Action Guides (PAGs). PAGs are
predetermined estimates of expected dose to the reference man, or other defined individual, from an
unplanned release of material at which a specific protective action to reduce or avoid dose is
recommended. (EPA, 1982) PAGs have been developed for a broad range of accident scenarios with
specific exposure pathways and associated time periods that can be applied to any nuclear facility.
The main radiological hazards immediately following a nuclear event are the acute and delayed
health effects. Acute health effects are detrimental effects observable within a short period of time after
expose. These effects are typically seen after a certain dose threshold is exceeded and should be avoided
through the use of implementing certain PAGs. Stochastic health effects are those than emerge much
later then the initial exposure, and are typically seen as solid cancers or leukemia. It is important for
decisions made regarding PAGs to not center around the idea of completely avoiding dose to the public.
58
PAGs should not be higher than justified on the basis of optimization of cost and the collective risk of
effects on heath. (EPA, 1982) In other words, any reduction in risk with regards to implementing a PAG
should be weighed by the acceptable costs, as well as not exceeding the risk to health, from the dose that
would be avoided. The decision-maker must weigh the costs of implementing certain PAGs with their
potential value added to protect the public from radiation exposure. The primary goal during a nuclear
emergency evacuation is to protect the public health and safety from a radioactive release. As a result, all
strategies and contingency plans are designed to meet this primary goal. Buffers are also used for specific
PAGs to aid in the risk management process. An example of a common buffer is to administer stable
iodine to further protect the population at risk. PAGs can be used as contingency plans of other PAGS as
the event unfolds or in combination. The decision-maker must strike a balance between avoiding risk
through protective actions with the risks involved in taking actions. In short, the health risk from a
protective action should not exceed the risk from avoided dose. With this in mind, decision-makers must
weigh all of the options in respect to the actions they take.
The time frame following a nuclear accident is divided into three phases: (1) early; (2)
intermediate; and (3) late. These phases do not have finite time periods, but do overlap to a certain
degree. Within each phase are different independent variables that must be considered. The early phase
starts at the beginning of a nuclear incident where immediate decisions for the effective use of protective
actions are required and must usually be based primarily on the status of the nuclear facility and
prognosis for worsening conditions. (EPA, 1982) This phase may last from hours to days. The
intermediate phase is the period after the accident when the source term is no longer a threat and the
facility has been brought under control. At this point, reliable environmental measurements are available
for basing decisions on the use of additional protective actions. (EPA, 1982) This phase can last from
weeks to months. The last phase (also referred to as the recovery phase) is the period when recovery
actions, designed to reduce radiation levels in the environment to acceptable levels for unrestricted uses,
are completed.
The three protective actions are to either: (1) evacuate; (2) shelter-in-place; or (3) a combination
of sheltering-in-place and evacuation. The triggers for each PAG are expressed in terms of the projected
sum of the effective dose equivalent from external radiation and committed effective dose equivalent
incurred from inhalation and intake during the early phase. The shelter-in-place protective action is
preferred when it will provide protection equal to or greater than evacuation, based on factors such as
source term characteristic, meteorological data, temporal or other site-specific conditions.
The PAG for evacuation or shelter-in-place is between 1-5 rem, “however judgment will be
necessary when considering the types of protective actions to be implemented and at what levels in an
emergency situation.” Although the PAG is expressed as a range of 1-5 rem, it is emphasized that, under
59
normal conditions, evacuation of members of the general population should be initiated for most
incidences at a projected dose of 1 rem. (EPA, 1982)
Current research in the area of severe accident analysis, and environmental source terms have
shown shelter-in-place can be the most effective protective action during the early phase of a nuclear
accident. This is due to the inherent risk associated with evacuation of certain special groups of the
population in which health risks from evacuation are higher than the risk of exposure. EPA states that
evacuation may not be appropriate at 1 rem in the presence of: severe weather; completing disasters;
institutionalized persons who are not readily mobile; and local physical factors which may impede
evacuation. Situations or groups of people for which evacuation at 1 rem normally would be appropriate
would include: an incident which occurs at night; an incident which occurs when children are in school;
and c) institutionalized persons who are not readily mobile. (EPA, 1982)
Shelter-in-place is a low cost, low-risk protective action that can provide protection with an
efficiency ranging from zero to almost 100 percent. (EPA, 1982) It can be particularly useful to assure that
a population is positioned so if the need arises, communication with the population can be carried out
expeditiously. For the above reasons, planners and decision-makers should consider implementing
sheltering at projected doses below 1 rem, and evacuation should not be executed above 1 rem. Analyses
for some hypothesized accidents, such as short-term releases of transuranic materials, show that
sheltering in residences can be highly effective at reducing doses, provide adequate protection, and may
be more effective than evacuation when evacuation cannot be completed before plume arrival. (DOE,
1990)
2.6 Summary
The human health and environmental effects following a postulated release of radioactive
material to the environment has been a public and regulatory concern since the early development of
nuclear technology. These potential events have been researched extensively to better understand the
risks imposed for mitigation and emergency planning purposes. There are a variety of factors that need
to be taken into consideration when assessing public risks and develop robust emergency response
procedures in the event nuclear material is accidently or purposely released into the environment. Early
consequence analyses performed for commercial nuclear power plant siting criteria were deterministic in
nature, relying on simplistic strait-line Gaussian plume atmospheric transport modeling and reference-
man for dosimetry purposes. These models assumed idealize weather conditions, cigar-shaped fallout
patterns and a coordinated public response to a nuclear emergency. This type of emergency response
planning can create a false impression that fallout would be limited to a symmetrical, easily defined area
that could be quickly and easily traversed by the population creating false expectations that may
contribute to “evacuate immediately” guidance. (Buddemeier, 2010) These types of one-size-fits-all
60
emergency response plans are not effective in protecting all population segments at risk and, depending
implementation, can result in unnecessary and preventable deaths. New state-of-the-art consequence
assessments draw upon a multitude of disciplines to form very detailed and robust emergency response
plans that provide a number of different protective actions and contingencies to protect the public. The
use of available shelters in the immediate vicinity is one such protective action designed specifically to
safely house the general public during the emergency phase of a nuclear release.
The shelter-in-place protective action is preferred when it will provide protection equal to or
greater than evacuation, based on factors such as source term, meteorology, and temporal or other site-
specific conditions. Shelter-in-place is a low-cost, low-risk protective action that can provide public
protection with an efficiency ranging from zero to almost 100 percent. (EPA, 1982) It can be particularly
useful to assure that a population is positioned so, if the need arises, communication with the population
can be carried out expeditiously. The concept of sheltering populations from radiation fallout is not new
and has been studied since early 1950. The primary concern for understanding how well certain structures
provide shielding from fallout initially stemmed from the very real threat of a nuclear weapon being
detonated in urban environments with little to no time for coordinated orderly evacuations. The
technical basis behind sheltering populations from radiation fallout was initially performed by U.S. Office
of Civil Defense under the National Fallout Shelter Survey (1948-1986). Much of this data are still used
today in developing state-of-the-art consequence analyses for emergency response procedures. Many of
the EPA and NRC studies have circular referenced (see Figure 3) Burson and Profio’s (1975) original work,
and since they are widely referenced in the scientific literature; their use is easily defensible. However,
they are based on simplistic point-kernel calculations validated on experimental work performed on
buildings built in the 1950’s and 1960’s. The urban environment is much different both in building-type
and population density than it was nearly 60 years ago. For example, the socioeconomic impacts of rural-
industrialized projects have led to the creation of energy boomtowns that were not previously accounted
for during the original siting of nuclear power plants over 40 years ago. In such cases, reassessments of
the viability of the original emergency plans should continually be reviewed. Periodic reviews of the local
infrastructure need to be performed to understand whether expeditious movement would be successful,
or if shelter-in-place protective actions are more suited to the present surrounding population. Updated
building shielding factors would prove very beneficial in that type of work. Another important
consideration is the dependency of housing stock shielding quality on its geographic location. As Aldrich
(1978) illustrates, the geographic impact of shielding quality due to the availability of basements, for
example, show that early fatalities substantially decrease because of that characteristic. Again, Aldrich’s
work used Burson and Profio’s (1975) data. As such, it is necessary and timely to reassess the shielding
data used in the consequence assessment today to better serve the American public.
61
Figure 3: Building shielding factor literature review reference web

62
3. BACKGROUND ON THE FUNDAMENTAL PHOTON INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIAL
3.1 Introduction
The primary photon emissions from a plume of radioactive material constitute the immediate
radiological hazard to public health. When relying on the shielding properties of residential housing as a
protective action response, it is important to understand how well a general building-type shields against
the passing plume. Each general housing-unit type is categorized by the type of general purpose
construction material used to construct the outer-most layer of the structurally significant components of
the building. The three primary photon interaction properties vary between each type of construction
material, affecting the overall shielding properties of the building. As so, it is important to understand the
differences between each material-type in order to develop building shielding factors applicable to
specific generalized residential housing designs. There are two important fundamental concepts to
consider when engineering or analyzing shielding properties: (1) total photon attenuation; and (2) photon
scatter (buildup) specific to the transport medium. Both concepts are based on the three primary photon
interactions and are explained in the following subsections.
3.2 Primary Photon Interactions

Photon interactions with the transport medium are governed statistically by the probability of
interaction per unit distance traveled and initial photon energy. The three primary photon interactions of
general interest in radiation shielding applications are: photoelectric absorption; Compton scatter; and
pair production. These interactions are discussed below to provide a general understanding of how each
of the general construction materials can act as shields against a range of photon energies. This
discussion is necessary for designing the attenuation experiments and verifying the experimental results.
The photoelectric effect describes the interaction process between an incident photon colliding
with a bound orbital electron of the transport medium and ejecting it from the atom. The energy of the
ejected electron is the difference between the energy of the incident photon and the binding energy of
the orbital electron. It is common for the photoelectric effect to occur with inner shell electrons which
are subsequently filled by an outer shell electron with the emission of a characteristic x-ray. The
photoelectric effect is the dominant interaction mechanism for low-energy photons and is a function of
the atomic number, Z, of the absorbing material. The photoelectric absorption coefficient, τ, represents
the interaction probability for a given photon and is proportionate to energy and atomic number:
[ ] . (3-1)
63
The photoelectric effect is most pronounced in high-Z materials and for photons with energy less than 0.5
MeV. (Martin, 2006)
Scattering of the photon field by the transport medium, as explained by Martin (2006), can occur
with either bound electrons or with the columbic field of the nucleus. The former interaction is referred
to as “incoherent” or “inelastic” scattering, and the latter as “coherent” or “elastic” scattering. These
photon interactions are responsible for changing the direction of the incident photon field and are
recognized as the Compton Effect. Compton interactions are especially important for photons of medium
energy (0.5 to several MeV), and for low-Z materials. (Martin, 2006) The Compton interaction occurs
between a photon and loosely bound orbital electron in which a portion of the photon energy is imparted
to the electron. The electron is subsequently ejected from its orbit about the nucleus where both energy
and momentum are conserved. The incident photon undergoes a Compton shift in which its wave length,
λ, is lengthened depending on the scattering angle, θ, of the scattered photon. The Compton shift is given
by:
[ ] ( ) , (3-2)
where:
= Compton shift;
= incident photon wave length (m);
= scattered photon wave length (m);
c = speed of light (m/s);
-1
= incident photon frequency (s );
-1
= scattered photon frequency (s );
2
= Planks constant (kg-m /s);
= energy of an electron (J); and,
cos(θ) = scattered photon scattering angle.
The kinetic energy acquired by the secondary electron from the incident photon is given by:
, (3-3)
where:
64
= kinetic energy of the electron (MeV);
= incident photon energy (MeV); and,
= scattered photon energy (MeV).
The kinetic energy of the secondary electron can also be determined by the following formula with regard
to the scattering angle of the incident photon:
, (3-4)
where:
= kinetic energy of the electron (MeV);
= incident photon energy (MeV);
= photon scattering angle; and,
= energy of an electron (MeV).
The maximum kinetic energy which can be transferred to the electron occurs with a scatting angle of 180
degrees.
The Compton interaction coefficient, , consists of two components:
[ ] , (3-5)
where is the total Compton interaction coefficient, is the Compton absorption coefficient for photon
energy lost by collisions with electrons in the transport medium, and is the loss of energy due to the
scattering of photons out of the primary photon field. The Compton interaction coefficient is dependent
on the electron density of the transport medium of the atomic number, Z, and inversely proportional to
energy of the incident photon as follows:
[ ] . (3-6)
The Klein-Nishina formula provides the differential cross section of photons scattered from the initial
interactions with the transport medium orbital electrons. As described by Turner (1995), the quantum-
mechanical theory of Compton scatter, based on the specific photon-electron interaction, gives the
angular distribution of scattered photons and is described by:
65
( ) ( ) , (3-7)
where is the differential scattering cross section, the probability per unit solid angle in steradians
-2
(sr) that a photon, passing normally through a layer of material containing one electron m . (Martin,
2006) The cross section is integrated over all deflection angles and decreases with increasing energy of
the incident photon.
When a significant absorbing medium is placed between a photon source and a receptor, the
photon fluence will be altered significantly because of Compton scattered photons produced in the
absorber, many of which will reach the receptor. (Martin, 2006) The scattered photons are reduced in
energy, and the flux of photons reaching the receptor becomes a function of energy distribution, absorber
material, and geometry. To account for scattering of the incident photon field, buildup factors are used
which are dependent on the absorbing medium and photon energy and are discussed in detail Section
3.4.
In addition to the primary photon interaction, the Compton scattering process creates a far more
complicated analysis which influences the penetration, angular distribution and intensity of the initial
photon fluence though multiple interactions with the material. In gamma-ray spectroscopy, full energy
peaks comprise photoelectric events and single or multiple Compton interactions, followed by photo-
electric interactions of the scattered photon. The vast majority of scattered photons escape the detector,
leaving partially absorbed events. These partially absorbed events form the complex Compton
continuum. Figure 4 is a polar plot representation of the Compton Event scattering probabilities between
o o
0 and 180 , where the probability of photons scattering in the forward direction increases with energy.
o o
Figure 4: Polar plot of scattering probabilities, 0 to 180 (Canberra)
66
As the initial photon energy increases, the scattering probabilities are concentrated around smaller angles
of deflection and increase for photons with longer wavelengths. Likewise, the probability of photon
backscatter is nearly equally as likely at low energies and decreases with increasing energy.
When the energy of the incident photon is higher than 1.022 MeV, interactions with the strong
electromagnetic field surrounding the nucleus will become the dominant form of photon attenuation.
The energy of the incident photon will be converted into a pair of electron masses, one of which is
negatively charged (electron) and the other positively charged (positron). Pair production is a classic
example of Einstein’s special theory of relativity in which the pure energy of the photon is converted into
two electron masses, and since the energy is conserved, the positron and electron share the energy left
over ( - 1.022) after the electron masses have been formed. (Martin, 2006) Since the charge of the
positron is positive, it will receive slightly more kinetic energy than the electron due to columbic repulsion
for the positively charged nucleus of about 0.0075*Z more than the average electron. Following the
formation of the two electron masses, the positron will interact with an electron and annihilate on
contact, forming two 0.511 MeV photons ejected at nearly 180 degrees from each other.
The pair production interaction coefficient, κ, is proportional to the square of the atomic-Z for
photons with energy greater than 1.022 MeV as follows:
[ ] . (3-8)
3.3 Total Attenuation Coefficients

The probability of the three primary photon interactions occurring in material per unit path
length traveled are independent events and do not correlate. Therefore, each interaction probability can
be added to obtain a total probability per unit path length a photon of certain energy will interact with
the material of interest. The total probability of interaction per unit path length is known as the total
attenuation coefficient, , and is the sum of the three principle interaction coefficients:
[ ] , (3-9)
If other photon interaction mechanisms have significant interaction probability as well, they too
can be included into the total attenuation coefficient. These photon interactions include Thompson and
Rayleigh scatter, which usually increase the total attenuation coefficient only a small amount. (Martin,
2006)
For a given absorbing material, the relationship between the interaction probability per unit path
length and interaction cross sections can be calculated as followed:
[ ] , (3-10)
67
where:
= Avogadro’s number (atoms/mole);
A =atomic mass;
= material density [ ]; and,
= total cross section per atom [ ].
For compounds and mixtures of materials with ni atoms of the i’th type, each atom can be treated
independently then summed together to obtain a total attenuation coefficient:
∑
[ ] , (3-11)
∑
where:
= Avogadro’s number (atoms/mole);
= material density [ ];
= total cross section per atom [ ]; and,
ni = elements of material.
Since photon interactions with material are probabilistic in nature, the attenuation coefficient can be used
to describe the probability of the incident photon not interacting within the material per unit travel by:
, (3-12)
where:
= probability of not interacting;
-1
= attenuation coefficient (cm ); and,
x =distance traveled in material (cm).
The attenuation of photons by various absorbing material can be measured by the Beer-Lambert’s law:
, (3-13)
68
where Io is the initial photon intensity, [ ] , I(x) is the photon intensity after passing through a
-1
material of thickness, x (cm), and the total attenuation coefficient, µ (cm ), accounts for all photon
interaction processes per unit path length removing primary photons from the unattenuated beam.
When assessing the ability of a structure to provide protection from a passing radioactive plume,
specific building dimensions and transport medium properties are important to consider since various
locations within the structure will attenuate the photon field more efficiently than others. For instance, a
comparison between three transport media of varying atomic densities is made to explain the importance
of understanding the three primary photon interactions processes when relying on their shielding
properties to reduce exposure.
Considering the attenuation coefficients for dry air (STP), ordinary concrete, and lead for the
-1 -
0.622 MeV Cs-137 photon emission, their total attenuation coefficients are: 9.34E-5 (cm ), 1.822E-1 (cm
1 -1
) and 1.2419 (cm ), respectively and, the corresponding mean free paths are 1.07E4 (cm), 5.49 (cm), and
0.81 (cm). Both concrete and lead attenuate appreciably the 0.622 MeV photon, while the low density of
air allows the photon to travel much farther on average before being absorbed. This simple example
demonstrates the importance of utilizing the shielding properties of available structures by sheltering
local populations.
When the linear total attenuation coefficient is divided by the material density, a direct
comparison between the effectiveness of material attenuations can be achieved:
[ ] [ ], (3-14)
⁄
This coefficient is then referred to as a mass-attenuation coefficient. In general, higher atomic-Z transport
media are more efficient at attenuating the primary photon fluence per unit path length traveled than in
lower atomic-Z transport media.
It is important to recognize that the probability of photon interaction in ordinary concrete and
lead are closely comparable between photon energies of 0.5 MeV and 3.0 MeV where the most important
emitted photons from a passing plume are found. Subsequently, it is not unreasonable to rely on
preexisting and modern construction materials as an adequate form of protection from a realistic source
term.
3.4 Buildup Factor

When a significant absorbing medium is placed between a photon source and a receptor, the
photon fluence at the receptor can be altered significantly because of photons scattered by Compton
69
interactions in the absorber. (Martin, 2006) The scattered photons are reduced in energy, and the photon
fluence reaching the receptor becomes a function of energy distribution, absorber material, and
geometry. To account for scattering of the incident photon field, a “buildup factor” has been developed
to measure the degree of violation of the Beer-Lambert Law. When buildup is included into Beer-
Lamberts law, the calculated radiation intensity is:
(3-15)
where B is the buildup factor dependent on the photon energy and absorption material.
The buildup factor relates total dose to dose from uncollided photons alone and are most
applicable to point monoenergetic radiation sources with shielding well distributed between the source
point and point of interest. (Shultis, 2000) Buildup factors can be tailored to a variety of shielding needs
but are typically designed for operational field-use. One such example is for exposure in air after
penetration though the absorbing material with appropriate adjustments to obtain absorbed dose.
As Martin (2006) states, it is clear the buildup factor can be quite large, especially for low-energy
photons, and calculations of the radiation exposure associated with a photon field would be significantly
in error if it were not included. However, as described in Section 3.2, higher energy photon scattering
probabilities are concentrated around smaller angles of deflection and increase for photons with longer
wavelengths. For dosimetric purposes, low-angled scattered photons relative to the horizon are of more
interest than the scattering effect of the transport material when assessing the shielding properties of a
structure. As such the reflected energy of the secondary photon is expected to be small, and in turn, for
building shielding analysis, the direct radiation penetrating through a wall directly to the detector
provides the largest contribution to exposure; much larger than contributions from back-scatter from one
or more walls.
The buildup factor, , is defined as the ratio of the total dose to the unscattered dose. Thus
the buildup factor is:
. (3-16)
The dose may be evaluated using the detector response function so that:
∫
, (3-17)
∫
in which the integration is over all possible energies ( ).
The photon fluence term, , depends only on the type and energy, E, of the radiation of interest
at any particular location, r, in the attenuating media. The response function, , depends only on the
70
type and energy of the radiation of interest, not on the attenuating media between the source and
detector. For these reasons buildup factors must be associated with the nature of the source, the nature
of the attenuating medium, and the nature of the response. (Shultis, 2000) That is, buildup factors are
energy specific for a certain attenuation media for a particular detector response and caution is necessary
when being applied to other applications.
3.5 Narrow-beam Geometry

When considering a monoenergetic parallel beam of photons incident perpendicular to a certain
material of thickness, x (cm), the incident photon is either completely attenuated in a single interaction,
producing no scattered photons or secondary electrons, or scattered through a Compton scatter event.
Photons passing through the shield without interaction maintain their initial energy and direction. Under
narrow-beam geometry (Figure 5), the attenuation of photons by various absorbing material can be
measured by the Beer-Lambert’s law. Figure 5 is a general schematic of an experimental narrow-beam
assembly where: (1) the radiation field is collimated into a beam of mono-energetic photons traveling in
parallel; (2) the cross-sectional area of the beam is large enough to cover the entire sensitive volume of
the receptor; and (3) auxiliary shielding around the receptor deflecting any low-angled scattered photons.
Figure 5: Diagram of narrow-beam geometry experiment
As described by Shultis (2000), narrow-beam geometry requirements are satisfied if: (1) only
those photons that have passed through the absorber without any kind of interaction reach the receptor
with all of their original energy; (2) when the primary photons are confined to a narrow beam and the
71
detector is small and sufficiently far away, that scattered photons have sufficiently large angles with the
original narrowly focuses beam and leave the beam without reaching the receptor; and (3) readings taken
with and without the absorber in place will yield the faction of photons removed from the narrow beam.
3.6 Broad-beam Geometry

As discussed in Section 3.4, photon buildup can contribute significantly to the detector response
function. Figure 6 illustrates how, under broad-beam geometry conditions; the incident photon fluence is
significantly altered while passing through the transport media and contributing to the detector response.
The scattered photons are reduced in energy and the photon fluence reaching the receptor becomes a
function of beam-size, photon energy distribution, absorber material and geometry.
Figure 6: Diagram of broad-beam geometry experiment
To satisfy broad-beam geometry conditions, no perfect shielding is placed prior to the

transporting material, and no auxiliary shielding is placed around the receptor to shield from low-angled
scattered photons. In this arrangement, the requirements for broad-beam geometry are satisfied since a
significant fraction of the scattered photons reach the receptor in addition to those transmitted without
interaction.
72
3.7 High Purity Germanium Principles

When measuring gamma-ray energies, two categories of detectors are generally used, inorganic
scintillators and semiconductors. There are many factors generally considered when choosing a particular
detector-type for a given application and typically the deciding factor revolves around the trade-off
between the desired counting efficiency vs. energy resolution of the measurements. For this
investigation, accuracy measuring the penetrating ability of photons in material is of interest and the
detector energy resolution is a more desirable trait than counting efficiency.
Both inorganic scintillator and semiconductor detectors can detect particles in proportion to
their deposited radiation and produce their spectra. However, the properties of the two detection media
are different. For instance, the efficiency of a semiconductor-based detector made from Germanium is
much lower than that of inorganic scintillators made from sodium iodide (NaI). However, the trade-off is
a greatly improved photopeak resolution of the semiconductor-based detector due to the low 2-3 eV/ip
required to excite an electron in the germanium crystal lattice from the valence band to the conduction
band where individual interaction events can be recorded by the detection system. On the other hand, an
inorganic scintillator-based detector requires about 20 eV/ip to excite an electron from the crystal
lattices. The energy difference between the two bands is also known as the ‘band gap’. For
semiconductors, the band gap energy is around 1 eV, which is small enough for the bound valance
electrons to become thermally excited. This thermal excitement is known as ‘noise’ and is caused by
secondary electrons traveling through the sensitive volume of the detector. In order to avoid the
erroneous excitation of valance electrons from the secondary electron, the detector is chilled with liquid
nitrogen during operation. When comparing the spectral data between an inorganic scintillator versus
semiconductor-based detector, the scintillator’s energy resolution of individual photopeaks is quite poor,
thus the germanium detector is chosen to perform the attenuation measurements.
Depending on the semiconductor detector configuration, the active region is often doped with a
small amount of impurities to decrease the band gap of the detector. Impurities with too few valance
electrons, such as aluminum, increase the valance band; while adding impurities with excess electrons
relative to germanium, such as phosphorus, decreases the conduction band. For example, a high purity
germanium detector (HPGe) whose impurities tend to donate electrons, the purity type of the detector is
designated as n-type. Alternatively, if the impurities are acceptors of electrons, the detector is designated
as a p-type. Both of these types of HPGe detectors reduce the band gap and increase the likelihood of
collecting all secondary charged particles within the active volume.
To increase the active volume of an HPGe, greater depletion depths are accomplished through a
refining manufacturing process designed reduce the impurity concentrations in the bulk semiconductor
region. As explained by Knoll (2000), this technique produces ultrapure germanium crystals with
73
10 3
impurities as low as 10 atoms/cm . The starting bulk material of an already high purity is further
processed using the technique of zone refining. The impurity levels are progressively reduced by locally
heating the material and slowly passing a melted zone from one end of the sample to the other. Since
impurities in the sample are more soluble in the melted zone, they are preferentially swept through the
molten regions. Repeated heating passes further reduce the impurity levels.
74
4. METHODS AND METHODOLOGY
4.1 Research Synopsis

Recent research in the area of emergency response planning after the release of nuclear material
into an urban environment has emphasized the importance of considering other options to immediate
evacuation due to modeling uncertainties such as current atmospheric conditions and general population
behavior which can nullify even the best emergency response strategies. Also, over time, the
socioeconomic impacts of rural-industrialized projects have led to the creation of energy boomtowns that
were not otherwise planned for in the original siting of certain facilities; further highlighting the need for
continued research and development in state-of-the-art evaluations of severe accident progression, off-
site radiologic consequence analysis, and emergency response planning.
As discussed in the literature review, many of the building shielding factors regularly applied to
current radiological assessments and emergency response planning cover a few 1940’s and 1950’s era
building-types based on simplistic point-kernel calculations for a few photon energies and are no longer
applicable to the densely populated urban environments seen today. As such, the motivation for this
investigation is based on a genuine concern of archaic data being used in modern state-of-the-art
radiological consequence assessments and emergency response plans. Two types of shielding factors
have been developed for; (1) the shielding effectiveness of each structure within an infinite cloud of
radioactive material, and (2) the shielding effectiveness of each structure from contaminant deposition
on the roof and surrounding grounds. There is an important distinction to make between the two since
the intent of building shielding factors designed for cloud immersion are different than those for
deposited material. Building shielding factors for cloud immersion are essentially point-estimates of the
reduced exposure an occupant would receive sheltering-in-place used during the relatively short period of
the emergency phase of a nuclear threat. Building shielding factors for deposited material are used in
time integrated estimates of the reduced exposure over long periods of time during the intermediate and
late phases after a nuclear event for habitability assessments. In this case, shielding factors for the roof
and ground are applied separately to account for decontamination and remediation efforts as well as
other reduction factors such as washout and resuspension.
The most accurate and direct approach to analyzing how well a structure can shield residents
from ionizing radiation would be to subject each building make and model used by those of a target
population and release plumes of radioactive material into the environment and compare measurements
of exposure outside verses inside. While this is not entirely practicable, this research analyzes the
shielding effectiveness of a variety of likely U.S. residential buildings from a realistic source term in a
laboratory setting. Two types of laboratory measurements were performed: (1) narrow-beam
measurements to develop material-specific total attenuation coefficients, and (2) broad-beam
75
measurements to characterize the overall shielding properties of each shielding model by simulating a
more realistic exposure situation where the shielding/photon interactions are between the multi-layered
shield and a free-in-air photon fluence. The purpose of the broad-beam measurements was not to assess
the buildup effect of scattered photons, but to use the data as an additional experimental benchmark
when developing MCNP5 computational shielding models to simulate realistic shielding/free-in-air photon
fluence interactions. For dosimetric purposes, low-angled scattered photons relative to the horizon are of
more interest than the scattering effect of the transport material when assessing the shielding properties
of a structure. Higher energy photon scattering probabilities are concentrated around smaller angles of
deflection and increase for photons with longer wavelengths. As such the reflected energy of the
secondary photon is small, and in turn, for the building shielding analysis, the direct radiation penetrating
through a wall directly to the detector provides the largest contribution to exposure; much larger than
contributions from back-scatter from one or more walls.
Comparisons between the experiments and computational models were made through the use
of experimentally derived- and computationally calculated linear total attenuation coefficients. Narrow-
beam coefficients quantified how well each material absorbed photons of a particular energy. Broad-
beam coefficients measured how well each shielding models absorbed an unaltered photon fluence free-
in-air through the shield layers to the detector. This approach results in computational models validated
for each individual material at energy-specific photons across a wide energy spectrum as well as for each
shielding model considering all scattering interaction within a realistic free-in-air photon field; further
validating the full-scale computational housing unit models.
A realistic photon energy spectrum was developed based on the relative importance of individual
elements released from a severe nuclear reactor accident; assuming equal release fractions. Nuclear
decay data for each radionuclide was extracted from latest published data by the ICRP in Publication 107
(2008). The purpose of characterizing a realistic energy spectrum was to ensure both the experimental
and computational model simulations focused on gamma-emissions with the greatest dosimetric
importance with respect to developing generic building shielding factor; avoiding either ‘softening’ or
‘hardening’ the final building shielding factors.
An analysis was performed on housing data from the 2009 Residential Energy Consumption
Survey (EIA, 2009) to create a snapshot of the general construction material used for the primary weather
barrier of exterior walls and roofs of U.S. housing stock. A decision tree analysis (DTA) using the housing
data created a mathematical model that quantitatively assessed the attributes of each housing-unit type,
as well as the building materials used to construct the walls and roofs. Results of the DTA directed the
investigation to design, build and analyze ten shielding models for the broad-beam attenuation
experiments: 5 representing exterior walls; 4 representing roofs; and 1 representing an interior wall. A
76
total of 14 general construction materials were identified that were needed to build the ten shielding
models; ten of those were used to develop narrow-beam attenuation coefficients. Various combinations
of these ten shields represent 69.6 million housing units (61.3%) in the United States.
On average, homes are constructed in a similar fashion built to specific standards within all
geographic regions of the U.S. with difference primarily in the use of material composing the primary
weather barrier of the exterior walls and roof. Each shielding model is designed to represent a square
section of wall between the 40.64 cm on-center studs, with a final dimension totaling the 44.5 cm x 44.5
cm when accounting for the additional 1.905 cm stud thickness outside the 40.64 cm on-center spacing.
The narrow- and broad-beam assemblies were first designed using the code MCNP5 to optimize
primary- and auxiliary shield placements to ensure conditions as discussed in Sections 3.5 and 3.6 were
met. The narrow-beam assembly was designed to collimate the fluence produced by a point isotropic
source into a parallel beam of mono-energetic photons after passing through the perfect shield.
Experimental conditions for both the narrow- and broad-beam assemblies were kept constant to ensure
measurement fluctuation was due to the inherent fluctuations of radionuclide decay and the counting
system itself and not changes to geometry.
The narrow- and broad-beam experimental geometries were modeled in their entirety with
MCNP5, including the HPGe detector response function based on data produced with Marinelli beaker
measurements. With the HPGe detector response function modeled over a broad range of energies,
comparisons between experiment and simulations were made possible.
Good agreement was found between the experimentally derived- and computationally
calculated total attenuation coefficients with the MCNP5 HPGe detector response function modeled;
providing validity for simulations using full-scale housing models with the realistic source term. Material
descriptions necessary for MCNP5 input decks were borrowed from published journal literature and other
available sources such as material data sheets, and manufacture product sheets. The elemental
composition and physical properties for certain natural materials (stucco, asphalt, clay brick and
terracotta) used in this investigation were found to range widely depending on where the raw material
was mined and how the final product was processed and manufactured; making each batch different from
another. As such, a sensitivity analysis using the narrow-beam MCNP5 model was performed to develop
effective density and elemental properties based on the literature review for each of these natural
materials. The purpose of the sensitivity analysis was to establish a correlation between the
experimentally-derived average total attenuation coefficients and the MCNP5-calculated average total
attenuation coefficients for each of these four materials.
77
To estimate the total reduction in exposure provided by each shielding model, hypothetically
“perfect” broad-beam geometry environments were modeled with the MCNP5. Comparisons between
shielding models demonstrated a wide range of effective shielding and protection factors are specific only
to the primary weather barriers being modeled; that it, building shielding factors for one housing-unit
type should not be applied to another constructed of a different primary weather barrier material.
The full-scale housing unit models are based on common housing construction typical in U.S.
suburbs using the platform framing technique. Two-story homes are modeled as general colonial-style
2
models with 160 m split evenly between the two stories. One-story homes are modeled as general
2
ranch-style models with 160 m on one level; essentially a two-story floor plans with each level set side-
by-side instead of stack on top of another. Manufactured homes are modeled as single-wide units with a
2
foot-print of 101 m . Each full-scale model is symmetrically designed, such that one side mirrors the
other. All wall- and roof physical and material parameters important for shielding are modeled. For all
models, every exterior wall for a room is modeled with a window. Interior and exterior doors are not
modeled. The foundations are modeled as 20.32 cm thick concrete/cinderblocks; raising the unit 60.96
cm above the ground. The foundation for clay brick homes are modeled with an additional 12.7 cm-thick
layer of concrete to support the weight of the brick and allow for a 2.54 cm air gap between the primary
weather barrier and vapor barrier.
Protection factors were developed for location specific areas of each model and averaged to
compute both floor-specific protection factors and an over-all building shielding factors for each exposure
scenario (immersion and deposition). Results of the building-shielding factors developed in this
investigation are in agreement with finding from full-scale experimental work performed in the 1950s and
1960s and other laboratory experiments discussed in the literature review. In general, the amount of
protection provided by a particular structure was found to be dependent on the size of the housing-unit,
the type and amount of material composing the primary weather barriers, and the location within the
building (e.g., the basement provides more protection than the second floor). When compared to the
commonly used building shielding factors for deposition using the point-kernel method, it was found that
the old data overestimates the total reduction in exposure (contributions from both the roof and ground
source). This is due to modeling assumptions that the mass-thickness of the roof is equal to that of the
walls and infinite-medium buildup factors for water were applied to each wall layer; underestimating the
amount of exposure contributed by roof deposition at the receptor.
This section is divided into several independent sub-sections designed to walk the reader
through the methodology used to design the experiments and develop validated computational models to
produce the building shielding factors. The process is as follows:
78
1. Characterize the source term of interest to realistically model the expected photon
energy spectrum and select the optimal radionuclides for the laboratory experiments;
2. Select which residential home-types should be analyzed through a mathematical model
that quantitatively assesses each building-type and the materials used to construct the
significant components for shielding against gamma radiation;
3. Design and construct a series of shielding models based on the selected building-types
to assess their shielding effectiveness with a free-in-air photon fluence to generate the
necessary data to be used to benchmark a series of advance computation models;
4. Perform a series of narrow-beam experiments to develop attenuation coefficients for
each general purpose construction material composing the wall and roof of a particular
home-type with photon energies identified in Step 1;
5. Perform a series of broad-beam experiments to develop attenuation coefficients for
each shielding model representing the wall or roof of the home to characterize the
overall shielding properties of each by simulating a real-world exposure scenario where
the shielding/photon interactions are between multiple layers of material and a free-in-
air photon fluence with photon energies identified in Step 1;
6. Develop computational models of the narrow-beam experiments to characterize the
elemental and physical properties of each general purpose construction material
composing the wall and roof of the home benchmarked to the experimentally produced
total attenuation coefficients described in Step 4;
7. Develop computational shielding models of the broad-beam experiments using the
elemental and physical properties identified in Step 4 and benchmarked to the broad-
beam attenuation experimental data produced in Step 5; and,
8. Apply combinations of computational shielding model walls and roof developed in Step
7 to full-scale computational home models to perform a series of idealized exposure
simulations with a realistic source term to characterize the shielding effectiveness of
each.
The same process just described was followed for characterizing each of the ten shielding model and
housing-unit type.
Figure 7 is a flow diagram illustrating how the experimental data was used to benchmark the
computational full-scale housing unit models. Comparisons between the experiments and the
computational models were made through the use of average experimentally-derived and averaged
computationally-calculated linear total attenuation coefficients.
79
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4

Computational Computational
Experimental Building Shieling
Models of Full-Scale Housing
Measurements Factor Calculations
Experiments Unit Models
Narrow-beam Narrow-beam
Average Material Average Material
Attenuation Coefficients Attenuation Coefficients
Full-scale Housing Unit
Contemporary
Model Development
Building Shielding
Factors
Broad-beam Broad-beam
Average Shielding Average Shielding
Model Attenuation Model Attenuation
Coefficients Coefficients
Source term: 13 representative experimental Source term: 317 emissions representing a

photon measurements realistic source term
Figure 7: Flow diagram illustrating how data was used to benchmark computational models
80
4.2 Energy Spectrum Characterization

A representative photon energy spectrum was developed based on the relative importance of
individual elements released from a severe nuclear reactor accident; assuming equal release fractions.
Nuclear decay data for each radionuclide was extracted from latest published data by the ICRP in
Publication 107 (2008). The purpose of characterizing a representative energy spectrum was to ensure
both the experimental and computational model simulations focused on gamma-emissions with the
greatest dosimetric importance with respect to developing generic building shielding factor; avoiding
either ‘softening’ or ‘hardening’ the final building shielding factors. For instance, if the energy spectrum
was assumed low, the resulting protection factors would overestimate the shielding effectiveness a
particular building provides. Likewise, if the energy spectrum was estimated too high, the resulting
protection factors would be overly conservative; underestimated the shielding effectiveness a particular
building would provide.
The calculated source term is based on reactor core nuclide inventories found in Appendix A of
NUREG/CR-4467 (NRC, 1986), where the entire fission product inventory is available for release to the
environment. This release is based on maximum full power operations with, as minimum, typical fuel
uranium enrichment of 3.3 weight percent U-235, end-of-year fuel burn-up, a three-year refueling cycle,
and an assumed core power equal to the current licensed rated thermal power. Irradiation of the fuel is
assumed to be of sufficient time to allow for dose-significant isotopes to reach equilibrium.
Results from the NUREG/CR-4467 (NRC, 1986) study indicate that a total of 71 nuclides are
identified as important fission products for dosimetric proposes. Of the 71 nuclides: Ru-106; Cs-137; Nb-
97; Rh-105m; and Ba-136m did not have emission spectra suitable for the attenuation experiments.
Cesium-137 decays via beta emission to the metastable nuclear isomer Ba-137m, which is the isotope of
interest in this analysis. In total, 66 radionuclides were selected for further analysis.
Nuclear decay data published in ICRP Publication 107 (2008) yielded 6093 photon emissions for
the 66 radionuclides ranging from 8.9E-6 to 9.91 MeV with emission yields ranging from 1.31-15 to 0.999.
Photon emissions with relative intensities (Energy*Intensity) per disintegration less than 1% (MeV/dis)
were omitted; leaving a total of 317 emissions ranging from 29 keV to 3.71 MeV, a median of 1.101 MeV
+/- 0.74 MeV; specifying a photon energy range within 0.361 MeV to 1.841 MeV for the experimental
measurements. This energy range is similar to the work published by Burson and Profio (1975),
Mechbach and Paretzke (1988), Salinas (2006). However, this energy spectrum is modeled as discrete
energy emissions based on more recent nuclear power plant accident progression research and nuclear
decay data published in NUREG-1150 (NRC, 1990) and ICRP Publication 107 (2008). Figure 8 illustrates
81
the relative intensity of the 317 of interest. Though emissions with relative intensities less than 1% do
contribute to an individual’s dose; they are insignificant in the application of shielding factors used in
emergency response planning. These 317 photons are termed realistic source term photons and are used
in the MCNP5 computational models. A list of each radionuclide, photon energy and emission intensity
can be found in
82
APPENDIX A.
Representative Gamma Ray Energy Spectra with Relative Emissions > 1.0%
1.6
1.4
Relative Photon Energy ntensity [E*I)
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 8: Representative gamma-ray energy spectra with relative emissions > 1.0%
83
4.2.1 Radionuclide Selection

The Oregon State University TRIGA reactor was used to produce the Cs-134, Co-60, and Na-24
nuclides. These four radionuclides (95.3 mCi Am241, and 0.5 mCi Cs-134, 0.5 mCi Co-60, 0.150 mCi Na-24)
collectively emit 13 characteristic photons of interest between 60 keV and 3 MeV and were available at
the time to perform the attenuation measurements. These 13 photons are termed representative
photons and are used to perform the narrow- and broad-beam laboratory experiments. Table 3 lists
each of the 13 selected photons. These photons were selected for their relatively high emission
frequency and ease to identify and analyze from raw spectral data.
84
Table 3: Selected nuclides and respective experimental photon emissions
Photon Energy Branching

Photon # Nuclide
(MeV) Ratio (%)
1 Am-241 0.059 0.36
2 Cs-134 0.475 0.0146
3 Cs-134 0.563 0.0838
4 Cs-134 0.569 0.1543
5 Cs-134 0.605 0.976
6 Cs-134 0.795 0.854
7 Cs-134 0.801 0.0973
8 Cs-134 1.039 0.01
9 Cs-134 1.167 0.018
10 Co-60 1.174 09986
11 Co-60 1.333 0.9998
12 Na-24 1.369 1.0
13 Na-24 2.755 0.994
4.3 United States Housing Characterization Survey

An analysis was performed to create a snapshot of the general construction material used for the
primary weather barrier of exterior walls and roofs of U.S. housing stock. For example, homes located in
the northeast are design to withstand cooler climates and are thus constructed of heavier materials than
those located in the northwest while the southeast has the largest percentage of manufactured housing
units than any other U.S. geographic region. Results from the survey were used to focus investigation
efforts in designing and building a standard set of shields (walls and roofs) based on these characteristics
which would be combined to model a variety of housing types.
Housing data used in this survey is from the 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (EIA,
2009). The Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) analyzes data from the U.S. Census, providing
information on energy-related characteristics of residential housing units in the United State, highlighting
changes in housing trends dating back to the 1940s. The RECS categorizes about 114 million U.S. homes
into five housing types, as well as the building materials used as the primary weather barriers (walls and
roofs) of each.
A decision tree analysis (DTA) was performed to create a mathematical model that quantitatively
assessed the attributes of each housing-unit type, as well as the building materials used to construct the
walls and roofs. The DTA provided a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision-
problem by quantifying relative attributes, relating each attribute to a variety of alternatives and
evaluating each alternative in a technically defensible manor and mitigates arbitrary decisions. The
decision tree is constructed by showing alternatives for the decision-making, uncertainties, and associated
85
criteria. Each decision tree includes: (1) the alternative with probability of occurrence; (2) subsequence
decision nodes branching from each sub-criteria and probability of occurrence; and (3) the end state of
each branch with a brief description of each branch.
In the DTA model, each of the five housing unit types is considered an alternative, and the
material composition making the walls and roofs are considered criterion. Each of the two criterions is
further subdivided into nine sub-criteria specifying the primary weather barrier. Each alternative is
weighted by the independent sub-criteria important for structural shielding. Results of the DTA list the
probability of occurrence for each housing type alternative being composed of both wall and roof sub-
criteria material compositions. The DTA results with end-state probabilities greater than 1% were used to
identify which housing types should receive focus.
Defining the Alternatives: The 2009 RECS (2009) categorize all U.S. housing stock into the
following five categories as followed:
1. Single-family detached;
2. Single-family attached;
3. Apartments in buildings with 2 to 4 units;
4. Apartments in buildings with 5 or more; and,
5. Mobile homes.
Single-family housing units are defined as a housing unit, detached or attached, that
provides living space for one household or family. Attached houses are considered single-family
houses as long as they are not divided into more than one housing unit and they have an
independent outside entrance. A single-family house is contained within walls extending from
the basement (or the ground floor, if there is no basement) to the roof.
Townhouses, rowhouses, and duplexes are considered single-family attached housing units,
as long as there is no household living above another one within the walls extending from the
basement to the roof to separate the units.
A mobile home, with one or more rooms, is classified as a single-family home, but separated
in the survey from single-family homes built onsite.
Apartments in buildings with 2 to 4 units are defined as structures divided into living
quarters for two, three, or four families or households in which one household lives above or
beside another.
86
Defining the Criterion: The 2009 RECS (2009) categorized the general construction materials
composing the primary weather barriers of all U.S. housing stock in to the following two criterion
and 16 sub-criteria as followed:
1. Primary wall weather barrier;

a. Siding (Aluminum, Vinyl, Steel),
b. Brick,
c. Wood,
d. Stucco,
e. Concrete/Concrete Block,
f. Composition (Shingle),
g. Stone,
h. Other, and
2. Primary roof weather barrier;
a. Composition Shingles,
b. Asphalt,
c. Metal,
d. Wood Shingles/Shakes,
e. Ceramic or Clay Tiles,
f. Concrete Tiles,
g. Slate or Synthetic Slate, and
h. Other.
The influence diagram seen in Figure 9 illustrates how the two criterion and 16 sub-criteria relate to each
of the five alternatives.
Probabilities of occurrence for each housing-unit alternative, two criterion, and 16 sub-criteria
were developed to populate the event tree. The five alternatives were normalized with respect to the
total housing units available in the U.S., providing probabilities of occurrence for each. Sub-criteria were
normalized to the total count of housing units with respect to the housing unit category to provide
probabilities of occurrence for each sub-criteria. Probabilities of occurrence for each alternative and sub-
criteria were used to populate each node of the decision tree. The decision outcomes, with associated
occurrence probabilities for each alternative are the results of each decision tree branch. An example of
the decision tree constructed for the detached single-family housing unit alternative is presented in
APPENDIX B.
87
Figure 9: Decision tree alternatives, criterion, and sub-criteria influence diagram

88
4.3.1 Housing-unit Selection

A total of 320 DTA branches covering approximately 114 million U.S. homes were analyzed
between the five alternatives and 16 sub-criteria. DTA branches with end state probabilities of 0.00%
were omitted since no data were available pertaining to a certain sub-criteria. No roofing data was
collected for apartment units with five or more households. Because of this, the effective pool of U.S.
housing-units was reduced to 94.4 million homes (83.10%). Furthermore, a total of 153 DTA branches
representing 24.8 million housing-units (21.8%) were omitted from further analysis with end state
probabilities of less than 1.0%. The remaining 17 branches with end state probabilities greater than 1.0%
(see Table 4: and Figure 10) represent 69.6 million homes, or 61.3% of U.S. housing units.
Table 4: Top 17 DTA branch outcomes (P>1.00%)
RANK END STATE DECISION OUTCOME

1 14.77% SINGLE_SIDING_COMP
2 8.24% SINGLE_BRICK_COMP
3 7.55% SINGLE_WOOD_COMP
4 4.97% SINGLE_SIDING_ASPHALT
5 4.89% SINGLE_STUCCO_COMP
6 3.13% MOBILE HOME_SIDING_METAL
7 2.77% SINGLE_BRICK_ASPHALT
8 2.54% SINGLE_WOOD_ASPHALT
9 1.67% APT 2 TO 4 UNITS_BRICK_COMP
10 1.64% SINGLE_STUCCO_ASPHALT
11 1.57% SINGLE_SIDING_SHAKES
12 1.44% MOBILE HOME_SIDING_COMP
13 1.40% SINGLE_SIDING_METAL
14 1.38% SINGLE_CONCRETE_COMP
15 1.18% SINGLE ATT_BRICK_COMP
16 1.08% APT 2 TO 4 UNITS_SIDING_COMP
17 1.08% SINGLE ATT_SIDING_COMP
The DTA results show the top ranked housing unit (14.8%) to be single-family detached units
constructed of vinyl siding and composition roofing materials. The second ranked housing unit (8.2%) was
found to be single-family detached units constructed of brick and roofing material. Interestingly enough,
th
mobile home units constructed of siding and metal roofs ranked 6 (3.1%). No data pertaining to the
protection afforded by mobile homes was identified through in the literature review.
89
U.S. HOUSING UNIT TYPE, WALL AND ROOF MATERIAL PROBABILITY [P>1.00%)
16.00%
14.00%
12.00%
Probability
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
Housing Unit Discription
Figure 10: U.S. Housing unit type, wall and roof material (P>1.00%)
A summary of the occurrence of each housing unit type and the materials used to construct the walls and
roofs are listed in Table 5.
Table 5: Synopsis of top 17 branch decision outcomes
UNIT TYPE
Occurrence
Single-Family
11
Detached
Single-Family Attached 2
Apt 2 to 4 Unit 2
Mobile Home 2
CRITERION
Wall
Siding 8
Brick 4
Wood 2
Stucco 2
Concrete 1
Roof
Composition 10
Asphalt 4
Metal 2
Shakes 1
90
Single-family detached homes are the dominant housing type within the U.S. Mobile homes, apartments
of 2 to 4 units and single-family attached homes all had equal occurrences. The major general purpose
construction material for walls listed in order from highest to lowest are vinyl siding, clay brick, wood,
stucco, and concrete. The major general purpose construction material for roofs listed in order from
highest to lowest are composition shingles, asphalt, metal, and cedar shakes.
Results of the DTA directed the investigation to design, build and analyze ten shielding models
for the attenuation experiments: 5 representing exterior walls; 4 representing roofs; and 1 representing
an interior wall. Various combinations of these ten shields represent 69.6 million housing units (61.3%) in
the United States.
4.4 Shielding Design Model Selections of Structurally Significant Components of a Home

Results from the Section 4.3.1 provided guidance in selecting both the wall- and roof-types to be
modeled as shield. Each shielding model was built with general construction materials and methods
following local building practices and national standards. A total of ten shields were designed and built:
six representative of typical vinyl-, brick-, wood-, stucco-, steel -, and interior -type walls; and four
representative of typical asphalt-, metal-, shake-, and terracotta-type roofs. Each shield can be thought of
as graded-Z shielding. Guidance for the design and general construction of certain aspects of the shield
modes as well as modeling of full-scale housing models came from Spence (1999) when needed. Figure
11 shows a cross section of each individual general purpose construction material composing a shielding
model representing an exterior wall. Each shielding model is based on the common platform framing
system with dimensions suitable for the laboratory assemblies while still satisfying requirements
necessary to meet both narrow-beam and broad-beam geometry requirements.
91
Figure 11: Example of material layering of outer wall
On average, homes are constructed in a similar fashion built to specific standards within all geographic
regions of the U.S. with difference primarily in the use of material composing the primary weather barrier
of the exterior walls and roof. In general, the difference in shielding afforded by each housing-unit type is
a function of the primary weather barrier. Thus for all housing unit designs, all material layers
subsequently placed after the primary weather barrier are generally made of the same material-type and
placed in the same order. Each shielding model representing a wall consists of five layers of material
listed in order from the interior of the home to exterior as follows: (1) gypsum wallboard; (2) wall
studs/batt-insulation; (3) oriented strand board sheathing; (4) vapor barrier; and (5) the primary weather
barrier. The brick wall shielding model has a sixth layer composed of a 2.54 cm air-gap nestled between
the primary weather barrier and vapor barrier. Each shielding model representing a roof consisted of 3-4
layers of material as listed from the interior of the home to outside as follows: (1) oriented strand board
sheathing; (2) one-to-two layers of felt paper; and (3) a varying amount of primary weather barrier layers.
Descriptions of each general purpose construction material (including physical and elemental
compositions) can be found in APPENDIX I.
4.4.1 Shielding Designs

General Wall Construction: There are two primary framing systems used to build modern residential units,
platform framing and balloon framing. The platform framing system is the most common type of framing
in residential construction and is modeled in this research. In platform construction, each wall is one
story high. The framing for a two story house resembles the framing of a one-story house built directly on
92
top of another one-story house. The exterior wall frame serves as the base on which all remaining
construction materials are applied. Typical wall frames are made with 5.08 cm x 10.16 cm studs generally
spaced 40.64 cm on-center. It is important to note stated lumber dimensions are rough cut dimensions,
not finished dimensions which is typical general construction vocabulary. Finished dimensions are 1.27
cm less than the generally stated rough cut dimensions, actual dimension of a finished wall stud generally
used to construct walls is 3.81 cm x 8.89 cm and are applied to the experimental and computational
models in this investigaction.
A typical exterior wall for platform framing consists of a sill, bottom plate, studs, double top
plate, sills, corner stud assemblies, trimmers, fire stops, some type of bracing, and sheathing (see Figure
12 and 13). Precut studs, 235.27 cm long, are available for framing walls when a 243.8 cm floor-to-ceiling
is desired. This gives a rough interior height from the subfloor to the ceiling joists 264.38 cm. When floor
and ceiling finish materials are installed the finish height is close to 243.8 cm. Walls and partition
construction is begun by locating the studs, rough openings, trimmers, and cripples on the top and
bottom plates. Bottom plates are treated 5.08 cm x 10.16 cm lumber placed directly on the subfloor
while top plates are typically non-treated lumber placed at the top of the wall. The wall layout starts at a
corner of the front wall. The location of the studs should be such that the stock sheathing panels are set
flush with the outside face of the end stud. For this investigation, the first-, second-, and attic floor is
supported by 5.08 cm x 25.4 cm joist all spaced on 40.64 cm centers. Openings in walls, such as those
needed for doors and windows must be spanned by headers strong enough to carry any imposed loads.
To frame a typical window, trimmer-studs are set on each side and the header resting on top. The
cripples are spaces to maintain the 16-inch on-center spacing. Basement walls are 20.32 cm thick except
for brick homes with have an additional 12.7 cm to support the brick wall. All models are raised a
standard 60.96 cm above the ground to model the foundation height above the ground.
93
Figure 12: General component of exterior wall
Figure 13: Exterior wall framing with material layers in X/Y-axis view
94
General Roof Construction: Roofs are designed based on a typical gable roof consisting of a ridge-board
upon which the top ends of the rafters are nailed (see Figure 14). Rafters are the structural member used
to frame a roof; carrying the sheathing and primary weather barrier material load. The size of a rafter
depends on the distance it must span, roof slope, spacing between rafters, weight of the roofing material,
and potential wind and snow load. Typically, 3.81 cm x 20.32 cm or 3.81 cm by 25.4 cm rafters on 40.64
cm on-center spacing are used. On top of the rafter, oriented strand board (OSB) is attached and covered
with an underlayment to provide protection if a leak occurs in the primary weather barrier. Typically,
asphalt-saturated felt paper is used as the underlayment and is required below fiberglass and asphalt
shingles as well as various metal and clay roofing tiles. After the sheathing and felt is installed, the
primary protective weather barrier is attached.
Figure 14: Gable roof frame with 0.5 pitch in X/Z-axis view
Shielding Design Parameters: As described in Section 4.5, the lead sarcophagus is a limiting factor for
designing the shield models. Each model is 44.5 cm x 44.5 cm square, based on platform framing
practices to model the same layer material as seen between the standard 40.64 cm on-center framing
studs. Figure 16 is an example of the 44.5 cm x 44.5 cm frame designed to model the 40.64 cm on-center
platform framing practices. Each shield wall is designed to represent a square section of wall between the
40.64 cm on-center studs, with a final dimension totaling the 44.5 cm x 44.5 cm when accounting for the
additional 1.905 cm stud thickness outside the 40.64 cm on-center spacing. Thermal batt-insulation is
installed in the space between the wall studs, gypsum and sheathing and is intended to reduce the
transmission of heat through ceilings, walls, and floors. The interior wall finish material, typically gypsum
wallboard, is attached directly to the wall studs. Sheathing is secured to the exterior side of the wall
95
frame to enclose the building. The most frequently used sheathing materials include plywood and OSB
and are either 1 cm to 2.54 cm thick. After the sheathing layer, a vapor barrier is attached to the outside
sheathing surface to keep moisture out of the home and prevent mildew. The vapor barrier (a.k.a
Housewrap) is a form of spunbound olefin fabric made from very fine high-density polyethylene fibers
manufactured in large sheets to cover an entire sheathed wall. After the Housewrap layer, the primary
weather protective barrier is then installed.
The final shielding dimensions serve four purposes: (1) each shield model represents a cutout
section of the material layers of each wall and roof; (2) each shield model can be placed easily inside the
lead sarcophagus over the HPGe detector inside the lead sarcophagus and adjusted according after each
measurement; (3) potential shadowing effects caused by 8.636 cm thick wall stud are minimized; and, (4)
broad-beam requirements are satisfied since one steradian of photon fluence emitted by the source
uniformly blankets the shield before reaching the detector (Figure 15). In the case of a point isotropic
photon emitting source, the inverse square law states that the intensity of emitted photons is inversely
proportional to the radius squared from the source. As such, the total surface area dimensions of the
shielding models cover the same emitted fluence emitted from the point isotropic source; modeling a
uniform exposure over the entire surface within the broad-beam assembly. Figure 16 through Figure 19
show the steps for constructing each shielding model. A brief description specific to each shield design is
given in Sections 4.4.2 and 4.4.3.
96
Figure 15: Model shield design steradian parameter for uniform fluence coverage
97
Figure 16: 44.5 cm x 44.5 cm platform frame model
Figure 17: 44.5 cm x 44.5 cm platform frame model with OSB, batt-fiberglass, gypsum, and Housewrap
98
Figure 18: Top view of shield frame with OSB, batt-fiberglass, gypsum, and Housewrap
Figure 19: Cut-away view of shield wall layers

99
4.4.2 Wall-type Shielding Models

Vinyl Siding Wall Shield Model: Vinyl siding is made of polyvinylchloride and is installed over the vapor
barrier to the sheathing. Vinyl, aluminum, and steel are commonly used siding materials manufactured in
long boards and panels in a range of surface textures. To install siding, starter strips are first installed
using a chalkline along the bottom of the wall. Next, inside and outside corner posts and channels are
installed around windows and doors. Finally, horizontal siding is installed sequentially up the exterior wall
by placing the first panel over the starter strip and nail every 12 to 16 inches (30.48 cm to 40.64 cm)
through the slot in the top of the panel. Figure 20 shows profile views of the three finished vinyl wall
shielding models.
Figure 20: Vinyl wall shielding models

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Brick Wall Shielding Model: Wood-framed walls can use brick or stone as the finish material. The cement
foundation provides an additional five-inch (12.7 cm) ledge to support the masonry brick and 2.54 cm air-
gap left between the sheathing and masonry for moisture control. To add strength to the masonry wall, a
1 cm layer of mortar is laid to bind one brick to another parallel to the wall and staggered by one-half
brick per layer. Figure 21 shows profile views of the three finished brick wall shielding models.
Figure 21: Brick wall shielding models

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Wood Siding Wall Shielding Model: Wood siding is typically made from pine and manufactured into a
variety of beveled sizes and lengths. Wood siding is installed much like vinyl and aluminum siding. The
amount exposed to the weather can be varied by overlapping each level of siding. Usually only one-half
or less of the siding is exposed. Wood siding used to build the wood siding wall models are manufactured
with a 25.4 cm face and 1.86 cm to 0.033 cm bevel. Approximately half of each level of siding is exposed
in these models. Figure 22 shows profile views of the finished wood siding wall shielding models.
Figure 22: Wood wall shielding models

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Steel Siding Wall Shielding Model: Steel siding is available in panels 38” (96.52 cm) wide and 6’ to 40’ in
length (182.88 cm to 1219.2 cm) and manufactured with either 26- and 29-guage steel. They are zinc
coated and are given a coat of factor-applied paint. The manufacturer supplies various trim pieces such as
preformed corner channels and trim to surround doors and windows into which the vertically installed
steel wall panels are fitted. A steel roof is covered in the same manner as the walls. Figure 23 shows
profile views of the three finished steel wall shielding models.
Figure 23: Steel wall shielding models

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Stucco Wall Shielding Model: Stucco is a combination of Portland cement and aggregate mixed with water
to form a plastic mass. It adheres to a surface and cures forming a hard, durable finish material. Various
textures can be imprinted on the surface while it is still plastic. Typically, the wall to be plastered is
sheathed with either plywood or oriented strand board, covered with two layers of vapor barrier before
adding the stucco layer. Next, either woven-wire mesh, or welded-wire lath is installed over the
housewrap with building staples to the sheathing layer, serving as a foundation and to strengthen the
base stucco cement layer. Directions for preparing and mixing the Portland cement, lime, sand and water
were followed as instructed by the manufacturing label.
Usually, three coats of Portland cement plaster are applied. The first coat is the scratch coat and
is worked into the metal lath. The second coat is the brown coat and builds up the thickness of the
scratch coat to smooth irregularities. The final coat is the finish coat and is troweled to a smooth finish or
brushed to provide the desired texture. A brushing technique was used to create a rough textured
surface texture stucco shielding wall models. Figure 24 shows profile views of the three finished stucco
wall shielding models.
Figure 24: Stucco wall shielding models

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Interior Wall Shielding Model: Interior walls are framed like exterior walls with 44.5 cm on-center
spacing. However, unlike exterior walls, internal walls are covered with gypsum wall board on both sides
and typically do not have batt-insulation installed in the cavity between studs. Figure 25 shows profile
views of the three finished internal wall shielding models.
Figure 25: Internal wall shielding models

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4.4.3 Roof-type Shielding Models

Asphalt Roof Shielding Model: Asphalt shingles are made using a base layer constructed with either
organic cellulose fibers or fiberglass and then saturated with asphalt to serve as a foundation to adhere
the exposed surface typically made of a granular material such as calcium carbonate. After the sheathing
and felt is installed, the first course of shingles is installed as the starter strip, overhanging the eve of the
roof turned upside down so the space between the tabs is up. The second course is begun one-half tab
off the first course, allowing the space between each tab to be staggered between courses and so-on up
the roof. Installing the shingles in this manner effective created three layers of primary weather barrier
onto of the felt paper. Figure 26 shows profile views of the three finished asphalt roof shielding models.
Figure 26: Asphalt roof shielding models

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Terracotta Roof Shielding Model: Terracotta roofing is made from mined clays much the material used in
the manufacturing of clay bricks. Terracotta tiles are manufactured in a variety of stock sizes and colors in
flat interlocking shingles and are very heavy when compared to other roofing materials. Typically, they
are installed over solid sheathing covered with roofing felt. The terracotta shielding models were
constructed with clay bases intended for plant pots instead of typical clay roofing tiles. The decision to
use clay bases as oppose to typical Terracotta roofing tiles was due to them not being a popular
construction material in the Pacific Northwest where this research was performed and were unavailable
at the time of the experiments. Also, the cost to purchase and transport directly from a manufacturer
was prohibitive since tiles were only available in bulk purchases. Figure 27 shows an example of one of
the three finished terracotta roof shielding models.
Figure 27: Terracotta roof shielding model

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Steel Roof Shielding Model: Metal roofing is manufactured to either 26- and 29-guage steel or aluminum
into panels or tiles. The same material used for the steel shielding wall model was used for the steel roof
shielding model. Steel roofing is galvanized and coated with a colored finish. After the sheathing and felt
is installed, metal roofs are installed by joined the edges with watertight joints and screwed into the
sheathing. The design of the joints depends on the manufacturer of the roofing. Figure 28 shows profile
views of the three finished steel roof shielding models.
Figure 28: Steel roof shielding models

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Shake Roof Shielding Model: Either wood shakes or shingles can be used to the primary weather barrier
on the roof. Shakes are used for this shielding model. Both are made from red cedar, redwood, southern
pine, or cypress and are available in a variety of sizes and pattern. Shakes are manufactured in widths
from 10.16 cm to 35.56 cm and 45.72 cm to 60.96cm lengths. Shingles are sawed flat on both sides and
are manufactured in widths from 7.16 cm to 10.16 cm and standard 40.64-, 45.72-, 60.96 cm, 16 cm
lengths. Shakes typically have a thicker butt end and taper to a thinner end than shingles. Wood shakes
are much like wood shingles, except that they are split from the logs rather than sawed. After the
sheathing and felt is installed, both wood shingles and shakes can be installed with a starter strip along
the eve of the roof. The allowable exposure depends on the grade of wood shingle or shake and the slope
of the roof. The modeled shake shields use 60.96 cm premium cedar shakes with an installation exposure
of one-half or less of the shake length. Figure 29 shows profile views of the three finished shake roof
shielding models.
Figure 29: Shake roof shielding models

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4.4.4 General Purpose Construction Materials

A total of 14 general construction materials were identified in the DTA needed to build the ten
shielding models, ten of those were used to develop narrow-beam attenuation coefficients (see Table 6).
Table 6: Narrow-beam Measurement Materials
Narrow-beam Measurement
Materials
1 clay brick
2 asphalt shingle
3 asphalt saturated felt
4 gypsum wall board
5 oriented strand board
6 steel
7 stucco
8 terracotta
9 vinyl siding
10 wood siding
A brief description of each material, manufacturing details, measured thicknesses, elemental

compositions and pictures of each type used to build each shielding model for the broad-beam
experiments and samples for the narrow-beam attenuation experiments are presented in APPENDIX I.
Thickness measurements (cm) were taken for each of the ten samples used in the narrow-beam
measurements and can be found in APPENDIX R. Figure 30 shows all general purpose construction
materials used to construct the shielding models.
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Figure 30: General purpose construction materials

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4.5 Experimental Setup

The narrow- and broad-beam assemblies were first designed using the code MCNP5 to optimize
primary- and auxiliary shield placements to ensure conditions as discussed in Sections 3.5 and 3.6 were
met. Figure 31 is a picture of the laboratory counting system (to the left), general construction material
samples (centered), and the narrow-beam assembly (to the right). A detailed discussion of both assembly
designs can be found in Sections 4.5.1 and 4.5.2. The detector used to take measurements was an EG&G
ORTEC GEM-70200 model with a high-purity germanium cylindrical crystal and boron ion implanted
contacts. The relative photopeak efficiency of coaxial germanium detectors is defined at the 1.33 MeV
Co-60 emission relative to a standard 7.62-cm -diameter by 7.62-cm –long NaI(TI) scintillator. The relative
photopeak efficiency of the HPGe detector used in this investigation was measured to be 70%.
Calibration information can be found in Section 4.6.1.
Figure 31: Laboratory equipment view
4.5.1 Narrow-beam Geometry Experimental Design

The narrow-beam assembly was designed to collimate the fluence produced by a point isotropic
source into a parallel beam of mono-energetic photons after passing through the perfect shield. The
2
cross-sectional area of the collimated beam was approximately 81.07 cm , large enough to cover the
sensitive volume of the detector given the solid angel subtended by the source to the detector window
and the construction materials to be measured. A sensitivity study was carried out with MCNP5 to
analyze the detector response function with respect to the perfect and auxiliary shield placement heights.
Assembly design criteria sought to satisfy narrow-beam geometry requirements by: (1) maximizing the
112
number of photons that have passed through the absorber without any kind of interaction to reach the
detector while minimizing the collided fluence at the detector location; (2) allow scattered photons
enough distance to truly leave the beam and not reach the receptor; and, (3) place both the perfect and
auxiliary shields in positions which confine the narrow beam around the detector. Figures 32 through 40
display a variety of views of the narrow-beam assembly and placements of important components. Figure
41 is a cutaway illustration of the narrow-beam assembly showing where the material samples
(highlighted in green) are placed with respect to the source and detector locations.
Specific narrow-beam geometry design features include:
(1) A vertical configuration between the radiation source located 100 cm above the
8.89 cm diameter detector window;
(2) Four lead-type shields which include: (1) an ALARA shield 10.16 cm thick
surrounding the source location; (2) a perfect shield 5.08 cm thick located 60.01 cm
above the detector window; (3) an auxiliary shield surrounding the detector and
extending 20 cm past the window surface; and, (4) a lead sarcophagus with 15.24
cm thick walls, a 50.cmx50.8cmx60.96cm inner volume and a Plexiglas liner 0.95c m
thick surrounding the germanium detector;
(3) Two Plexiglas support surfaces, one 0.54c m thick centered within the ALARA shield
one-meter above the detector window to support the radiation source, and another
0.125 cm thick centered on top the auxiliary shield to prevent sample material from
falling on to the detector window.
(4) A wood jig placed on top of the lead sarcophagus to support the auxiliary and
perfect shield, with a 10.16cm diameter port-hole drilled in the center to allow the
collimated beam to pass; and,
(5) Masonite bricks to build the narrow-beam assemble and act as spacers between the
ALARA- and perfect shields.
Total attenuation coefficients for each material were developing through a series of 11
measurements with each of the 10 materials (see Table 6) and four nuclides, one measurement without
the attenuating material, , and 10 subsequent measurements with the attenuation material, adding
an additional layer of material, , between each measurement. Certain construction materials
were not suitable for the narrow-beam experiments such as batt-fiberglass insulation due to it being
easily compressed under its own weight; making it difficult to repeat the measurements with any
certainty. Another example is wood shakes which are highly irregular in thickness due to how they are
manufactured. Total attenuation coefficients calculated based on experimental measurements for these
construction materials would not be useful in such cases. However, standard materials properties for
113
glass and wood are regularly made available in open literature and were applied to the MCNP5 computer
models accordingly.
Figure 32: Narrow-beam assembly components
Figure 33: Narrow-beam assembly auxiliary shield

114
Figure 34: Narrow-beam assembly view
Figure 35: Source placement within ALARA shield

115
Figure 36: Source placement within ALARA shield and narrow-beam column over the cryostat window
116
Figure 37: Perfect shield placement above HPGe detector cryostat window
Figure 38: View of auxiliary shield surrounding the detector

117
Figure 39: Auxiliary shield height from HPGe detector cryostat window
Figure 40: HPGe detector cryostat window measurement from lead sarcophagus floor
118
Figure 41: Narrow-beam cutaway illustration

119
4.5.2 Broad-beam Geometry Experimental Design

True broad-beam geometry as described in Section 3.6 was not entirely feasible in the laboratory
environment since measurements of scattered radiation should only be due to interactions with the
shield model and nothing else. Radiation scattered from the laboratory room walls, ceiling, floor and
other items within the room are considered an albedo effect and considered unavoidable. However,
broad-beam spectroscopy data and information derived from the narrow-beam attenuated
measurements can be used to make corrections using MCNP5 shielding models as described in Section 5.
As such, the broad-beam assembly was designed to satisfy broad-beam conditions within the limitations
of laboratory resources. Figure 42 is a picture of the broad-beam assembly with important components
labeled. Figure 43 through Figure 45 display a variety of pictures of the broad-beam assembly and
placements of important components. Specific broad-beam geometry design features include:
(1) A vertical configuration between the radiation source located 100 cm above the 8.89 cm
diameter detector window with the radiation source held in place with a lab clamp;
(2) One lead-type shield, a sarcophagus with 15.24 cm thick walls, a 50.cmx50.8cmx60.96cm
inner volume, and Plexiglas liner 0.95 cm thick surrounding the germanium detector; and,
(3) Masonite bricks stacked within the lead sarcophagus to place the model shields above the
detector.
Total attenuation coefficients for each shield were developed through a series of six
measurements with each of the four nuclides, one measurement without the attenuating material, ,
and five sequential measurements, , varying the shield level , , in 5.08 cm increments
above the detector cryostat between each measurement with Masonite blocks. The starting position was
3.81 cm above the cryostat.
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Figure 42: Broad-beam assembly
Figure 43: Broad-beam assembly with Masonite bricks placement

121
Figure 44: Broad-beam assembly with additional Masonite bricks placement

122
Figure 45: Broad-beam and Am-241 source placed in lab clamp

123
4.6 HPGe Detector

The detector used in this research is an EG&G ORTEC Model GEM-70200 GEM series HPGe
detector with a cylindrical, closed-end coaxial configuration and boron ion implanted contacts (see Figure
46). An EG&G Ortec DSPEC multichannel analyzer was used to record the spectra in 8144 channels.
Closed-end germanium configurations are manufactured with part of the central core removed and
covered with a thin inner electrode contact covering the surface and the outer electrode extended over
the flat, top-end of the crystal. This design-type maximizes the depletion depth of the germanium crystal
while also allowing for larger-volumes to be fabricated. Regions where the germanium comes into contact
with the electrodes are known as dead-layers, where incident radiation must pass without interaction to
be fully detected. As Knoll (2000) explains, for gamma-rays of about 200 keV or greater, the attenuation
in such layers is generally negligible, and the gamma-ray detection efficiency is not appreciably affected
by the presence of the dead-layer. For lower energy gamma- or x-rays, the presence and thickness of the
dead layer can be significant. The use of ion implantation in the manufacturing of the electrode contacts
help minimize the dead-layer thickness, creating a larger volume HPGe detector suitable for the
measurements of photons over a wide energy range, for photons of a few keV through many MeV. (Knoll,
2000)
Figure 46: EG&G ORTEC Model GEM-70200 GEM series HPGe detector inside the lead sarcophagus
4.6.1 HPGe Detector Calibration

A typical quality control procedure, as described by Knoll (2000), of the laboratory counting
system was performed for both experimental assembly configurations to identify possible statistical
124
fluctuations in the spectral data, as well as determine the resolution, efficiency, measurement
reproducibility and response function of the detector.
Energy Calibration
A linear regression model was used to model the relationship between the independent MCA
channel # (x) and dependent expected photopeak (y). The resulting energy calibration equation is:
. (4-1)
2
The corresponding R for the energy calibration equation is 1.0; showing the HPGe system is working as
expected and cooresponding measurements throughout the energy reange are reliable. Energy
calibration measurment results of the 13 respective experimental photon emissions from the four
selected nuclides (see Table 3) can be found in Table 7 and Figure 47 showing the expected photopeak
2
energy vs. channel number, the energy calibration equation and the coefficient of determination, R .
Table 7: Tabulated HPGe data and calculated photopeak energies
HPGe Detector Energy Calibration

Channel Number True Energy Calculated Energy Percent
(keV) (keV) Difference
Am-241
162 59.896 59.896 0.00%
Cs-134
1293 476.104 476.104 0.00%
1532 564.056 564.056 0.00%
1549 570.312 570.312 0.00%
1645 605.64 605.64 0.00%
2165 797 797 0.00%
2182 803.256 803.256 0.00%
2826 1040.248 1040.248 0.00%
3178 1169.784 1169.784 0.00%
Co-60
3192 1174.936 1174.936 0.00%
3625 1334.28 1334.28 0.00%
Na-24
3723 1370.344 1370.344 0.00%
7493 2757.704 2757.704 0.00%
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HPGe Detector Energy Calibration

3000
y = 0.368x + 0.28
2500 R² = 1
Photon Energy [keV)
2000
1500
1000
Photo Peak Centriod
500
Locations
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
MCA Channel Number
Figure 47: HPGe simple linear regression using Am-241, Cs-134, Co-60, and Na-24 Sources
Photopeak Resolution
Examining the differential pulse height distribution to each of the monoenergetic photons is an
important initial step in radiation spectroscopy when determining detector response function. The
energy resolution around any particular average peak photon, , is calculated as follows:
, (4-2)
where the full width at half max (FWHM) is the peak distribution at a level that is just half the maximum
ordinate of the peak. This definition assumes any background or continuum on which the peak may be
super imposed is negligible or has been subtracted away. (Knoll, 2000) The centroid channel number of
each peak and FWHM (in channels) were recorded and calculated and can be found in Table 8.
126
Table 8: HPGe detector resolution data for each photopeak of interest
HPGe Detector Energy Resolution

Channel Energy FWHM FWHM
Number (keV) (Channel) (Energy Resolution Resolution Gross Area
keV) (Channel) (Energy)
Am-241
162 59.896 3 1.104 1.85% 1.85% 1464
Cs-134
1293 476.104 6 2.208 0.46% 0.46% 1347
1532 564.056 4 1.472 0.26% 0.26% 3263
1549 570.312 4 1.472 0.26% 0.26% 5490
1645 605.64 4 1.472 0.24% 0.24% 30556
2165 797 4 1.472 0.18% 0.18% 21203
2182 803.256 5 1.84 0.23% 0.23% 2363
2826 1040.248 4 1.472 0.14% 0.14% 231
3178 1169.784 5 1.84 0.16% 0.16% 393
Co-60
3192 1174.936 5 1.84 0.16% 0.16% 7048
3625 1334.28 6 2.21 0.17% 0.17% 18304
Na-24
3723 1370.344 5 1.84 0.13% 0.13% 10678
7493 2757.704 8 2.944 0.11% 0.11% 6192
As explained by Knoll (2000), deviation of the photopeaks from a Gaussian distribution is known
as tailing. Tailing and can arise from several physical effects such as imperfect charge collection in some
regions of the detector, or secondary electron and bremsstrahlung escape from the active volume.
Another index aside from FWHM even more sensitive to tailing is the ratio of the full width at 1/50
maximum (FWFM) to the FWHM, measured at the 1.333 MeV photopeak. The FWFM was measured at
15 (channel) or 5.52 (keV) at 1.334 keV photopeak. The ratio of FWFM to FWHM is 2.5. A good
germanium detector gives a value for this ratio between 2.5 and 3.0, compared with 2.376 for a pure
Gaussian distribution.
Measurement Repeatability
Lastly, a series of 10, N, successive Co-60 measurements were taken with the narrow-beam
geometry with all experimental conditions kept constant to determine whether the internal fluctuations
of multiple measurements is constant with the amount of fluctuations expected in the statistical model.
The channel with the maximum amount of counts under each suspected photopeak is assumed to be the
mean of each measurement. The average experimental mean is:
127
∑
̅ . (4-3)
The sample variance,
∑ ̅ . (4–4)
Using the Gaussian statistical model, the predicted mean, ̅ is centered at the experimental mean, ̅
̅ , and the predicted variance, is simply ̅.
Since the predicted mean and variance of the statistical model are based on the measured mean
and sample variance, we can conclude that,
√ √ , (4–5)
is the best estimate of deviation from the true mean of the measurements. Results of the analysis can be
found in Table 9 below:
Table 9: Estimate of counting system precision
Experimental Data
Photopeaks
stats 1 2
̅ = 4062.6 3469.2
= 5849.16 1451.96
s= 76.48 38.10
Statistical Model
Photopeaks
stats 1 2
x-bar = 4062.6 3469.2
= 4062.60 3469.20
σ= 63.74 58.90
Histograms of both 1.174 and 1.333 MeV photopeaks found in Figure 48 and Figure 49 illustrate
the number of counts in each MCA channel under the photopeaks for each measurement. These
histograms serve as a good visual inspection of the how the counting system is operating between
measurements.
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Figure 48: Histogram of Co60, 1174 keV peak analysis
Figure 49: Histogram of Co60, 1333 keV peak analysis

129
4.7 Spectral Data Analysis

In all applications of gamma-ray spectroscopy, one of the most important and delicate parts of
the data analysis is the fitting of the photon spectra, where information as to the number of counts and
centroid position and width associated with each peak are analyzed. (Zahn, 2009) The first steps when
analyzing the spectral data was to identify each photopeak of interest, and then differentiate the peak
from simple fluctuations in the continuum background. The area underneath each photopeak was
integrated and corrections for contributions from the Compton continuum and background were made.
These fluctuations are responsible for much of the uncertainly with the measured data and are the
predominate source of error (accounted for in the uncertainty analysis) when calculating the
experimentally produced total attenuation coefficient.
Experimental conditions for both the narrow- and broad-beam assemblies were kept constant
to ensure measurement fluctuation was due to the inherent fluctuations of radionuclide decay and the
counting system itself and not changes to geometry. All measurement times were of sufficient length to
accumulate enough counts under each photopeak to obtain a gross fractional standard deviation, defined
as σ/x, of less than 5% for any one peak. Summaries’ and figures of the spectral results for each the 8840
photopeaks, including the calculated fractional standard deviation, normalized net count rate, and
normalized count rate standard deviations can be found in APPENDIX J and APPENDIX M for
measurements taken with the narrow- and broad beam assemblies respectively. A reference list of data
files for all experiments can be found in APPENDIX G and APPENDIX H.
A typical photopeak and its individual components are illustrated in Figure 50. Background
contributions were accounted for by taking two measurements without any source material present for
both narrow- and broad-beam geometry setup then processes to account for the different experimental
measurement periods. Compton continuum contributions were calculated by: (1) identifying the low- and
high-energy points of inflection of each photopeak; (2) calculating an average event-per-channel adjacent
to each point of inflection located using the immediate five channels outside of the photopeaks; (3)
determining the slope, m (counts/channel), between the low- and high- energy five-channel averages;
and (4) sum the total number of events, C.C. (events), within each channel, x (channel #) between the
photopeak points of inflection using the following equation:
∑ , (4-6)
where:
C.C. = total number of events contributed by the Compton continuum;
m = linear relationship between low- and high-energy points of inflection;
x = channel number;
130
b = averaged events in the five channel to the left of the low-energy point of inflection.
Figure 50: Am-241 photopeak, Compton continuum and background
The net photopeak were then determined by normalizing to cts/sec and subtracting both total
background and Compton continuum contributions from the gross photopeak and propagating
measurement uncertainties through nuclear measurement counting statistics.
4.8 Error Propagation of Spectral Data and Linear Total Attenuation Coefficients
Nuclear Measurement Error Propagation
Counting statistics provides the rational framework to process the raw spectral data and apply
the appropriate statistical models to make predictions about the expected precision of the more useful
derived data. Measurement periods were long enough to accumulate a fractional standard deviation of
less than 5% to simplify the data analysis process since large mean photopeak values correlate to minute
changes in variance between measurements, thus decreasing the overall uncertainty in the derived
results.
th
By assuming, N, independent measurements of , for the i combination of radionuclide and
material/shield measurements,
, (4-7)
131
where is the number of events in channel i under the experimental photopeak of interest between the
low-and high-energy points of inflection. Using the Gaussian statistical model, the first and second
moments were specified as follows: the predicted mean, ̅ , is centered at the experimental mean, ̅ ̅ ;
the predicted variance, is, ̅ ; and, the standard error, √ ̅ . The raw spectral data can now
be processed with certainty accordingly.
As described by Knoll (2000), if any x, y, z,... are directly measured counts of related variables for which
we know the standard deviation, , then the standard deviation of any quantity, u, derived
from these counts can be calculated from the general propagation formula:
( ) ( ) ( ) ,
(4-8)
where, in application, are as followed:
Case 1. Sums or Difference of Counts.
If c is defined as:
, (4-9)
then the partial derivatives of u with respect to x and y are:
. (4-10)
Applying the general propagation formula and inserting the partial derivatives yields:
, or (4-11)
√ . (4-12)
Case 2. Multiplication or Division by a Constant.
If u is defined as:
(4-13)
where A and B are constants with no associated uncertainty then the derivatives are:
. (4-14)
132
. (4-15)
Case 3: Division of Counts.
If c is defined as:
, (4-16)
then the partial derivatives of u with respect to x and y are:
, (4-17)
dividing both sides by yields:
( ) ( ) ( ) , (4-18)
which simplifies to:
√( ) ( ) . (4-19)
APPENDIX J and APPENDIX M present net count results and associated uncertainties, , for
measurements taken with the narrow- and broad beam assemblies respectively.
4.9 MCNP5 Experimental Model Simulations

The narrow- and broad-beam experimental geometries were modeled in their entirety with the
code MCNP5, including the HPGe detector response function based on data produced with Marinelli
beaker measurements. With the HPGe detector response function modeled over a broad range of
energies, comparisons between experiment and simulations were made possible. The complementary
software, MCNP Visual Editor (Schwarz R. , 20012) was used to validate input decks and generate figures
presented in this dissertation. Validated computational models based on the experimental data served
as the foundation for the full-scale building models.
With the HPGe detector response function modeled with Marinelli beaker measurements,
narrow-beam simulations were then modeled for each general purpose construction material. For
natural construction materials without specifically published material properties necessary for the MCNP5
models (stucco, asphalt, clay brick and terracotta), the narrow-beam MCNP5 model with the HPGe
response function was used to perform a sensitivity analysis for each and is discussed in further detail in
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Section 5.1.2. Once material parameters were identified with the MCNP5 narrow-beam model, they were
applied to the MCNP5 broad-beam shielding models. MCNP5 broad-beam shielding models were
developed to model the more complicated geometries and free-in-air photon fluence. Good agreement
was found between the experimentally derived- and computationally calculated average linear total
attenuation coefficients with the MCNP5 HPGe detector response function modeled; providing validity for
simulations using full-scale housing models simulations with the realistic source term.
4.9.1 MCNP5 HPGe Model

As discussed in Section 4.6, the detector used in this research is an EG&G ORTEC Model GEM-
70200 GEM series high purity germanium cylindrical coaxial configuration. Absolute efficiency data was
used to measure the response function characteristics of the HPGe detector with a calibrated multinuclide
source in a Marinelli beaker emitting 12 gamma-ray emissions (see Table 10).
Table 10: Certified 500 ml multinuclide Marinelli beaker data
Gamma-Ray Nuclide Half-life Branching Activity Gammas Total

Energy (keV) Ratio (%) (μCi) per second Uncert.
60 Am-241 431.17 y 36 0.1557 2074 3.0%
88 Cs-109 462.6 d 3.63 1.492 2004 3.2%
122 Co-57 271.79 d 85.6 0.05271 1669 3.2%
159 Te-123m 119.7 d 84 0.07443 2313 3.1%
320 Cr-51 27.706 d 9.86 1.808 6596 3.0%
392 Sn-113 115.09 d 64.9 0.282 6772 3.0%
514 Sr-85 64.849 d 98.4 0.3389 12340 3.0%
662 Cs-137 30.17 y 85.1 0.2364 7444 3.1%
898 Y-88 106.63 d 84 0.5461 18990 3.0%
1173 Co-60 5.272 y 99.86 0.2853 10540 3.0%
1333 Co-60 5.272 y 99.98 0.2853 10550 3.0%
1836 Y-88 106.63 d 99.4 0.5461 20080 3.0%
Capsule type: 500 mL Marinelli beaker (538 g)
Nuclide Distribution: 1.0 g/cc epoxy matrix
Active volume: 500 mL
As described by Shultis (2000), in nearly every radiation shielding analysis, it is necessary to relate
the detector response function to that of the radiation field. That is, the total value of a specified
radiation field at some point in space is predicted by the corresponding response of the detector at that
point in space. The relationship between the radiation field in space at position, r, is known as the
detector response function. In its most general form for any one type of radiation, the detector response
occurs over the sensitive volume of the detector and may be determined as:
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∫ ∫ ∫ , (4-20)
where the volume integration is over the sensitive volume V of the target. The function may
be looked upon from a physical point of view as the expected response that may be attributed to a
particle of energy, E, traveling in direction at point r, per differential unit of path length traveled.
Independent of the photon source-strength and dependent on the photon energy and attenuating
medium, the energy spectrum of the total photon fluence at some point of interest r may be
divided into two components. The first is the unscattered fluence, , consisting of only those
photons that have reached the point r from the source without having experienced any interactions in the
attenuating medium. The second, the scattered component consists of source photons scattered
one or more times, as well as secondary photons such as x-rays and annihilation photons.
Monte Carlo methods for absolute efficiency determination of germanium detectors have been
studied by Odwens (1991), Herold (1991), and Kahn (1996). Modeling the HPGe detector in MCNP5
requires detailed information specific to the construction design, crystal shape design, and material
composition in order to model the expected response function. A schematic provided by the
manufacture (see APPENDIX C) was used to develop the MCNP5 detector model. Figure 51 is an
illustration of the MCNP5 HPGe detector inside the leaded sarcophagus with Plexiglas liner and the
Marinelli beaker placed over the detector endcap.
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Figure 51: MCNP5 HPGe detector Marinelli experimental model
Figure 52 is a more detailed illustration of the MCNP5 HPGe detector with the Marinelli beaker placed
over the detector endcap. An MCNP5 input deck for the HPGe detector can be found in APPENDIX D.
Figure 52: MCNP5 HPGe detector and Marinelli
To model the absolute efficiencies, a parametric analysis was performed using the MCNP5 HPGe
model and validated with the experimental absolute efficiency data collected with the calibrated 500 mL
Marinelli beaker. The analysis was necessary to model the thickness of the dead layers of the HPGe
136
detector since the information was not made available by the manufacturer. Calibration parameters and
uncertainty propagation methods (discussed in Sections 4.6.1 and 4.8 respectively) were used to calculate
the relative absolute efficiency between the experimental Marinelli data and MCNP5 simulations to make
a comparison between the two.
The MCNP5 HPGe analysis was carried out by varying the dead layer thickness around the outer
and inner surfaces of the germanium crystal until photopeak efficiencies were within 20% of the Marinelli
absolute efficiency data. The MCNP5 F8 Pulse-Height Tally coupled with the Tally-Energy card, En, and the
Gaussian Energy Broadening (GEB) special treatment option were used to develop realistic MCNP5
calculated gamma spectra. Performing detector response calculations using the pulse-height tally
function is a useful option for modeling the absolute efficient of an HPGe-type detector since by definition
pulse-heights are recorded for a specified energy bin per emitted particle from the source. With the
active volume of the HPGe germanium crystal characterized, the absolute efficient of the modeled
detector with respect to the Marinelli beaker can be recorded.
Results of the MCNP5 HPGe analysis are presented Table 11 where absolute efficiencies for the
Marinelli experimental data, εmd and σmd,, and MCNP5 Marinelli calculations, εmm and σmm, with relative
difference can be found. Relative error discrepancies between the Marinelli experimental data and the
MCNP5 Marinelli calculations are expected to be due to uncertainties with certain detector characteristics
including: beveled edges and core radii; thermal shrinkage and expansion of the germanium crystal; actual
dead layer thicknesses; self-attenuation of the Marinelli beaker; and the intrinsic efficiency of the
detector itself.
Table 11: Absolute efficiency for experimental data and MCNP5 calculations
Absolute Efficiency for Experimental Data and MCNP5 Calculations
Energy Experimental MCNP5 relative

(MeV) εmd σmd εmm σmm difference
0.060 0.47% 5.E-05 5.09E-03 2.3E-04 -9%
0.088 2.66% 1.E-04 2.71E-02 1.2E-04 -2%
0.122 4.97% 2.E-04 4.71E-02 1.1E-04 5%
0.159 5.51% 3.E-04 5.33E-02 1.3E-04 3%
0.320 6.76% 2.E-03 8.41E-02 5.3E-04 -24%

0.392 3.98% 2.E-04 3.35E-02 9.8E-05 16%
0.514 3.14% 2.E-04 2.75E-02 1.4E-04 12%
0.662 2.84% 7.E-05 2.76E-02 5.3E-05 3%
0.898 2.37% 8.E-05 1.93E-02 8.6E-05 19%

1.173 1.75% 4.E-05 2.01E-02 5.4E-05 -15%
137
1.333 1.61% 4.E-05 1.83E-02 5.6E-05 -14%
1.836 1.32% 6.E-05 1.27E-02 9.7E-05 4%
With the HPGe detector response function modeled with HPGe MCNP5 model over a broad
range of energies, the MCNP model could then be used to simulate the response function for other
photon energies. Since the 317 realistic source term photons used to model a radioactive plume
(discussed in Section 4.2) and some of the 13 representative photo emissions used in the experimental
measurements (discussed in Section 4.2.1) were not explicitly measured with the Marinelli beaker, the
HPGe MCNP5 model was used to calculate the absolute efficiency for the 13 representative source term
photon emissions. In this simulation, the Marinelli radionuclides were replaced with the 4 radionuclides
identified in Section 4.2.1 and absolute efficiencies estimated for the 13 representative source term
photon emissions. Results of absolute efficiency calculations and standard error, and , using the
MCNP HPGe model for the representative source term photons can be found in Table 12.
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Table 12: MCNP5 absolute efficiency calculations for representative source term photons
Absolute efficiency calculations with

13 representative source term
photon emissions
Energy MCNP5
(MeV) εms σms
0.060 0.48% 8.11E-05
0.088 4.07% 1.38E-04
0.122 3.12% 6.58E-05
0.159 2.99% 4.95E-05
0.320 2.80% 2.04E-05
0.392 2.34% 2.40E-05
0.514 2.48% 6.89E-05
0.662 3.01% 1.94E-04
0.898 2.19% 1.70E-04
1.173 1.86% 2.45E-05
1.333 1.73% 2.55E-05
1.836 1.69% 2.60E-05
2.755 1.11% 3.21E-05
A comparison between the experimental Marinelli data and the MCNP5 Marinelli and 13 representative
source term photon emissions can be found in Figure 53.
139
HPGe Detector Efficiency Calibration

10.00%
9.00% Marinelli Data Efficiency Calibration
8.00%
MCNP Marinelli Efficiency Calculation
7.00%
13 Representative Source Term Photon Emissions
6.00%
ϵ.abs
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 53: HPGe detector and MCNP5 efficiency calibration estimates
Good agreement between the experimental efficiency data and MCNP5 calculations lends to the
support of modeling the narrow-beam and broad-beam experiments with MCNP5 and applying those
models to full-scale housing models. This analysis offers credibility to the full-scale building models used
to analyze the protection afforded each and the subsequent protection factors.
4.9.2 MCNP5 Narrow- and Broad-beam Models

Both the narrow- and broad-beam experimental geometries were modeled in their entirety with
MCNP5 and are illustrated in Figures 54 and 55, respectively. Examples of MCNP5 input decks for both
models can be found in APPENDIX E and APPENDIX F. Physical descriptions and elemental compositions
for each general purpose construction material can be found in APPENDIX I and APPENDIX R. The MCNP5
HPGe model described above was used to simulate the detector response functions for both geometry
assembly experiments. A distance of 100 cm between the source placement and the detector face, and a
source with a 10 mm diameter radius (encapsulated TRIGA sample), is large enough to model the source
as a point. The MCNP5 PHYS card was used to control particle energies and other physics interactions.
Photons which produce electrons and subsequent bremsstrahlung are only tracked within the HPGe
detector crystal, Coherent scatter is modeled, no photo nuclear collisions are modeled, and lastly, Doppler
energy broadening is assumed not to occur.
The MCNP5 narrow-beam model considers the narrow-beam assembly on top of a 20.32 cm
concrete pad to account for possible high-energy photon back-scatter to the detector. All narrow-beam
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assembly specifications listed in Section 4.5.1 were incorporated into the MCNP5 narrow-beam assembly
model.
Figure 54: MCNP5 narrow-beam experimental assemble model
The MCNP5 broad-beam model considers the laboratory dimensions to account for the
scattering effects of nearby cement walls, ceiling, joists and floor. The laboratory walls are 20.32 cm thick
cinder blocks with interior dimensions of approximately 609.6 cm x 609.6 cm x 381 cm with three 20.32
cm x 50.8 cm cement joists along the ceiling. Modeling the laboratory dimensions is important since all
scattering angles need to account for as specified by broad-beam requirements discussed in Section 3.6.
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Figure 55: MCNP5 broad-beam experimental assemble model
As mentioned, the MCNP5 narrow- and broad-beam models were used to calculate total
attenuation coefficients for each of the individual experimental measurements over an energy range
spectrum from 40 keV to 3 MeV. Particle histories on the order of 1e9 were used to reduce the relative
error to less than 5.0 % while still passing all ten statistical tests calculated by MCNP for each energy-bin
of interest with the MCNP5 HPGe model pulse-height tally function. A discussion of the ten statistical
tests can be found in (LANL, 2005). Elemental compositions and effective material densities were
borrowed from data published by Berger (2005), Williams (2006) and other available sources such as
material data sheets, and manufacture product sheets. The elemental composition and physical
properties for certain natural materials (stucco, asphalt, clay brick and terracotta) used in this
investigation were not available by the manufacturer nor are their standards available for the purposes of
this investigation. A review of a variety of academic journals and manufacturer data sheets found the
material properties necessary for the MCNP5 models to range widely depending on where the raw
material was mined and how the final product was processed and manufactured; making each batch
different from another. As such, a sensitivity analysis using the narrow-beam MCNP5 model was
performed on each of these natural materials to develop effective density and elemental properties based
on the literature review. The purpose of the sensitivity analysis was to estimate effective material density
and elemental compositions for each of these four materials by establishing a correlation between the
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experimentally-derived and the MCNP5-calculated average linear total attenuation coefficients. Once
these material properties were identified through the narrow-beam sensitivity calculations, they were
then applied to the broad-beam shield models. That is, once MCNP5 simulated particle/material
interactions by producing calculated average linear total attenuation coefficients within a relative error of
less than 10% at the experimental 1.333 MeV photopeak, the material-specific descriptions would then be
used to specify the MCNP5 broad-beam models. Material data sheets presented in APPENDIX I give a
brief description of each general purpose construction material, manufacturing details, measured
thicknesses, elemental compositions and pictures of each type used for this investigation. APPENDIX S
lists the average thickness (cm), by layer, composing each shielding model. Results for the MCNP5
narrow- and broad-beam calculation can be found in Sections 5.1.1 and 5.2.1. Sensitivity analysis results
for the natural materials without accessible material properties data descriptions can be found in Section
5.1.2.
4.10 MCNP5 Protection Factor Calculations

Shielding analysis of the structurally significant components of homes involves the study of the
radiation field in and around the shield models. Conceivable, one could try to use a very detailed
description of a radiation field by specifying at every instant of time the position, direction of travel,
energy, and internal state of each particle in the radiation field. This approach is impractical for most
shielding applications and shielding technology has evolved to a point where a variety of tools are
available to analyze the radiation field from a macroscopic standpoint.
Estimated exposure in the environment from both the primary radiation field and all secondary
particles is a computationally expensive undertaking. Therefore, it has become common practice to
consider simplified and idealized exposure geometries, i.e., the radionuclide concentration in the
medium, seen from the location of the exposed individual, is uniform and effectively infinite or semi-
infinite in extent. (Eckerman., 1993) As such, the following shielding assessments were considered:
(1) Of the protection provided by a stylized model of each shield configuration; and,
(2) Of protection provided by each housing-type under idealized exposure scenarios from two
different types of realistic source terms:
a. from a semi-infinite cloud modeling a radioactive plume; and,
b. from deposition on the ground and roof.
Monte Carlo methods can be used to directly solve the protection provided by each individual
shielding model and home-type. Deterministic methods used to make approximations to the transport
equation are adequate for simplistic geometries to describe the radiation flux and all possible particle-
medium interactions within the geometry. The advantage of using Monte Carlo methods over
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deterministic techniques is that Monte Carlo more accurately represents the geometry and nuclear data
than do deterministic methods for complete geometries. The relationship between Monte Carlo and
deterministic techniques can best be summarized as: “deterministic techniques provide an exact solution
to an approximation of the problem while Monte Carlo techniques provide an approximate solution to an
exact representation of the problem.” (Goorley, 2000)
The first step when developing a solution to a shielding problem is to characterize the radiation
field at any particular point with respect to time. The radiation field fluence is used to describe the
particles traveling through the problem geometry at any point as is defined as
, (4-21)
where is the number of particles passing through a cross-sectional area of a specific volume. The
fluence rate or flux density is defined in terms of the incremental fluence that occurs at a specified
position in a time interval by the equation
. (4-22)
The linearized Boltzmann equation gives a precise description of the radiation field for all neutral
particle simulations, given as:
∫ ∫ ( ) . (4-23)
where ( ) is the probable number of secondary particles at point r with
energies in dE about E in direction about Ω produced by an incident particle of energy E’ traveling in

direction per unit path length of the incident particle. denotes the production rate of
particles, per unit volume about point r, from non-radiation-induced sources with energies in dE about E
in the direction about . (Shultis, 2000)
As described by Shultis (2000) the quantity of interest is the doubly differential energy flux
density, ̅ , often called the radiation intensity. Where describes the
particle distribution in a medium for the differential energy and directional flux density; describing the
total path length traveled per unit time by the particle in a unit volume at r that have energies in unit
energy about E and that are traveling in a unit solid angle about the direction Ω. When multiplying
equation (4-23) by E on both sides, the transport equation may be written as:
144
∫ ∫ ( ) . (4-24)
where is the total interaction coefficient of the particle at position r of energy E. In the case for
shielding against photons, only describes the three primary photon interactions discussed in Section
3.2.
In shielding applications, the Monte Carlo approach to analyzing the radiation field is to simulate
how a particle traverses a material as it is either scattered or absorbed. Since the photon interaction with
material is statistical in nature, one can predict the distribution of flight distances through the material
with a large sampling of individual particle. This approach gives a statistical estimate of the behavior of
the radiation field through the geometry.
As described by Eckerman (1993), the calculation can be divided into two steps to overcome the
statistical nature of Monte Carlo calculations involving the transport of high energy photons through
many mean free paths. The first step is to model the source as an area source based on an uninhibited
free-in-air photon field. In this case, the target and its surrounding medium (air at STP) are the same and
all particle tracks and their direction crossing a closed surface are recorded. Proper care in modeling the
source in this manner must also consider the albedo effect of geometry beyond the specified surface.
The closed surface source model contains all properties of the free-in-air photon field such that the
strength per unit area in each direction, energy and point ̅ on the surface source, ̅̅ , is equal to
the flow rate ̅̅ at the corresponding point in the full field model. The second step is to replace
the free-in-air photon field with the area source for all proceeding exposure assessments with the shield
or housing-type models in place. The difference from step 1 (an uninhibited free-in-air photon field) and
step 2 (the free-in-air photon field replaced with the area source and either the shielding model or
housing-type models in place) target responses is due to the shielding properties of the shielding model or
housing-type being examined. For this investigation, the ratio between the target response function is
the protection factor for that particular shielding model or housing-type.
The energy spectrum referenced by equation 4-24 is based on the realistic source term analysis
using a hypothetical radionuclide release scenario of equal fractions of uniform concentrations to the
environment as discussed in Section 4.2. A total of 317 photon emissions with relative intensities greater
than 1.0% ranging from 29 keV to 3.85 MeV were modeled. Figure 8 illustrates the relative 317 realistic
source term photons used in the MCNP5 sampling probabilities of the source definition energy card.
These 317 realistic photon emissions were specified as a normalized photon emission spectra per Bq;
assuming equal release fractions of atoms of each radionuclide, . First, the activity for each
radionuclide was calculated, [ ] , where, is the radionuclide decay constant for , then;
adjusting for the branching ratio for each photon emission, and lastly; normalizing each emission by the
145
total adjusted emission rate. Exposure to the realistic energy spectrum described above this then
calculated.
Exposure is defined for photons in terms of the density of ionizations they produce in air. The
unit of exposure is the Roentgen (R) and was initially defined as the magnitude of charge produced by
photon interactions per unit mass of air at STP. The ICRU redefined the definition of exposure as the
quotient ΔQ/Δm, where ΔQ is the sum of all energies of one sign produced in air when all the electrons
liberated by photons in a mass Δm of air are completely stopped in air. The unit roentgen is now defined
as:
1 R = 2.58E-4 C/Kg. (4-25)
The concept of exposure is the measurable standard for ionizing electromagnetic radiation in air. To
quantify the energy deposition in other materials and by other radiation types, additional models are
needed. The absorbed dose is the primary physical quantify in radiation dosimetry and is treated as a
point function defined as the energy absorbed per unit mass of any kind of ionizing radiation in any
material of interest. The unit of absorbed does is the gray (Gy) and defined as:
1 Gy = 1 J/Kg. (4-26)
The absorbed dose in air is the average energy imparted by the primary photon to a liberated secondary
electron, ion-pairs (ip). In air, the average energy needed to liberate an ion pair, W, is 33.97 eV/ip or
33.97 J/C. Thus, in air the Roentgen can be converted to dose as:
1 R = 2.58E-4 C/Kg * 33.97 J/C =8.76E-3 J/Kg or 8.76E-3 Gy (4-27)
4.10.1 Stylized Shielding Simulations

To estimate the total reduction in exposure provided by each shielding model, hypothetically
“perfect” broad-beam geometry environments were modeled with the MCNP5. This arrangement is
similar to Figure 6 and theoretically satisfies the requirements for broad-beam geometry since a
significant fraction of the scattered photons reach the receptor in addition to those transmitted without
interaction. APPENDIX S lists the average thickness (cm), by layer, composing each stylized shielding
model. Concrete shields models were not experimentally analyzed in whole due to design limitations of
the experimental assemblies and research resources. However, the MCNP5 brick wall shielding model
was modified by changing the primary weather barrier cell thicknesses to 20.32 cm to model cement
cinder bricks and changing the material parameters to mimic Portland cement. For modeling simplicity,
the stylized MCNP5 shielding models consider the mean-free path length of a 3 MeV photon in air as the
geometry boundary conditions for each model. The realistic source term is modeled as 317 discrete
146
energy photons produced by the 66 radionuclides of dosimetric importance as discussed in Section 4.2
and 4.10.
The geometry is modeled with two side-by-side units making a 250 m by 250 m cube with the
shield nestled between the two; the first unit models the a semi-infinite radioactive plume free-in-air, and
the second models only air with the a 30 cm diameter sphere-detector placed 100 cm on-center behind
the gypsum layer of the shield. Protection factor calculations are performed in two steps. Step 1
calculates the area source at the unit-1/unit-2 boundary without the shield in place as the uninhibited
free-in-air photon field traverses the unit-1/unit-2 boundary layer. Step 2 replaces the free-in-air photon
field with the calculated area source calculated in Step 1, calculating the detector response ( )
without the shield in place and then a second calculation with the stylized shield added in unit-2 facing
the unit1/unit2 boundary layer; recording the detector response, , 100 cm behind the gypsum
layer. The difference between the two calculations made in Step 2 between ( ) and is
the reduction in KERMA provided by the shield. Note that the relative placement of the detector sphere
is specific for each shielding model since the thickness of the primary weather barrier varies. The
quotient between the two responses is the stylized shielding model protection factor expressed as:
. (4-28)
The detector location is placed on-center one meter behind either; the unit-1/unit-2 surface for the
uninhibited calculation, or one meter behind the gypsum material layer of the modeled shield
where the primary weather barrier shares the unit-1/unit-2 surface. Figure 56 presents a portion of the
stylized brick shield arrangement from a view point along the z-axis where each of the shield layers is
recognizable.
147
Figure 56: Stylized brick shield model for Step 2
4.10.2 Full-scale Housing Model Simulations

As discussed in Section 2.1, the building shielding factor, P, in its most general form is defined as
the ratio of the detector response Do in the standard unprotected position to the detector response, “D,”
in a protected position as expressed in the equation below:
, (4-29)
The building shielding factor is indicative of the protection provided by a particular location within the
structure. Any additional shielding due to ground roughness, terrain effects and other structural shielding
is later considered a deviation from the standard unprotected position, and accounted for as reduction
factors later in a radiologic consequence analysis.
For this investigation, the full-scale housing models are used to develop a series of validated
building shielding factors for two types of source geometries useful in radiological consequence
148
assessments; (1) the shielding effectiveness of each structure within a semi-infinite cloud of radioactive
material, and (2) the shielding effectiveness of each structure from contaminant deposition on the roof
and surrounding surfaces.
With the above terminology, the protection factor, or building shielding factor, from a semi-
infinite cloud source one meter above an infinitely-smooth plane modeled as soil is the ratio of the
detector response, Ko, calculated in units of exposure in the standard unprotected position to, a
protected position, , at some specified location:
. (4-30)
It is impractical to approximate exposure from an infinite-plane radiation field using deterministic

methods and has been historically modeled as a semi-infinite in two different parts:
, (4-31)
where C1 is the portion of the cloud exposure from a circular area of radius r about the point of
measurement, and C2 is the cloud exposure from the area outside the circle of radius r. In general, the
values of r represent the radius of the area actually covered by the source. For this investigation, the
semi-infinite plume exposure scenario is modeled using Monte Carlo methods with the same two-step
methodology described in Section 4.10. This method accounts for both exposures contributions from C 1
and C2 within the area source defined by equation 4-24.
For deposited material on the ground and roof, the standard unprotected position, , can be
considered to be made up of several parts:
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ , (4-32)
where R is the exposure from the roof contamination, ̅ is the exposure from the ground under and
around the house within an area of radius r, and ̅ is the exposure from more distant areas. The
exposure from the protected position, , can be considered to be made up by the reduced exposure
provided by the house at specified locations as follows:
̅ ̅ ̅ , (4-33)
where is the reduced exposure from the roof contamination, ̅ is the reduced exposure from the
ground around the house within an area of radius r, and ̅ is the reduced exposure from more distant
areas.
149
With the above terminology, the protection factor, or the building shielding factor, for deposited material
is given by:
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
̅ ̅ ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅
. (4-34)
For the ground and roof deposition exposure scenario, the same two-step methodology process
described in Section 4.10 was followed separately for exposure contributions from the ground and roof.
First, the uninhibited free-in-air photon field produced by ground deposition is modeled and the closed
surface area source defined by equation 4-24 calculated. Next, the uninhibited free-in-air photon field
produced by deposition on the roof is modeled and the area source defined by equation 4-24 calculated.
The standard unprotected reference point one meter above an infinitely-smooth plane, , is not used for
the deposition calculation. When considering a two story housing unit, the unprotected reference
positions for the second story needs to be located at the same positions as the protected locations; not
one meter above the ground as modeled in the cloud immersion exposure scenario. This is due to the
inverse-square law stating the intensity of emitted photons is inversely proportional to the radius squared
from the source; when the second floor detectors are referenced to the standard unprotected position
one meter above the floor, the resulting protection factor is greater than unity and does not capture the
shielding properties of the roof. As such, an average unprotected position is calculated for each floor with
detectors placed at the same location as if a housing unit were present for roof deposition, ̅ and ground
contributions ̅ ̅ . The protected positions are calculated for each floor with the detectors and
housing unit present for the roof, ̅ , and ground contributions ̅ ̅ . When considering housing units
with basements, the averaged unprotected detector locations on the first floor for both roof and ground
contributions are used as the reference exposure since they would otherwise be buried in dirt.
Full-scale One- and Two-Story Housing Unit Design
The full-scale housing unit models are based on common housing models typical in U.S. suburbs.
It was found housing data for typical U.S. homes varied between government agencies and trade
associations. Differences between reported housing-unit sizes are due to differing measurement
methodologies between surveys. For example, housing-unit sizes for this investigation are based on U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Developments’ 2009 American Housing Survey (AHS) conducted by the
2
U.S. Census Bureau. The median square footage of livable space for a single detached home is 160 m .
2
The 2009 RECS reports the average size of the heated portion of a single family home to be 191 m . In the
2009 RECS, the livable space is a measurement of the two-dimensional area of the housing unit that is
enclosed from the weather, including exterior walls. This is also the area where residential energy-
consuming activities occur. Total square footage consists of four areas: attic, basement, garage, and rest
150
of home. Both the garage and attic are considered livable space and are included in the average foot-
print area calculation if they are either heated or cooled. The American Housing Survey average foot-
print area calculation only includes livable space and is the focus of this investigation.
2
Two-story homes are modeled as general colonial-style models with 160 m split evenly between
2
the two stories. One-story homes are modeled as general ranch-style models with 160 m on one level;
essentially a two-story floor plans with the stories set side-by-side instead of stack on top of another.
Models with an included basement consider that basement within the same foot-print, making two-story
2 2
homes 240 m and single story homes 320 m . The outer dimensions of the two-story and one-story
models are approximately 10 m x 8 m and 20 m x 8 m, respectively. Each full-scale model is symmetrically
designed, such that one side mirrors the other. All wall and roof physical and material parameters are
modeled as described in Section 4.4, APPENDIX I, APPENDIX R, and APPENDIX S. The structural members
(walls, flooring and roof) are modeled as described in Section 4.4.1 where exterior walls are designed
based on platform framing techniques and the roofs are of gable design on a 0.5 pitch. Modeled windows
include trimmer studs and cripples where appropriate. Internal walls and rooms are modeled on all floors
above ground while basements are considered one room. For modeling simplicity, the volume of internal
rooms is modeled equally. For two-story models, two internal walls bisect each other at the unit’s origin
creating four rooms on each level. For one-story models, one internal wall along the y-axis (long-axis)
spans the length of the floor-plan with three internal walls on the x-axis (short-axis) bisecting the y-axis
internal wall at equal distances; creating eight internal rooms. Room volumes between the one- and two-
story models are equal in volume to make protection factors comparisons between the two as discussed
in Section 5. Windows are modeled as generic 91.44 cm by 121.92 cm single-pane glass 0.508 cm thick for
each exterior wall of a room. For a two-story model, each room is modeled with two windows (one for
each exterior wall) while the number of windows for single-story models varies depending on the number
of external walls. Interior and exterior doors are not modeled since they are not expected to contribute
significantly to a reduction in exposure, and to simplify calculations since there are a wide variety of
makes/models available and specific characteristics such as these are outside the scope of this
investigation. Schematics of the two-story and one-story models can be found in Figure 60 through Figure
73.
Full-scale Manufactured Housing Unit Design
The DTA results show the manufactured housing units constructed of siding and metal roofs
th th
ranked 6 (3.1%) and those with siding and composition roof at 12 (1.4%) for all homes in the U.S. No
data pertaining to the protection afforded by manufactured homes was identified through in the
literature review. The median foot-print of livable space for a manufactured home reported by the AHS
2
(2009) is 101 m ; the 2009 RECS reports the average size of the heated portion of a manufactured housing
151
2
unit to be 92 m . Manufactured homes originally were made in single 24.4 meters wide units and have
steadily increased in size to 30.5 m, 363.8 m, 426.7 m, and later 487.7 m. Manufactured homes are now
commonly manufactured in double and triple wide units as well and some manufactures offer multi-story
units too.
The modeled manufactured homes in this investigation are single-wide one-story units
2
approximately 21.0 m by 48.9 m covering 101 m of livable space. A review of the HUD code governing
manufactured homes establishing standards for their construction and safety as well as from a variety of
builders shows no single framing standard. Common wall studs ranged from 5.08 cm x 7.62 cm to 5.08 cm
x 10.16 cm in dimension while joists ranged from 5.08 cm x 20.32 cm by 5.08 cm by 25.4 cm in dimension.
For continuity between all home models, the same wall stud dimensions of 5.08 x 10.16 cm and slightly
smaller joist of 5.08 cm by 20.32 cm were modeled for joist on 40.64 on-center spacing. Instead of the 0.5
pitch modeled on the one- and two story homes, a roof pitch of 0.3 regularly stated by the manufactures
and was used for manufactured home models. Each model is symmetrically designed, such that each
room has at least one window as stated by the HUD code. Windows are modeled as generic 91.44 cm by
121.92 cm single-pane glass 0.508 cm thick for each exterior wall of a room. Three internal walls on the x-
axis (short-axis) bisecting the y-axis are spaced at equal distances creating four internal rooms of equal
volume. All wall and roof physical and material parameters are modeled as described in Section 4.4.1,
APPENDIX I, APPENDIX R, and APPENDIX S. The foundation is modeled as 20.32 cm thick cement
cinderblocks, raising the unit 60.96 cm above the ground. Schematics of the manufactured model can be
found in Figures 74 through 80.
Simulation of Model Detectors
Track length estimates of KERMA were calculated within 30 cm diameter sphere-detectors

placed 100 cm above the surface of interest and is presented in units of MeV/g-y (see APPENDIX P for
calculated protection factors for location-specific, floor average and average home units). Conversion to
Gy can be calculated as follows:
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]. (4-35)
⁄
Historically, the unprotected and protected positions for both cloud immersion and deposited material
have been calculated with this detector size in the same location and appropriately converted to dose.
This was reasonable due to the transport methods and simplistic geometry assumptions described in the
literature review and illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. In this investigation, the number and location of
detectors vary depending on the exposure scenario and are designed to be more realistic in nature. This
152
is an important distinction to make between the two since the intent of protection factors from cloud
immersion are different than those for deposited material.
Protection factors for cloud immersion are essentially point-estimates of the reduced exposure
an occupant would receive sheltering-in-place used during the relatively short period of the emergency
phase of a nuclear threat. Where is the standard unprotected position, but is an averaged estimate
of exposre from multiple detectors located at various locations within the structure. This is a realistic
assumption to make since the location of the occupant is unknown during a relatively short time period of
exposure. Evaluating at multiple locations within the unit models several realistic assumptions into the
final protection factor calculations which include:
 Elevated reference locations when considering exposure on either the second story or first floor
height above the ground when accounting for the foundation, joists, and OSB subfloor;
 Realistic occupant positioning within the structure;
 Additional shielding provided by interior walls, joists, rafters, ceilings and OSU subflooring; and,
 Exposure contributions from the photon fluence streaming through windows.
Protection factors for deposited material are used in time integrated estimates of the reduced
exposure over long periods of time for a variety applications and scenarios during the intermediate and
late phases after the initial nuclear threat. Estimating both and in the standard unprotected
position is unrealistic and overly conservative. The occupant is expected to move around the housing unit
over the period of integration and is not expected to be located near the center of the housing unit one
meter above the ground surface. Also, it is necessary to calculate exposure contributions from the roof
and ground separately to allow for the use of additional reduction factors to be modeled such as
decontamination, washout, ground roughness and other terrain effects. When considering a two story
housing unit, unprotected reference positions for the second story need to be located at the same
position as the protected locations; not on the first floor. This is due to the inverse-square law stating the
intensity of emitted photons is inversely proportional to the radius squared from the source; when the
second floor detectors are referenced to the standard unprotected position one meter above the ground,
the resulting protection factor is greater than unity and does not capture the shielding properties of the
roof. When considering housing units with basements, the averaged unprotected detector locations on
the first floor for both roof and ground contributions are used as the reference exposure since they would
otherwise be located in dirt.
To examine the shielding effectiveness of each building unit from cloud immersion, three
detector-scenarios were considered.
153
Scenario A: The protected positions are estimated in each room containing a 30-cm diameter
sphere located at its center on the x/y-plane and 115 cm on the z-axis (see the two-story model
in Figure 57). Two-story units are modeled with four detectors on each modeled level including
the basement. One-story units are modeled with eight detectors on each modeled level
including the basement. Manufactured unit are modeled with 4 detectors.
Figure 57: Scenario A detector location (highlighted in yellow)
Scenario B: The protected positions are estimated within the entire air-volume of each room
(see the two-story model in Figure 58). Two-story units are modeled with four detectors on each
modeled level and one detector in the basement. One-story units are modeled with eight
detectors on each modeled level and on detector in the basement. Manufactured unit are
modeled with 4 detectors. This scenario is designed to examine difference between detector
exposure; 30-cm sphere representing the vital organs of person vs. the entire accessible volume
of the housing unit.
Figure 58: Scenario B detector location (highlighted in yellow)
Scenario C: The protected position is estimated on each floor with a single 30-cm diameter
sphere located at its center on the x/y-plane and 115 cm on the z-axis (see the two-story model
154
in Figure 59). This scenario is designed to make a direct comparison between protection factors
modeled in this investigation and those produced by Burson and Profio (1975).
Figure 59: Scenario C detector location (highlighted in yellow)
To calculate a final protect position for each housing unit, the average floor exposure is first calculated
from the respective detectors and then the average of each level is then taken to represent .
Results from the cloud immersion calculations show modeling the detector response for the
protected position in Scenario 1 to be the best method for assessing the protection provided by the
housing unit. As such Scenario 1 detector types and locations were also used to examine both and
from deposition on the ground and roof. Further discussion between Scenario results can be found in
Section 5.3.
155
Figure 60: Isometric view of two-story clay brick and asphalt roof house model
156
Figure 61: Isometric view of two-story house model framing

157
Figure 62: Two-story model Z/X-axis view at the unit origin

158
Figure 63: Two-story model Z/Y-axis view at the unit origin

159
Figure 64: Two-story model Z/X-axis view of front of unit exterior wall
160
Figure 65: Two-story model Z/Y-axis view of right of unit exterior wall
161
Figure 66: Two-story model X/Y-axis view of first floor

162
Figure 67: Isometric view of one-story clay brick and asphalt roof house model
163
Figure 68: Isometric view of one-story house model framing

164
Figure 69: One-story model Z/X-axis view at the unit origin

165
Figure 70: One-story model Z/Y-axis view at the unit origin

166
Figure 71: One-story model Z/X-axis view of front of unit exterior wall
167
Figure 72: One-story model Z/Y-axis view of right of unit exterior wall
168
Figure 73: One-story model X/Y-axis view of first floor

169
Figure 74: Isometric view of steel wall and asphalt roof manufactured model
170
Figure 75: Isometric view of manufactured model framing

171
Figure 76: Manufactured model Z/X-axis view at the unit origin

172
Figure 77: Manufactured model Z/Y-axis view at the unit origin

173
Figure 78: Manufactured model Z/X-axis view of front unit exterior wall
174
Figure 79: Manufactured model Z/Y-axis view of right of unit exterior wall
175
Figure 80: Manufactured model X/Y-axis view of first floor

176
5. RESULTS
The Results section is structured to walk the reader through the step-by-step process as describe
in Section 4.1 , from collecting and processing the raw spectral data to developing building shielding
factor for a two-story brick and mortar home with an asphalt roof. The same process was followed for all
general purpose construction materials, shielding models and modeled housing units. Table 13 is a quick
reference guild to the notation used here after. Historically, protection factors for one- and two-story
homes with and without basements for either brick or food-frame walls have been applied to
consequence studies and emergency response planning. As such, this investigation examines similar
models of the original building shielding factors as well as for two styles of manufactured homes.
However, various combinations of the ten shielding models represent 69.6 million housing units (61.3%)
in the United States and can also be used to develop building shielding factors that are regional-specific.
Table 13: Reference of notations
Narrow-beam Experimental Notation
(cm-1) = Material total attenuation coefficient (single measurement)

(cm-1) = Material total attenuation coefficient standard error (single measurement)
̅ (cm-1) = Material average total attenuation coefficient (ten measurements)

̅ (cm-1) = Material average total attenuation coefficient standard error (ten measurements)
Narrow-beam Computational Notation
̅ (cm-1) MCNP5-computed average material total attenuation coefficient (ten simulations)

̅ (cm-1) = MCNP5-computed average material total attenuation coefficient standard error (ten
simulations)
Broad-beam Experimental Notation
(cm-1) = Shield wall total attenuation coefficient (single measurement)

(cm-1) = Shield wall total attenuation coefficient standard error (single measurement)
̅ (cm-1) = Shield wall average total attenuation coefficient (ten measurements)

̅ (cm-1) = Shield wall average total attenuation coefficient standard error (ten measurements)
Broad-beam Computational Notation
̅ (cm-1) = MCNP5-computed Shield wall average total attenuation coefficient (ten simulations)
̅ (cm-1) = MCNP5-computed Shield wall average total attenuation coefficient standard error (ten
simulations)
5.1 Narrow-beam Spectral Data and Material Attenuation Coefficients

Gross photopeak data were processed to derive integrated net photopeak counts and associated
error as discussed in Section 4.7. Net photopeak data was then used to calculate total attenuation
177
coefficients for each of the general purpose construction materials. Table 14, for example, presents a
summary of eleven sequential clay brick measurements under the Co-60 1.333 MeV photopeak.
Presented data include: material thickness measurements for each layer of material; gross counts;
background and Compton continuum contributions; and net photopeak counts. Each material layer was
measured with a General ® brand micrometer in ten locations and average thickness, x (cm) calculated for
each narrow-beam geometry sample. The stated manufacture resolution and accuracy of 0.01 mm and
+/- 0.02 mm, respectably. The standard deviation in x is σx (cm). APPENDIX R lists measurement data for
each of the 10 materials. Each narrow-beam geometry sample covers the entire square area photon
beam.
APPENDIX G provides a list of all text files referencing the narrow-beam experimental spectral data. All
raw spectral measurement data is recorded in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange
format as .spe text files. Each file name specifies (between delineations) the nuclide, shield type, and
shield placement level above the detector surface. Summaries of the raw spectral data and derived net
photopeaks for each of the 10 general purpose construction materials and thirteen representative photon
energies analyzed with the narrow-beam assembly can be found in APPENDIX J.
Table 14: Measured narrow-beam processed photopeaks for Co-60 1.333 MeV photon in clay brick
Clay Brick
Co-60, 1333
No Layer L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
x (cm) = -- 1.1632 2.2264 3.3599 4.47372 5.6366 6.7313 7.8113 8.8783 9.9243 11.0208
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 22364 20262 17859 16128 14232 12687 11196 10239 9229 8174 7253
Total B.G. = 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304
Total C.C. = 115.20 113.40 84.60 91.80 64.80 95.40 66.60 75.60 63.00 57.60 48.60
Net Cts = 22247.7 20147.5 17773.3 16035.1 14166.1 12590.5 11128.3 10162.3 9164.9 8115.3 7203.3
σnet = 149.93 142.75 133.96 127.36 119.57 113.06 106.13 101.57 96.40 90.73 85.46
178
5.1.1 Narrow-beam Total Attenuation Coefficients

-1
Total attenuation coefficients for each material layer measurement, (cm ), were calculated
with net photopeak data described in Section 3.3. Table 15 summarizes the necessary data to calculate
the total attenuation coefficients and associated error for the 1.333 MeV photon in clay brick.
As described in Section 3.3, the total attenuation coefficient, , for a particular photon and material
can be calculated as followed:
( )
, (5-1)
where:
= unattenuated net count under the photopeak
B = attenuated net count under the photopeak
x = material thickness (cm)
The equation can be further simplified before solving for the partial differentials by first taking the
quotient for B/Ao:
, (5-2)
where c is the ratio between A/Ao and associated error is:
√( ) ( ) . (5-3)
It can be shown that if the errors are individually small and symmetric about zero, a general result can be
obtained for the expected error to be associated with any quantity that is calculated as a function of any
number of independent variables. (Bevington, 1969) The partial derivatives of with respect to c and x,
(dμ/dc) and (dμ/dx) respectively are calculated as followed:
. (5-4)
√( ) ( ) , (5-5)
where σx is the uncertainty with respect to the measured material thickness.

179
The representative total attenuation coefficient is then calculated by taking an arithmetic mean
-1
of the ten individual total attenuation coefficients, ̅ (cm ), for the 1333 MeV photon for clay brick.
The arithmetic mean standard error is calculated by taking the partial derivative for each of the ten
measured standard errors. The first three terms of the arithmetic mean of the standard error are
demonstrated where the general equation for the arithmetic mean is:
̅ ∑ , (5-6)
where are the calculated total attenuation coefficients, the partial derivatives of ̅ with respect to
respectively are calculated as follows:
̅ ̅ ̅
. (5-7)
̅ √( ) ( ) ( ) , (5-8)
where ̅ is the arithmetic mean standard error of the first three total attenuation coefficient terms.
Table 15: Narrow-beam clay brick material summary data for 1.333 MeV
Brick
Co-60, 1333
No
Layer L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
x (cm) = -- 1.163 2.226 3.360 4.474 5.637 6.731 7.811 8.878 9.924 11.021
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 22364 20262 17859 16128 14232 12687 11196 10239 9229 8174 7253
Total B.G. = 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304
Total C.C. = 115.20 113.40 84.60 91.80 64.80 95.40 66.60 75.60 63.00 57.60 48.60
Net Cts = 22247.7 20147.5 17773.3 16035.1 14166.1 12590.5 11128.3 10162.3 9164.9 8115.3 7203.3
σnet = 149.93 142.75 133.96 127.36 119.57 113.06 106.13 101.57 96.40 90.73 85.46
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.91 0.80 0.72 0.64 0.57 0.50 0.46 0.41 0.36 0.32
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -0.95 -0.56 -0.41 -0.35 -0.31 -0.30 -0.28 -0.27 -0.28 -0.28
(du/dx) = -- -0.07 -0.05 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
(cm-1) = -- 8.52E-02 1.01E-01 9.75E-02 1.01E-01 1.01E-01 1.03E-01 1.00E-01 9.99E-02 1.02E-01 1.02E-01
(cm-1) = -- 8.41E-03 4.54E-03 3.10E-03 2.42E-03 1.99E-03 1.74E-03 1.54E-03 1.41E-03 1.32E-03 1.24E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.93E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.10E-03
Figure 81 illustrates how the accuracy of the measured total attenuation coefficient calculations for the
Co-60 1333 MeV photon begins to convergence as additional layers of absorber are added in between
measurements. Subsequently, the precision of each total attenuation coefficient measurement
180
calculation increases as additional absorber material is added in-between each measurement shown by
the associated propagated standard error decreasing after each subsequent measurement.
Clay Brick Experimental Data, μmat (cm-1) ,1.333 (MeV)

1.2E-01
Co-60, 1.333 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Material Thickness (cm)
Figure 81: Clay brick material total attenuation coefficients as a function material thickness
Similar tables and figures to Table 15 and Figure 81, respectively for all measured photon data for each of
the ten general purpose construction materials can be found in APPENDIX J.
The average total attenuation coefficient, ̅ , for each of the thirteen representative measured
photons for clay brick material are summarized in Table 16.
Table 16: Clay brick average total attenuation coefficients derived from measured data
Clay brick total attenuation coefficients

derived from measured data
Photon Energy
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
(MeV)
0.06 5.44E-01 1.94E-02
0.475 1.63E-01 1.55E-02
0.563 1.49E-01 4.08E-03
0.569 1.50E-01 2.76E-03
0.605 1.44E-01 9.33E-04
0.795 1.29E-01 1.04E-03
0.801 1.31E-01 3.35E-03
1.039 1.14E-01 1.23E-02
1.167 1.14E-01 8.63E-03
1.174 1.11E-01 1.08E-03
1.333 9.93E-02 1.10E-03
1.369 9.80E-02 1.43E-03
2.755 6.63E-02 1.81E-03
181
Figure 82 illustrates the average total attenuation coefficients for each of the thirteen representative
photons of interest in clay bricks as a function of energy. Results show the total attenuation coefficients
for clay bricks are similar between the ranges of 0.475 MeV to 2.75 MeV.
Clay Brick Total Attenuation Coefficients Derived from Measured Data

0.60
0.50
0.40
𝜇 ̅𝑚𝑎t (cm-1)
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 82: Average Total attenuation coefficients for clay brick interest from measured data
Similar tables and figures to Table 16 and Figure 82 of the average total attenuation coefficients, ̅
-1
(cm ), for each of the thirteen representative photon energies for all 10 general purpose construction
materials can be found in APPENDIX K.
Comparisons between experimentally-generated and MCNP5-calculated total attenuation

coefficients as a function of energy for clay brick for the thirteen representative photons energies are
presented in Table 17 and Figure 83. The relative deviation between the experimental and computation
total attenuation coefficients are generally within 15%, with an exception for the 0.06 and 1.174 MeV
photons. It is expected the relatively higher percent errors stem from the experimental data collection
phase. Deviation between the experimentally derived- and computationally calculated total attenuation
coefficients can be attributed to a variety of different factors which include:
 Low angle scattered photons reaching the germanium detector, erroneously adding counts
under the photopeak;
 Back-scattered radiation reflected behind the germanium detector from the floor of the lead
sarcophagus;
182
 Density inhomogeneities inherently found in natural materials such as aggregate not explicitly
being modeled with MCNP5;
 Material sample thickness irregularities;
 Physical property differences (elemental composition and density) between material samples
and what is published in the peer-review literature and manufacturing data sheets;
 A lack of precision due to the low number of counts collected under the photopeak of interest;
 A lack of accuracy due to a miss performed experimental trial such as a laboratory equipment
error or an inadequate amount of collection time for the background trial; and,
 Human error in the setup of certain experimental trials and/or processing raw spectral data.
The MCNP5-calculated total attenuation coefficients generally fall within 1-sigma of the
experimentally derived total attenuation coefficients. As such, for radiation protection purposes, the
MCNP5-calculated total attenuation coefficients are reliable for radiation protection purposes and were
applied when of developing building shielding factor for each housing type. APPENDIX L presents figures
of the experimentally derived- and computationally calculated total attenuation coefficients for each of
the ten general construction materials. An example of an input deck for the MCNP5 narrow-beam
assembly for the clay brick construction material can be found in APPENDIX E.
Table 17: Experimental and MCNP5 calculated total attenuation coefficients for clay brick material
Photon Energy Experimental Data MCNP5 Calculation Percent

(MeV) ̅
-1
(cm ) ̅ (cm )
-1
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) Difference
0.06 8.48E+00 1.91E-01 7.78E+00 1.09E-01 -8%
0.475 1.25E+00 8.06E-01 6.50E-01 8.76E-02 -48%
0.563 3.52E-01 1.01E-01 5.80E-01 9.25E-02 65%
0.569 4.64E-01 6.79E-02 6.05E-01 9.11E-02 30%
0.605 5.53E-01 2.33E-02 5.80E-01 9.39E-02 5%
0.795 4.48E-01 2.61E-02 5.03E-01 1.01E-01 12%
0.801 4.93E-01 8.53E-02 4.90E-01 1.02E-01 -1%
1.039 5.78E-01 3.16E-01 4.99E-01 1.13E-01 -14%
1.167 4.31E-01 2.20E-01 4.00E-01 1.18E-01 -7%
1.174 3.84E-01 2.77E-02 3.54E-01 1.17E-01 -8%
1.333 3.86E-01 2.82E-02 2.98E-01 1.20E-01 -23%
1.369 4.56E-01 3.62E-02 4.02E-01 1.21E-01 -12%
2.755 2.63E-01 4.62E-02 3.06E-01 1.58E-01 16%
183
MCNP5 Calculated Clay Brick Total Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 ̅𝑚𝑎𝑡, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
0.60
MCNP5 Calculation
Experimental Data
0.50
0.40
𝜇 ̅'mat (cm-1)
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 83: Clay brick material calculated average total attenuation coefficient validation
184
5.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis for Certain Natural Materials

For natural general purpose construction materials without specifically published material
properties necessary for the MCNP5 models (stucco, asphalt, clay brick and terracotta), a sensitivity
analysis was performed as described in Section 4.9.2. The purpose of the sensitivity analysis was to
establish a correlation between the experimentally-derived average total attenuation coefficients and the
MCNP5-calcualted total attenuation coefficients for each of these four materials. The sensitivity analysis
used the narrow-beam MCNP5 model to develop effective density and elemental properties based on the
literature review for each of these natural materials. Once the appropriate material properties were
identified through the narrow-beam sensitivity calculations, they were then applied to the broad-beam
shield models. Possible reasons for a few experimental outlier data points are described in 5.1.1.
Asphalt Saturated Felt - Asphalt saturated felt can be installed under all types of building materials,
flooring, and siding including stucco, aluminum, vinyl, and wood. Fields asphalt saturated felts are made
from virgin and recycled wood pulp that is saturated with premium asphalt. Asphalt is a crude oil
product, as such; no two products are chemically identical. Elemental analysis indicate that most asphalts
contain 79-88%, by weight, carbon, 7-13% hydrogen and traces to 8% sulfur, 2-8% oxygen, and trace to
3
3% nitrogen. The relative density of asphalt is typically between 1.0-1.18 g/cm . (Joann., 2005). The
3
standard density of wood is 0.65 g/cm .
The asphalt saturated felt sensitivity analysis (see Figure 84) used a range of relative density between
3 3
0.855 g/cm to 1.2 g/cm with varying elemental composition based on Joann (2005) and are listed in
Table 33 of APPENDIX I. Results show for the 1.333 MeV photon about a 15% difference in μ with a 10%
3
change in material density. A density of 0.95 g/cm for asphalt saturated felt was selected for the MCNP5
broad-beam models.
185
Asphalt Saturated Felt Senitivity Analysis

6.0E-01
Asphalt Saturated Felt
Experimental Data
5.0E-01 Felt, 0.86 g/cm3
Felt, 0.95 g/cm3

4.0E-01
Felt, 1.1 g/cm3
𝜇 ̅'𝑚𝑎t (cm-1)
3.0E-01 Felt, 1.2 g/cm3
2.0E-01
1.0E-01
6.0E-16
-1.0E-01
0.04 0.4
Energy (MeV)
Figure 84: Asphalt saturated felt sensitivity analysis
Brick and Terracotta - A difficulty one is faced with when modeling buildings made of clay-based materials
is the variability in chemical composition, density and geometry of the bricks themselves. Petrucci (1987)
reports that the chemical analysis of clay can vary significantly: ranging from 40% to 80% of SiO2; from
10% to 40% of Al2O3; less than 7% Fe2O3; less than 10% of CaO and Na2O; less than 1% of MgO. Rai
(2012) performed a scanning electron microscope analysis on common brick found in India, and found by
weight, the elemental composition to be 69.59% SiO2; 14.48% Al2O3; 11.78 7% Fe2O3; 1.12% Na2O;
1.90% TiO2; 0.87% MgO; and 2.16% CaO. The elemental composition by weight is: 56.15% O; 0.92% Na;
1.1% Mg; 7.24% Al; 29.52% Si; 0.2% Cl; 2.87% K; 1.29% Ca; 0.4% Ti; and 13.76% Fe (note this is not
normalized). Johari et al. (2011) evaluated the chemical and physical properties of a variety of clay-fired
brick materials from different types of corn ash and found: 67.0% SiO2; 26.0% Al2O3; 2.90% Fe2O3;
0.0690% Na2O; 1.20% MgO; 2.10% K2O; 0.470 SO3; 0.036 P2O5; 0.110% CaO; and other trace
compounds.
The clay brick and terracotta sensitivity analysis (see Figure 85) used a range of relative density
3 3
between 1.67 g/cm to 2.403 g/cm with elemental composition based on Johari et al. (2011) and are
listed in Table 31 for clay brick and Table 43 for terracotta of APPENDIX I. Results for the 1.333 MeV
photon show about a 9% difference in μ with about a 10% change in material density. A density of 1.67
3 3
g/cm for brick and 2.25 g/cm for terracotta was selected for the MCNP5 broad-beam models.
186
Clay Brick and Terracotta Senitivity Analysis

7.0E-01
Clay Brick Experimental Data
6.0E-01 Terracotta Experimental Data
Brick/Terracotta, 2.403 g/cm3
5.0E-01
4.0E-01 Brick/Terracotta, 1.86 g/cm3

3.0E-01
2.0E-01
1.0E-01
0.0E+00
0.04 0.4 4
Energy (MeV)
Figure 85: Clay brick and terracotta sensitivity analysis
Stucco - Stucco is a combination of Portland cement-based cementitous materials and aggregate mixed
with water to form a plastic mass. It adheres to a surface and cures forming a hard, durable finish
material. Various textures can be imposed on the surface while it is still plastic. A difficulty faced when
modeling the stucco material was estimating the average thickness of Portland cement at any particular
location. To estimate the average thickness of Portland cement for each sample; first, the average of ten
thickness measurements for each of the ten samples (with all 3 layers of material) was taken, and then
the average calculated thickness of OSB and house wrap (see Table 404 of APPENDIX R) were subtracted.
The result is an average Portland cement thickness for each of the 10 samples (see Table 404).
Another difficulty faced was estimating the chemical composition and density of the Portland
cement layer of stucco. Both the OSB and house wrap materials had standard elemental and density
information suitable for MCNP5 material specifications. However, stucco is a combination of Portland
cement, lime, sand, some aggregate, and water all mixed by hand according to the manufactures’
instructions. Thus, it is difficult to estimate the chemical composition due to the variability in the raw
material. For simplicity and standardization, Berger’s (2005) chemical composition for Portland cement
3
and Quickete’s Data sheet for stucco density ranging from 1.44 to 1.65 g/cm were used for the sensitivity
analysis. The standard chemical compositions and density for wood and polyethylene were used to
models those layers and are listed in Table 49 and Table 53, respectively. Results for the 1.333 MeV
photon show about a 10% difference in μ with about a 9% change in density of Portland cement. A
3
density of 1.65 g/cm for cementus layer of stucco was selected for the MCNP5 broad-beam models. The
stucco sensitivity analysis results can be found in Figure 86.
187
Stucco (cement, house wrap, and OSB) Senitivity Analysis

3.5E-01
Stucco Experimental Data
3.0E-01
Stucco, 1.38 g/cm3
2.5E-01
Stucco, 1.44 g/cm3
2.0E-01
Stucco, 1.65 g/cm3
1.5E-01
Stucco, 1.8 g/cm3
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0.04 0.4 4
Energy (MeV)
Figure 86: Stucco sensitivity analysis

188
5.2 Broad-beam Spectral Data and Material Attenuation Coefficients

Gross photopeak data were processed to derive net photopeak data and associated error as
discussed in Section 4.7. Derived photopeak data was then used to calculate total attenuation
coefficients for each of the shielding model measurements. APPENDIX H provides a list of all text files
referencing the broad-beam experimental spectral data. All raw spectral measurement data is recorded
in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange format as .spe text files. Each file name
specifies (between delineations) the; nuclide, shield type, and shield placement level above the detector
surface. Summaries of the raw spectral data and derived net photopeaks for each of the ten shielding
model measurements and thirteen representative photon energies analyzed with the broad-beam
assembly can be found in APPENDIX M. Average material thicknesses discussed in Section 5.1, and
presented in APPENDIX R, were used to calculate average shielding thicknesses by layer in as presented
APPENDIX S.
Table 18 presents the collected spectral data and processed Co-60 1.333 MeV photopeaks for
each of the clay brick shield model wall measurements. Differences between the “No Layer” and “Level
1” through “Level 5” photopeaks directly correlate to the clay brick shield walls’ ability to attenuate the
1.333 MeV photon.
Table 18: Broad-beam clay brick shielding model summary data for 1.333 MeV
Brick Wall
Co60, 1333
No Layer L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
̅ (cm) = -- 24.154 24.154 24.154 24.154 24.154
σx (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 21280 7335 7817 7638 7837 7457

Total B.G. = 722 722 722 722 722 722
Total C.C. = 91.8 57.6 46.8 54 61.2 37.8
Net Cts = 21185.7 7274.9 7767.7 7581.5 7773.3 7416.7
σnet = 146.20 85.99 88.69 87.71 88.88 86.58
5.2.1 Broad-beam Total Attenuation Coefficients

-1
The average total attenuation coefficient, ̅ (cm ), for each shield model was calculated
using net photopeak data as described in Section 3.3. The total shield thickness, ̅ , was estimated by
summing the average of each material layer composing the shield and is presented in APPENDIX S. The
average material thickness was calculated from data collected in Section 5.1 from the ten individual
micrometer measurements APPENDIX R. Table 19 summarizes necessary data to calculate the total
attenuation coefficients and associated error for each measurement at the 1.333 MeV photon energy.
Figure 87 displays the derived total attenuation coefficient for each of the five shield position.
189
Table 19: Clay brick shield wall model data summary of 1.333
Brick Wall
Co60, 1.333 (MeV)
No Shield Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 Position 4 Position 5
̅ (cm) = -- 24.154 24.154 24.154 24.154 24.154
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 21280 7335 7817 7638 7837 7457

Total B.G. = 722 722 722 722 722 722
Total C.C. = 91.8 57.6 46.8 54 61.2 37.8
Net Cts = 21185.7 7274.9 7767.7 7581.5 7773.3 7416.7
σnet = 146.20 85.99 88.69 87.71 88.88 86.58
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.34 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.35

σc = -- 4.7E-03 4.9E-03 4.8E-03 4.9E-03 4.7E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.12 -0.11 -0.12 -0.11 -0.12

(du/dx) = -- -1.8E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.8E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.8E-03
(cm-1) = -- 4.4E-02 4.2E-02 4.3E-02 4.2E-02 4.3E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.9E-04 5.7E-04 5.8E-04 5.7E-04 5.8E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 4.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.60E-04
Brick Wall Experimental Data, μshield (cm-1) ,1.333 (MeV)
4.6E-02
Position 1
4.5E-02
4.5E-02 Position 2
4.4E-02 Position 3
μshield (cm-1)
4.4E-02
Position 4
4.3E-02
4.3E-02 Position 5
4.2E-02
4.2E-02
4.1E-02
4.1E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shield Position (cm)
Figure 87: Clay brick shield model total attenuation coefficients as a function of shield position
Total attenuation coefficient summaries for all measured photon data for each of the ten shield
models can be found in APPENDIX M. Average total attenuation coefficient, ̅ , summary for each of
the thirteen representative measured photon with the brick wall shield model can be found in Table 20.
190
Table 20: Clay brick wall model average total attenuation coefficients derived from measured data
Brick Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients

from Measured Data
Photon
-1 -1
Energy ̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm )
(MeV)
0.06 1.61E-02 8.50E-04
0.475 8.88E-02 3.54E-02
0.563 6.35E-02 1.17E-03
0.569 6.29E-02 7.66E-04
0.605 6.02E-02 2.50E-04
0.795 5.38E-02 2.58E-04
0.801 5.43E-02 8.01E-04
1.039 4.51E-02 2.85E-03
1.167 4.27E-02 1.86E-03
1.174 4.61E-02 2.64E-04
1.333 4.27E-02 2.60E-04
1.369 4.40E-02 3.49E-04
2.755 3.07E-02 3.95E-04
Figure 88 illustrates the average total attenuation coefficients for each of the thirteen representative
measured photons for the clay brick wall shield model. Results show the total attenuation coefficients for
clay bricks shielding model are similar between stable between 0.563 MeV to 2.75 MeV.
Experimental Average Brick Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients for Clay Brick Shield Model
9.0E-02
8.0E-02
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
(cm-1)
5.0E-02
𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
4.0E-02
𝜇 ̅ ̅𝑠
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
Photon Energy MeV)
Figure 88: Average total attenuation coefficient for clay brick wall shield model from measured data
191
Similar tables and figures to Table 20 and Figure 88 present ̅ , for each of the thirteen representative
photon energies for all 10 shielding models can be found in APPENDIX M.
Comparisons between experimentally-derived and MCNP5-calculated clay brick shield model

total attenuation coefficients for the thirteen representative photons energies are presented in Table 21
and in Figure 89. MCNP5 material parameters developed in Section 4.9.2 were applied to the shield
models and are summarized in APPENDIX I, APPENDIX R, and APPENDIX S. An example of an input deck
for the MCNP5 broad-beam assembly for the clay brick shield model can be found in APPENDIX F. Percent
differences between the experimentally-derived and MCNP5-calculated total attenuation coefficients are
generally within 15%; with the exception for the 0.06 MeV photon which is exceptionally high. The same
sources of error listed in 5.1.1 for ̅ are thought to also be responsible for the sources of error for
̅ . The MCNP5-calculated total attenuation coefficients for the shield walls ( ̅ generally fall
within 1-sigma of the experimentally derived total attenuation coefficients ( ̅ }. As such, for radiation
protection purposes, the MCNP5-calculated total attenuation coefficients are reliable for radiation
protection purposes and were applied when of developing building shielding factor for each housing type.
APPENDIX O presents figures of the experimentally derived- and computationally calculated total
attenuation coefficients for each of the ten shielding models.
Table 21: Experimental and MCNP5 calculated total attenuation coefficients for clay brick shield wall
Photon Experimental Data MCNP5 Calculated Percent

Energy
Difference
(MeV)
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 1.61E-02 8.50E-04 1.31E-01 4.75E-03 715%

0.475 7.05E-02 6.51E-03 7.16E-02 3.04E-03 2%
0.563 6.35E-02 1.17E-03 6.90E-02 3.13E-03 9%
0.569 6.29E-02 7.66E-04 6.74E-02 3.14E-03 7%
0.605 6.02E-02 2.50E-04 6.22E-02 3.04E-03 3%
0.795 5.38E-02 2.58E-04 5.89E-02 3.21E-03 10%
0.801 5.43E-02 8.01E-04 5.75E-02 3.22E-03 6%
1.039 4.51E-02 2.85E-03 5.19E-02 3.25E-03 15%
1.167 4.27E-02 1.86E-03 5.15E-02 3.39E-03 21%
1.174 4.61E-02 2.64E-04 5.14E-02 3.43E-03 12%
1.333 4.27E-02 2.60E-04 5.25E-02 3.63E-03 23%
1.369 4.40E-02 3.49E-04 4.81E-02 3.47E-03 9%
2.755 3.07E-02 3.95E-04 3.24E-02 3.81E-03 5%
192
MCNP5 Calculated Brick Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 ̅𝑠 𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
1.60E-01
MCNP5 Calculation
Experimental Data
1.40E-01
1.20E-01
1.00E-01
(cm-1)
8.00E-02
𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜇 ̅ ̅𝑠
6.00E-02
4.00E-02
2.00E-02
0.00E+00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Energy (MeV)
Figure 89: Clay brick wall shield model calculated average total attenuation coefficient validation
193
5.3 MCNP5 Stylized Shielding Model Simulation Results

MCNP5 calculated results presented in units of (MeV/g-y) and protection factors of each stylized
shielding model simulation can be found in
Table 22, which presents calculated track length estimates of KERMA within 30 cm diameter
sphere-detectors placed 100 cm behind the gypsum wall board surface. The protection factors are the
quotient between the unattenuated and attenuated track length calculations. Concrete shield models
were not experimentally analyzed in whole due to size limitations of the experimental assemblies.
However, the MCNP5 brick wall shield models were used by modifying the primary weather barrier cell
thicknesses to 20.32 cm to simulate cement cinder bricks and change the material parameter to Portland
Concrete. The larger relative error for the cement wall perfect shield is due to poor sampling statistics of
the detector tally of the model.
For shielding models representing walls, results show the cement wall provides the most
protection from ionizing radiation, followed by; brick- stucco-, wood-, steel-, vinyl-, and then the internal
wall model. For the shield models representing roofs, results show the asphalt shingle roof provides the
post protection from ionizing radiation, followed by; terracotta-, shake- and then steel roof model.
Table 22: Stylizes shield model protection factors
Unprotected Position
MeV/g-y SD_σ R
Unprotected 1.52E-11 4.45E-13 0.0294
Protected Position
MeV/g-y SD_σ R SE_σ
Cement Wall 3.31E-13 2.80E-14 0.084 2% 0.1%
Brick Wall 2.65E-12 1.64E-13 0.062 18% 0.6%
Stucco Wall 9.53E-12 3.42E-13 0.036 63% 1.9%
Wood Wall 1.03E-11 3.56E-13 0.034 68% 2.1%
Steel Wall 1.09E-11 3.75E-13 0.035 72% 2.2%
Vinyl Wall 1.12E-11 3.76E-13 0.034 74% 2.2%
Internal Wall 1.17E-11 3.93E-13 0.034 77% 2.4%
Asphalt Roof 1.14E-11 3.81E-13 0.034 75% 2.3%

Terracotta Roof 1.18E-11 3.88E-13 0.033 78% 2.4%
Shake Roof 1.22E-11 3.93E-13 0.032 81% 2.5%
Steel Roof 1.28E-11 4.11E-13 0.032 85% 2.6%
Comparisons between shielding models demonstrates a wide range of effective shielding and it is
apparent that protection factors are specific to the primary weather barriers modeled. For instance,
protection factors designed for a housing-unit constructed with wood siding and a steel roof should not
194
be applied to a similar housing-unit with an asphalt roof. As such, the application of protection factors
developed in this investigation should only be applied to housing units constructed of similar materials.
195
5.3 MCNP5 Full-scale Housing Model Simulation Results

The MCNP5 full-scale housing models have been described and evaluated in sufficient detail to
enable their use in producing building shielding factors for each housing unit in this investigation.
Historically, protection factors for one- and two-story homes with and without basements for either brick
or vinyl siding has been applied to consequence studies and emergency response planning. As such, this
investigation examines similar make and models homes of the original building shielding factors as well as
for two styles of manufactured homes. However, as previously stated, data produced from various
combinations of the ten shielding models represent 69.6 million housing units (61.3%) in the United
States and can applied to the full-scale housing models to develop building shielding factors that are
regional-specific. Protection factors published below are intended to represent the average protection
provided by a particular structures and are not intended to be exact estimates.
In general, the amount of protection provided by a particular structure was found to be

dependent on the size of the housing-unit, the type and amount of material composing the primary
weather barriers, and the location within the building (e.g., the basement provides more protection than
the second floor).
Protection factors for air immersion:
Summary results for each detector scenario (discussed in Section 4.10.2) and recommended
protection factor for consequence assessments and emergency planning purposes can be found in Table
23. Results for location-specific detector response calculations can be found in APPENDIX P. The
recommended protection factor for use in consequence assessments and emergency planning purposes
are those calculated using the Scenario A detector models as described in Section 4.10.2.
Results from this investigation estimate the reduction in exposure from a two-story clay brick
home with an asphalt roof and basement to provide the most shielding from a cloud immersion source
term with an overall reduction in exposure of about 64% +/- 2%. A single-wide manufactured home with
steel paneling walls and roof provides the least amount off shielding from a cloud immersion source term
with an overall reduction in exposure of 16% +/- 4%. Using the two-story brick home with a basement as
an example, the protection factor provided by each floor from the second floor to the basement is about
0.56, 0.36, and 0.16, respectively. If occupants were given enough early notice and knew to shelter in the
lowest, most shield position of the unit while the plume passed, a relative estimate in the reduction in
exposure provided by the first floor from the second floor and the basement from the first floor is about
35% and 63%; a considerable amount when considering the time of exposure is quite short and the
amount of resources needed to implement the reduction in exposure is minimal. The primary weather
196
barrier composing the walls of each structure was found to provide the most reduction in exposure
between the brick and vinyl-sided housing units and is due to the increase thickness and density of brick.
When comparing the cloud immersion building shielding factors developed in this investigation
to similar building shielding factors published by Burson and Profio (1977) (see Table 2), a larger reduction
in exposure is estimated. Assuming a two-story home, Burson and Profio (1977) estimated protection
factors for wood-frame and masonry housing units with no basement to be 0.9 and 0.6 respectively. The
estimated protection factors for similar vinyl sided and clay brick housing unit in this investigation is 0.79
and 0.47 respectively; which is about 12% and 22% further reduction in exposure than previously
estimated. For the basement of wood-frame and masonry housing units, Burson and Profio (1977)
estimated protection factors of 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. The estimated protection factors for similar
basements is 0.37 for a vinyl-sided housing unit and 0.16 for a clay brick housing unit; which is about a
38% and 60% further reduction in exposure than previously estimated.
Protection factors for ground deposition:
The recommended protection factor for use in consequence assessments and emergency
planning purposes are those calculated using the Scenario A detector models as described in Section
4.10.2. Summary results for each detector location (discussed in Section 4.10.2) and recommended
protection factor for ground and roof deposition for each housing-unit type can be found in Tables 24
through 26. Results for location-specific detector response calculations can be found in APPENDIX Q.
Results demonstrate how shielding factors vary from floor to floor and are heavily dependent on
the location of the source. For example, estimates of the reduction in exposure from a one-story clay
brick home with an asphalt roof and basement provides the most shielding from both ground and roof
deposition with individual protection factors of 0.18 and 0.52, respectively, and a total weighted
reduction in exposure of 0.51 (see Table 24). The manufactured model with steel siding and steel roof
provided the least amount of protection of 0.82 for ground deposition and 0.76 for roof deposition and a
total weighted reduction in exposure of 0.76 (see table 26). When considering the contributions of
exposure between the roof and grounds separately and assuming equal concentrations of contaminant,
the roof is the primary source of exposure. For example, contributions to total exposure from only roof
contamination of the two-story clay brick model is about 97% and greatly outweighs contributions from
the ground contaminant (see APPENDIX P). This is in agreement with large scale experiments preformed
with both the tube and source method and Mobile Radiological Measuring Unit during the 1960s and
1970s. Auxier (1959) reported that for a two-story wood frame house similar in design to the models
developed in this investigation the major contributions to exposure on both the first and second floors
were due to contamination on the roof. Clarke (1959) describes the use of the tube source system and
197
experiments performed on existing houses and measurements performed on large buildings include the
Atomic Energy Commissions’ headquarters in Germantown Maryland, a former army barracks on the
Boston Harbor, the Brookhaven National Laboratory Medical Center, and various buildings in the Los
Angeles area. Borella et al. (1961) performed the experimental study to determine the protection against
fallout provided for the Medial Research Center at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Results from Borell’s
experiment show that roof contamination was the major factor in determining the protection at almost
every point in the building. For instance, at all points in the basement, except near walls, simulated roof
contamination contributed more than 90% to the total dose rate. In all rooms on the first floor, except
those next to the walls, the roof contributed more than 95% of the total exposure.
It is difficult to comparing the deposition building shielding factors developed in this investigation
to similar building shielding factors published by Burson and Profio (1977) (see Table 1) because
estimated reductions in exposure varied depending on how the protected and unprotected exposure
estimates were calculated as discussed in Section 4.10.2. Burson and Profio perform calculations using
the standard unprotected and protected positions and assume the same mass-thickness for the roofs and
walls. To account for dose buildup, buildup factor for water in an infinite medium were used to account
for scattered radiation through the walls and roof of the structure. This is a gross miss-use of buildup
factors since they are associated with the nature of the source, the nature of the attenuating medium,
and the nature of the response of the detector and should not be applied to other source geometries and
attenuating media. In most applications, the buildup factor relates total dose to dose from uncollided
photons alone, are most applicable to point monoenergetic radiation sources with shielding well
distributed between the source point and point of interest, and are typically designed for operational
field-use. In contrast, Monte Carlo methods directly account for photon buildup in the calculation
through the scatting of particles throughout the modeled geometry. Burson models one- and two-story
homes by increasing size of the walls and roof; making it convenient to calculate the protection factor as a
simple point estimate one meter above the ground for both the protected and unprotected locations. For
example, Burson state for one- and two-story without basements, the protection factors is 0.4 and 0.2 for
wood frame and brick homes respectively. The protection factor within the basement for 1-story and 2-
story homes with exposed walls (foundation) above the ground of less than 60.96 cm to the air is 0.05 and
0.03 respectively. The weighted protection factors developed in this investigation consider contributions
from the roof and ground separately to each level of the housing unit and provide a weighted protection
factor to quantify the overall reduction in exposure provided by the housing unit. For thoroughness, the
estimated total reduction in KERMA (weighting the contributions from ground and roof depositions) for
comparable one- and two-story clay brick homes without a basement is 0.68 and 0.72 (see Table 24). If
only the basement were considered, the protection factor specific to basement is 0.06 and 0.05
respectively (see Table 24). When considering the basement in the weighted protection factor calculation
198
as part of the overall reduction in exposure, the one-story and two-story protection factors are 0.51 and
0.58 respectively. The reason for the one-story unit being more protective than the two-story unit is due
the one-story unit being modeled with a larger basement (within the same foot-print as the above ground
floor) and more detector location placed in the highly shield location as opposed to the two-story housing
unit which has detector locations placed on the less-protected second floor.
199
Table 23: Building shielding factors for cloud immersion
Representative Building Shielding Factors for Realistic Cloud Source
Structure type Location Location-Specific Protection Factors Recommended

Protection Factor
Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C
PF σSD PF σSD PF σSD σSE
Outside: 1.0
Clay brick siding with asphalt roof:
One Story
No basement First floor 0.57 0.02 0.54 0.02 0.50 0.02
Average PF = 0.57 0.02 0.54 0.02 0.50 0.02 0.57 0.02
With Basement First floor 0.57 0.02 0.53 0.02 0.49 0.02
Basement 0.27 0.02 0.27 0.01 0.33 0.01
Average PF = 0.42 0.01 0.40 0.01 0.41 0.01 0.42 0.01
Two Story
No basement Second floor 0.56 0.02 0.52 0.01 0.54 0.01
First floor 0.37 0.01 0.35 0.01 0.35 0.004
Average PF = 0.47 0.01 0.44 0.01 0.44 0.01 0.47 0.01
With Basement Second floor 0.56 0.02 0.52 0.01 0.54 0.01
First floor 0.36 0.01 0.35 0.01 0.34 0.004
Basement 0.16 0.005 0.16 0.004 0.20 0.003
Average PF = 0.36 0.01 0.34 0.01 0.36 0.00 0.36 0.01
Vinyl siding with asphalt roof:
One Story
No basement First floor 0.79 0.05 0.77 0.03 0.65 0.03
Average PF = 0.79 0.05 0.77 0.03 0.65 0.03 0.79 0.05
With Basement First floor 0.78 0.03 0.76 0.03 0.63 0.03
Basement 0.44 0.02 0.41 0.02 0.50 0.005

Average PF = 0.61 0.02 0.59 0.02 0.57 0.01 0.61 0.02
Two Story
No basement Second floor 0.86 0.02 0.82 0.02 0.75 0.02
First floor 0.72 0.02 0.70 0.02 0.62 0.005
Average PF = 0.79 0.01 0.76 0.01 0.69 0.01 0.79 0.01
With Basement Second floor 0.86 0.02 0.82 0.02 0.75 0.02
First floor 0.71 0.02 0.69 0.02 0.61 0.005
Basement 0.37 0.01 0.35 0.01 0.44 0.004
Average PF = 0.65 0.01 0.62 0.01 0.60 0.01 0.65 0.01
Manufactured houses
Vinyl siding with asphalt roof

First floor 0.82 0.00 0.81 0.03 0.90 0.04
Average PF = 0.82 0.04 0.81 0.03 0.90 0.04 0.82 0.04
Steel siding with steel roof
First floor 0.84 0.00 0.82 0.03 0.90 0.04
Average PF = 0.84 0.04 0.82 0.03 0.90 0.04 0.84 0.04
200
Table 24: Building shielding factors for clay brick and asphalt roof unit for deposited material
Clay brick house with asphalt roof representative building shielding factors for realistic deposited activity
Location-Specific
Recommended
Protection Factors Protection Factor
Structure type Location Source Location Scenario A
PF σSD σSE
Outside: 1.0
Clay brick house with asphalt roof:
One Story
No basement
First Story
Ground 0.31 0.003
Roof 0.69 0.01
PF Weighted (Ground + Roof) = 0.68 0.01
Total Reduction in KERMA = 0.68 0.01
Recommended Housing-Unit Protection Factors:

Ground …………………………………………………………………………………………… 0.31 0.003
Roof ……………..……………………………………………………………………….…….... 0.69 0.01
With Basement
First Story
Ground 0.30 0.003
Roof 0.70 0.01
Basement
Ground 0.06 0.002
Roof 0.34 0.01

Ground …………………………………………………………………………………………… 0.18 0.002
Roof ………………..…………………………………………………………………….…….... 0.52 0.01
Two Story
No basement
Second Story
Ground 0.30 0.004
Roof 0.78 0.01
First Story
Ground 0.33 0.004
Roof 0.69 0.01

Ground …………………………………………………………………………………………… 0.31 0.03
Roof ………………..…………………………………………………………………….…….... 0.73 0.04
With Basement
Second Story
Ground 0.30 0.004
Roof 0.78 0.01
First Story
Ground 0.32 0.004
Roof 0.68 0.01
Basement
Ground 0.05 0.001
Roof 0.35 0.005
Total Avg. Reduction in KERMA = 0.58 0.04

Ground …………………………………………………………………………………………… 0.23 0.02
Roof ..…………………………………………………………………………………….…….... 0.60 0.03
201
Table 25: Building shielding factors for vinyl sided and asphalt roof unit housing for deposited material
Vinyl house with asphalt roof representative building shielding factors for realistic deposited activity
Location-Specific
Recommended
Protection Factors Protection Factor
Structure type Location Source Location Scenario A
PF σSD σSE
Outside: 1.0
Vinyl side house with asphalt roof:
One Story
No basement
First Story
Ground 0.77 0.01
Roof 0.70 0.01

Ground …………………………………………………………………………………………… 0.77 0.01
Roof ……………………………………………………………………………………….…….... 0.70 0.01
With Basement
First Story
Ground 0.77 0.01
Roof 0.69 0.01
Basement
Ground 0.10 0.003
Roof 0.33 0.01

Ground …………………………………………………………………………………………… 0.43 0.04
Roof ……………………………………………………………………………………….…….... 0.51 0.04
Two Story
No basement
Second Story
Ground 0.77 0.01
Roof 0.75 0.01
First Story
Ground 0.83 0.01
Roof 0.66 0.01

Ground …………………………………………………………………………………………… 0.60 0.04
Roof ……………………………………………………………………………………….…….... 0.54 0.04
With Basement
Second Story
Ground 0.77 0.01
Roof 0.75 0.01
First Story
Ground 0.83 0.01
Roof 0.65 0.01
Basement
Ground 0.09 0.002
Roof 0.34 0.005

Ground …………………………………………………………………………………………… 0.56 0.03
Roof ……………………………………………………………………………………….…….... 0.58 0.03
202
Table 26: Building shielding factor for manufactured housing for deposited material
Manufactured representative building shielding factors for realistic deposited activity

Location-Specific
Protection Factors Recommended
Structure type Location Source Location Protection Factor
Scenario A
PF σSD σSE
Outside: 1.0
Steel siding with steel roof:
First Story
Ground 0.82 0.01
Roof 0.76 0.01

Ground ……………………………………………………………………… 0.82 0.01
Roof ………………………………………………………………………….. 0.76 0.01
Vinyl siding with asphalt roof:
First Story
Ground 0.84 0.01
Roof 0.72 0.01

Ground ……………………………………………………………………… 0.84 0.01
Roof …………………………………………………………………………. 0.72 0.01
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6. DISCUSSION
6.1 Evaluation of Protection Factors

This investigation sought to analyze the radiation shielding properties of a variety of building-
types common to U.S. housing stock from two kinds of realistic source term exposure scenarios in a
laboratory setting. The two source term scenarios lead to the development of building shielding factors
for; (1) the shielding effectiveness of each structure within a semi-infinite cloud of radioactive material,
and (2) the shielding effectiveness of each structure from contaminant deposition on the roof and
surrounding surfaces. There were three purposes for developing building shielding factors based on a
realistic source term for the two exposure scenarios:
1. Characterizing a representative energy spectrum was to ensure both the experimental and
computational model simulations focused on gamma-emissions with the greatest dosimetric
importance, avoiding either ‘softening’ or ‘hardening’ the final building shielding factors. For
instance, if the energy spectrum was assumed low, the resulting protection factors would
overestimate the shielding effectiveness of a particular building-type. Likewise, if the energy
spectrum was estimated too high, the resulting protection factors would be overly
conservative, underestimating the shielding effectiveness that a particular building would
provide.
2. The overall reduction in exposure provided by the shielding properties of a particular
housing unit, not only depend on the construction material composing the primary weather
barrier, but also the geometry of the source term. A source term simulating ground
deposition provides more low-angled photons traveling relative to the horizon than those
which scatter up-and-away from the receptor. Like-wise, a source term simulating cloud
immersion is providing a greater direct contribution from the unscattered fluence (the
primary contributor to exposure) than those scattering through the transport material. As
such, building shielding factors are source-geometry specific.
3. The intent of building shielding factors applied to the emergency phase of a nuclear threat
are different than those applied to intermediate and late phases. Protection factors for cloud
immersion are essentially point-estimates of the reduced exposure an occupant would
receive sheltering-in-place used during the relatively short period of the emergency phase of
a nuclear threat. Whereas building shielding factors for deposited material are used in time-
integrated estimates of the reduced exposure over long periods of time during the
intermediate and late phases after a nuclear event for habitability assessments. In this case,
shielding factors for the roof and ground are applied separately to account for
204
decontamination and remediation efforts, as well as other reduction mechanism such as

washout and resuspension.
The methods to develop these building shielding factors used Monte Carlo simulations with the
latest shielding technology and data available. The Monte Carlo method was chosen over deterministic
techniques because it more accurately represents the geometry and nuclear data than do deterministic
methods for complete geometries. While deterministic techniques do provide an exact solution to an
approximation of the problem, Monte Carlo techniques provide an approximate solution to an exact
representation of the problem. Deterministic methods used to make approximations to the transport
equation are adequate for simplistic geometries; however it would be difficult to account for all available
shielding provided by the structural members of interior walls, roof and floor. Also, it is difficult to
account for radiation produce at distances of multiple mean-free path lengths, scattering and buildup
effects, and inhomogeneity inherent to residential housing-unit materials and construction. As such, the
building shielding factors produced in this research reduce the conservative assumptions applied to
deterministic calculations allowing development of realistic models which respond similarly to real world
scenarios. With these purposes in mind, these building shielding factors should be a key component of
any state-of-the-art radiologic consequence assessment or robust emergency response plan to ensure
adequate protection is in place prior to an event taking place.
6.2 Assumptions and Limitations

Although this rigorous investigation considered validated narrow-beam, material-specific and
broad-beam, shield-specific data over a broad spectrum of photon energies to capture all important
physics interaction for two common exposure scenarios, numerous assumptions were still necessary.
These assumptions innately affect the limitations of the study at hand and the models developed for the
application and use of the building shielding factors.
6.2.1 Source Term Characterization Limitations

The most fundamental assumptions regarding the source term characterization assume all
dosimetrically important radionuclides available in the core inventory are available for release into the
environment. This release is based on maximum full-power operations of a typically-sized light water
power reactor in the U.S. with, at a minimum: a typical fuel uranium enrichment of 3.3 weight percent U-
235; a three-year refueling end-of-year fuel burn-up for each fuel region of 11180, 22360, and 33550 MW
per metric ton of uranium; and, an assumed core power equal to the current licensed rated thermal
power. Irradiation of the fuel was assumed to be of sufficient time to allow for dose-significant isotopes
to reach equilibrium.
205
With the development and eventual deployment of small modular- and advanced generation IV
reactors in the U.S., the fission product core inventory is different to the one modeled in this
investigation. Once more data in regards to design, operation and risk surrounding these reactor designs
becomes available, an analysis of the available core inventory for release to the environment would be
necessary to determine if the building shielding factors developed in this investigation accurately
characterize the reduction in exposure from a release produced by these facilities.
6.2.2 U.S. Housing Characteristics Limitations

U.S. housing stock varies to some degree in each of the geographical regions due to climate and
socio-economic variations. Over time, housing trends on the physical characteristics, unit occupancy,
construction practices and the materials used will change. The previous building shielding factors were
based on a few building-types from 1950’s era suburbia and used what was advanced at the time
shielding methodology/technology (point-kernel calculations) to characterize the available shielding. This
investigation utilized data from the 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (EIA, 2009) to identify
and characterize a snapshot of housing characteristics throughout the U.S to develop detailed
computational models. Advanced Monte Carlo methods were than used to characterize the overall
shielding properties of each model. Undoubtedly, housing trend due to socioeconomic impacts, as well as
advancements in shielding technology, will continue and the models developed in this investigation will
become less useful over time. As such, it is important that periodic evaluations of U.S. housing stock and
shielding technology are carried out since these changes can directly affect the original shielding
assumptions driving an emergency response plan.
6.2.3 Application of Building Shielding Factors Limitations

The building shielding factors designed and developed in this investigation represent only
housing units constructed of certain materials and are strictly based on only two types of source term
scenarios: (1) immersion in a semi-infinite cloud of radioactive material; and (2) contaminant deposition
on the roof and surrounding surfaces. These protection factors should be used with caution if they are to
be applied to housing units made of different materials composing the primary weather barriers. The
MCNP5 stylized shield model calculations described in Section 4.10.1 show that each of the ten primary
weather barriers modeled in this investigation range in protection from 0.02 for a cement wall to 0.85 for
a steel roof. As such, if protection factors are necessary for other types of housing units, the full-scale
housing unit models describe in Section 4.10.2 should be modified to represent differing primary weather
barrier materials and new protection factors calculated.
Also, while the referenced exposure is simplistic in both geometry and location, and gives an
extreme estimate of exposure, it is not unrealistic since the centroid and size of the human body is
exposed at approximately the same location and to the same source geometry. All other reduction
206
factors used to estimate realistic exposures to account for decontamination efforts, washout, ground
roughness, occupancy frequency, ventilation models, resuspencitions and other terrain effects can be
thought of as an added “bonus” in shielding and should be used accordingly.
207
7. CONCLUSION
The 28 March, 1979, Three Mile Island Unit 2 nuclear power plant accident outside Middletown,
PA, was the most serious commercial event in the United States, resulting in a partial core meltdown and
release of radioactive material to the environment. The health and environmental impacts of this event
were minimal and resulted in no deaths or injuries to occupational workers or members of the public.
However, it did result in extensive regulatory and industry changes in radiation protection, emergency
response planning, and safety evaluation techniques to build upon the defense-in-depth philosophy of
nuclear power plant design to prevent and mitigate nuclear accidents. More recently, the Fukushima
Daiichi nuclear disaster following the 11 March, 2011, Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami resulted in three
of the six reactors possibly experiencing full-core meltdowns and subsequent releases of radioactive
material. While the Fukushima Daiichi event is ongoing, it highlights the need for continued research and
development in state-of-the-art evaluations of severe accident progression, off-site radiologic
consequence analysis, and emergency response planning.
This investigation leads in the development of high-quality data to support radiologic

consequence analysis and emergency response planning through the evaluation of the shielding
effectiveness provided by contemporary U.S. housing stock against the ever-present risk contained within
the reactor core or the very real threat of a radiological dispersal device explosion in an urban
environment. Although the concept of sheltering populations from ionizing radiation is not new and has
been studied since the early-1950s, this investigation sought to assist in an area long-known to have both
an uncertain pedigree and weak technical basis.
7.1 Relevance of Work

The validated computational housing unit models and new protection factors herein represent a
first step towards improving the capabilities and reducing the uncertainty inherent in quantifying the
quality of shelter to a population, and lend to the development of more robust emergency response
planning. The addition of these models provides an alternative for the historically relied upon data and
demonstrates that the shielding quantities of homes can be relied upon more as effective tools to reduce
the radiological risk to the general population.
7.2 Future Work

Regional-specific Building Shielding Factor - Conclusions from the decision tree analysis (see Section 4.3.4)
directed the investigation to design, build and analyze ten shielding models: 5 representing exterior walls;
4 representing roofs; and 1 representing an interior wall. Regional building shielding factors can also be
developed to extend their application to other communities. For example, housing units constructed of
stucco walls and terracotta roofs are typically found in southwestern regions of the U.S. where the
climate facilities the use of these general construction materials. Theoretically, combinations of the ten
208
shielding models can be applied to the 2-story, 1-story and manufactured computational models to
develop a library of contemporary building shielding factors representing 69.6 million housing units
(61.3%) in the United States.
Emergency Response Planning and Graphic Information Sciences - Graphic Information Sciences (GIS) is a
computer-based tool that can help collect, process, and visualize information and allow one to see
patterns and relationships that are not otherwise apparent when developing effective emergency
response strategies. GSI can play an important part in characterizing the quality of shielding afforded to a
local population and present it in a visual format that can be easily interpreted. The building shielding
factor parameter is a dimensionless quantity that can be applied as a geographic point in space to
estimate the quality of structural shielding available for each building in a given geographic region. This
“points method” of applying the average shielding value to each individual structure of a geographic
region results in an effective density map quantifying the shielding quality afforded by local buildings.
Useful data to characterize the shielding quality of a given region can be found in publically available
sources, including historical records, property tax records, and real estate listings. If a reference library of
protection factors were to be developed to represent additional housing-unit types, an accurate account
of the quality of protection available to a local population from a passing plume of radioactive material
and deposition on the ground can be created. This would be an extremely important tool for emergency
response analysts to develop effective emergency response strategies and help decision-makers with
well-informed decisions. GIS can help answer, with certainty, questions with regard to: What does the
regional sheltering quality look like and how can it effect decisions made during an emergency
event; What is the underlying process of governing certain evacuation plans within the system; and What
are my questions in required to how much protection is provided to the population if the emergency
event becomes worse? This type of smart emergency response problem solving would rely on accurate
building shielding factor information and the support of GIS to help answer these questions.
Probabilistic Risk Assessment - Recent research in the area of emergency response planning after the
release of nuclear material into an urban environment has highlighted the importance of considering
other options to immediate evacuation due to modeling uncertainties such as current atmospheric
conditions, general population behavior, and availability of surrounding infrastructure which can nullify
even the best emergency response strategies. It is a difficult task to consider the infinite number of
parameters and their associated uncertainties when developing effective emergency response strategies,
these parameters include a wide range of possible initiating events and their severity, population
demographics, and the reality of no available infrastructure or facilities to support effective large-scale
emergency responses. It is the job of the risk analyst to analyze these parameters and the emergency
response analyst to review creditable emergency scenarios, identify vulnerable populations and
209
infrastructure, and then develop effective emergency response strategies that can be implemented
quickly by a decision-maker. The potential area for further research is in the development of useful
parameters that could be applied to severe accident consequence assessments. Parametric studies could
be performed on current consequence models to identify their weaknesses and develop additional
parameters that could be utilized to strengthen the resulting emergency response plans.
210
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218
APPENDIX A
Table 27: Realistic source term gamma-ray energy data
Energy Energy
Photon # Nuclide Intensity Photon # Nuclide Intensity
(MeV) (MeV)
1 Te-132 0.02861 0.392158 41 Ru-105 0.39336 0.037745
2 Ce-143 0.036056 0.330508 42 Kr-87 0.402587 0.496
3 Am-241 0.059541 0.359 43 I-134 0.405451 0.073458
4 Xe-133 0.080997 0.38 44 Sb-127 0.4121 0.038272
5 Nd-147 0.091105 0.279 45 I-135 0.417633 0.035301
6 Np-239 0.099979 0.154316 46 Ba-140 0.423722 0.031512
7 Np-239 0.104279 0.244276 47 Sr-92 0.43049 0.03276
8 Np-239 0.106123 0.272 48 La-140 0.432493 0.029002
9 Ce-144 0.133515 0.1109 49 I-134 0.43335 0.041404
10 Tc-99m 0.140511 0.890567 50 Sb-127 0.4451 0.043424
11 Ce-141 0.145443 0.4829 51 Y-92 0.4485 0.023352
12 Kr-85m 0.151195 0.749844 52 Te-129 0.4596 0.077
13 Ba-140 0.16266 0.062195 53 Ru-105 0.46937 0.175483
14 Ba-139 0.165858 0.237249 54 Sb-127 0.473 0.257968
15 Cs-136 0.176602 0.099704 55 La-140 0.487021 0.455058
16 Mo-99 0.181068 0.059922 56 Ce-143 0.490368 0.021614
17 Kr-88 0.196301 0.259846 57 Ru-103 0.497084 0.91
18 Te-131m 0.20063 0.076963 58 Ru-105 0.4993 0.020339
19 Te-132 0.22816 0.88 59 I-132 0.50579 0.04935
20 Np-239 0.228183 0.1076 60 Zr-97 0.50764 0.050252
21 Te-131m 0.24093 0.077357 61 Co-58 0.511 0.297981
22 Xe-135 0.249794 0.9 62 Rh-106 0.511861 0.204
23 Sb-127 0.2524 0.085008 63 I-134 0.5144 0.022324
24 Ru-105 0.26283 0.065747 64 I-132 0.52265 0.159894
25 Y-93 0.2669 0.0732 65 I-133 0.529872 0.87
26 Cs-136 0.273646 0.110671 66 Nd-147 0.531016 0.130851
27 Np-239 0.277599 0.1438 67 Ba-140 0.537261 0.2439
28 I-131 0.284305 0.061357 68 I-134 0.540825 0.07632
29 Ce-143 0.293266 0.428 69 Sb-127 0.5433 0.02944
30 Ba-140 0.304849 0.042926 70 Sb-129 0.5447 0.17931
31 Kr-85m 0.30487 0.14017 71 I-135 0.546557 0.071463
32 Rh-105 0.3061 0.050997 72 Y-91m 0.55557 0.95
33 Ru-105 0.31644 0.111155 73 Y-92 0.5611 0.024047
34 Rh-105 0.3189 0.191 74 Cs-134 0.563246 0.0835
35 La-140 0.328762 0.203202 75 Cs-134 0.569331 0.1538
36 Te-131m 0.33427 0.097486 76 Te-131m 0.5863 0.020129
37 Cs-136 0.340547 0.421748 77 I-134 0.595362 0.110664
38 Ce-143 0.350619 0.032314 78 Sb-127 0.6035 0.044528
39 Sb-129 0.3594 0.02838 79 Cs-134 0.604721 0.976197
40 I-131 0.364489 0.817 80 Xe-135 0.608185 0.02898
219
Energy Energy
(MeV) (MeV)
81 Ru-103 0.61033 0.057603 121 Zr-97 0.74336 0.9306
82 Sr-91 0.6201 0.017755 122 Te-131m 0.7442 0.016182
83 I-134 0.62179 0.105894 123 Sr-91 0.7498 0.236845
84 Rh-106 0.62193 0.099348 124 La-140 0.751637 0.043312
85 I-134 0.62796 0.022133 125 Zr-95 0.756725 0.5438
86 I-132 0.63019 0.133245 126 Sb-129 0.761 0.03784
87 Sb-129 0.6337 0.02752 127 Nb-95 0.765803 0.99808
88 I-131 0.636989 0.071733 128 I-134 0.76668 0.041404
89 La-142 0.641285 0.474 129 I-132 0.7726 0.756042
90 I-132 0.6505 0.025662 130 Sb-129 0.7734 0.02752
91 Sr-91 0.6523 0.029815 131 Te-131m 0.77367 0.389154
92 Sr-91 0.6529 0.0804 132 Mo-99 0.777921 0.042576
93 Sb-129 0.6543 0.0301 133 Te-131m 0.78249 0.079331
94 Ru-105 0.65621 0.020812 134 Sb-127 0.7837 0.151248
95 Nb-97 0.65794 0.9823 135 Sb-129 0.7866 0.01892
96 Ba-137m 0.661657 0.897393 136 Te-131m 0.79375 0.141295
97 Ce-143 0.664571 0.056924 137 Cs-134 0.795864 0.855297
98 Te-131m 0.66505 0.044204 138 Cs-134 0.801953 0.0869
99 I-132 0.667718 0.987 139 I-132 0.8095 0.025662
100 I-132 0.6698 0.046389 140 Co-58 0.810759 0.9945
101 I-132 0.6714 0.034545 141 I-132 0.812 0.055272
102 Kr-87 0.67383 0.018898 142 Sb-129 0.8128 0.43
103 Ru-105 0.67636 0.156563 143 La-140 0.815772 0.232776
104 I-134 0.67734 0.079182 144 Cs-136 0.818514 0.99704
105 Sb-129 0.6836 0.05117 145 Te-131m 0.82278 0.062359
106 Sb-127 0.6857 0.368 146 Kr-88 0.83483 0.12975
107 Te-129m 0.69588 0.030712 147 I-135 0.836804 0.066871
108 Sb-127 0.6985 0.036432 148 Y-92 0.8443 0.01251
109 I-133 0.706578 0.015051 149 Kr-87 0.84544 0.073408
110 Te-131m 0.7131 0.014603 150 I-134 0.847025 0.954
111 Ce-143 0.721929 0.053928 151 Te-131m 0.85221 0.210364
112 Sb-127 0.7222 0.018768 152 I-133 0.856278 0.012441
113 I-131 0.722911 0.017729 153 I-134 0.85729 0.06678
114 Zr-95 0.724192 0.4427 154 La-142 0.8616 0.01659
115 Ru-105 0.7243 0.473 155 La-140 0.867846 0.055046
116 I-132 0.727 0.021714 156 I-133 0.875329 0.045066
117 I-132 0.7272 0.031584 157 Ru-105 0.87585 0.025022
118 I-132 0.7284 0.015792 158 Sb-129 0.8762 0.0258
119 I-134 0.73074 0.018221 159 I-134 0.88409 0.64872
120 Mo-99 0.7395 0.1213 160 La-142 0.8949 0.083424
220
Energy Energy
(MeV) (MeV)
161 Rb-88 0.89803 0.140384 201 I-132 1.1433 0.013522
162 Te-131m 0.91 0.033548 202 Zr-97 1.14797 0.02615
163 Sb-129 0.9146 0.20038 203 Te-131m 1.14889 0.015393
164 La-140 0.91955 0.026617 204 La-142 1.1602 0.017064
165 Te-131m 0.92062 0.012235 205 Cs-134 1.16797 0.01789
166 La-140 0.925189 0.068974 206 I-135 1.16904 0.008754
167 Sr-91 0.9258 0.038525 207 I-132 1.1729 0.010857
168 Y-92 0.93447 0.139 208 Co-60 1.17323 0.9985
169 Y-93 0.9471 0.020925 209 Kr-87 1.1754 0.011061
170 I-134 0.94786 0.039973 210 Kr-88 1.17951 0.009965
171 Sr-92 0.95331 0.03519 211 Te-131m 1.2066 0.099459
172 I-132 0.95455 0.175686 212 Sb-129 1.2085 0.00903
173 Sb-129 0.9664 0.07697 213 La-142 1.2331 0.01896
174 Ru-105 0.96944 0.021049 214 Cs-136 1.23536 0.200405
175 I-135 0.97262 0.012054 215 I-133 1.23644 0.015051
176 I-134 0.97467 0.0477 216 I-135 1.24047 0.009041
177 Kr-88 0.98578 0.013148 217 Kr-88 1.25067 0.01121
178 La-142 1.0114 0.039342 218 I-135 1.26041 0.287
179 Zr-97 1.0212 0.010144 219 Zr-97 1.27607 0.009399
180 Sr-91 1.0243 0.335 220 Sr-91 1.2809 0.009347
181 Nb-97 1.0244 0.010904 221 I-132 1.2908 0.011252
182 Sb-129 1.0301 0.12599 222 I-132 1.2951 0.018753
183 Cs-134 1.03861 0.00988 223 I-132 1.29791 0.008883
184 I-135 1.03876 0.079499 224 I-133 1.29822 0.02349
185 I-134 1.04025 0.020225 225 Co-60 1.33249 0.999826
186 La-142 1.0437 0.027018 226 La-141 1.35452 0.0164
187 Cs-136 1.04807 0.797632 227 Zr-97 1.36268 0.010237
188 Rh-106 1.05041 0.015586 228 La-142 1.363 0.02133
189 Te-131m 1.05969 0.015787 229 Cs-134 1.36519 0.03014
190 I-134 1.07255 0.148824 230 Kr-88 1.3695 0.014774
191 Rb-86 1.077 0.086396 231 I-132 1.37207 0.024675
192 I-135 1.10158 0.016072 232 Rb-88 1.38245 0.007426
193 I-135 1.124 0.036162 233 Sr-92 1.38393 0.9
194 Te-131m 1.12546 0.11643 234 I-132 1.39857 0.070077
195 Te-131m 1.12796 0.009867 235 Y-92 1.4054 0.047816
196 I-135 1.13151 0.225869 236 Sr-91 1.4134 0.009816
197 I-132 1.136 0.030104 237 I-132 1.44256 0.014015
198 I-134 1.13616 0.09063 238 I-134 1.45524 0.022896
199 Kr-88 1.14133 0.012837 239 I-135 1.45756 0.086674
200 Sr-92 1.14235 0.0279 240 La-142 1.4612 0.00948
221
Energy Energy
(MeV) (MeV)
241 I-134 1.47 0.007537 281 La-142 2.0761 0.008058
242 I-135 1.50279 0.010763 282 La-142 2.1004 0.010428
243 Kr-88 1.51839 0.021521 283 La-142 2.1393 0.005214
244 Kr-88 1.52977 0.109336 284 La-142 2.1809 0.005214
245 La-142 1.5458 0.029862 285 Pr-144 2.18566 0.006938
246 I-135 1.56641 0.012915 286 La-142 2.1872 0.036972
247 Sb-129 1.5687 0.00688 287 Kr-88 2.19584 0.131826
248 La-140 1.59621 0.954 288 Kr-88 2.23177 0.033908
249 I-134 1.6138 0.04293 289 I-135 2.25546 0.006142
250 Te-131m 1.64601 0.01263 290 La-140 2.34788 0.008491
251 Sb-129 1.6546 0.00989 291 Kr-88 2.35208 0.007301
252 I-135 1.67803 0.095571 292 La-142 2.3578 0.005688
253 Kr-88 1.6856 0.006643 293 La-142 2.3644 0.004266
254 I-135 1.70646 0.041041 294 Kr-88 2.39211 0.346
255 La-142 1.7227 0.015168 295 La-142 2.3978 0.13272
256 Sb-129 1.7365 0.05977 296 I-135 2.40865 0.009557
257 Sb-129 1.7365 0.05977 297 La-142 2.4603 0.00474
258 Kr-87 1.74052 0.020386 298 La-140 2.5214 0.03463
259 I-134 1.74149 0.025567 299 La-142 2.5427 0.100014
260 Zr-97 1.75024 0.010888 300 Kr-88 2.5484 0.006228
261 La-142 1.7564 0.027018 301 Kr-87 2.5548 0.092256
262 I-135 1.7912 0.077203 302 Kr-87 2.5581 0.039184
263 I-134 1.80684 0.055332 303 La-142 2.6631 0.00711
264 I-135 1.83069 0.005797 304 La-142 2.6668 0.018012
265 Rb-88 1.836 0.214 305 Rb-88 2.67789 0.019581
266 Te-131m 1.8877 0.013814 306 La-142 2.8008 0.007584
267 La-142 1.9013 0.071574 307 La-142 2.8185 0.007584
268 Y-93 1.9178 0.01545 308 La-142 2.971 0.031284
269 I-132 1.92108 0.012338 309 La-142 3.0124 0.004266
270 Te-131m 2.00094 0.020523 310 La-142 3.0343 0.005214
271 I-132 2.0022 0.011351 311 La-142 3.0474 0.004266
272 La-142 2.0042 0.009006 312 Kr-87 3.3085 0.004464
273 Kr-87 2.01188 0.028818 313 La-142 3.3138 0.00948
274 La-142 2.0255 0.009954 314 La-142 3.4019 0.003318
275 Kr-88 2.02984 0.045291 315 La-142 3.6121 0.009006
276 Kr-88 2.03541 0.037368 316 La-142 3.6327 0.009954
277 La-142 2.0387 0.00948 317 La-142 3.7191 0.002844
278 I-135 2.04588 0.008725
279 La-142 2.0552 0.021804
280 Sb-129 2.0696 0.00559
222
APPENDIX B
Alternative PROBABILITY Sub-Criterion PROBABILITY Sub-Criterion PROBABILITY DISCRIPTION

END
Major Outside Wall STATE
Unit Type Construction Major Roofing Material
Composition Shingles 60.45% 14.77% SINGLE_SIDING_COMP

Asphalt 20.33% 4.97% SINGLE_SIDING_ASPHALT
Metal 5.71% 1.40% SINGLE_SIDING_METAL
Wood Shingles/Shakes 6.41% 1.57% SINGLE_SIDING_SHAKES
Ceramic or Clay Tiles 3.76% 0.92% SINGLE_SIDING_CERAMIC
Concrete Tiles 1.39% 0.34% SINGLE_SIDING_CONCRETE TILE
Slate or Synthetic Slate 1.25% 0.31% SINGLE_SIDING_SLATE/SYNTHETIC
Other 0.70% 0.17% SINGLE_SIDING_OTHER
Siding 38.66%
Composition Shingles 60.45% 8.24% SINGLE_BRICK_COMP

Asphalt 20.33% 2.77% SINGLE_BRICK_ASPHALT
Metal 5.71% 0.78% SINGLE_BRICK_METAL
Single Family
Detached Unit 63.20% Wood Shingles/Shakes 6.41% 0.87% SINGLE_BRICK_SHAKES
Ceramic or Clay Tiles 3.76% 0.51% SINGLE_BRICK_CERAMIC
Concrete Tiles 1.39% 0.19% SINGLE_BRICK_CONCRETE TILE
Slate or Synthetic Slate 1.25% 0.17% SINGLE_BRICK_SLATE/SYNTHETIC
Other 0.70% 0.09% SINGLE_BRICK_OTHER
Brick 21.56%
223
Composition Shingles 60.45% 7.55% SINGLE_WOOD_COMP

Asphalt 20.33% 2.54% SINGLE_WOOD_ASPHALT
Metal 5.71% 0.71% SINGLE_WOOD_METAL
Wood Shingles/Shakes 6.41% 0.80% SINGLE_WOOD_SHAKES
Ceramic or Clay Tiles 3.76% 0.47% SINGLE_WOOD_CERAMIC
Concrete Tiles 1.39% 0.17% SINGLE_WOOD_CONCRETE TILE
Slate or Synthetic Slate 1.25% 0.16% SINGLE_WOOD_SLATE/SYNTHETIC
Other 0.70% 0.09% SINGLE_WOOD_OTHER
Wood 19.75%
Composition Shingles 60.45% 4.89% SINGLE_STUCCO_COMP

Asphalt 20.33% 1.64% SINGLE_STUCCO_ASPHALT
Metal 5.71% 0.46% SINGLE_STUCCO_METAL
Wood Shingles/Shakes 6.41% 0.52% SINGLE_STUCCO_SHAKES
Ceramic or Clay Tiles 3.76% 0.30% SINGLE_STUCCO_CERAMIC
Concrete Tiles 1.39% 0.11% SINGLE_STUCCO_CONCRETE TILE
Slate or Synthetic Slate 1.25% 0.10% SINGLE_STUCCO_SLATE/SYNTHETIC
Other 0.70% 0.06% SINGLE_STUCCO_OTHER
Stucco 12.80%
Composition Shingles 60.45% 1.38% SINGLE_CONCRETE_COMP

Asphalt 20.33% 0.46% SINGLE_CONCRETE_ASPHALT
Metal 5.71% 0.13% SINGLE_CONCRETE_METAL
Wood Shingles/Shakes 6.41% 0.15% SINGLE_CONCRETE_SHAKES
Ceramic or Clay Tiles 3.76% 0.09% SINGLE_CONCRETE_CERAMIC
Concrete Tiles 1.39% 0.03% SINGLE_CONCRETE_CONCRETE TILE
Slate or Synthetic Slate 1.25% 0.03% SINGLE_CONCRETE_SLATE/SYNTHETIC
Other 0.70% 0.02% SINGLE_CONCRETE_OTHER
Concrete/Concrete
Block 3.62%
224
Composition Shingles 60.45% 0.64% SINGLE_COMPOSITION_COMP

Asphalt 20.33% 0.21% SINGLE_COMPOSITION_ASPHALT
Metal 5.71% 0.06% SINGLE_COMPOSITION_METAL
Wood Shingles/Shakes 6.41% 0.07% SINGLE_COMPOSITION_SHAKES
Ceramic or Clay Tiles 3.76% 0.04% SINGLE_COMPOSITION_CERAMIC
Concrete Tiles 1.39% 0.01% SINGLE_COMPOSITION_CONCRETE TILE
SINGLE_COMPOSITION_SLATE/SYNTHETI
Slate or Synthetic Slate 1.25% 0.01% C
Other 0.70% 0.01% SINGLE_COMPOSITION_OTHER
Composition
(Shingle) 1.67%
Composition Shingles 60.45% 0.48% SINGLE_STONE_COMP

Asphalt 20.33% 0.16% SINGLE_STONE_ASPHALT
Metal 5.71% 0.05% SINGLE_STONE_METAL
Wood Shingles/Shakes 6.41% 0.05% SINGLE_STONE_SHAKES
Ceramic or Clay Tiles 3.76% 0.03% SINGLE_STONE_CERAMIC
Concrete Tiles 1.39% 0.01% SINGLE_STONE_CONCRETE TILE
Slate or Synthetic Slate 1.25% 0.01% SINGLE_STONE_SLATE/SYNTHETIC
Other 0.70% 0.01% SINGLE_STONE_OTHER
Stone 1.25%
Composition Shingles 60.45% 0.27% SINGLE_OTHER_COMP

Asphalt 20.33% 0.09% SINGLE_OTHER_ASPHALT
Metal 5.71% 0.03% SINGLE_OTHER_METAL
Wood Shingles/Shakes 6.41% 0.03% SINGLE_OTHER_SHAKES
Ceramic or Clay Tiles 3.76% 0.02% SINGLE_OTHER_CERAMIC
Concrete Tiles 1.39% 0.01% SINGLE_OTHER_CONCRETE TILE
Slate or Synthetic Slate 1.25% 0.01% SINGLE_OTHER_SLATE/SYNTHETIC
Other 0.70% 0.00% SINGLE_OTHER_OTHER
Other 0.70%
Figure 90: Single family detached housing unit decision tree analysis
225
APPENDIX C
Figure 91: HPGe detector schematic

226
APPENDIX D
MCNP5 HPGe detector model input deck
C HPGE and Marinelli

c ******************************************************************************
1 1 -0.00120484 (-4 )(35 :-48 :-49 :-50 :51 :52 ) $air
(-53 :48 :-55 :-56 :57 :58 ) #30
2 1 -0.00120484 (-29 30 -31 )(14 :-15 :16 ) $air
3 1 -0.00120484 (-35 36 37 -38 -39 40 )(32 :-33 :34 )#16 #17 #18 $air
#19 #20 #21
c ******************************************************************************
4 5 -5.901 (-8 434 -21 9 ) $Ge Dead layer top
5 5 -5.904 (-21 435 -434 ) $Ge Dead layer barrel
51 5 -5.901 (-5 9 -3 23):(2 -3 -23) $Ge inner dead layer
52 5 -5.901 (-434 -437 9 5) $Ge Dead layer bottom
6 5 -5.904 (-8 -21 9 )(23 :2 :-2 )(23 :-9 :2 )
#4 #5 #51 #52 $Germanium
7 0 (-8 -9 13 ) $void
8 6 -8.96 (-14 15 -16 )(8 :21 :-6 )(8 :-9 :6 )(8 :9 :-13 ) $copper
(8 :-18 :19 )(8 :-21 :18 )
9 8 -0.534 (-8 18 -19 ) $Mylar
10 9 -1.42 (-8 21 -18 ) $Kapton
11 6 -8.96 (-23 9 -2 ) $copper
12 7 -2.69 (-32 33 -34 )(29 :-30 :31 ) $Aluminum
c ******************************************************************************
13 4 -1.19 (-35 36 -43 44 45 -46 )(35 :-36 :-37 :38 :39 $Plexiglas
:-40 )
14 2 -11.35 (-35 48 49 50 -51 -52 )(35 :-36 :43 :-44 :-45 :46 ) $lead
30 2 -11.35 (-52 -51 49 50 35 -59)
15 3 -2.3 (53 -48 55 56 -57 -58 ) $Cement floor
c ******************************************************************************
16 10 -1 -60 66 -61 #18
17 10 -1 (-66 -60 69 )#21
18 10 -1 (-67 -68 66 )#21
19 10 -1 (-69 -60 34 )#21
20 10 -1 (-34 -64 32 6 )#21
21 10 -1 (-66 -68 69 ):(-69 -70 71 72 ) $SOURCE
c ******************************************************************************
25 0 (4 ) $universe
1 c/z -10.4775 0 0.527

2 pz 65.02
3 pz 65.4 $ add HERE 0.1
4 so 508
5 c/z -10.4775 0 1.5 $ add HERE 0.1
6 pz 59.721
8 c/z -10.4775 0 3.624
9 pz 59.569
13 pz 58.152
14 c/z -10.466 0 3.81
15 pz 57.726
16 pz 66.803
18 pz 66.769
19 pz 66.802
21 pz 66.368
23 c/z -10.4775 0 0.374
29 c/z -10.4775 0 4.292
30 pz 53.492
31 pz 67.1576
32 c/z -10.4775 0 4.445
33 pz 53.34
34 pz 67.31
35 pz 101.6
36 pz 40.64
37 px -24.447
38 py 24.447
39 px 24.447
40 py -24.447
43 py 25.4
227
44 px -25.4
45 py -25.4
46 px 25.4
48 pz 30.48
49 px -40.64
50 py -40.64
51 px 40.64
52 py 40.64
53 pz 0
55 py -152.4
56 px -152.4
57 py 152.4
58 px 152.4
59 pz 106.68
60 c/z -10.4775 0 7.302
61 p 0 0 1 72.9996
62 p 0 0 1 66.2813
63 p 0 0 -1 -66.09
64 c/z -10.4775 0 6.6
65 p 0 0 1 59.69
66 pz 67.75
67 pz 72.7996
68 c/z -10.4775 0 7.102
69 pz 67.51
70 c/z -10.4775 0 6.4
71 c/z -10.4775 0 4.645
72 pz 59.921
c
434 c/z -10.4775 0 3.603 $Lock for low E barrel
435 pz 66.327 $Lock for low E top
436 pz 126.365
437 pz 59.60 $ min 59.569
mode p e
c ******************************************************************************
c ICRP Air, density = 1.20484E-3 g/cm^3
m1 6000. -0.000124 $MAT
7000. -0.755 8000. -0.232 18000. -0.0128
c ******************************************************************************
c Lead, density = 11.35 g/cm^3
m2 1000. 1 $MAT
c ******************************************************************************
c Concrete, density = 2.30g/cm^3
m3 1000. -0.01 $MAT
6000. -0.001 8000. -0.529 11000. -0.016
12000. -0.002 13000. -0.0339 14000. -0.337
19000. -0.013 20000. -0.044 26000. -0.014
c ******************************************************************************
c Plexiglas, density = 1.19 g/cm^3
m4 1000. -0.0805 $Plexiglas, density = 1.19 g/cm^3
6000. -0.5998 8000. -0.3196
c ******************************************************************************
c Detector Material
m5 32000. 1 $Germanium, density = 5.904 g/cm^3
m6 29000. 1 $Copper, density = 8.96 g/cm^3
m7 13000. 1 $Aluminum, density = 2.69 g/cm^3
m8 13000. 1 $Mylar, density = 0.534, g/cc
m9 1000. -0.0264 $Kapton, density = 1.42 g/cm^3
6000. -0.691 7000. -0.0733 8000. -0.209
c ******************************************************************************
c Marinelli Polyethylene, density 1.0 g/cm^3
m10 1000. -0.144 $MAT
6000. -0.856
c ******************************************************************************
c Importance
c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
IMP:p 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $1 - 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $11 - 20
1 1 1 1 0
c
IMP:e 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 $1 - 10
228
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $11 - 20
0 0 0 0 0
c ******************************************************************************
sdef ERG=d1 CEL=21 AXS=0 0 1 POS=-10.5 0 65 RAD=d2 EXT=d3 PAR=2
phys:p 100 1 0
si1 L
0.06 0.088 0.122 0.159 0.320 0.392 0.514 0.622 0.898 1.173 1.333 1.836
sp1
0.011548905 0.044417063 0.054652445 0.040595119 0.001998361 0.000257841
0.041172341 0.243023447 0.109231731 0.19839922 0.182801847 0.071901682
si2 0 7.4
si3 15
f8:p,e 6
e8 0
1e-10
7.64e-4 8191i 3.01456
c SSW 32 $
c SSR OLD 32 NEW 32
nps 1e6
229
APPENDIX E
MCNP5 Narrow-beam assembly model input deck.
c Narrow-Beam Input Deck for Clay Brick

c ******************************************************************************
c Samples
1 1 -0.00120484 (26 -285 -87 -86 -85 -88 ) $Sample 12
2 1 -0.00120484 (285 -291 -85 -86 -87 -88 ) $Sample 11
3 1 -0.00120484 (291 -297 -85 -86 -87 -88 ) $Sample 10
4 1 -0.00120484 (297 -303 -85 -86 -87 -88 ) $Sample 9
5 1 -0.00120484 (303 -309 -85 -86 -87 -88 ) $Sample 8
6 1 -0.00120484 (309 -315 -85 -86 -87 -88 ) $Sample 7
7 1 -0.00120484 (315 -321 -85 -86 -87 -88 ) $Sample 6
8 1 -0.00120484 (321 -327 -85 -86 -87 -88 ) $Sample 5
9 1 -0.00120484 (327 -333 -85 -86 -87 -88 ) $Sample 4
10 1 -0.00120484 (333 -339 -85 -86 -87 -88 ) $Sample 3
11 1 -0.00120484 (339 -345 -85 -86 -87 -88 ) $Sample 2
12 12 -1.674 (345 83 -85 -86 -87 -88 ) $Sample 1
c ******************************************************************************
c ALARA Shield
13 2 -11.35 (-49 44 -51 -52 -53 -54 )
14 2 -11.35 (-49 44 -57 -52 51 -54 )
15 2 -11.35 (-44 -43 -34 33 -36 -124 )
16 2 -11.35 (-44 -43 36 -35 -129 -130 )
17 2 -11.35 (-44 -43 -133 -35 34 -130 )
18 2 -11.35 (-44 -43 -139 -52 35 -54 )
19 2 -11.35 (-68 -174 -34 33 -36 -124 )
20 2 -11.35 (-68 -174 36 -35 -129 -130 )
21 2 -11.35 (-68 -174 -133 -35 34 -130 )
22 2 -11.35 (-68 -174 -139 -52 35 -54 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Perfect Shield
23 2 -11.35 (198 -222 -34 33 -36 -124 )
24 2 -11.35 (198 -222 36 -35 -129 -130 )
25 2 -11.35 (198 -222 -133 -35 34 -130 )
26 2 -11.35 (198 -222 -139 -52 35 -54 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Auxiliary Shield
27 2 -11.35 (-74 -73 -57 36 -53 -52 )
28 2 -11.35 (-74 -73 33 -36 -130 -133 )
29 2 -11.35 (-74 -73 -35 34 -33 -373 )
30 2 -11.35 (-74 -73 -139 -36 35 -133 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Lead Sarcophagus
31 2 -11.35 (26 -423 -4 -425 -16 -427 )(-26 :74 :124 :419 :420 :421 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Masonite Support
32 4 -0.7 (174 -198 -34 33 -36 -124 )
33 4 -0.7 (174 -198 36 -35 -129 -130 )
34 4 -0.7 (174 -198 -133 -35 34 -130 )
35 4 -0.7 (174 -198 -139 -52 35 -54 )
36 4 -0.7 (222 1 -34 33 -36 -124 )
37 4 -0.7 (222 1 -133 -35 34 -130 )
38 4 -0.7 (222 1 36 -35 -129 -130 )
39 4 -0.7 (222 1 -139 -52 35 -54 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Wood Platform
40 5 -0.7 (8 -26 -11 -16 -9 -4 )(26 :-8 :33 :34 :35 :36 )
41 5 -0.7 (-1 -2 -3 6 -5 18 )(269 :2 :1 )
42 5 -0.7 (9 -3 -8 -4 2 -16 )
43 5 -0.7 (2 -8 -11 40 -9 18 )
44 5 -0.7 (2 -8 -11 6 -9 42 )
45 5 -0.7 (-5 11 -8 -4 2 -16 )
46 5 -0.7 (-26 8 -400 -4 9 -16 )
47 5 -0.7 (-26 8 11 -4 -408 -16 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Plexiglas source support
48 6 -1.19 (43 68 -36 -35 -34 -33 )
230
49 6 -1.19 (43 68 -34 33 -36 -124 )

50 6 -1.19 (43 68 36 -35 -129 -130 )
51 6 -1.19 (43 68 -133 -35 34 -130 )
52 6 -1.19 (43 68 -139 -52 35 -54 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Plexiglas sample holder
53 6 -1.19 (-83 73 -85 -86 -87 -88 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Plexiglas Sarcophagus
54 6 -1.19 (26 -74 -124 -419 -420 -421 )(-26 :74 :412 :413 :414 :415 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Air Column
55 1 -0.00120484 (-43 -44 -35 -34 -33 -36 )
56 1 -0.00120484 (-269 -2 -1 )
57 1 -0.00120484 (-26 8 -33 -34 -35 -36 )
58 1 -0.00120484 (-8 2 -33 -36 -35 -34 )
59 1 -0.00120484 (1 -68 -33 -36 -35 -34 )
60 1 -0.00120484 (-73 -74 -33 -36 -35 -34 ) $Air in Auxiliary Shield
(116 :117 :118 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Air Environment
61 1 -0.00120484 (-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 )
62 1 -0.00120484 (2 -8 -9 -4 -11 -6 )
63 1 -0.00120484 (-1 -2 -3 -16 -5 -18 )
64 1 -0.00120484 (2 -8 -11 -18 -9 -16 )
65 1 -0.00120484 (-8 2 -11 -40 -9 -42 )(8 :-2 :33 :36 :35 :34 )
66 1 -0.00120484 (26 -74 -412 -413 -414 -415 ) $Air in Sarcophagus
(73 :74 :33 :36 :35 :34 )(83 :-73 :85 :86 :87 :88 )
(-26 :285 :87 :86 :85 :88 )(-285 :291 :85 :86 :87 :88 )
(-291 :297 :85 :86 :87 :88 )(-297 :303 :85 :86 :87 :88 )
(-303 :309 :85 :86 :87 :88 )(-309 :315 :85 :86 :87 :88 )
(-315 :321 :85 :86 :87 :88 )(-321 :327 :85 :86 :87 :88 )
(-327 :333 :85 :86 :87 :88 )(-333 :339 :85 :86 :87 :88 )
(-339 :345 :85 :86 :87 :88 )(-345 :-83 :85 :86 :87 :88 )
(74 :73 :57 :-36 :53 :52 )(74 :73 :-33 :36 :130 :133 )
(74 :73 :35 :-34 :33 :373 )(74 :73 :139 :36 :-35 :133 )
67 1 -0.00120484 52 35 -129 -139 1 -44
68 1 -0.00120484 35 54 -133 -139 1 -44
69 1 -0.00120484 130 34 -124 -133 1 -44
70 1 -0.00120484 36 -124 130 -129 1 -44
71 1 -0.00120484 -82 (-423 :433 :428 :431 :432 :430 )
(1 :16 :4 :423 :427 :425 )(124 :129 :133 :139 :-1 :44 )
(53 :54 :57 :52 :-44 :49 )
72 1 -0.00120484 3 -425 -4 -16 -2 -1
73 1 -0.00120484 5 -4 -427 -16 -1 -2
74 1 -0.00120484 -16 -427 5 -4 2 -8
75 1 -0.00120484 3 -425 -4 -16 2 -8
76 1 -0.00120484 -427 408 -4 -16 8 -26
77 1 -0.00120484 -4 400 -425 -16 -26 8
c ******************************************************************************
c HPGe Detector
79 7 -5.904 (-79 -93 80 107 ):(-79 -80 -81 ) $HPGe Dead Layer Bore Hole
80 7 -5.904 (-92 -93 90 79 ) $HPGe Dead Layer Base
81 1 -0.00120484 (-92 93 -97 ) $HPGe Vacuum Void
82 8 -8.96 (-98 -99 -100 )(92 :-105 :90 ) $HPGe Crystal Holder
(92 :93 :-90 )(92 :-93 :97 )(92 :102 :103 )(92 :105 :-102 )
83 10 -0.532 (-92 -102 -103 ) $HPGe IR Window-Mylar
84 11 -1.42 (-92 -105 102 ) $HPGe IR window-Kapton
85 8 -8.96 (-107 -93 80 ) $HPGe electrode
86 7 -5.904 (-92 105 -90 )(79 :80 :81 ) $HPGe crystal
(79 :90 :-80 )#89 #90
87 1 -0.00120484 (-113 -114 -115 )(98 :99 :100 ) $HPGe Air void
88 9 -2.69 (-116 -117 -118 )(113 :114 :115 ) $HPGe Aluminum End
89 7 -5.904 -435 105 -92 $HPGe outer dead layer
90 7 -5.904 435 434 -92 -90 $HPGe top Dead layer
c ******************************************************************************
c Concrete Pad
91 3 -2.3 (-428 423 -430 -431 -432 -433 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Universe
92 0 (82 )
231
c ******************************************************************************
c Top of Sample Surface Definition for Clay Brick
285 p 0 0 -1 -100.3681
291 p 0 0 -1 -97.6983
297 p 0 0 -1 -96.6018
303 p 0 0 -1 -95.5558
309 p 0 0 -1 -94.4888
315 p 0 0 -1 -93.4088
321 p 0 0 -1 -92.3141
327 p 0 0 -1 -91.1512
333 p 0 0 -1 -90.0374
339 p 0 0 -1 -88.9039
345 p 0 0 -1 -87.8407
c ******************************************************************************
1 p 0 0 1 116.205
2 p 0 0 -1 -114.3
3 p 0 -1 0 26.035
4 p -1 0 0 40.64
5 p 0 1 0 26.035
6 p 1 0 0 -26.67
8 p 0 0 -1 -105.41
9 p 0 -1 0 22.225
11 p 0 1 0 22.225
16 p 1 0 0 40.64
18 p -1 0 0 -12.7
26 p 0 0 -1 -101.6
33 p 0 1 0 5.08
34 p 1 0 0 -5.3975
35 p 0 -1 0 5.08
36 p -1 0 0 15.5575
40 p 1 0 0 8.89
42 p -1 0 0 22.86
43 p 0 0 -1 -167.64
44 p 0 0 1 172.72
47 p 0 1 0 5.0799
49 p 0 0 1 177.8
51 p 0 -1 0 0
52 p -1 0 0 20.6375
53 p 0 1 0 10.16
54 p 1 0 0 -0.3175
57 p 0 -1 0 10.16
68 p 0 0 1 167.005
73 p 0 0 1 86.36
74 p 0 0 -1 -40.64
79 c/z -10.4775 0 1.5
80 p 0 0 -1 -65.0202
81 p 0 0 1 65.4
82 s 0 0 0 508
83 p 0 0 1 86.6775
85 p 0 1 0 8.8752
86 p -1 0 0 19.4515
87 p 0 -1 0 8.9047
88 p 1 0 0 -1.6715
89 c/z -10.4775 0 0.5273
90 p 0 0 -1 -59.6
92 c/z -10.4775 0 3.6245
93 p 0 0 -1 -59.5693
94 p 0 0 1 59.7217754
97 p 0 0 -1 -58.1523
98 c/z -10.466 0 3.8107
99 p 0 0 -1 -57.726
100 p 0 0 1 66.8031
102 p 0 0 -1 -66.769
103 p 0 0 1 66.802
104 c/z -10.4775 0 3.62458
105 p 0 0 -1 -66.3689
107 c/z -10.4775 0 0.3749
108 p 0 0 -1 -59.7217
113 c/z -10.4775 0 4.2926
114 p 0 0 -1 -53.4924
232
115 p 0 0 1 67.1576
116 c/z -10.4775 0 4.445
117 p 0 0 -1 -53.34
118 p 0 0 1 67.31
123 p 0 0 -1 15.5575
124 p 0 1 0 25.4
129 p -1 0 0 25.7175
130 p 0 1 0 15.24
133 p 1 0 0 4.7625
139 p 0 -1 0 15.24
146 p 0 -1 0 5.08001
159 p 0 0 -1 25.7175
165 p 0 0 -1 5.3975
174 p 0 0 -1 -161.925
195 p 50 1 0 -5.08
198 p 0 0 -1 -136.525
201 p -1 70 0 15.5575
220 p 1 0 0 -0.3174
222 p 0 0 -1 -126.365
250 p 70 1 0 15.24
269 c/z -10.4775 0 5.08
296 p 0 0 1 99.1235
301 p 1 0 0 -1.67152
302 p 0 0 1 97.8789
308 p 0 0 1 96.6343
314 p 0 0 1 95.3897
320 p 0 0 1 94.1451
326 p 0 0 1 92.9005
332 p 0 0 1 91.6559
334 p 0 1 0 8.8752
338 p 0 0 1 90.4113
350 p 0 0 1 87.9221
373 p 1 0 0 14.9225
400 p 0 -1 0 31.115
408 p 0 1 0 31.115
412 p -1 0 0 24.4475
413 p 0 1 0 24.4475
414 p 1 0 0 24.4475
415 p 0 -1 0 24.4475
419 p -1 0 0 25.4
420 p 0 -1 0 25.4
421 p 1 0 0 25.4
423 p 0 0 -1 -30.48
425 p 0 -1 0 40.64
427 p 0 1 0 40.64
428 p 0 0 -1 0
430 p 0 -1 0 152.4
431 p -1 0 0 152.4
432 p 0 1 0 152.4
433 p 1 0 0 152.4
434 c/z -10.4775 0 3.603
435 p 0 0 -1 -66.327
c ******************************************************************************
c Importance
c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
IMP:p 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $1 - 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $11 - 20
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $21 - 30
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $31 - 40
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $41 - 50
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $51 - 60
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 $61 - 70
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 $71 - 80
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $81 - 90
0 $91 - 92
c
IMP:e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $1 - 10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $11 - 20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $21 - 30
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $31 - 40
233
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $41 - 50
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $51 - 60
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $61 - 70
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $71 - 80
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 $81 - 90
0 $91 - 92
c ******************************************************************************
m1 6000. -0.000124
7000. -0.755
8000. -0.232
18000. -0.0128
c ******************************************************************************
m2 1000. 1
c ******************************************************************************
m3 1000. -0.01
6000. -0.001 8000. -0.529 11000. -0.016
12000. -0.002 13000. -0.0339 14000. -0.337
19000. -0.013 20000. -0.044 26000. -0.014
c ******************************************************************************
c Masonite, density = 0.7 g/cm^3
m4 1000. -0.0622
6000. -0.4445 8000. -0.4934
c ******************************************************************************
c Wood, density = 0.7 g/cm^3
m5 1000. -0.0622
6000. -0.4445 8000. -0.4934
c ******************************************************************************
6000. -0.5998 8000. -0.3196
c ******************************************************************************
c Detector Material
6000. -0.691
7000. -0.0733
8000. -0.209
c ******************************************************************************
c Sample: Clay Brick, density 2.403 g/cm^3
m12
8000. -0.499772955
11000. -0.000511882
12000. -0.007236431
13000. -0.13760518
14000. -0.313181397
15000. -0.000157111
16000. -0.001882332
19000. -0.017433103
20000. -0.00078616
26000. -0.020283449
sdef POS= -10 0 167 PAR=2 ERG=d1
mode p e
c SSW 2 $surface 26 is below cell 57
c SSR OLD 2 NEW 2
phys:p 100 1 0 0 1
si1 L
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0595 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
0.35 0.4 0.45 0.47572 0.5 0.55 0.56326 0.56929 0.6 0.60507 0.65
0.7 0.75 0.79558 0.8 0.80184 0.85 0.9 0.95 1.03923 1 1.16786 1.174
1.333 1.36925 1.5 2 2.5 2.75533 3
sp1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
f8:pe 86
e8 0
234
1e-10
7.64e-4 8191i 3.01456
c ft8 geb 3.091663E+0 8.747521E-4 7.707040E-011
nps 1e6
235
APPENDIX F
MCNP5 Broad-beam assembly model input deck.
c Broad-Beam Input Deck for Clay Brick

c Created on: Sunday, December 30, 2012 at 11:08
c ******************************************************************************
c Sample
1 1 -1.20484E-3 (50 -201 -52 -53 -54 -55) $Primary Weather Barrier
2 15 -0.94 (-50 -51 -52 -53 -54 -55 ) $House wrap
3 14 -0.65 (51 -57 -52 -53 -54 -55 ) $OSB
4 16 -1.65E-2 (57 -63 -64 -65 -66 -67 ) $Insulation
5 13 -0.650 (57 -63 -52 -53 -54 -55 )
(-57 :63 :64 :65 :66 :67 ) $Framing
6 12 -0.6 (63 -75 -52 -53 -54 -55 ) $Gypsum
c ******************************************************************************
c Masonite
7 4 -0.7 (-80 -81 -82 -83 -84 75 )
8 4 -0.7 (-80 -81 -88 -83 -90 75 )
9 4 -0.7 (-92 -93 -82 -83 -84 75 )
10 4 -0.7 (-92 -93 -88 -83 -90 75 )
11 4 -0.7 (83 -105 -88 -107 -90 -109 )
12 4 -0.7 (83 -105 -82 -107 -84 -109 )
13 4 -0.7 (83 -105 -88 -119 -90 -53 )
14 4 -0.7 (83 -105 -82 -119 -84 -53 )
c ******************************************************************************
c HPGe Detector
15 7 -5.904 (-128 -129 -130 )(134 :135 :136 )
(134 :130 :-135 ) $HPGe crystal
16 7 -5.904 (-134 -135 -136 ):(-134 -130 135 )
#24 $HPGe Dead Layer Bore Hole
17 7 -5.904 (-131 -141 130 200 ) $HPGe Dead Layer Base
18 7 -5.904 (-131 -132 -130 )(131 :132 :-129 ) $HPGe outer dead layer
(128 :129 :130 )
19 7 -5.904 (-131 -132 129 ) $HPGe top Dead layer
20 10 -0.534 (-131 -150 -148 ) $HPGe IR Window-Mylar
21 11 -1.42 (-131 132 150 ) $HPGe IR window-Kapton
22 1 -1.20484E-3 (-131 141 -145 ) $HPGe Vacuum Void
23 8 -8.96 (-146 -147 -148 )(131 :132 :130 )(131 :141 :-130 )
(131 :-141 :145 )(131 :150 :148 )
(131 :-132 :-150 ) $HPGe Crystal Holder
24 8 -8.96 (135 -141 -200) $HPGe electrode
25 1 -1.20484E-3 (-158 -159 -160 )(146 :147 :148 ) $HPGe Air void
26 9 -2.69 (-161 -162 -163 )(158 :159 :160 ) $HPGe Aluminum Endcap
c ******************************************************************************
c Air in Sarcophagus
27 1 -1.20484E-3 (-164 -105 -53 -82 -107 -90 )(50 :51 :52 :53 :54 :55 )
(-51 :57 :52 :53 :54 :55 )(-57 :63 :52 :53 :54 :55 )
(-63 :75 :52 :53 :54 :55 )(80 :81 :82 :83 :84 :-75 )
(80 :81 :88 :83 :90 :-75 )(92 :93 :82 :83 :84 :-75 )
(92 :93 :88 :83 :90 :-75 )(-83 :105 :88 :107 :90 :109 )
(-83 :105 :82 :107 :84 :109 )(-83 :105 :88 :119 :90 :53 )
(-83 :105 :82 :119 :84 :53 )(161 :162 :163 ) #1 #300
c ******************************************************************************
c Plexiglas Sarcophagus
28 6 -1.19 (-164 -105 -172 -173 -174 -175 )(164 :105 :53 :82 :107 :90 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Lead Sarcophagus
29 2 -11.35 (-2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 )
30 2 -11.35 (-164 33 7 -6 -180 -4 )(164 :105 :172 :173 :174 :175 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Room
31 3 -2.30 (-8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 ) $Ceiling
32 3 -2.30 (9 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 ) $Ceiling truss
33 3 -2.30 (9 -15 -16 -23 -18 -25 ) $Ceiling truss
34 3 -2.30 (9 -15 -16 -29 -18 -31 ) $Ceiling truss
35 3 -2.30 (33 9 -12 -11 -10 -13 )(-33 :-9 :18 :47 :16 :49 ) $Walls
36 3 -2.30 (-32 -33 -12 -11 -10 -13 ) $Floor
37 1 -1.20484E-3 (33 9 -18 -47 -16 -49 )(2 :3 :4 :5 :6 :7 )
(-9 :15 :16 :17 :18 :19 )(-9 :15 :16 :23 :18 :25 )
236
(-9 :15 :16 :29 :18 :31 )(164 :-33 :-7 :6 :180 :4 )
#100 #200 $Air in room
c ******************************************************************************
c Air Environment
38 1 -1.20484E-3 (-1 )(-33 :-9 :12 :11 :10 :13 )(8 :9 :10 :11 :12 :13 )
(32 :33 :12 :11 :10 :13 )
c ******************************************************************************
c Source Cell
100 1 -1.20484E-3 (-16 -49 -18 -47 -500 -501)
200 1 -1.20484E-3 (-4 -180 -6 7 164 501)
c ******************************************************************************
c primary weather barrier
300 20 -1.85 (-202 201 -52 -53 -54 -55)
c ******************************************************************************
c Universe
39 0 (1 )
1 s 0 0 0 952.5
2 p 0 0 1 116.84
3 p 0 0 -1 -106.68
4 p 0 1 0 40.64
5 p -1 0 0 121.92
6 p 0 -1 0 40.64
7 p 1 0 0 -40.64
8 p 0 0 1 426.72
9 p 0 0 -1 -411.48
10 p 0 1 0 101.5263
11 p -1 0 0 534.2260
12 p 0 -1 0 538.5536
13 p 1 0 0 105.8539
15 p 0 0 -1 -381
16 p 0 1 0 86.2863
17 p -1 0 0 513.9060
18 p 0 -1 0 523.3136
19 p 1 0 0 -493.5860
23 p -1 0 0 270.0660
25 p 1 0 0 -249.7460
29 p -1 0 0 26.2260
31 p 1 0 0 -5.9060
32 p 0 0 -1 -5.08
33 p 0 0 1 30.48
47 p -1 0 0 518.9860
49 p 1 0 0 90.6139
50 p 0 0 1 82.5441
51 p 0 0 -1 -82.5159
52 p 0 1 0 22.225
53 p -1 0 0 24.4475
54 p 0 -1 0 22.225
55 p 1 0 0 20.0025
57 p 0 0 -1 -81.2629
63 p 0 0 -1 -72.3729
64 p 0 1 0 18.415
65 p -1 0 0 20.6375
66 p 0 -1 0 18.415
67 p 1 0 0 16.1925
75 p 0 0 -1 -71.12
80 p 1 0 0 23.4475
81 p -1 0 0 -13.2875
82 p 0 1 0 24.4475
83 p 0 0 -1 -50.8
84 p 0 -1 0 -14.2875
88 p 0 1 0 -14.2875
90 p 0 -1 0 24.4475
92 p 1 0 0 -13.2875
93 p -1 0 0 23.4475
105 p 0 0 -1 -40.64
107 p 1 0 0 24.4475
109 p -1 0 0 -4.1275
119 p 1 0 0 -4.1275
128 c/z -10.4775 0 3.6029
129 p 0 0 1 66.3270
237
130 p 0 0 -1 -59.6
131 c/z -10.4775 0 3.6245
132 p 0 0 1 66.3689
134 c/z -10.4775 0 1.5
135 p 0 0 -1 -65.0202
136 p 0 0 1 65.4
141 p 0 0 -1 -59.5693
145 p 0 0 -1 -58.15231
146 c/z -10.4775 0 3.8107
147 p 0 0 -1 -57.7248
148 p 0 0 1 66.802
149 c/z -10.4775 0 3.624
150 p 0 0 -1 -66.769
155 c/z -10.4775 0 3.6245
158 c/z -10.4775 0 4.2926
159 p 0 0 -1 -53.4924
160 p 0 0 1 67.1576
161 c/z -10.4775 0 4.445
162 p 0 0 -1 -53.34
163 p 0 0 1 67.31
164 p 0 0 1 101.6
172 p 0 1 0 25.4
173 p -1 0 0 25.4
174 p 0 -1 0 25.4
175 p 1 0 0 25.4
180 p 1 0 0 40.64
200 c/z -10.4775 0 0.3749
201 pz 85.0841
202 pz 95.2441
500 pz 380
501 p 0 0 -1 -129
c ******************************************************************************
c Importance
c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
IMP:p 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $1 - 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $11 - 20
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $21 - 30
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $31 - 40
1 0
c ******************************************************************************
IMP:e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $1 - 10
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 $11 - 20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $21 - 30
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $31 - 40
0 0
c ******************************************************************************
m1 6000. -0.000124
7000. -0.755
8000. -0.232
18000. -0.0128
c ******************************************************************************
m2 1000. 1
c ******************************************************************************
m3 1000. -0.01
6000. -0.001 8000. -0.529 11000. -0.016
12000. -0.002 13000. -0.0339 14000. -0.337
19000. -0.013 20000. -0.044 26000. -0.014
c ******************************************************************************
c Masonite, density = 0.7 g/cm^3
m4 1000. -0.0622
6000. -0.4445 8000. -0.4934
6000. -0.5998 8000. -0.3196
c ******************************************************************************
c Detector Material
238

6000. -0.691
7000. -0.0733
8000. -0.209
c ******************************************************************************
c Gypsum, density = 0.6 g/cm^3
m12
1000. -0.023416
8000. -0.557572
16000. -0.186215
20000. -0.232797
c ******************************************************************************
c Southern Pine, density 0.650 g/cm^3
m13 1000 -0.057889
6000 -0.482667
8000 -0.459444
c ******************************************************************************
c OSB, density 0.650 g/cm^3
m14 1000 -0.057889
6000 -0.482667
8000 -0.459444
c ******************************************************************************
c Sample: Polyethylene, density 0.94 g/cm^3
m15 1000 -0.1094
6000 -0.8677
c ******************************************************************************
c Fiberglass, density 1.65E-2 g/cm^3
m16
5000. -0.023695
8000. -0.401188
12000. -0.008879
13000. -0.105133
14000. -0.383022
20000. -0.078082
c ******************************************************************************
c Sample: Clay Brick, density 1.85 g/cm^3
m20
8000. -0.499772955
11000. -0.000511882
12000. -0.007236431
13000. -0.13760518
14000. -0.313181397
15000. -0.000157111
16000. -0.001882332
19000. -0.017433103
20000. -0.00078616
26000. -0.020283449
c ******************************************************************************
sdef POS= -10 0 167 PAR=2 ERG=d1
mode p e
c SSW 501(200)
c SSR OLD 501 NEW 501
phys:p 100 1 0 0 1
si1 L
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.0595 0.07 0.08
0.09 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
0.47572 0.5 0.55 0.56326 0.56929 0.6 0.60507
0.65 0.7 0.75 0.79558 0.8 0.80184 0.85 0.9
0.95 1.03923 1 1.16786 1.174 1.333 1.36925 1.5
2 2.5 2.75533 3
sp1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
f8:pe 15
e8 0
1e-10
239
7.64e-4 8191i 3.01456

c ft8 geb 3.091663E+0 8.747521E-4 7.707040E-011
nps 1e6
240
APPENDIX G
Narrow-beam experimental data file reference. All raw spectral measurement data recorded in the
American Standard Code for Information Interchange format as .spe text files. Each file name specifies
between delineations the; nuclide, material type, and number of absorbing material layers.
Asphalt
Americium 241 Cesium 134 Cobalt 60 Sodium 24
Am241_Asphalt_none Cs134_Asphalt_none Co60_Asphalt_none Na24_Asphalt_none
Am241_Asphalt_L1 Cs134_Asphalt_L1 Co60_Asphalt_L1 Na24_Asphalt_L1
Brick
Am241_Brick_none Cs134_Brick_none Co60_Brick_none Na24_Brick_none
Am241_Brick_L1 Cs134_Brick_L1 Co60_Brick_L1 Na24_Brick_L1
Felt
Am241_Felt_none Cs134_Felt_none Co60_Felt_none Na24_Felt_none
Am241_Felt_L1 Cs134_Felt_L1 Co60_Felt_L1 Na24_Felt_L1
Am241_Felt_L3 Cs134_Felt_none Co60_Felt_L3 Na24_Felt_L3
241
Gypsum
Am241_Gypsum_none Cs134_Gypsum_none Co60_Gypsum_none Na24_Gypsum_none
Am241_Gypsum_L1 Cs134_Gypsum_L1 Co60_Gypsum_L1 Na24_Gypsum_L1
OSB
Am241_OSB_none Cs134_OSB_none Co60_OSB_none Na24_OSB_none
Am241_OSB_L1 Cs134_OSB_L1 Co60_OSB_L1 Na24_OSB_L1
Steel
Am241_Steel_none Cs134_Steel_none Co60_Steel_none Na24_Steel_none
Am241_Steel_L1 Cs134_Steel_L1 Co60_Steel_L1 Na24_Steel_L1
Stucco
Am241_Stucco_none Cs134_Stucco_none Co60_Stucco_none Na24_Stucco_none
Am241_Stucco_L1 Cs134_Stucco_L1 Co60_Stucco_L1 Na24_Stucco_L1
242
Terracotta
Am241_Terracotta_none Cs134_Terracotta_none Co60_Terracotta_none Na24_Terracotta_none
Am241_Terracotta_L1 Cs134_Terracotta_L1 Co60_Terracotta_L1 Na24_Terracotta_L1
Vinyl
Am241_Vinyl_none Cs134_Vinyl_none Co60_Vinyl_none Na24_Vinyl_none
Am241_Vinyl_L1 Cs134_Vinyl_L1 Co60_Vinyl_L1 Na24_Vinyl_L1
Wood
Am241_Wood_none Cs134_Wood_none Co60_Wood_none Na24_Wood_none
Am241_Wood_L1 Cs134_Wood_L1 Co60_Wood_L1 Na24_Wood_L1
243
APPENDIX H
Broad-beam experimental data file reference. All raw spectral measurement data recorded in the
American Standard Code for Information Interchange format as .spe text files. Each file name specifies
between delineations the; nuclide, material type, and number of absorbing material layers.
Asphalt Roof
Am241_AsphaltRoof_none Cs134_AsphaltRoof_none Co60_AsphaltRoof_none Na24_AsphaltRoof_none
Am241_AsphaltRoof_L1 Cs134_AsphaltRoof_L1 Co60_AsphaltRoof_L1 Na24_AsphaltRoof_L1
Brick Wall
Am241_BrickWall_none Cs134_BrickWall_none Co60_BrickWall_none Na24_BrickWall_none
Am241_BrickWall_L1 Cs134_BrickWall_L1 Co60_BrickWall_L1 Na24_BrickWall_L1
Interior Wall
Am241_InteriorWall_none Cs134_InteriorWall_none Co60_InteriorWall_none Na24_InteriorWall_none
Am241_InteriorWall_L1 Cs134_InteriorWall_L1 Co60_InteriorWall_L1 Na24_InteriorWall_L1
Shake Roof
Am241_ShakeRoof_none Cs134_ShakeRoof_none Co60_ShakeRoof_none Na24_ShakeRoof_none
Am241_ShakeRoof_L1 Cs134_ShakeRoof_L1 Co60_ShakeRoof_L1 Na24_ShakeRoof_L1
Steel Roof
Am241_SteelRoof_none Cs134_SteelRoof_none Co60_SteelRoof_none Na24_SteelRoof_none
Am241_SteelRoof_L1 Cs134_SteelRoof_L1 Co60_SteelRoof_L1 Na24SteelRoof_L1
Am241_SteelRoof_L2 Cs134_SteelRoof_L2 Co60_SteelRoof_L2 Na24_SteelRoof_L2
Am241_SteelRoof_L4 Cs134_SteelRoof_L4 Co60_SteelRoof_L4 Na24_SteelRoof_L3
Steel Wall
Am241_SteeWall_none Cs134_SteeWall_none Co60_SteeWall_none Na24_SteeWall_none
Am241_SteeWall_L1 Cs134_SteeWall_L1 Co60_SteeWall_L1 Na24_SteeWall_L1
244
Stucco Wall
Am241_StuccoWall_none Cs134_StuccoWall_none Co60_StuccoWall_none Na24_StuccoWall_none
Am241_StuccoWall_L1 Cs134_StuccoWall_L1 Co60_StuccoWall_L1 Na24_StuccoWall_L1
Terracotta
Am241_TerracottaRoof_none Cs134_TerracottaRoof_none Co60_TerracottaRoof_none Na24_TerracottaRoof_none
Am241_TerracottaRoof_L1 Cs134_TerracottaRoof_L1 Co60_TerracottaRoof_L1 Na24_TerracottaRoof_L1
Vinyl Wall
Am241_VinylWall_none Cs134_VinylWall_none Co60_VinylWall_none Na24_VinylWall_none
Am241_VinylWall_L1 Cs134_VinylWall_L1 Co60_VinylWall_L1 Na24_VinylWall_L1
Wood Wall
Am241_WoodWall_none Cs134_WoodWall_none Co60_WoodWall_none Na24_WoodWall_none
Am241_WoodWall_L1 Cs134_WoodWall_L1 Co60_WoodWall_L1 Na24_WoodWall_L1
245
APPENDIX I
General construction building material data and MCNP5 input parameters.
Table 28: Asphalt roof shingles data sheet
Material Type: Asphalt Roof Shingle

Manufacturer: GAF
Make/Model: Timberline Natural Shadow Slate Shingles, MFG Model # : 0603750
Notes: Fiberglas asphalt shingle, ASTM D7158, Class H. Multi-layer design, with 8' exposure. Little
reference data exist for the composition of asphalt shingles. An asphalt shingle typically consists
of two or three layers of material which include: a granular layer of calcium carbonate, asphalt, or
other mineral; and a fiberglass or organic felt layer impregnated with asphalt. As such, the asphalt
shingle is modeled entirely as two separate layers; (1) a smooth calcium carbonate top layer and,
(2) a base asphalt layer. To measure the nominal thickness of each layer, the difference between
the average measurement taken with and without (scraped off) the calcium carbonate layer.
Asphalt is a crude oil product, as such; no two products are chemically identical. Elemental
analysis indicate that most asphalts contain 79-88%, by weight, carbon, 7-13% hydrogen and
traces to 8% sulfur, 2-8% oxygen, and trace to 3 % nitrogen. The relative density of asphalt is
typically between 1.0-1.18 g/cm^3. (Joann., 2005)
Table 29: Asphalt MCNP5 input data
Material data for ASPHALT SHINGLES

Asphalt/ Calcium Carbonate Density: 1.1 g/cm3 / 2.71 g/cm3
Chemical Formula: Dependent on origin of crude
Source: (Speight, 1992), (Joann, 2005),
Asphalt (BITUMEN)
Symbol Atomic Number Weight Fraction
H 1000 -0.1094
C 6000 -0.8677
N 7000 -0.011
O 8000 -0.002
S 16000 -0.0099
Calcium Carbonate
C 6000 -0.120
O 8000 -0.480
Ca 20000 -0.400
Figure 92: Asphalt roof shingles samples

246
Table 30: Clay brick data sheet
Material Type: Clay Brick

Manufacturer: Mutual Materials
Make/Model: Clay Brick 8" x 2-1/4" x 4"
Notes: When modeling with MCNP, the level of precision will affect the quality of the results. A
difficulty that one is faced with when one modeling buildings made of clay bricks is the variability
in chemical composition, density and geometry of the bricks themselves. Petrucci (1987) reports
that the chemical analysis of clay can vary significantly: ranging from 40% to 80% of SiO2; from
10% to 40% of Al2O3; less than 7% Fe2O3; less than 10% of CaO and Na2O; less than 1% of
MgO. Rai (2012) performed a scanning electron microscope analysis on common brick found in
India, and found by weight, the elemental composition to be 69.59% SiO2; 14.48% Al2O3; 11.78
7% Fe2O3; 1.12% Na2O; 1.90% TiO2; 0.87% MgO; and 2.16% CaO. The elemental composition
by weight is: 56.15% O; 0.92% Na; 1.1% Mg; 7.24% Al; 29.52% Si; 0.2% Cl; 2.87% K; 1.29%
Ca; 0.4% Ti; and 13.76% Fe (note this is not normalized). Johari et al. (2011) evaluated the
chemical and physical properties of a variety of clay-fired brick materials from different types of
corn ash and found: 67.00% SiO2; 26.00% Al2O3; 2.90% Fe2O3; 0.0690% Na2O; 1.20% MgO;
2.10% K2O; 0.470 SO3; 0.036 P2O5; 0.110% CaO; and other trace compounds. Johari et al.
(2011) will be used for the MCNP analysis.
Table 31: Clay brick MCNP5 input data
Material data for Clay brick

Density: 1.85 g/cm3
Chemical Formula: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Na2O, MgO, K2O
Source: Johari et al. (2011)
Notes: Samples uniformly cut from brick
O 8000 -0.499772955
Na 11000 -0.000511882
Mg 12000 -0.00723643
Al 13000 -0.13760518
Si 14000 -0.313181397
P 15000 -0.000157111
S 16000 -0.001882332
K 19000 -0.017433103
Ca 20000 -0.00078616
Fe 26000 -0.020283449
Figure 93: Clay brick sample

247
Table 32: Asphalt saturated felt data sheet
Material Type: Asphalt Saturated Felt

Manufacturer: Fields
Make/Model: F20, Type 30 Felt
Notes: Asphalt saturated felt can be installed under all types of building materials, flooring, and
siding including stucco, aluminum, vinyl, and wood. Fields asphalt saturated felts are
made from virgin and recycled wood pulp that is saturated with premium asphalt.
Asphalt is a crude oil product, as such, no two products are chemically identical.
Elemental analysis indicate that most asphalts contain 79-88%, by weight, carbon, 7-
13% hydrogen and traces to 8% sulfur, 2-8% oxygen, and trace to 3 % nitrogen. The
relative density of asphalt is typically between 1.0-1.18 g/cm^3. (Joann., 2005) The
density of the wood pulp, asphalt impregnated, roofing felt is estimated to be 0.95
g/cm^3.
Table 33: Asphalt saturated felt MCNP5 input data
Material data for Asphalt saturated felt

Density: 0.95 g/cm3
Chemical Formula: Dependent on origin of crude
Source: (Speight, 1992), (Joann, 2005)
Notes: Asphalt (BITUMEN)
Atomic
Symbol Weight Fraction
Number
H 1000 0.1094
C 6000 0.8677
N 7000 0.011
O 8000 0.002
S 16000 0.0099
Figure 94: Roofing felt samples

248
Table 34: Gypsum data sheet
Material Type: Gypsum, Plaster of Paris

Manufacturer: Sheetrock ® Brand
Make/Model: UltraLight
Notes: Ultra Lightweight gypsum panel with tapered edge. ECO-BluePrint™. Each panel is
manufactured in 0.5"x4'x8' sheets with gypsum material sandwiched between two layers
of paper. As stated by the manufacturer, the approximate weight of this product 1.2 –
1.4 lbs./st.ft. (United States Gypsum Company, 2010) The density calculation assumes
the average weight of about 1.3 lbs./st.ft and a nominal thickness of 0.5”. The total
attenuation coefficients listed in ( (Hubbell, 2003), (Martin, 2006), (Turner, 1995)) are
higher than those presented here because the UltraLight gypsum is 0.6 g/cm3 as opposed
to 2.69 g/cm3 respectively. This poses an interesting question with regards to how the
radiation protection community will handle innovations in general purpose construction
material and the standards used to insure the safe use of radiation.
Table 35: Gypsum MCNP5 input data
Material data for GYPSUM, PLASTER OF PARIS (New)

Density: 0.6 g/cm3
Chemical Formula: C9.H204S.2H2O
Source: (Berger, 2005)
H 1000 -0.023416
O 8000 -0.557572
S 16000 -0.186215
Ca 20000 -0.232797
Figure 95: Gypsum samples

249
Table 36: Oriented strand board data sheet
Material Type: Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Sheathing

Manufacturer: LP Building Products
Make/Model: 24/16 Exposure 1
Notes: Nominal 0.418 thickness for 24/16 Exposure 1, PS 2-10 Sheathing, manufactured in
standard 4'x8' panels. LP OSB panels are certified by the APA – The Engineered Wood
Association – and are manufactured in conformance with U.S. Voluntary Product
Standard PS2. Additional information may be found in specific LP product literature
and in literature from the APA, whose stamp of quality appears on LP OSB products.
Table 37: OSB MCNP5 input data
Material data for OSB

Density: 0.65 g/cm3
Source: (Williams. R G., 2006)
H 1000 -0.057889
C 6000 -0.482667
O 8000 -0.459444
Figure 96: Oriented strand board samples

250
Table 38: Galvanized steel roof and siding data sheet
Material Type: Galvanized Steel Roof Panel and Siding

Manufacturer: Fabral
Make/Model: Evergreen Shelterguard (TM), Model 0410115176
Notes: 29-guage galvanized steel, manufactured in 3'x8' panels. Ribbed design.
Table 39: Galvanized MCNP5 input data
Material data for Galvanized steel

Density: 7.85 g/cm3
Chemical Formula:
Source: (Berger, 2005), (ASTM , 2005), (ASTM, 2009)
Notes: none
Atomic
Number
C 6000 -0.0008
Si 14000 -0.01
P 15000 -0.0005
Cr 24000 -0.19
Mn 25000 -0.02
Fe 26000 -0.6837
Ni 28000 -0.095
Figure 97: Galvanized steel roof and siding samples

251
Table 40: Stucco data sheet
Material Type: Stucco

Manufacturer: Quiketet
Make/Model: N/A
Notes: Stucco is a combination of Portland cement-based cementitous materials and
aggregate mixed with water to form a plastic mass. It adheres to a surface and
cures forming a hard, durable finish material. Various textures can be imposed on
the surface while it is still plastic. Most commonly the wall to be plastered is
sheathed with a nailable material such as plywood or oriented strand board. The
sheathing is covered with two layers of builder’s felt or some other waterproof
building paper. Metal lath, woven-wire mesh, or welded-wire lath is installed over
the surface by nails it to studs. The fasten wire mesh serves as the plaster base
layer.
Usually, three coats of Portland cement plaster are applied. The first coat is the
scratch coat and is worked into the metal lath. The second coat is the brown coat
and builds up the thickness of the scratch coat to smooth irregularities. The final
coat is the finish coat ad is applied with a troweled and either smooth or brushed to
provide the desired texture. The stucco wall models used a brushing technique to
create a rough surface texture. To estimate the nominal thickness of Portland
cement for each sample, the nominal thickness of both OSB and house wrap were
subtracted.
Table 41: Stucco MCNP5 input data
Material data for STUCCO

Portland cement/ house
1.44 - 1.65 g/cm3 / 0.94 g/cm3 /0.65 g/cm3
wrap/ OSB:
Source: (Berger, 2005), Quiketet Datasheet
Portland Cement
C 6000 -0.001
O 8000 -0.529107
Na 11000 -0.016
Mg 12000 -0.002
Al 13000 -0.033872
Si 14000 -0.337021
K 19000 -0.013
Ca 20000 -0.044
Fe 26000 -0.014
House Wrap
H 1000 -0.1094
C 8000 -0.8677
OSB
H 1000 -0.057889
C 6000 -0.482667
O 8000 -0.459444
252
Figure 98: Stucco samples

253
Table 42: Terracotta data sheet
Material Type: Terracotta

Manufacturer: N/A
Make/Model: N/A
Notes: General Terracotta flower pot base. Clay roofing is made from mined clays much the
same as those used for brick. Clay tiles are manufactured in a variety of stock sizes and
colors. Chemical composition and densities ranged greatly. Matero (2001) give a
bibliography of terracotta use in the U.S. Johari (2011), NBK (2008) and (Bristile
Roofing, 2010) report on the density for a ranging from 2.09 – 2.16 g/cm3 to 2.00 – 2.4
g/cm3. For simplicity, the chemical composition used for clay is applied to the MCNP
material data input.
Table 43: Terracotta MCNP5 input data
Material data for terracotta

Density: 2.25 g/cm3
Chemical Formula: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Na2O, MgO, K2O
Source: Johari et al. (2011)
Notes: General terracotta flower pot base
O 8000 -0.499772955
Na 11000 -0.000511882
Mg 12000 -0.00723643
Al 13000 -0.13760518
Si 14000 -0.313181397
P 15000 -0.000157111
S 16000 -0.001882332
K 19000 -0.017433103
Ca 20000 -0.00078616
Fe 26000 -0.020283449
Figure 99: Terracotta samples

254
Table 44: Vinyl siding data sheet
Material Type: Vinyl Siding

Manufacturer: CertainTEEN ®
Make/Model: Monogram™ 46 D5" Product Number 3312201
Notes: Manufactured in Vinyl Siding Product, double 5" Dutchlap, rough cedar truetexture ™,
with 0.046" nominal thickness, CertiLock ™ postformed positive lock, in white.
Conforms to ASTM Specification D 3679CertainTeed’s Monogram siding is in
compliance with the ASTM Specification for Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) siding D
3679.
Table 45: Polyvinyl chloride MCNP5 input data
Material data for polyvinyl chloride

Density: 1.5 g/cm3
Chemical Formula: CH2=CHCl
Source: (Berger, 2005), (Williams. R G., 2006)
Notes: none
Atomic
Number
H 1000 0.04838
C 6000 0.384361
Cl 17000 0.56726
Figure 100: Vinyl siding samples

255
Table 46: Wood siding data sheet
Material Type: Wood siding

Manufacturer: N/A
Make/Model: Cedar
Notes: 10" bevel (1.86cm to 0.033cm) with primer paint.
Table 47: Wood siding MCNP5 input data
Material data for wood siding

Density: 0.35 g/cm3
H 1000 -0.057889
C 6000 -0.482667
O 8000 -0.459444
Figure 101: Wood siding samples

256
Table 48: Douglas fir stud data sheet
Material Type: Douglas Fir Studs

Manufacturer: Stimson
Make/Model: KD S4S Premium
Notes: Douglas fir 2'x'4'96" studs were used for all internal wall supports.
Table 49: Douglas fir stud MCNP5 input data
Material data for douglas fir

Density: 0.65 g/cm3
H 1000 -0.057889
C 6000 -0.482667
O 8000 -0.459444
Figure 102: Douglas fir studs samples

257
Table 50: Fiberglass Insulation data sheet
Material Type: Fiberglass Insulation

Manufacturer: Owens Corning ®
Make/Model: PINK ™ Fiberglass Insulation with PureFiber (TM) Technology Product Code = 615495
Notes: Batt insulation is manufactured incompliance to ASTM C 665, Type II, Class C standards. Glass
fibers are produced by a verity of material including glass, slag, fusible rock, and other various
materials. Glass fibers products produced on a commercial scale today are typically either "E"
glasses or "621" glasses. A common method to commercial produce glass fiber is by blasting the
molten glass material by a high velocity gas which attenuated and hardens the material into fibers.
Most continuous glass fibers are of "E" glass-type with the balance primarily being of the
"621"type. The base material of glass is silicon oxide, which polymerized when solidified,
(SiO2)n. Additional chemicals are then added to create the desired physical properties for specific
manufacturing processes or uses. Major chemicals include by weight: SiO2 (52-56), Al2O3 (12-
16), CaO (16-19), MgO (3-6), and B2O3 9-11). Minor constituents present in both glass types
include F2, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O, and MgO and BaO in quantities less than 1 percent by weight and
are ignored for this analysis. Manufactures weight reference is 40 lbs./ft2, or 1.65E-2 g/cm3.
Table 51: Fiberglass MCNP5 input data
Material Type: Material data for fiberglass

Density: 1.65E-2 g/cm3
(Thermostatic Industries, Inc), (Milewski, 1987), (Frederick,
Source:
2010)
Notes: Bulk density 2.62 g/cm3, before in fibrous form. (Frederick,
2010). Elemental and material densities were calculated from
available published manufacture data.
Si 14000 -0.383022
Al 13000 -0.105133
Ca 20000 -0.078082
Mg 12000 -0.008879
B 5000 -0.023695
O 8000 -0.401188
Figure 103: Fiberglass insulation samples

258
Table 52: House wrap data sheet
Material Type: House Wrap

Manufacturer: DuPont™ Tyvek®
Make/Model: HomeWrap®
Spun-bound polyolefin, non-woven, non-perforated, weather barrier is based on
DuPont™ Tyvek® HomeWrap®, a continuous nonwoven sheet of extremely high
density polyethylene fibers fused together into a strong uniform web. Housewrap is
sometimes referred to as ‘build paper.’ Build paper is stapled onto the wall to permit the
passage of vapor from inside the building. Build paper is a general term used to describe
papers, felts, and similar sheets of material used in buildings without reference to their
Notes: properties. Build paper can be used as a house wrap.
Table 53: Housewrap MCNP5 Input data
Material data for POLYETHYLENE

Density: 0.94 g/cm^3
Chemical Formula: C2H4
Source: (Berger, 2005),
Notes:
Atomic Number Symbol Weight Fraction Std. Atomic Weight
1 H 10.94 1.00794
6 C 86.77 12.0107
Figure 104: House wrap samples

259
Table 54: Cedar shake data sheet
Material Type: Cedar Shakes

Manufacturer: Rocky Mountain Cedar Products LTD.
Make/Model: Western red cedar shakes
Notes: Western red cedar shakes, number 1 grade, 1.27cm x 60.96" medium re-sawn shakes.
Bevel edge (1.27 to 0.046 cm). Wood shakes are much like wood shingles, except that
they are split from the logs rather than sawed. Some are split and re-sawed, producing a
shake with a rather smooth side and a rough split side. They are available in various
thicknesses ranging from ½ to 5/8 inch and lengths of 18- and 24-inches.
Table 55: Cedar shakes MCNP5 input data
Material data for Douglas Fir

Density: 0.35 g/cm3
H 1000 -0.057889
C 6000 -0.482667
O 8000 -0.459444
Figure 105: Cedar shake samples

260
APPENDIX J
Narrow-beam raw spectral, derived net photopeak data, individual and average total attenuation
coefficients.
Clay Brick Material Narrow-beam Data
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick, 0.0595 (MeV)

8.0E-01
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
7.0E-01
6.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
5.0E-01
4.0E-01
3.0E-01
2.0E-01
1.0E-01
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Figure 106: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 56: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick, 0.0595 (MeV)

Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick
Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.163 2.226 3.360 4.474 5.637 6.731 7.811 8.878 9.924 11.021
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1580 886 469 271 155 68 65 49 33 18 13

Total B.G. = 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624
Total C.C. = 156.80 84.40 62.40 49.40 27.00 20.80 18.20 18.67 12.60 8.40 8.40
Net Cts = 1417.6 796.0 401.0 216.0 122.4 41.6 41.2 24.7 14.8 4.0 -1.0
σnet = 41.71 31.19 23.11 17.97 13.59 9.56 9.27 8.39 6.95 5.39 4.91
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.56 0.28 0.15 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00
σc = -- 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -1.53 -1.59 -1.95 -2.59 -6.05 -5.12 -7.35 -10.82 -36.06 123.81
(du/dx) = -- -0.43 -0.25 -0.17 -0.12 -0.11 -0.08 -0.07 -0.06 -0.06 ---
(cm-1) = -- 4.96E-01 5.67E-01 5.60E-01 5.48E-01 6.26E-01 5.26E-01 5.18E-01 5.14E-01 5.93E-01 ---
(cm-1) = -- 4.21E-02 2.91E-02 2.63E-02 2.57E-02 4.12E-02 3.37E-02 4.36E-02 5.31E-02 1.37E-01 ---
̅ (cm-1) = 5.44E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.94E-02
261

3.5E-01
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
3.0E-01
μmat (cm-1) 2.5E-01
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.1632 2.2264 3.3599 4.4737 5.6366 6.7313 7.8113 8.8783 9.9243 11.0208
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1811 1594 1279 1133 1011 815 744 607 455 447 369
Total B.G. = 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525
Total C.C. = 1182.30 1021.10 891.40 774.10 652.20 569.60 530.10 421.70 353.00 316.30 289.90
Net Cts = 626.9 571.1 385.8 357.1 357.0 243.6 212.1 183.5 100.2 128.9 77.3
σnet = 54.72 51.15 46.60 43.69 40.80 37.23 35.72 32.10 28.45 27.66 25.70
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.91 0.62 0.57 0.57 0.39 0.34 0.29 0.16 0.21 0.12
σc = -- 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04
(du/dc) = -- -0.94 -0.73 -0.52 -0.39 -0.46 -0.44 -0.44 -0.70 -0.49 -0.74
(du/dx) = -- -0.07 -0.10 -0.05 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
(cm-1) = -- 8.01E-02 2.18E-01 1.68E-01 1.26E-01 1.68E-01 1.61E-01 1.57E-01 2.07E-01 1.59E-01 1.90E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.08E-01 6.69E-02 4.47E-02 3.21E-02 3.12E-02 2.82E-02 2.50E-02 3.35E-02 2.33E-02 3.12E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.63E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.55E-02
262

2.0E-01
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
1.8E-01
1.6E-01
1.4E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Table 58: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick, 0.563 (MeV

Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.163 2.226 3.360 4.474 5.637 6.731 7.811 8.878 9.924 11.021
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 4264 3619 3132 2666 2301 1971 1694 1485 1220 1102 933
Total B.G. = 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381
Total C.C. = 1145.40 985.00 908.00 807.40 711.00 635.80 533.40 442.80 420.40 377.40 315.80
Net Cts = 3117.3 2632.7 2222.7 1857.3 1588.7 1333.9 1159.3 1040.9 798.3 723.3 615.9
σnet = 73.56 67.86 63.57 58.95 54.89 51.07 47.21 43.92 40.52 38.48 35.36
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.84 0.71 0.60 0.51 0.43 0.37 0.33 0.26 0.23 0.20
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -1.02 -0.63 -0.50 -0.44 -0.41 -0.40 -0.38 -0.44 -0.43 -0.46
(du/dx) = -- -0.12 -0.07 -0.05 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.45E-01 1.52E-01 1.54E-01 1.51E-01 1.51E-01 1.47E-01 1.40E-01 1.53E-01 1.47E-01 1.47E-01
(cm-1) = -- 3.00E-02 1.67E-02 1.18E-02 9.35E-03 7.98E-03 6.99E-03 6.19E-03 6.31E-03 5.87E-03 5.63E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.49E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 4.08E-03
263
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick, 0.569(MeV)

1.8E-01
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
1.6E-01
1.4E-01
1.2E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.163 2.226 3.360 4.474 5.637 6.731 7.811 8.878 9.924 11.021
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 7090 6067 5277 4426 3845 3201 2661 2317 1887 1715 1440
Total B.G. = 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505
Total C.C. = 1334.20 1181.40 1117.60 904.00 859.80 704.20 646.40 528.80 509.20 406.20 390.20
Net Cts = 5754.0 4883.8 4157.6 3520.2 2983.4 2495.0 2012.8 1786.4 1376.0 1307.0 1048.0
σnet = 91.79 85.15 79.98 73.02 68.60 62.50 57.52 53.36 48.97 46.07 42.80
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.85 0.72 0.61 0.52 0.43 0.35 0.31 0.24 0.23 0.18
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -1.01 -0.62 -0.49 -0.43 -0.41 -0.42 -0.41 -0.47 -0.44 -0.50
(du/dx) = -- -0.12 -0.07 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01
(cm-1) = -- 1.41E-01 1.46E-01 1.46E-01 1.47E-01 1.48E-01 1.56E-01 1.50E-01 1.61E-01 1.49E-01 1.55E-01
(cm-1) = -- 2.03E-02 1.12E-02 7.79E-03 6.26E-03 5.27E-03 4.86E-03 4.34E-03 4.39E-03 3.90E-03 3.98E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.50E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 2.76E-03
264

1.5E-01
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
1.5E-01
1.5E-01
1.4E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.4E-01
1.4E-01
1.4E-01
1.4E-01
1.3E-01
1.3E-01
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.163 2.226 3.360 4.474 5.637 6.731 7.811 8.878 9.924 11.021
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 36081 30640 26450 22701 19054 15969 13546 11536 9906 8540 7148
Total B.G. = 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529
Total C.C. = 988.80 859.20 752.40 664.20 649.00 539.60 488.60 408.20 358.20 360.60 275.60
Net Cts = 35090.4 29779.0 25695.8 22035.0 18403.2 15427.6 13055.6 11126.0 9546.0 8177.6 6870.6
σnet = 192.54 177.48 164.94 152.86 140.37 128.49 118.47 109.30 101.32 94.35 86.17
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.85 0.73 0.63 0.52 0.44 0.37 0.32 0.27 0.23 0.20
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -1.01 -0.61 -0.47 -0.43 -0.40 -0.40 -0.40 -0.41 -0.43 -0.46
(du/dx) = -- -0.12 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01
(cm-1) = -- 1.41E-01 1.40E-01 1.38E-01 1.44E-01 1.46E-01 1.47E-01 1.47E-01 1.47E-01 1.47E-01 1.48E-01
(cm-1) = -- 6.97E-03 3.80E-03 2.64E-03 2.10E-03 1.77E-03 1.58E-03 1.44E-03 1.35E-03 1.29E-03 1.25E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.44E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 9.33E-04
265
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick 0.795 (MeV)

1.4E-01
Cs134,0.795 [MeV]
μmat (cm-1) 1.4E-01
1.3E-01
1.3E-01
1.2E-01
1.2E-01
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Figure 111: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick 0.795 (MeV)
Table 61: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Clay Brick 0.795 (MeV)

Cs134,0.795 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.1632 2.226422222 3.35992 4.47372 5.63662 6.73132 7.81132 8.87832 9.92432 11.0208
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 26688 23007 20349 17341 14912 12999 11245 9769 8458 7277 6301
Total B.G. = 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323
Total C.C. = 242.20 234.40 202.40 176.60 164.40 153.00 133.20 118.60 90.60 119.60 74.60
Net Cts = 26444.7 22771.5 20145.5 17163.3 14746.5 12844.9 11110.7 9649.3 8366.3 7156.3 6225.3
σnet = 164.11 152.46 143.36 132.36 122.79 114.69 106.67 99.44 92.47 86.01 79.85
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.86 0.76 0.65 0.56 0.49 0.42 0.36 0.32 0.27 0.24
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -1.00 -0.59 -0.46 -0.40 -0.37 -0.35 -0.35 -0.36 -0.37 -0.39
(du/dx) = -- -0.11 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.29E-01 1.22E-01 1.29E-01 1.31E-01 1.28E-01 1.29E-01 1.29E-01 1.30E-01 1.32E-01 1.31E-01
(cm-1) = -- 7.85E-03 4.24E-03 2.95E-03 2.32E-03 1.93E-03 1.70E-03 1.54E-03 1.43E-03 1.37E-03 1.30E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.29E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.04E-03
266

1.6E-01
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.4E-01
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.1632 2.226422222 3.35992 4.47372 5.63662 6.73132 7.81132 8.87832 9.92432 11.0208
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 2875 2478 2132 1903 1539 1347 1196 992 864 766 619
Total B.G. = 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353
Total C.C. = 139.85 107.75 83.53 67.10 48.53 36.38 44.55 29.50 35.93 28.58 17.58
Net Cts = 2733.9 2369.0 2047.2 1834.7 1489.2 1309.4 1150.2 961.3 826.8 736.2 600.2
σnet = 54.92 50.86 47.08 44.40 39.86 37.21 35.24 31.98 30.02 28.21 25.26
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.87 0.75 0.67 0.54 0.48 0.42 0.35 0.30 0.27 0.22
σc = -- 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.99 -0.60 -0.44 -0.41 -0.37 -0.35 -0.36 -0.37 -0.37 -0.41
(du/dx) = -- -0.11 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.23E-01 1.30E-01 1.19E-01 1.36E-01 1.31E-01 1.29E-01 1.34E-01 1.35E-01 1.32E-01 1.38E-01
(cm-1) = -- 2.53E-02 1.37E-02 9.36E-03 7.48E-03 6.17E-03 5.44E-03 4.98E-03 4.67E-03 4.36E-03 4.23E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.31E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 3.35E-03
267

2.5E-01
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
-1.0E-01
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.1632 2.226422222 3.35992 4.47372 5.63662 6.73132 7.81132 8.87832 9.92432 11.0208
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 262 248 191 187 151 138 131 118 77 75 81
Total B.G. = 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151
Total C.C. = 31.00 28.60 28.00 29.60 24.40 14.40 11.20 13.00 11.00 10.60 10.40
Net Cts = 230.5 218.9 162.5 156.9 126.1 123.1 119.3 104.5 65.5 63.9 70.1
σnet = 17.14 16.66 14.83 14.74 13.27 12.38 11.96 11.48 9.42 9.30 9.60
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.70 0.68 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.45 0.28 0.28 0.30
σc = -- 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05
(du/dc) = -- -0.91 -0.64 -0.44 -0.41 -0.33 -0.29 -0.28 -0.40 -0.36 -0.30
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.07 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01
-1
(cm ) = -- 4.44E-02 1.57E-01 1.14E-01 1.35E-01 1.11E-01 9.79E-02 1.01E-01 1.42E-01 1.29E-01 1.08E-01
(cm-1) = -- 9.15E-02 5.29E-02 3.57E-02 2.88E-02 2.22E-02 1.85E-02 1.70E-02 1.82E-02 1.65E-02 1.41E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.14E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.23E-02
268

3.0E-01
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.1632 2.226422222 3.35992 4.47372 5.63662 6.73132 7.81132 8.87832 9.92432 11.0208
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 461 376 383 333 270 269 218 199 160 143 134
Total B.G. = 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
Total C.C. = 30.00 29.80 21.80 21.60 22.80 16.80 4.60 5.60 15.40 7.60 5.20
Net Cts = 430.5 345.7 360.7 310.9 246.7 251.7 212.9 192.9 144.1 134.9 128.3
σnet = 22.18 20.16 20.14 18.85 17.13 16.93 14.95 14.33 13.27 12.30 11.83
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.80 0.84 0.72 0.57 0.58 0.49 0.45 0.33 0.31 0.30
σc = -- 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03
(du/dc) = -- -1.07 -0.54 -0.41 -0.39 -0.30 -0.30 -0.29 -0.34 -0.32 -0.30
(du/dx) = -- -0.16 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.89E-01 7.95E-02 9.69E-02 1.24E-01 9.52E-02 1.05E-01 1.03E-01 1.23E-01 1.17E-01 1.10E-01
(cm-1) = -- 6.69E-02 3.41E-02 2.37E-02 1.93E-02 1.50E-02 1.29E-02 1.16E-02 1.19E-02 1.06E-02 9.59E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.14E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 8.63E-03
269

1.4E-01
Co-60, 1.174 [MeV]
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Co-60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.1632 2.226422222 3.35992 4.47372 5.63662 6.73132 7.81132 8.87832 9.92432 11.0208
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 25070 21794 19680 17200 15387 13538 12022 10724 9458 8509 7452
Total B.G. = 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342
Total C.C. = 517.20 450.10 424.40 416.70 378.20 349.20 303.20 296.20 241.50 232.30 238.30
Net Cts = 24551.6 21342.7 19254.4 16782.1 15007.6 13187.6 11717.6 10426.6 9215.3 8275.5 7212.5
σnet = 159.96 149.15 141.79 132.73 125.56 117.85 111.02 104.98 98.49 93.50 87.70
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.87 0.78 0.68 0.61 0.54 0.48 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.29
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -0.99 -0.57 -0.44 -0.37 -0.33 -0.31 -0.30 -0.30 -0.30 -0.31
(du/dx) = -- -0.10 -0.05 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.20E-01 1.09E-01 1.13E-01 1.10E-01 1.10E-01 1.10E-01 1.10E-01 1.10E-01 1.10E-01 1.11E-01
(cm-1) = -- 8.22E-03 4.42E-03 3.05E-03 2.37E-03 1.96E-03 1.71E-03 1.54E-03 1.41E-03 1.32E-03 1.25E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.11E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.08E-03
270

1.2E-01
Co-60, 1.333 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Co-60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.1632 2.226422222 3.35992 4.47372 5.63662 6.73132 7.81132 8.87832 9.92432 11.0208
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 22364 20262 17859 16128 14232 12687 11196 10239 9229 8174 7253
Total B.G. = 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304
Total C.C. = 115.20 113.40 84.60 91.80 64.80 95.40 66.60 75.60 63.00 57.60 48.60
Net Cts = 22247.7 20147.5 17773.3 16035.1 14166.1 12590.5 11128.3 10162.3 9164.9 8115.3 7203.3
σnet = 149.93 142.75 133.96 127.36 119.57 113.06 106.13 101.57 96.40 90.73 85.46
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.91 0.80 0.72 0.64 0.57 0.50 0.46 0.41 0.36 0.32
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -0.95 -0.56 -0.41 -0.35 -0.31 -0.30 -0.28 -0.27 -0.28 -0.28
(du/dx) = -- -0.07 -0.05 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
-1
(cm ) = -- 8.52E-02 1.01E-01 9.75E-02 1.01E-01 1.01E-01 1.03E-01 1.00E-01 9.99E-02 1.02E-01 1.02E-01
(cm-1) = -- 8.41E-03 4.54E-03 3.10E-03 2.42E-03 1.99E-03 1.74E-03 1.54E-03 1.41E-03 1.32E-03 1.24E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.93E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.10E-03
271

1.4E-01
Na-24, 1.369 [MeV]
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Na-24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.1632 2.2264 3.3599 4.4737 5.6366 6.7313 7.8113 8.8783 9.9243 11.020
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 13804 12209 11274 10059 8772 7893 7893 6245 5615 5110 4647
Total B.G. = 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207
Total C.C. = 230.74 197.83 219.55 188.19 169.91 156.13 156.13 121.58 102.29 107.25 94.37
Net Cts = 13572.5 12010.5 11053.7 9870.1 8601.4 7736.2 7736.2 6122.7 5512.0 5002.0 4551.9
σnet = 118.47 111.39 107.21 101.23 94.57 89.72 89.72 79.80 75.62 72.24 68.86
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.88 0.81 0.73 0.63 0.57 0.57 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.34
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.97 -0.55 -0.41 -0.35 -0.31 -0.26 -0.28 -0.28 -0.27 -0.27
(du/dx) = -- -0.09 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.05E-01 9.22E-02 9.48E-02 1.02E-01 9.97E-02 8.35E-02 1.02E-01 1.01E-01 1.01E-01 9.91E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.10E-02 5.86E-03 4.01E-03 3.14E-03 2.58E-03 2.16E-03 2.01E-03 1.83E-03 1.70E-03 1.59E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.80E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.43E-03
272

9.0E-02
Na-24, 2.755 [MeV]
8.0E-02
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Na-24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.1632 2.2264 3.3599 4.4737 5.6366 6.7313 7.8113 8.8783 9.9243 11.0208
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 8069 7537 7111 6550 6007 5384 5384 4653 4369 4073 3749
Total B.G. = 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Total C.C. = 68.80 100.80 64.40 69.00 71.40 72.00 72.00 55.40 60.40 53.20 52.60
Net Cts = 7999.9 7435.9 7046.3 6480.7 5935.3 5311.7 5311.7 4597.3 4308.3 4019.5 3696.1
σnet = 90.21 87.40 84.71 81.36 77.97 73.87 73.87 68.62 66.56 64.24 61.66
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.88 0.81 0.74 0.66 0.66 0.57 0.54 0.50 0.46
σc = -- 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.92 -0.51 -0.37 -0.30 -0.27 -0.22 -0.22 -0.21 -0.20 -0.20
(du/dx) = -- -0.05 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
-1
(cm ) = -- 6.29E-02 5.70E-02 6.27E-02 6.67E-02 7.27E-02 6.08E-02 7.09E-02 6.97E-02 6.94E-02 7.01E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.40E-02 7.40E-03 5.02E-03 3.87E-03 3.18E-03 2.66E-03 2.40E-03 2.15E-03 1.97E-03 1.83E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.63E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.81E-03
273
Asphalt Shingle Material Narrow-beam Data
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Shingle, 0.0595 (MeV)

6.0E-01
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
5.0E-01
4.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-01
2.0E-01
1.0E-01
0.0E+00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Figure 119: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Shingle, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 69: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Shingle, 0.0595 (MeV)
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Single

Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
x (cm) = -- 0.238 0.522 0.769 1.015 1.259 1.504 1.751 2.001 2.246 2.490
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1530 1432 1255 1110 1018 966 842 758 661 620 577
Total B.G. = 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624
Total C.C. = 149.60 141.20 111.60 116.40 105.40 91.00 81.40 71.00 65.20 67.00 52.80
Net Cts = 1374.8 1285.2 1137.8 988.0 907.0 869.4 755.0 681.4 590.2 547.4 518.6
σnet = 41.02 39.70 37.00 35.06 33.56 32.55 30.43 28.84 27.00 26.26 25.15
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.83 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.55 0.50 0.43 0.40 0.38
σc = -- 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -4.49 -2.31 -1.81 -1.49 -1.26 -1.21 -1.15 -1.16 -1.12 -1.06
(du/dx) = -- -1.19 -0.69 -0.56 -0.40 -0.29 -0.27 -0.23 -0.21 -0.18 -0.16
(cm-1) = -- 2.8E-01 3.6E-01 4.3E-01 4.1E-01 3.6E-01 4.0E-01 4.0E-01 4.2E-01 4.1E-01 3.9E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.8E-01 8.5E-02 6.0E-02 4.7E-02 3.8E-02 3.3E-02 3.0E-02 2.7E-02 2.5E-02 2.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.9E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 2.25E-02
274

1.40E+00
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
1.20E+00
1.00E+00
8.00E-01
μmat (cm-1)
6.00E-01
4.00E-01
2.00E-01
0.00E+00
-2.00E-01
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.238 0.522 0.769 1.015 1.259 1.504 1.751 2.001 2.246 2.490
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1874 1738 1725 1637 1605 1576 1477 1466 1435 1342 1440
Total B.G. = 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525
Total C.C. = 1171.00 1147.40 1122.40 1087.10 1027.80 943.90 1018.40 957.70 948.70 888.60 888.20
Net Cts = 701.2 588.8 600.8 548.1 575.4 630.3 456.8 506.5 484.5 451.6 550.0
σnet = 55.20 53.73 53.38 52.21 51.33 50.21 49.97 49.25 48.84 47.25 48.27
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.84 0.86 0.78 0.82 0.90 0.65 0.72 0.69 0.64 0.78
σc = -- 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.09
(du/dc) = -- -5.00 -2.24 -1.66 -1.20 -0.88 -1.02 -0.79 -0.72 -0.69 -0.51
(du/dx) = -- -3.07 -0.57 -0.42 -0.19 -0.07 -0.19 -0.11 -0.09 -0.09 -0.04
-1
(cm ) = -- 7.33E-01 2.96E-01 3.20E-01 1.95E-01 8.47E-02 2.85E-01 1.86E-01 1.85E-01 1.96E-01 9.75E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.06E-01 2.27E-01 1.61E-01 1.17E-01 8.90E-02 8.96E-02 7.14E-02 6.39E-02 5.83E-02 4.73E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.58E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 6.14E-02
275

5.0E-01
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
4.5E-01
4.0E-01
μmat (cm-1) 3.5E-01
3.0E-01
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.2384 0.5221 0.7692 1.0153 1.2587 1.5038 1.7514 2.0008 2.2459 2.49
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 4320 4084 4068 3790 3831 3732 3465 3484 3551 3326 3233
Total B.G. = 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381
Total C.C. = 1147.60 1128.80 1079.60 1086.60 1009.80 1022.80 1037.40 989.40 959.80 1008.60 872.60
Net Cts = 3171.1 2953.9 2987.1 2702.1 2819.9 2707.9 2426.3 2493.3 2589.9 2316.1 2359.1
σnet = 73.95 72.21 71.76 69.84 69.59 68.96 67.11 66.89 67.17 65.85 64.09
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.94 0.85 0.89 0.85 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.73 0.74
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
(du/dc) = -- -4.50 -2.03 -1.53 -1.11 -0.93 -0.87 -0.73 -0.61 -0.61 -0.54
(du/dx) = -- -1.25 -0.22 -0.27 -0.11 -0.10 -0.12 -0.08 -0.05 -0.06 -0.05
-1
(cm ) = -- 2.98E-01 1.14E-01 2.08E-01 1.16E-01 1.25E-01 1.78E-01 1.37E-01 1.01E-01 1.40E-01 1.19E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.42E-01 6.41E-02 4.53E-02 3.34E-02 2.74E-02 2.41E-02 2.03E-02 1.74E-02 1.64E-02 1.44E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.54E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.73E-02
276

3.5E-01
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
3.0E-01
μmat (cm-1) 2.5E-01
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.2384 0.5221 0.7692 1.0153 1.2587 1.5038 1.7514 2.0008 2.2459 2.49
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 7188 6867 6730 6623 6351 6330 5864 5826 5708 5687 5417
Total B.G. = 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505
Total C.C. = 1365.00 1311.00 1267.60 1347.40 1254.00 1202.40 1186.80 1168.60 1181.60 1228.00 1048.00
Net Cts = 5821.2 5554.2 5460.6 5273.8 5095.2 5125.8 4675.4 4655.6 4524.6 4457.2 4367.2
σnet = 92.49 90.44 89.44 89.29 87.22 86.80 83.98 83.64 83.01 83.17 80.41
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.88 0.88 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.75
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -4.40 -2.04 -1.43 -1.13 -0.90 -0.83 -0.71 -0.64 -0.58 -0.54
(du/dx) = -- -0.83 -0.23 -0.17 -0.13 -0.08 -0.10 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.05
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.97E-01 1.22E-01 1.28E-01 1.31E-01 1.01E-01 1.46E-01 1.28E-01 1.26E-01 1.19E-01 1.15E-01
(cm-1) = -- 9.54E-02 4.37E-02 3.02E-02 2.30E-02 1.85E-02 1.60E-02 1.37E-02 1.21E-02 1.09E-02 9.77E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.31E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.17E-02
277

2.5E-01
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
μmat (cm-1) 2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.2384 0.5221 0.7692 1.0153 1.2587 1.5038 1.7514 2.0008 2.2459 2.49
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 36826 35436 34496 33270 32384 31662 30741 29816 29036 28083 27525
Total B.G. = 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529
Total C.C. = 998.60 952.20 909.80 912.40 951.80 936.80 853.60 802.20 887.80 757.80 794.40
Net Cts = 35825.6 34482.0 33584.4 32355.8 31430.4 30723.4 29885.6 29012.0 28146.4 27323.4 26728.8
σnet = 194.49 190.76 188.17 184.89 182.59 180.56 177.75 174.98 172.99 169.83 168.29
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.96 0.94 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.75
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -4.36 -2.04 -1.44 -1.12 -0.93 -0.80 -0.71 -0.64 -0.58 -0.54
(du/dx) = -- -0.67 -0.24 -0.17 -0.13 -0.10 -0.08 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.05
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.60E-01 1.24E-01 1.32E-01 1.29E-01 1.22E-01 1.21E-01 1.20E-01 1.21E-01 1.21E-01 1.18E-01
(cm-1) = -- 3.25E-02 1.50E-02 1.03E-02 7.85E-03 6.37E-03 5.37E-03 4.65E-03 4.11E-03 3.69E-03 3.35E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.27E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 3.98E-03
278

1.4E-01
Cs134,0.795 [MeV]
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Cs134,0.795 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.2384 0.5221 0.7692 1.0153 1.2587 1.5038 1.7514 2.0008 2.2459 2.49
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 26784 26136 25542 24683 24213 23690 23354 22346 21735 21146 20700
Total B.G. = 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323
Total C.C. = 268.40 203.20 222.80 200.60 242.20 203.60 204.20 229.20 198.40 227.40 218.00
Net Cts = 26514.5 25931.7 25318.1 24481.3 23969.7 23485.3 23148.7 22115.7 21535.5 20917.5 20480.9
σnet = 164.48 162.30 160.52 157.75 156.39 154.58 153.49 150.25 148.10 146.20 144.63
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.77
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -4.29 -2.01 -1.41 -1.09 -0.90 -0.76 -0.68 -0.62 -0.56 -0.52
(du/dx) = -- -0.39 -0.17 -0.13 -0.10 -0.08 -0.06 -0.06 -0.05 -0.05 -0.04
(cm-1) = -- 9.32E-02 8.84E-02 1.04E-01 9.94E-02 9.64E-02 9.03E-02 1.04E-01 1.04E-01 1.06E-01 1.04E-01
(cm-1) = -- 3.70E-02 1.70E-02 1.16E-02 8.88E-03 7.19E-03 6.05E-03 5.26E-03 4.64E-03 4.17E-03 3.78E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.88E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.52E-03
279

4.0E-01
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
3.5E-01
3.0E-01
2.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.2384 0.5221 0.7692 1.0153 1.2587 1.5038 1.7514 2.0008 2.2459 2.49
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 2830 2666 2587 2645 2488 2452 2448 2317 2236 2256 2139
Total B.G. = 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353
Total C.C. = 139.63 120.00 135.60 129.00 127.20 111.30 110.40 120.30 97.50 111.30 87.00
Net Cts = 2689.1 2544.8 2450.2 2514.8 2359.6 2339.5 2336.4 2195.5 2137.3 2143.5 2050.8
σnet = 54.51 52.79 52.19 52.68 51.15 50.64 50.59 49.38 48.32 48.67 47.19
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.91 0.94 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.82 0.79 0.80 0.76
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -4.43 -2.10 -1.39 -1.12 -0.91 -0.77 -0.70 -0.63 -0.56 -0.53
(du/dx) = -- -0.97 -0.34 -0.11 -0.13 -0.09 -0.06 -0.07 -0.06 -0.04 -0.04
(cm-1) = -- 2.31E-01 1.78E-01 8.72E-02 1.29E-01 1.11E-01 9.35E-02 1.16E-01 1.15E-01 1.01E-01 1.09E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.22E-01 5.63E-02 3.79E-02 2.92E-02 2.36E-02 1.97E-02 1.73E-02 1.52E-02 1.36E-02 1.23E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.27E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.49E-02
280

1.4E+00
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
1.2E+00
μmat (cm-1) 1.0E+00
8.0E-01
6.0E-01
4.0E-01
2.0E-01
0.0E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.2384 0.5221 0.7692 1.0153 1.2587 1.5038 1.7514 2.0008 2.2459 2.49
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 299 260 244 239 245 236 231 245 224 214 198
Total B.G. = 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151
Total C.C. = 27.00 37.80 19.80 24.30 22.50 22.50 24.30 26.10 20.70 21.60 18.90
Net Cts = 271.5 221.7 223.7 214.2 222.0 213.0 206.2 218.4 202.8 191.9 178.6
σnet = 18.08 17.28 16.27 16.25 16.38 16.10 16.00 16.49 15.67 15.38 14.76
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.82 0.82 0.79 0.82 0.78 0.76 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.66
σc = -- 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07
(du/dc) = -- -5.14 -2.32 -1.65 -1.20 -1.01 -0.88 -0.71 -0.67 -0.63 -0.61
(du/dx) = -- -3.57 -0.71 -0.40 -0.20 -0.15 -0.12 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07
-1
(cm ) = -- 8.50E-01 3.71E-01 3.08E-01 1.98E-01 1.93E-01 1.83E-01 1.24E-01 1.46E-01 1.55E-01 1.68E-01
(cm-1) = -- 4.30E-01 1.89E-01 1.31E-01 9.79E-02 8.00E-02 6.80E-02 5.75E-02 5.10E-02 4.64E-02 4.26E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.70E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 5.18E-02
281

9.0E-01
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
8.0E-01
7.0E-01
μmat (cm-1) 6.0E-01
5.0E-01
4.0E-01
3.0E-01
2.0E-01
1.0E-01
0.0E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.2384 0.5221 0.7692 1.0153 1.2587 1.5038 1.7514 2.0008 2.2459 2.49
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 491 432 395 435 403 424 419 370 404 380 411
Total B.G. = 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
Total C.C. = 42.80 32.60 35.20 24.40 26.60 26.60 25.20 13.00 28.20 21.40 27.80
Net Cts = 447.7 398.9 359.3 410.1 375.9 396.9 393.3 356.5 375.3 358.1 382.7
σnet = 23.12 21.57 20.76 21.45 20.75 21.25 21.09 19.59 20.81 20.05 20.97
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.89 0.80 0.92 0.84 0.89 0.88 0.80 0.84 0.80 0.85
σc = -- 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
(du/dc) = -- -4.71 -2.39 -1.42 -1.17 -0.90 -0.76 -0.72 -0.60 -0.56 -0.47
(du/dx) = -- -2.03 -0.81 -0.15 -0.17 -0.08 -0.06 -0.07 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03
-1
(cm ) = -- 4.84E-01 4.21E-01 1.14E-01 1.72E-01 9.57E-02 8.61E-02 1.30E-01 8.82E-02 9.94E-02 6.30E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.14E-01 1.48E-01 9.56E-02 7.44E-02 5.91E-02 4.95E-02 4.31E-02 3.79E-02 3.39E-02 3.02E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.75E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 3.83E-02
282

1.2E-01
Co-60, 1.174 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Co-60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.2384 0.5221 0.7692 1.0153 1.2587 1.5038 1.7514 2.0008 2.2459 2.49
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 24641 24313 23786 23135 22689 22217 21637 21421 20949 20569 20190
Total B.G. = 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342
Total C.C. = 499.30 492.60 510.50 480.90 481.90 456.80 470.70 451.50 537.50 484.80 457.40
Net Cts = 24140.5 23819.2 23274.3 22652.9 22205.9 21759.0 21165.1 20968.3 20410.3 20083.0 19731.4
σnet = 158.56 157.50 155.88 153.68 152.22 150.58 148.69 147.90 146.59 145.10 143.70
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -4.25 -1.99 -1.39 -1.07 -0.88 -0.76 -0.66 -0.59 -0.54 -0.49
(du/dx) = -- -0.24 -0.13 -0.11 -0.08 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03
-1
(cm ) = -- 5.62E-02 7.00E-02 8.27E-02 8.23E-02 8.25E-02 8.75E-02 8.04E-02 8.39E-02 8.19E-02 8.10E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.91E-02 1.80E-02 1.23E-02 9.36E-03 7.59E-03 6.40E-03 5.51E-03 4.87E-03 4.35E-03 3.94E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 7.88E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.77E-03
283

1.0E-01
Co-60, 1.333 [MeV]
8.0E-02
μmat (cm-1) 6.0E-02

4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
-4.0E-02
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Co-60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.2384 0.5221 0.7692 1.0153 1.2587 1.5038 1.7514 2.0008 2.2459 2.49
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 22256 22122 21556 21339 20454 20518 20174 19398 18839 18638 18729
Total B.G. = 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304
Total C.C. = 131.40 111.60 111.60 93.60 102.60 93.60 82.80 77.40 111.60 109.80 82.80
Net Cts = 22123.5 22009.3 21443.3 21244.3 20350.3 20423.3 20090.1 19319.5 18726.3 18527.1 18645.1
σnet = 149.63 149.11 147.20 146.40 143.38 143.57 142.33 139.56 137.67 136.93 137.16
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.87 0.85 0.84 0.84
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -4.22 -1.98 -1.35 -1.07 -0.86 -0.73 -0.65 -0.59 -0.53 -0.48
(du/dx) = -- -0.09 -0.11 -0.07 -0.08 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03
-1
(cm ) = -- 2.17E-02 5.98E-02 5.27E-02 8.23E-02 6.35E-02 6.41E-02 7.74E-02 8.33E-02 7.90E-02 6.87E-02
(cm-1) = -- 4.02E-02 1.85E-02 1.26E-02 9.62E-03 7.75E-03 6.52E-03 5.65E-03 5.00E-03 4.47E-03 4.02E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.53E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.90E-03
284
Narrow-Beam Measured: Asphalt Shingle, 1.369 (MeV)

2.5E-01
Na-24, 1.369 [MeV]
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Na-24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.2384 0.5221 0.7692 1.0153 1.2587 1.5038 1.7514 2.0008 2.2459 2.49
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 14556 14012 13909 13520 13314 12983 12907 12613 12291 12175 11734
Total B.G. = 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207
Total C.C. = 241.90 222.71 219.11 235.64 198.69 227.87 220.88 231.61 210.95 201.56 195.32
Net Cts = 14313.4 13788.6 13689.2 13283.6 13114.6 12754.4 12685.4 12380.7 12079.3 11972.7 11538.0
σnet = 121.65 119.31 118.87 117.29 116.25 114.94 114.58 113.34 111.82 111.25 109.23
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.96 0.96 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.89 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.81
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -4.35 -2.00 -1.40 -1.07 -0.89 -0.75 -0.66 -0.59 -0.53 -0.50
(du/dx) = -- -0.66 -0.16 -0.13 -0.08 -0.07 -0.05 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03
(cm-1) = -- 1.57E-01 8.54E-02 9.71E-02 8.62E-02 9.16E-02 8.03E-02 8.28E-02 8.48E-02 7.95E-02 8.66E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.09E-02 2.33E-02 1.59E-02 1.21E-02 9.85E-03 8.25E-03 7.14E-03 6.29E-03 5.61E-03 5.11E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.31E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 6.20E-03
285
Narrow-Beam Measured: Asphalt Shingle, 2.755 (MeV)

1.4E-01
Na-24. 2.755 [MeV]
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Na-24. 2.755 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.2384 0.5221 0.7692 1.0153 1.2587 1.5038 1.7514 2.0008 2.2459 2.49
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 8535 8425 8277 8102 7859 7917 7720 7614 7490 7421 7424
Total B.G. = 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Total C.C. = 83.60 85.20 80.20 77.20 79.40 99.00 67.60 69.20 107.80 91.40 67.00
Net Cts = 8451.1 8339.5 8196.5 8024.5 7779.3 7817.7 7652.1 7544.5 7381.9 7329.3 7356.7
σnet = 92.84 92.25 91.42 90.44 89.10 89.54 88.25 87.66 87.17 86.68 86.55
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.87
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -4.25 -1.97 -1.37 -1.07 -0.86 -0.73 -0.64 -0.57 -0.51 -0.46
(du/dx) = -- -0.23 -0.11 -0.09 -0.08 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02
(cm-1) = -- 5.58E-02 5.86E-02 6.73E-02 8.16E-02 6.19E-02 6.60E-02 6.48E-02 6.76E-02 6.34E-02 5.57E-02
(cm-1) = -- 6.54E-02 3.00E-02 2.05E-02 1.56E-02 1.26E-02 1.06E-02 9.13E-03 8.06E-03 7.19E-03 6.47E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.43E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.97E-03
286
Asphalt Saturated Felt Material Narrow-beam Data
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Saturated Felt, 0.0595 (MeV)

1.4E+00
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
1.2E+00
1.0E+00
μmat (cm-1)
8.0E-01
6.0E-01
4.0E-01
2.0E-01
0.0E+00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Figure 132: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Saturated Felt, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 82: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Saturated Felt, 0.0595 (MeV)
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Saturated Felt

Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.080 0.165 0.247 0.332 0.416 0.501 0.584 0.669 0.755 0.840
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1606 1524 1519 1489 1484 1465 1413 1387 1385 1472 1379
Total B.G. = 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624
Total C.C. = 163.40 152.80 135.40 136.60 134.60 146.00 150.40 125.20 126.80 133.00 142.00
Net Cts = 1437.0 1365.6 1378.0 1346.8 1343.8 1313.4 1257.0 1256.2 1252.6 1333.4 1231.4
σnet = 42.10 40.98 40.71 40.35 40.26 40.17 39.57 38.92 38.92 40.10 39.03
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.91 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.93 0.86
σc = -- 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
(du/dc) = -- -13.14 -6.32 -4.32 -3.22 -2.63 -2.28 -1.96 -1.71 -1.43 -1.39
(du/dx) = -- -7.94 -1.54 -1.06 -0.61 -0.52 -0.53 -0.39 -0.31 -0.13 -0.22
(cm-1) = -- 6.36E-01 2.54E-01 2.63E-01 2.02E-01 2.16E-01 2.67E-01 2.30E-01 2.05E-01 9.91E-02 1.84E-01
(cm-1) = -- 5.24E-01 2.52E-01 1.70E-01 1.26E-01 1.02E-01 8.59E-02 7.30E-02 6.38E-02 5.56E-02 5.14E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.56E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 6.45E-02
287

2.5E+00
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
2.0E+00
1.5E+00
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E+00
5.0E-01
0.0E+00
-5.0E-01
-1.0E+00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0801 0.1650 0.2468 0.3318 0.4162 0.5007 0.5841 0.6692 0.7549 0.8405
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1874 1807 1791 1800 1770 1764 1770 1749 1767 1719 1692
Total B.G. = 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525
Total C.C. = 1171.00 1136.50 1187.00 1143.70 1201.50 1145.00 1150.30 1103.70 1134.30 1103.20 1105.30
Net Cts = 701.2 668.7 602.2 654.5 566.7 617.2 617.9 643.5 630.9 614.0 584.9
σnet = 55.20 54.27 54.58 54.27 54.53 53.95 54.05 53.42 53.88 53.14 52.90
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.86 0.93 0.81 0.88 0.88 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.83
σc = -- 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
(du/dc) = -- -13.09 -7.06 -4.34 -3.73 -2.73 -2.27 -1.87 -1.66 -1.51 -1.43
(du/dx) = -- -7.40 -5.59 -1.13 -1.93 -0.74 -0.50 -0.25 -0.24 -0.23 -0.26
(cm-1) = -- 5.92E-01 9.22E-01 2.79E-01 6.42E-01 3.07E-01 2.53E-01 1.47E-01 1.58E-01 1.76E-01 2.16E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.41E+00 7.28E-01 4.63E-01 3.75E-01 2.83E-01 2.35E-01 1.96E-01 1.74E-01 1.55E-01 1.43E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 3.69E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.77E-01
288

1.2
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
1.0
0.8
μmat (cm-1)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0801 0.165 0.2468 0.3318 0.4162 0.5007 0.5841 0.66921 0.75488 0.84048
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 4320 4103 4201 4163 4144 4227 4141 4179 4054 4061 4005
Total B.G. = 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381
Total C.C. = 1147.60 1102.00 1142.20 1060.20 1065.60 1092.60 1052.20 1069.80 1050.40 1089.40 1058.20
Net Cts = 3171.1 2999.7 3057.5 3101.5 3077.1 3133.1 3087.5 3107.9 3002.3 2970.3 2945.5
σnet = 73.95 72.15 73.11 72.28 72.19 72.94 72.07 72.46 71.45 71.78 71.17
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.99 0.97 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.93
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
(du/dc) = -- -13.20 -6.29 -4.14 -3.11 -2.43 -2.05 -1.75 -1.58 -1.41 -1.28
(du/dx) = -- -8.66 -1.34 -0.36 -0.27 -0.07 -0.11 -0.06 -0.12 -0.11 -0.10
(cm-1) = -- 6.94E-01 2.21E-01 8.99E-02 9.07E-02 2.90E-02 5.34E-02 3.45E-02 8.17E-02 8.67E-02 8.78E-02
(cm-1) = -- 4.19E-01 2.02E-01 1.34E-01 9.97E-02 7.92E-02 6.59E-02 5.65E-02 4.98E-02 4.45E-02 4.00E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.47E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 5.14E-02
289

6.0E-01
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
5.0E-01
4.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-01
2.0E-01
1.0E-01
0.0E+00
-1.0E-01
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0801 0.165 0.2468 0.3318 0.4162 0.5007 0.5841 0.66921 0.75488 0.84048
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 7188 7022 6961 7001 6931 6914 6885 6796 6680 6687 6711
Total B.G. = 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505
Total C.C. = 1365.00 1311.20 1359.80 1357.00 1354.40 1300.20 1352.20 1276.00 1263.80 1247.20 1249.60
Net Cts = 5821.2 5709.0 5599.4 5642.2 5574.8 5612.0 5531.0 5518.2 5414.4 5438.0 5459.6
σnet = 92.49 91.29 91.23 91.43 91.03 90.64 90.77 89.85 89.14 89.08 89.23
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.94
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -12.73 -6.30 -4.18 -3.15 -2.49 -2.10 -1.81 -1.61 -1.42 -1.27
(du/dx) = -- -3.03 -1.43 -0.51 -0.39 -0.21 -0.20 -0.16 -0.16 -0.12 -0.09
(cm-1) = -- 2.43E-01 2.35E-01 1.27E-01 1.30E-01 8.79E-02 1.02E-01 9.15E-02 1.08E-01 9.02E-02 7.63E-02
(cm-1) = -- 2.81E-01 1.38E-01 9.20E-02 6.87E-02 5.44E-02 4.56E-02 3.90E-02 3.42E-02 3.02E-02 2.71E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.29E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 3.48E-02
290

4.0E-01
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
3.5E-01
3.0E-01
2.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0801 0.165 0.2468 0.3318 0.4162 0.5007 0.5841 0.66921 0.75488 0.84048
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 36826 36112 35930 35406 35605 35371 34915 34794 35009 34182 34021
Total B.G. = 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529
Total C.C. = 998.60 982.60 902.00 977.60 968.80 917.80 963.20 982.40 921.60 972.40 990.80
Net Cts = 35825.6 35127.6 35026.2 34426.6 34634.4 34451.4 33950.0 33809.8 34085.6 33207.8 33028.4
σnet = 194.49 192.60 191.92 190.75 191.25 190.50 189.42 189.15 189.56 187.50 187.12
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.93 0.92
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -12.73 -6.20 -4.22 -3.12 -2.50 -2.11 -1.81 -1.57 -1.43 -1.29
(du/dx) = -- -3.07 -0.83 -0.65 -0.31 -0.23 -0.21 -0.17 -0.11 -0.13 -0.12
(cm-1) = -- 2.46E-01 1.37E-01 1.61E-01 1.02E-01 9.40E-02 1.07E-01 9.91E-02 7.44E-02 1.01E-01 9.67E-02
(cm-1) = -- 9.65E-02 4.68E-02 3.15E-02 2.34E-02 1.86E-02 1.56E-02 1.34E-02 1.16E-02 1.04E-02 9.36E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.22E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.19E-02
291
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Saturated Felt, 0.795.76 (MeV)

3.5E-01
Cs134,0.795 [MeV]
3.0E-01
μmat (cm-1) 2.5E-01
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Cs134,0.795 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0801 0.165 0.2468 0.3318 0.4162 0.5007 0.5841 0.66921 0.75488 0.84048
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 26784 26305 26167 26239 25919 26172 25935 25553 25548 25341 25578
Total B.G. = 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323
Total C.C. = 268.40 247.00 236.00 197.60 249.80 226.20 281.20 238.40 211.20 244.60 225.60
Net Cts = 26514.5 26056.9 25929.9 26040.3 25668.1 25944.7 25652.7 25313.5 25335.7 25095.3 25351.3
σnet = 164.48 162.95 162.49 162.60 161.77 162.48 161.92 160.60 160.50 159.96 160.64
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.96
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -12.70 -6.20 -4.13 -3.11 -2.46 -2.06 -1.79 -1.56 -1.40 -1.24
(du/dx) = -- -2.71 -0.82 -0.30 -0.29 -0.13 -0.13 -0.14 -0.10 -0.10 -0.06
(cm-1) = -- 2.17E-01 1.35E-01 7.31E-02 9.78E-02 5.22E-02 6.60E-02 7.94E-02 6.80E-02 7.29E-02 5.34E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.10E-01 5.35E-02 3.57E-02 2.67E-02 2.12E-02 1.77E-02 1.52E-02 1.33E-02 1.18E-02 1.06E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.15E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.36E-02
292

9.0E-01
8.0E-01 Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
7.0E-01
6.0E-01
5.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
4.0E-01
3.0E-01
2.0E-01
1.0E-01
0.0E+00
-1.0E-01
-2.0E-01
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0801 0.165 0.2468 0.3318 0.4162 0.5007 0.5841 0.66921 0.75488 0.84048
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 2809 2719 2796 2611 2608 2671 2679 2690 2605 2675 2661
Total B.G. = 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353
Total C.C. = 139.63 135.33 148.35 137.03 129.15 130.75 142.75 148.55 109.20 153.08 113.25
Net Cts = 2668.1 2582.4 2646.4 2472.7 2477.6 2539.0 2535.0 2540.2 2494.6 2520.7 2546.5
σnet = 54.31 53.44 54.27 52.43 52.33 52.94 53.13 53.29 52.11 53.19 52.68
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.97 0.99 0.93 0.93 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.95
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
(du/dc) = -- -12.90 -6.11 -4.37 -3.25 -2.52 -2.10 -1.80 -1.60 -1.40 -1.25
(du/dx) = -- -5.09 -0.30 -1.25 -0.67 -0.29 -0.20 -0.14 -0.15 -0.10 -0.07
(cm-1) = -- 4.08E-01 4.95E-02 3.08E-01 2.23E-01 1.19E-01 1.02E-01 8.41E-02 1.01E-01 7.53E-02 5.55E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.63E-01 1.75E-01 1.19E-01 8.84E-02 7.00E-02 5.84E-02 5.01E-02 4.36E-02 3.88E-02 3.45E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.53E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 4.47E-02
293

3.0E+00
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
2.5E+00
2.0E+00
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E+00
1.0E+00
5.0E-01
0.0E+00
-5.0E-01
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0801 0.165 0.2468 0.3318 0.4162 0.5007 0.5841 0.66921 0.75488 0.84048
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 288 256 277 264 268 258 271 251 230 278 241
Total B.G. = 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151
Total C.C. = 34.80 27.60 36.00 32.80 24.40 36.40 38.20 32.00 30.60 41.80 31.00
Net Cts = 252.7 227.9 240.5 230.7 243.1 221.1 232.3 218.5 198.9 235.7 209.5
σnet = 17.99 16.86 17.71 17.25 17.12 17.18 17.61 16.85 16.17 17.91 16.52
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.95 0.91 0.96 0.87 0.92 0.86 0.79 0.93 0.83
σc = -- 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09
(du/dc) = -- -13.84 -6.37 -4.44 -3.13 -2.75 -2.17 -1.98 -1.90 -1.42 -1.44
(du/dx) = -- -16.10 -1.82 -1.50 -0.35 -0.77 -0.34 -0.43 -0.53 -0.12 -0.27
(cm-1) = -- 1.29E+00 3.00E-01 3.69E-01 1.17E-01 3.21E-01 1.68E-01 2.49E-01 3.58E-01 9.23E-02 2.23E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.28E+00 6.21E-01 4.18E-01 3.02E-01 2.53E-01 2.08E-01 1.80E-01 1.62E-01 1.38E-01 1.26E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 3.49E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.58E-01
294

2.5E+00
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
2.0E+00
1.5E+00
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E+00
5.0E-01
0.0E+00
-5.0E-01
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0801 0.165 0.2468 0.3318 0.4162 0.5007 0.5841 0.66921 0.75488 0.84048
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 491 451 480 460 422 438 441 423 425 388 390
Total B.G. = 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
Total C.C. = 42.80 39.16 47.96 36.96 60.28 50.16 58.52 53.68 64.24 53.24 36.96
Net Cts = 447.7 411.3 431.5 422.5 361.2 387.3 382.0 368.8 360.3 334.3 352.5
σnet = 23.12 22.16 22.99 22.31 21.98 22.11 22.37 21.85 22.14 21.02 20.68
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.96 0.94 0.81 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.75 0.79
σc = -- 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
(du/dc) = -- -13.59 -6.29 -4.29 -3.74 -2.78 -2.34 -2.08 -1.86 -1.77 -1.51
(du/dx) = -- -13.20 -1.35 -0.95 -1.95 -0.84 -0.63 -0.57 -0.49 -0.51 -0.34
(cm-1) = -- 1.06E+00 2.23E-01 2.34E-01 6.47E-01 3.48E-01 3.17E-01 3.32E-01 3.25E-01 3.87E-01 2.84E-01
(cm-1) = -- 9.32E-01 4.50E-01 2.99E-01 2.41E-01 1.85E-01 1.56E-01 1.35E-01 1.20E-01 1.08E-01 9.30E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.15E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.15E-01
295

1.5E-01
Co-60, 1.174 [MeV]
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
-1.0E-01
-1.5E-01
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Co-60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0801 0.165 0.2468 0.3318 0.4162 0.5007 0.5841 0.66921 0.75488 0.84048
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 24696 24690 24634 24288 24240 24201 24038 24173 23837 23603 23534
Total B.G. = 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342
Total C.C. = 561.40 528.46 488.48 466.20 535.40 514.90 480.00 548.50 508.00 521.20 514.10
Net Cts = 24133.4 24160.4 24144.3 23820.6 23703.4 23684.9 23556.8 23623.3 23327.8 23080.6 23018.7
σnet = 158.93 158.81 158.50 157.34 157.41 157.22 156.59 157.23 156.03 155.32 155.08
c (A/Ao) = 1 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -12.47 -6.06 -4.11 -3.07 -2.45 -2.05 -1.75 -1.55 -1.39 -1.25
(du/dx) = -- 0.17 0.02 -0.21 -0.16 -0.11 -0.10 -0.06 -0.08 -0.08 -0.07
-1
(cm ) = -- -1.39E-02 -2.74E-03 5.29E-02 5.42E-02 4.51E-02 4.83E-02 3.66E-02 5.07E-02 5.91E-02 5.63E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.16E-01 5.64E-02 3.78E-02 2.82E-02 2.25E-02 1.87E-02 1.60E-02 1.40E-02 1.25E-02 1.12E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.86E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.43E-02
296

1.5E-01
Co-60, 1.333 [MeV]
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
-1.0E-01
-1.5E-01
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Co-60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0801 0.165 0.2468 0.3318 0.4162 0.5007 0.5841 0.66921 0.75488 0.84048
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 22454 22437 22351 22158 22041 22072 21948 21878 22034 21558 21666
Total B.G. = 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304
Total C.C. = 79.20 93.60 115.20 95.40 104.40 90.00 75.60 73.80 111.60 102.60 99.00
Net Cts = 22373.7 22342.3 22234.7 22061.5 21935.5 21980.9 21871.3 21803.1 21921.3 21454.3 21565.9
σnet = 150.11 150.11 149.89 149.18 148.82 148.87 148.41 148.17 148.82 147.18 147.53
c (A/Ao) = 1 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.96 0.96
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -12.50 -6.10 -4.11 -3.07 -2.45 -2.04 -1.76 -1.53 -1.38 -1.23
(du/dx) = -- -0.22 -0.23 -0.23 -0.18 -0.10 -0.09 -0.08 -0.05 -0.07 -0.05
(cm-1) = -- 1.75E-02 3.78E-02 5.69E-02 5.96E-02 4.26E-02 4.54E-02 4.42E-02 3.05E-02 5.56E-02 4.38E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.19E-01 5.76E-02 3.86E-02 2.88E-02 2.29E-02 1.91E-02 1.64E-02 1.43E-02 1.27E-02 1.14E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.34E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.46E-02
297

2.0E-01
Na-24, 1.369 [MeV]
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
-1.0E-01
-1.5E-01
-2.0E-01
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Na-24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0801 0.165 0.2468 0.3318 0.4162 0.5007 0.5841 0.66921 0.75488 0.84048
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 13652 13666 13681 13544 13418 13214 13238 13236 13109 13019 12982
Total B.G. = 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207
Total C.C. = 204.25 234.21 212.63 207.76 188.83 200.61 206.34 207.59 207.59 225.40 186.66
Net Cts = 13447.0 13431.1 13467.7 13335.5 13228.4 13012.7 13030.9 13027.7 12900.7 12792.9 12794.6
σnet = 117.72 117.90 117.88 117.27 116.65 115.83 115.95 115.95 115.40 115.09 114.76
c (A/Ao) = 1 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -12.50 -6.05 -4.09 -3.06 -2.48 -2.06 -1.77 -1.56 -1.39 -1.25
(du/dx) = -- -0.19 0.06 -0.14 -0.15 -0.19 -0.13 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.07
(cm-1) = -- 1.48E-02 -9.29E-03 3.37E-02 4.94E-02 7.89E-02 6.28E-02 5.42E-02 6.20E-02 6.61E-02 5.92E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.55E-01 7.50E-02 5.03E-02 3.75E-02 3.00E-02 2.49E-02 2.14E-02 1.87E-02 1.66E-02 1.49E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.72E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.91E-02
298

3.0E-01
2.5E-01 Na-24, 2.755 [MeV]
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
-1.0E-01
-1.5E-01
-2.0E-01
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Na-24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0801 0.165 0.2468 0.3318 0.4162 0.5007 0.5841 0.66921 0.75488 0.84048
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 8080 8058 7988 7804 7951 7718 7989 7780 7780 7729 7766
Total B.G. = 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Total C.C. = 81.00 95.40 88.20 85.40 80.00 68.80 93.40 84.80 120.20 84.80 72.20
Net Cts = 7998.7 7962.3 7899.5 7718.3 7870.7 7648.9 7895.3 7694.9 7659.5 7643.9 7693.5
σnet = 90.34 90.30 89.87 88.83 89.62 88.25 89.91 88.69 88.89 88.40 88.54
c (A/Ao) = 1 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.99 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -12.54 -6.14 -4.20 -3.06 -2.51 -2.02 -1.78 -1.56 -1.39 -1.24
(du/dx) = -- -0.71 -0.46 -0.59 -0.15 -0.26 -0.05 -0.11 -0.10 -0.08 -0.06
(cm-1) = -- 5.69E-02 7.56E-02 1.45E-01 4.86E-02 1.07E-01 2.60E-02 6.63E-02 6.48E-02 6.01E-02 4.63E-02
(cm-1) = -- 2.00E-01 9.72E-02 6.54E-02 4.83E-02 3.88E-02 3.20E-02 2.76E-02 2.42E-02 2.14E-02 1.92E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 6.97E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.46E-02
299
Gypsum Material Narrow-beam Data
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Gypsum, 0.0595 (MeV)

2.5E-01
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
2.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Figure 145: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Gypsum, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 95: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Gypsum, 0.0595 (MeV)
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Gypsum

Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.256 2.512 3.764 5.013 6.263 7.516 8.771 10.024 11.276 12.526
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1574 1300 1008 876 731 579 492 389 302 272 231
Total B.G. = 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624
Total C.C. = 134 123 109 92.8 74.8 59.8 72 45.4 44.8 27.8 28.2
Net Cts = 1434.4 1171.4 893.4 777.6 650.6 513.6 414.4 338.0 251.6 238.6 197.2
σnet = 41.36 37.76 33.46 31.17 28.43 25.33 23.80 20.91 18.69 17.39 16.18
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.82 0.62 0.54 0.45 0.36 0.29 0.24 0.18 0.17 0.14
σc = -- 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.97 -0.64 -0.49 -0.44 -0.45 -0.46 -0.48 -0.57 -0.53 -0.58
(du/dx) = -- -0.13 -0.08 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01
(cm-1) = -- 1.61E-01 1.88E-01 1.63E-01 1.58E-01 1.64E-01 1.65E-01 1.65E-01 1.74E-01 1.59E-01 1.58E-01
(cm-1) = -- 3.44E-02 1.88E-02 1.31E-02 1.04E-02 9.12E-03 8.55E-03 7.78E-03 7.95E-03 6.95E-03 6.95E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.66E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 4.69E-03
300

1.0E-01
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
μmat (cm-1)
-5.0E-02
-1.0E-01
-1.5E-01
-2.0E-01
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2564 2.5123 3.7637 5.0129 6.2634 7.5157 8.7706 10.0243 11.2755 12.5263
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1784 1737 1594 1582 1445 1390 1330 1233 1175 1177 1048
Total B.G. = 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525
Total C.C. = 1218.3 1125.6 1048.9 1045.2 958 918.1 899.8 854.1 799.4 787.3 795.9
Net Cts = 563.9 609.6 543.3 535.0 485.2 470.1 428.4 377.1 373.8 387.9 250.3
σnet = 54.81 53.52 51.42 51.27 49.04 48.06 47.24 45.70 44.45 44.34 42.96
c (A/Ao) = 1 1.08 0.96 0.95 0.86 0.83 0.76 0.67 0.66 0.69 0.44
σc = -- 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09
(du/dc) = -- -0.74 -0.41 -0.28 -0.23 -0.19 -0.18 -0.17 -0.15 -0.13 -0.18
(du/dx) = -- 0.05 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01
(cm-1) = -- -6.20E-02 1.48E-02 1.40E-02 3.00E-02 2.90E-02 3.66E-02 4.59E-02 4.10E-02 3.32E-02 6.48E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.04E-01 5.40E-02 3.63E-02 2.80E-02 2.25E-02 1.96E-02 1.77E-02 1.53E-02 1.33E-02 1.57E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.47E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.33E-02
301

8.0E-02
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2564 2.5123 3.7637 5.0129 6.2634 7.5157 8.7706 10.0243 11.2755 12.5263
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 4224 3988 3818 3656 3374 3361 3280 2903 2845 2783 2708
Total B.G. = 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381
Total C.C. = 1144 1087.4 999.2 1014 983.6 944.2 873.2 909.6 832.4 783 786
Net Cts = 3078.7 2899.3 2817.5 2640.7 2389.1 2415.5 2405.5 1992.1 2011.3 1998.7 1920.7
σnet = 73.28 71.25 69.42 68.35 66.02 65.62 64.46 61.76 60.65 59.73 59.12
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.94 0.92 0.86 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.62
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -0.85 -0.43 -0.31 -0.26 -0.20 -0.17 -0.18 -0.15 -0.14 -0.13
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 4.78E-02 3.53E-02 4.08E-02 5.06E-02 3.87E-02 3.28E-02 4.96E-02 4.25E-02 3.83E-02 3.77E-02
(cm-1) = -- 2.72E-02 1.36E-02 9.34E-03 7.28E-03 5.77E-03 4.77E-03 4.46E-03 3.83E-03 3.39E-03 3.11E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.14E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.43E-03
302

6.0E-02
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
-1.0E-02
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2564 2.5123 3.7637 5.0129 6.2634 7.5157 8.7706 10.0243 11.2755 12.5263
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 7036 6820 6416 6012 5646 5462 5194 4899 4825 4528 4135
Total B.G. = 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505
Total C.C. = 1404.4 1283.6 1155 1184 1219.8 1108 1044.8 1039.8 962.6 955.6 986
Net Cts = 5629.8 5534.6 5259.2 4826.2 4424.4 4352.2 4147.4 3857.4 3860.6 3570.6 3147.2
σnet = 91.88 90.03 87.02 84.84 82.87 81.06 79.00 77.07 76.09 74.06 71.57
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.93 0.86 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.69 0.69 0.63 0.56
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -0.81 -0.43 -0.31 -0.25 -0.21 -0.18 -0.17 -0.15 -0.14 -0.14
(du/dx) = -- -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 1.36E-02 2.71E-02 4.09E-02 4.81E-02 4.11E-02 4.07E-02 4.31E-02 3.76E-02 4.04E-02 4.64E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.83E-02 9.25E-03 6.37E-03 4.96E-03 3.95E-03 3.34E-03 2.94E-03 2.55E-03 2.34E-03 2.23E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.79E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.32E-03
303

6.0E-02
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2564 2.5123 3.7637 5.0129 6.2634 7.5157 8.7706 10.0243 11.2755 12.5263
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 36126 34291 32369 31343 29450 28057 26791 25206 24094 22753 21871
Total B.G. = 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529
Total C.C. = 1004.6 983.4 909.8 884 883 810.6 777.6 736.4 766.2 730.2 659.2
Net Cts = 35119.6 33305.8 31457.4 30457.2 28565.2 27244.6 26011.6 24467.8 23326.0 22021.0 21210.0
σnet = 192.70 187.82 182.43 179.52 174.17 169.91 166.04 161.07 157.68 153.25 150.11
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.90 0.87 0.81 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.60
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.84 -0.44 -0.31 -0.25 -0.21 -0.18 -0.16 -0.15 -0.14 -0.13
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 4.22E-02 4.38E-02 3.78E-02 4.12E-02 4.05E-02 3.99E-02 4.12E-02 4.08E-02 4.14E-02 4.03E-02
(cm-1) = -- 6.26E-03 3.18E-03 2.14E-03 1.64E-03 1.33E-03 1.12E-03 9.77E-04 8.69E-04 7.86E-04 7.15E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 4.09E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.90E-04
304

7.0E-02
Cs134,0.795 [MeV]
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134,0.795 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2564 2.5123 3.7637 5.0129 6.2634 7.5157 8.7706 10.0243 11.2755 12.5263
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 26784 25109 24291 23058 22029 21106 20235 19438 18362 17392 16786
Total B.G. = 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323
Total C.C. = 279 232 234.2 208.4 235 242.4 216.6 198.4 176 175 159.4
Net Cts = 26503.9 24875.9 24055.7 22848.5 21792.9 20862.5 20017.3 19238.5 18184.9 17215.9 16625.5
σnet = 164.51 159.19 156.61 152.54 149.22 146.11 143.01 140.13 136.16 132.55 130.18
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.94 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.69 0.65 0.63
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.85 -0.44 -0.31 -0.24 -0.20 -0.18 -0.16 -0.15 -0.14 -0.13
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 5.05E-02 3.86E-02 3.94E-02 3.90E-02 3.82E-02 3.73E-02 3.65E-02 3.76E-02 3.83E-02 3.72E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.10E-03 3.58E-03 2.42E-03 1.84E-03 1.49E-03 1.26E-03 1.09E-03 9.70E-04 8.77E-04 7.98E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 3.93E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.93E-04
305

7.0E-02
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2564 2.5123 3.7637 5.0129 6.2634 7.5157 8.7706 10.0243 11.2755 12.5263
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 2777 2613 2515 2467 2388 2151 2099 2048 1920 1865 1669
Total B.G. = 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353
Total C.C. = 161.625 125.175 122.65 90.95 111.65 93.375 67.625 86.725 91.175 84.75 66.4
Net Cts = 2614.1 2486.6 2391.1 2374.8 2275.1 2056.4 2030.1 1960.0 1827.6 1779.0 1601.4
σnet = 54.22 52.34 51.37 50.59 50.01 47.39 46.56 46.22 44.86 44.17 41.67
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.91 0.91 0.87 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.70 0.68 0.61
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -0.84 -0.44 -0.29 -0.23 -0.20 -0.17 -0.15 -0.14 -0.13 -0.13
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 3.98E-02 3.55E-02 2.55E-02 2.77E-02 3.83E-02 3.36E-02 3.28E-02 3.57E-02 3.41E-02 3.91E-02
(cm-1) = -- 2.35E-02 1.19E-02 7.90E-03 6.03E-03 4.95E-03 4.11E-03 3.58E-03 3.21E-03 2.87E-03 2.66E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.42E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.95E-03
306

1.8E-01
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
1.6E-01
1.4E-01
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
-4.0E-02
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2564 2.5123 3.7637 5.0129 6.2634 7.5157 8.7706 10.0243 11.2755 12.5263
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 279 261 242 235 270 230 204 183 202 191 202
Total B.G. = 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151
Total C.C. = 29.6 34 29.4 29.8 27 23.6 25.8 15.6 22.2 20.8 18.6
Net Cts = 248.9 226.5 212.1 204.7 242.5 205.9 177.7 166.9 179.3 169.7 182.9
σnet = 17.59 17.20 16.50 16.30 17.26 15.95 15.19 14.12 15.00 14.58 14.88
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.91 0.85 0.82 0.97 0.83 0.71 0.67 0.72 0.68 0.73
σc = -- 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08
(du/dc) = -- -0.87 -0.47 -0.32 -0.20 -0.19 -0.19 -0.17 -0.14 -0.13 -0.11
(du/dx) = -- -0.06 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 7.51E-02 6.37E-02 5.20E-02 5.20E-03 3.03E-02 4.48E-02 4.56E-02 3.27E-02 3.40E-02 2.46E-02
(cm-1) = -- 8.26E-02 4.18E-02 2.83E-02 2.00E-02 1.67E-02 1.48E-02 1.26E-02 1.09E-02 9.87E-03 8.60E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.08E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.04E-02
307

1.2E-01
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
-4.0E-02
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2564 2.5123 3.7637 5.0129 6.2634 7.5157 8.7706 10.0243 11.2755 12.5263
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 471 438 425 388 388 388 363 342 351 324 306
Total B.G. = 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
Total C.C. = 42.4 30.8 33.6 24.8 34 27.8 28.6 30.8 22.8 25.4 14.8
Net Cts = 428.1 406.7 390.9 362.7 353.5 359.7 333.9 310.7 327.7 298.1 290.7
σnet = 22.68 21.67 21.43 20.34 20.56 20.41 19.81 19.33 19.35 18.71 17.93
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.91 0.85 0.83 0.84 0.78 0.73 0.77 0.70 0.68
σc = -- 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
(du/dc) = -- -0.84 -0.44 -0.31 -0.24 -0.19 -0.17 -0.16 -0.13 -0.13 -0.12
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 4.08E-02 3.62E-02 4.40E-02 3.82E-02 2.78E-02 3.31E-02 3.65E-02 2.67E-02 3.21E-02 3.09E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.98E-02 3.03E-02 2.05E-02 1.57E-02 1.24E-02 1.06E-02 9.32E-03 7.91E-03 7.28E-03 6.49E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.46E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.53E-03
308

4.5E-02
Co-60, 1.174 [MeV]
4.0E-02
3.5E-02
3.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Co-60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2564 2.5123 3.7637 5.0129 6.2634 7.5157 8.7706 10.0243 11.2755 12.5263
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 24951 23826 22847 21862 21252 20453 19840 18854 18194 17569 16847
Total B.G. = 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342
Total C.C. = 599.1 515 493.6 476.1 456.9 435.2 458.8 395 470.9 431.1 444.4
Net Cts = 24350.7 23309.8 22352.2 21384.7 20793.9 20016.6 19380.0 18457.8 17721.9 17136.7 16401.4
σnet = 159.85 156.02 152.78 149.46 147.34 144.53 142.48 138.75 136.62 134.17 131.50
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.67
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.83 -0.43 -0.30 -0.23 -0.19 -0.17 -0.15 -0.14 -0.13 -0.12
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 3.48E-02 3.41E-02 3.45E-02 3.15E-02 3.13E-02 3.04E-02 3.16E-02 3.17E-02 3.12E-02 3.15E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.46E-03 3.77E-03 2.55E-03 1.93E-03 1.56E-03 1.31E-03 1.14E-03 1.01E-03 9.06E-04 8.27E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 3.23E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.39E-04
309

6.0E-02
Co-60, 1.333 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Co-60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2564 2.5123 3.7637 5.0129 6.2634 7.5157 8.7706 10.0243 11.2755 12.5263
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 22894 21485 20816 20199 19434 18751 18215 17490 16916 16330 15635
Total B.G. = 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304
Total C.C. = 122.4 86.4 102.6 91.8 102.6 93.6 91.8 75.6 108 72 81
Net Cts = 22770.5 21397.5 20712.3 20106.1 19330.3 18656.3 18122.1 17413.3 16806.9 16256.9 15552.9
σnet = 151.72 146.88 144.64 142.45 139.78 137.28 135.31 132.54 130.48 128.07 125.37
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.94 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.76 0.74 0.71 0.68
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.85 -0.44 -0.30 -0.23 -0.19 -0.17 -0.15 -0.14 -0.12 -0.12
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 4.95E-02 3.77E-02 3.31E-02 3.27E-02 3.18E-02 3.04E-02 3.06E-02 3.03E-02 2.99E-02 3.04E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.61E-03 3.84E-03 2.58E-03 1.96E-03 1.59E-03 1.33E-03 1.15E-03 1.02E-03 9.15E-04 8.35E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 3.36E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.56E-04
310

4.0E-02
Na-24, 1.369 [MeV]
3.5E-02
3.0E-02
2.5E-02
μmat (cm-1)
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Na-24, 1.369 (MeV)
x (cm) = -- 1.2564 2.5123 3.7637 5.0129 6.2634 7.5157 8.7706 10.0243 11.2755 12.5263
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 17446 16897 16120 15510 14911 14332 13931 13253 12829 12625 12023
Total B.G. = 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207
Total C.C. = 265.14516 280.935 294.9673387 239.817 251.494 249.453 245.944 238.798 234.052 207.076 203.71
Net Cts = 17180.1 16615.3 15824.3 15269.5 14658.8 14081.8 13684.3 13013.5 12594.2 12417.2 11818.6
σnet = 133.09 131.07 128.12 125.50 123.14 120.76 119.07 116.16 114.30 113.28 110.58
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.97 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.72 0.69
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.82 -0.43 -0.30 -0.23 -0.19 -0.17 -0.15 -0.14 -0.12 -0.12
(du/dx) = -- -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 2.66E-02 3.27E-02 3.13E-02 3.17E-02 3.18E-02 3.03E-02 3.17E-02 3.10E-02 2.88E-02 2.99E-02
(cm-1) = -- 8.80E-03 4.46E-03 3.00E-03 2.28E-03 1.85E-03 1.55E-03 1.35E-03 1.19E-03 1.06E-03 9.70E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 3.06E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.11E-03
311

5.0E-02
Na-24, 2.755 [MeV]
4.5E-02
4.0E-02
3.5E-02
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Na-24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2564 2.5123 3.7637 5.0129 6.2634 7.5157 8.7706 10.0243 11.2755 12.5263
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 10375 9951 9894 9379 9190 8974 8867 8625 8306 8187 7890
Total B.G. = 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Total C.C. = 68.8 111.8 133.4 115.4 120 109 90.2 85.2 90.4 79.6 113.4
Net Cts = 10305.9 9838.9 9760.3 9263.3 9069.7 8864.7 8776.5 8539.5 8215.3 8107.1 7776.3
σnet = 102.20 100.32 100.14 97.44 96.49 95.31 94.65 93.33 91.64 90.92 89.47
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.95 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.80 0.79 0.75
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.83 -0.42 -0.30 -0.23 -0.19 -0.16 -0.14 -0.13 -0.11 -0.11
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 3.69E-02 2.17E-02 2.83E-02 2.55E-02 2.41E-02 2.14E-02 2.14E-02 2.26E-02 2.13E-02 2.25E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.13E-02 5.68E-03 3.84E-03 2.90E-03 2.34E-03 1.95E-03 1.68E-03 1.49E-03 1.33E-03 1.21E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.46E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.42E-03
312
OSB Sheathing Material Narrow-beam Data
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: OSB, 0.0595 (MeV)

1.4E-01
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Figure 158: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: OSB, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 108: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: OSB, 0.0595 (MeV)
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: OSB

Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.233 2.454 3.706 4.985 6.288 7.574 8.873 10.184 11.545 12.831
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1539 1394 1267 1061 918 918 715 605 538 501 441
Total B.G. = 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624
Total C.C. = 147.40 135.20 108.20 97.80 107.00 107.00 73.00 62.00 53.40 54.40 44.60
Net Cts = 1386.0 1253.2 1153.2 957.6 805.4 805.4 636.4 537.4 479.0 441.0 390.8
σnet = 41.10 39.14 37.12 34.08 32.06 32.06 28.12 25.88 24.37 23.62 22.10
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.83 0.69 0.58 0.58 0.46 0.39 0.35 0.32 0.28
σc = -- 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -0.90 -0.49 -0.39 -0.35 -0.27 -0.29 -0.29 -0.28 -0.27 -0.28
(du/dx) = -- -0.07 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
(cm-1) = -- 8.17E-02 7.49E-02 9.98E-02 1.09E-01 8.63E-02 1.03E-01 1.07E-01 1.04E-01 9.92E-02 9.87E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.49E-02 1.78E-02 1.25E-02 9.96E-03 7.89E-03 7.03E-03 6.37E-03 5.78E-03 5.30E-03 4.98E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.63E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.51E-03
313

1.5E-01
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
-1.0E-01
-1.5E-01
-2.0E-01
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2329 2.4540 3.7061 4.9850 6.2876 7.5735 8.8734 10.1835 11.5454 12.8307
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1756 1665 1594 1463 1416 1370 1273 1199 1147 1012 1046
Total B.G. = 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525
Total C.C. = 1156.70 1006.40 1046.70 1030.20 929.10 943.10 808.80 837.50 750.90 697.60 740.20
Net Cts = 597.5 656.8 545.5 431.0 485.1 425.1 462.4 359.7 394.3 312.6 304.0
σnet = 53.98 51.70 51.40 49.95 48.44 48.11 45.64 45.14 43.58 41.37 42.28
c (A/Ao) = 1 1.10 0.91 0.72 0.81 0.71 0.77 0.60 0.66 0.52 0.51
σc = -- 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08
(du/dc) = -- -0.74 -0.45 -0.37 -0.25 -0.22 -0.17 -0.19 -0.15 -0.17 -0.15
(du/dx) = -- 0.06 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- -7.68E-02 3.71E-02 8.81E-02 4.18E-02 5.41E-02 3.38E-02 5.72E-02 4.08E-02 5.61E-02 5.27E-02
(cm-1) = -- 9.72E-02 5.32E-02 3.97E-02 2.70E-02 2.30E-02 1.77E-02 1.74E-02 1.40E-02 1.39E-02 1.29E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.85E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.28E-02
314
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: OSB, 0.563.26 (MeV)

1.0E-01
9.0E-02 Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
8.0E-02
7.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2329 2.454 3.7061 4.985 6.2876 7.5735 8.8734 10.1835 11.5454 12.8307
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 4323 4035 3930 3615 3324 3158 2957 2806 2665 2540 2398
Total B.G. = 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381
Total C.C. = 1112.60 1066.20 1051.60 1047.40 909.60 884.80 832.80 836.40 802.40 771.40 712.60
Net Cts = 3209.1 2967.5 2877.1 2566.3 2413.1 2271.9 2122.9 1968.3 1861.3 1767.3 1684.1
σnet = 73.74 71.43 70.59 68.29 65.08 63.59 61.57 60.36 58.90 57.56 55.78
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.90 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.66 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.52
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -0.88 -0.45 -0.34 -0.27 -0.22 -0.20 -0.18 -0.17 -0.16 -0.15
(du/dx) = -- -0.05 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 6.35E-02 4.45E-02 6.03E-02 5.72E-02 5.49E-02 5.46E-02 5.51E-02 5.35E-02 5.17E-02 5.03E-02
(cm-1) = -- 2.70E-02 1.37E-02 9.49E-03 7.11E-03 5.76E-03 4.89E-03 4.32E-03 3.84E-03 3.45E-03 3.14E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.45E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.42E-03
315

9.0E-02
8.0E-02 Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2329 2.454 3.7061 4.985 6.2876 7.5735 8.8734 10.1835 11.5454 12.8307
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 7223 6768 6268 5942 5606 5237 4891 4586 4367 4072 3863
Total B.G. = 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505
Total C.C. = 1340.40 1315.40 1195.60 1160.00 1121.20 1104.40 1021.80 1005.00 910.00 884.00 886.00
Net Cts = 5880.8 5450.8 5070.6 4780.2 4483.0 4130.8 3867.4 3579.2 3455.2 3186.2 2975.2
σnet = 92.55 89.92 86.40 84.28 82.03 79.64 76.90 74.78 72.65 70.41 68.92
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.70 0.66 0.61 0.59 0.54 0.51
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.88 -0.47 -0.33 -0.26 -0.23 -0.20 -0.19 -0.17 -0.16 -0.15
(du/dx) = -- -0.05 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 6.16E-02 6.04E-02 5.59E-02 5.44E-02 5.62E-02 5.53E-02 5.60E-02 5.22E-02 5.31E-02 5.31E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.85E-02 9.45E-03 6.38E-03 4.84E-03 3.96E-03 3.35E-03 2.95E-03 2.58E-03 2.35E-03 2.18E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.58E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.34E-03
316

8.0E-02
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2329 2.454 3.7061 4.985 6.2876 7.5735 8.8734 10.1835 11.5454 12.8307
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 36350 34127 32270 30351 28119 26480 24965 23403 21772 20617 19254
Total B.G. = 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529
Total C.C. = 968.00 922.60 868.20 891.40 824.80 781.00 731.00 733.40 705.20 667.20 586.00
Net Cts = 35380.2 33202.6 31400.0 29457.8 27292.4 25697.2 24232.2 22667.8 21065.0 19948.0 18666.2
σnet = 193.18 187.22 182.04 176.76 170.13 165.11 160.30 155.36 149.93 145.90 140.86
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.94 0.89 0.83 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.53
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -0.86 -0.46 -0.32 -0.26 -0.22 -0.19 -0.18 -0.16 -0.15 -0.15
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 5.15E-02 4.86E-02 4.94E-02 5.21E-02 5.09E-02 5.00E-02 5.02E-02 5.09E-02 4.96E-02 4.98E-02
(cm-1) = -- 6.37E-03 3.25E-03 2.19E-03 1.66E-03 1.34E-03 1.13E-03 9.88E-04 8.81E-04 7.91E-04 7.26E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 5.03E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.04E-04
317

6.0E-02
Cs134,0.795 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134,0.795 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2329 2.454 3.7061 4.985 6.2876 7.5735 8.8734 10.1835 11.5454 12.8307
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 26602 25088 24121 22465 21477 20078 18982 17969 17010 16096 15337
Total B.G. = 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323
Total C.C. = 248.40 239.40 236.40 223.00 212.20 228.80 193.60 171.40 210.40 160.20 158.20
Net Cts = 26352.5 24847.5 23883.5 22240.9 21263.7 19848.1 18787.3 17796.5 16798.5 15934.7 15177.7
σnet = 163.86 159.15 156.07 150.63 147.28 142.51 138.48 134.69 131.23 127.50 124.48
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.94 0.91 0.84 0.81 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.64 0.60 0.58
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.86 -0.45 -0.32 -0.25 -0.21 -0.19 -0.17 -0.15 -0.14 -0.14
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 4.77E-02 4.01E-02 4.58E-02 4.30E-02 4.51E-02 4.47E-02 4.42E-02 4.42E-02 4.36E-02 4.30E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.24E-03 3.68E-03 2.48E-03 1.87E-03 1.51E-03 1.27E-03 1.10E-03 9.81E-04 8.78E-04 8.02E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 4.41E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.12E-04
318

1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2329 2.454 3.7061 4.985 6.2876 7.5735 8.8734 10.1835 11.5454 12.8307
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 2822 2582 2559 2487 2200 2059 1994 1888 1695 1732 1570
Total B.G. = 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353
Total C.C. = 136.10 132.05 123.43 112.88 90.03 87.73 92.78 75.65 80.48 73.90 64.43
Net Cts = 2684.7 2448.7 2434.3 2372.9 2108.7 1970.0 1900.0 1811.1 1613.3 1656.9 1504.3
σnet = 54.40 52.11 51.80 51.00 47.87 46.35 45.69 44.33 42.15 42.51 40.44
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.91 0.91 0.88 0.79 0.73 0.71 0.67 0.60 0.62 0.56
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -0.89 -0.45 -0.31 -0.26 -0.22 -0.19 -0.17 -0.16 -0.14 -0.14
(du/dx) = -- -0.06 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 7.46E-02 3.99E-02 3.33E-02 4.84E-02 4.92E-02 4.56E-02 4.44E-02 5.00E-02 4.18E-02 4.51E-02
(cm-1) = -- 2.38E-02 1.20E-02 7.97E-03 6.10E-03 4.94E-03 4.15E-03 3.58E-03 3.25E-03 2.83E-03 2.62E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.72E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.99E-03
319

1.8E-01
1.6E-01 Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.4E-01
1.2E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2329 2.454 3.7061 4.985 6.2876 7.5735 8.8734 10.1835 11.5454 12.8307
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 274 271 198 241 215 201 203 174 196 174 150
Total B.G. = 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151
Total C.C. = 20.70 29.70 20.70 25.20 24.30 20.70 22.50 23.40 6.30 11.70 19.80
Net Cts = 252.8 240.8 176.8 215.3 190.2 179.8 180.0 150.1 189.2 161.8 129.7
σnet = 17.19 17.36 14.82 16.34 15.50 14.92 15.04 14.08 14.25 13.66 13.06
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.70 0.85 0.75 0.71 0.71 0.59 0.75 0.64 0.51
σc = -- 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.06
(du/dc) = -- -0.85 -0.58 -0.32 -0.27 -0.22 -0.19 -0.19 -0.13 -0.14 -0.15
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.06 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 3.94E-02 1.46E-01 4.33E-02 5.71E-02 5.42E-02 4.49E-02 5.88E-02 2.85E-02 3.87E-02 5.20E-02
(cm-1) = -- 8.04E-02 4.40E-02 2.75E-02 2.13E-02 1.71E-02 1.42E-02 1.31E-02 9.97E-03 9.39E-03 9.47E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.63E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.03E-02
320

2.0E-01
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
1.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2329 2.454 3.7061 4.985 6.2876 7.5735 8.8734 10.1835 11.5454 12.8307
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 447 401 432 396 357 351 369 337 325 289 303
Total B.G. = 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
Total C.C. = 28.00 42.20 32.20 20.20 21.60 16.00 20.60 18.60 12.60 17.60 20.80
Net Cts = 418.5 358.3 399.3 375.3 334.9 334.5 347.9 317.9 311.9 270.9 281.7
σnet = 21.81 21.07 21.56 20.42 19.48 19.18 19.76 18.88 18.40 17.53 18.02
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.86 0.95 0.90 0.80 0.80 0.83 0.76 0.75 0.65 0.67
σc = -- 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06
(du/dc) = -- -0.95 -0.43 -0.30 -0.25 -0.20 -0.16 -0.15 -0.13 -0.13 -0.12
(du/dx) = -- -0.10 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 1.26E-01 1.91E-02 2.94E-02 4.47E-02 3.56E-02 2.44E-02 3.10E-02 2.89E-02 3.77E-02 3.09E-02
(cm-1) = -- 6.37E-02 3.06E-02 2.03E-02 1.57E-02 1.23E-02 1.02E-02 8.90E-03 7.73E-03 7.20E-03 6.43E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.08E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.84E-03
321

6.0E-02
Co-60, 1.174 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Co-60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2329 2.454 3.7061 4.985 6.2876 7.5735 8.8734 10.1835 11.5454 12.8307
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 24773 23550 22794 21552 20535 19533 18443 17903 17065 16132 15535
Total B.G. = 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342
Total C.C. = 473.50 492.30 517.10 466.20 449.20 397.80 419.00 456.90 478.20 400.60 380.50
Net Cts = 24298.3 23056.5 22275.7 21084.6 20084.6 19134.0 18022.8 17444.9 16585.6 15730.2 15153.3
σnet = 158.90 155.06 152.68 148.39 144.86 141.18 137.34 135.50 132.46 128.58 126.16
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.74 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.62
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.85 -0.44 -0.31 -0.24 -0.20 -0.18 -0.16 -0.14 -0.13 -0.12
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 4.25E-02 3.54E-02 3.83E-02 3.82E-02 3.80E-02 3.94E-02 3.73E-02 3.75E-02 3.77E-02 3.68E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.61E-03 3.86E-03 2.59E-03 1.95E-03 1.57E-03 1.33E-03 1.14E-03 1.01E-03 9.07E-04 8.25E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 3.81E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.56E-04
322

6.0E-02
Co-60, 1.333 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Co-60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2329 2.454 3.7061 4.985 6.2876 7.5735 8.8734 10.1835 11.5454 12.8307
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 22691 21476 20933 19646 18984 17820 17340 16617 15644 15166 14676
Total B.G. = 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304
Total C.C. = 84.60 90.00 88.20 90.00 84.60 91.80 88.20 102.60 106.20 84.60 68.40
Net Cts = 22605.3 21384.9 20843.7 19554.9 18898.3 17727.1 17250.7 16513.3 15536.7 15080.3 14606.5
σnet = 150.92 146.86 144.99 140.49 138.09 133.84 132.02 129.31 125.50 123.50 121.43
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.92 0.87 0.84 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.69 0.67 0.65
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.86 -0.44 -0.31 -0.24 -0.20 -0.17 -0.15 -0.14 -0.13 -0.12
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 4.50E-02 3.31E-02 3.91E-02 3.59E-02 3.87E-02 3.57E-02 3.54E-02 3.68E-02 3.51E-02 3.40E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.77E-03 3.93E-03 2.65E-03 1.99E-03 1.60E-03 1.34E-03 1.16E-03 1.03E-03 9.15E-04 8.31E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 3.69E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.75E-04
323

4.0E-02
Na-24, 1.369 [MeV]
3.5E-02
3.0E-02
2.5E-02
μmat (cm-1)
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Na-24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2329 2.454 3.7061 4.985 6.2876 7.5735 8.8734 10.1835 11.5454 12.8307
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 15421 14907 14537 13826 13170 12352 12141 11433 10985 10584 10087
Total B.G. = 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207
Total C.C. = 263.14 235.36 225.12 210.67 247.00 215.32 198.90 202.15 208.18 186.15 166.15
Net Cts = 15157.1 14670.9 14311.2 13614.6 12922.3 12136.0 11941.4 11230.1 10776.1 10397.1 9920.1
σnet = 125.24 123.06 121.50 118.48 115.84 112.11 111.09 107.87 105.80 103.78 101.26
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.79 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.65
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.84 -0.43 -0.30 -0.24 -0.20 -0.17 -0.15 -0.14 -0.13 -0.12
(du/dx) = -- -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 2.64E-02 2.34E-02 2.90E-02 3.20E-02 3.54E-02 3.15E-02 3.38E-02 3.35E-02 3.26E-02 3.30E-02
(cm-1) = -- 9.55E-03 4.83E-03 3.24E-03 2.45E-03 1.97E-03 1.64E-03 1.43E-03 1.26E-03 1.12E-03 1.02E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.11E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.20E-03
324

3.0E-02
Na-24, 2.755 [MeV]
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Na-24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 1.2329 2.454 3.7061 4.985 6.2876 7.5735 8.8734 10.1835 11.5454 12.8307
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 9115 8951 8776 8405 8061 7835 7659 7414 7218 7013 6761
Total B.G. = 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Total C.C. = 87.60 98.80 87.80 105.60 88.20 74.20 96.20 82.80 101.20 64.20 67.00
Net Cts = 9027.1 8851.9 8687.9 8299.1 7972.5 7760.5 7562.5 7330.9 7116.5 6948.5 6693.7
σnet = 95.93 95.13 94.15 92.26 90.28 88.94 88.07 86.59 85.56 84.13 82.64
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.83 -0.42 -0.29 -0.23 -0.19 -0.16 -0.14 -0.12 -0.11 -0.11
(du/dx) = -- -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 1.59E-02 1.56E-02 2.27E-02 2.49E-02 2.40E-02 2.34E-02 2.35E-02 2.34E-02 2.27E-02 2.33E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.23E-02 6.19E-03 4.15E-03 3.12E-03 2.49E-03 2.08E-03 1.79E-03 1.58E-03 1.40E-03 1.27E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.19E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.53E-03
325
Steel Siding Material Narrow-beam Data
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Steel, 0.0595 (MeV)

10.5
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
10.0
9.5
9.0
μmat (cm-1)
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Figure 171: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Steel, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 121: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Steel, 0.0595 (MeV)
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Steel

Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1606 1114 731 570 385 293 229 164 118 89 73
Total B.G. = 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624
Total C.C. = 163.40 108.00 74.00 74.00 55.40 44.80 39.20 35.20 26.00 28.60 26.00
Net Cts = 1437.0 1000.4 651.4 490.4 324.0 242.6 184.2 123.2 86.4 54.8 41.4
σnet = 42.10 35.00 28.42 25.43 21.05 18.45 16.46 14.21 12.11 10.97 10.08
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.70 0.45 0.34 0.23 0.17 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.03
σc = -- 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -33.72 -25.95 -22.97 -26.06 -27.87 -30.61 -39.22 -48.94 -68.60 -81.75
(du/dx) = -- -199.57 -109.51 -66.03 -51.42 -39.36 -31.62 -27.76 -24.32 -22.33 -19.64
(cm-1) = -- 8.50E+00 9.31E+00 8.43E+00 8.75E+00 8.37E+00 8.06E+00 8.26E+00 8.27E+00 8.54E+00 8.35E+00
(cm-1) = -- 1.14E+00 6.92E-01 5.20E-01 4.67E-01 4.22E-01 4.00E-01 4.26E-01 4.43E-01 5.46E-01 5.91E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 8.48E+00
̅ (cm-1) = 1.91E-01
326

12.00
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
10.00
8.00
6.00
μmat (cm-1)
4.00
2.00
0.00
-2.00
-4.00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1456 1412 1385 1359 1381 1296 1323 1307 1215 1202 1185
Total B.G. = 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525
1000.0
Total C.C. = 1167.90 1164.90 1154.70 1116.40 1110.60 1099.40 1015.30 1035.70 981.20 0 1012.20
Net Cts = 286.3 245.3 228.5 240.8 268.6 194.8 305.9 269.5 232.0 200.2 171.0
σnet = 51.24 50.78 50.41 49.77 49.93 48.96 48.37 48.42 46.88 46.94 46.89
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.86 0.80 0.84 0.94 0.68 1.07 0.94 0.81 0.70 0.60
σc = -- 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.21 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.20
(du/dc) = -- -27.40 -14.74 -9.32 -6.26 -6.91 -3.67 -3.57 -3.63 -3.74 -3.94
(du/dx) = -- -85.17 -31.21 -10.63 -2.20 -8.52 1.02 -0.68 -1.82 -2.45 -2.85
(cm-1) = -- 3.63E+00 2.65E+00 1.36E+00 3.75E-01 1.81E+00 -2.60E-01 2.03E-01 6.19E-01 9.35E-01 1.21E+00
(cm-1) = -- 6.43E+00 3.34E+00 2.14E+00 1.52E+00 1.45E+00 9.37E-01 8.52E-01 7.94E-01 7.71E-01 7.71E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.25E+00
̅ (cm-1) = 8.06E-01
327

2.0
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
1.5
1.0
μmat (cm-1)
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 4097 3993 4014 4138 3853 3819 3681 3796 3695 3448 3432
Total B.G. = 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381
Total C.C. = 1112.4 1128.4 1052 1072 1104.4 1013.8 995.8 996 1011.8 982.2 976.8
Net Cts = 2983.3 2863.3 2960.7 3064.7 2747.3 2803.9 2683.9 2798.7 2681.9 2464.5 2453.9
σnet = 72.19 71.57 71.18 72.19 70.42 69.53 68.40 69.23 68.62 66.57 66.41
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.96 0.99 1.03 0.92 0.94 0.90 0.94 0.90 0.83 0.82
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
(du/dc) = -- -24.46 -11.85 -7.63 -6.38 -5.00 -4.36 -3.58 -3.27 -3.16 -2.86
(du/dx) = -- -22.62 -1.05 1.65 -2.84 -1.37 -1.63 -0.72 -0.92 -1.31 -1.08
(cm-1) = -- 9.64E-01 8.95E-02 -2.11E-01 4.84E-01 2.92E-01 4.15E-01 2.15E-01 3.13E-01 4.99E-01 4.60E-01
(cm-1) = -- 8.18E-01 4.01E-01 2.65E-01 2.07E-01 1.63E-01 1.38E-01 1.16E-01 1.04E-01 9.51E-02 8.57E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.52E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.01E-01
328

1.2
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
1.0
0.8
μmat (cm-1)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 6983 6835 6804 6552 6465 6346 6310 6041 6033 5750 5750
Total B.G. = 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505
Total C.C. = 1348.20 1334.60 1303.20 1335.60 1219.00 1217.40 1173.60 1192.20 1140.40 1161.40 1186.80
Net Cts = 5633.0 5498.6 5499.0 5214.6 5244.2 5126.8 5134.6 4847.0 4890.8 4586.8 4561.4
σnet = 91.28 90.39 90.05 88.82 87.67 86.98 86.52 85.06 84.70 83.14 83.30
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.98 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.91 0.86 0.87 0.81 0.81
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -24.05 -12.05 -8.47 -6.31 -5.17 -4.30 -3.91 -3.39 -3.21 -2.91
(du/dx) = -- -13.31 -3.33 -4.74 -2.47 -2.08 -1.43 -1.70 -1.22 -1.40 -1.17
(cm-1) = -- 5.67E-01 2.83E-01 6.05E-01 4.20E-01 4.43E-01 3.63E-01 5.05E-01 4.16E-01 5.37E-01 4.96E-01
(cm-1) = -- 5.43E-01 2.71E-01 1.85E-01 1.37E-01 1.11E-01 9.20E-02 8.08E-02 7.01E-02 6.41E-02 5.79E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.64E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 6.79E-02
329

0.9
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
0.8
0.7
0.6
μmat (cm-1)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 36428 35471 34809 33661 32957 32575 31994 31040 30425 29633 29325
Total B.G. = 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529
Total C.C. = 974.60 952.80 913.60 900.40 903.20 904.60 848.20 837.20 809.20 828.80 841.00
Net Cts = 35451.6 34516.4 33893.6 32758.8 32052.0 31668.6 31144.0 30201.0 29614.0 28802.4 28482.2
σnet = 193.40 190.85 189.01 185.91 184.02 182.98 181.23 178.55 176.74 174.54 173.69
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.97 0.96 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.80
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -24.11 -12.31 -8.48 -6.50 -5.27 -4.47 -3.95 -3.52 -3.22 -2.93
(du/dx) = -- -14.73 -6.22 -4.85 -3.48 -2.50 -1.99 -1.81 -1.56 -1.42 -1.21
(cm-1) = -- 6.28E-01 5.29E-01 6.19E-01 5.92E-01 5.31E-01 5.08E-01 5.39E-01 5.29E-01 5.43E-01 5.15E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.85E-01 9.34E-02 6.39E-02 4.86E-02 3.90E-02 3.28E-02 2.87E-02 2.54E-02 2.30E-02 2.07E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.53E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 2.33E-02
330

0.7
Cs134,0.795 [MeV]
0.6
0.5
μmat (cm-1)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Cs134,0.795 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 26719 26284 25571 25374 24715 24207 23813 23414 22873 22592 21776
Total B.G. = 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323
Total C.C. = 249.80 220.40 230.40 251.40 213.40 259.20 241.40 200.40 197.20 215.40 193.80
Net Cts = 26468.1 26062.5 25339.5 25121.5 24500.5 23946.7 23570.5 23212.5 22674.7 22375.5 21581.1
σnet = 164.23 162.81 160.63 160.08 157.89 156.42 155.10 153.67 151.89 151.03 148.23
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.82
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -23.84 -12.29 -8.26 -6.35 -5.20 -4.41 -3.83 -3.43 -3.09 -2.89
(du/dx) = -- -8.51 -6.03 -3.21 -2.67 -2.21 -1.78 -1.48 -1.34 -1.15 -1.13
(cm-1) = -- 3.63E-01 5.13E-01 4.09E-01 4.54E-01 4.71E-01 4.55E-01 4.41E-01 4.55E-01 4.39E-01 4.80E-01
(cm-1) = -- 2.07E-01 1.06E-01 7.06E-02 5.36E-02 4.35E-02 3.65E-02 3.15E-02 2.79E-02 2.49E-02 2.29E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.48E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 2.61E-02
331

1.6
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.4
1.2
1.0
μmat (cm-1)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 2787 2702 2730 2513 2654 2481 2469 2388 2434 2334 2243
Total B.G. = 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353
Total C.C. = 134.50 122.35 138.78 133.13 118.15 124.18 125.03 98.28 107.30 111.58 99.95
Net Cts = 2651.3 2578.4 2590.0 2378.6 2534.6 2355.6 2342.7 2288.5 2325.5 2221.2 2141.8
σnet = 54.06 53.16 53.57 51.45 52.66 51.05 50.94 49.88 50.42 49.47 48.42
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.97 0.98 0.90 0.96 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.88 0.84 0.81
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -24.14 -12.04 -8.74 -6.15 -5.29 -4.44 -3.89 -3.35 -3.12 -2.91
(du/dx) = -- -15.35 -3.24 -6.66 -1.55 -2.62 -1.90 -1.66 -1.13 -1.21 -1.18
(cm-1) = -- 6.54E-01 2.75E-01 8.50E-01 2.64E-01 5.56E-01 4.85E-01 4.95E-01 3.86E-01 4.63E-01 5.02E-01
(cm-1) = -- 6.81E-01 3.42E-01 2.34E-01 1.71E-01 1.40E-01 1.17E-01 1.01E-01 8.78E-02 7.93E-02 7.20E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.93E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 8.53E-02
332

6.0
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
5.0
4.0
3.0
μmat (cm-1)
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 261 247 232 271 244 256 239 230 277 219 222
Total B.G. = 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151
Total C.C. = 27.60 37.20 32.60 22.40 26.40 22.40 32.60 26.40 25.80 16.60 24.80
Net Cts = 232.9 209.3 198.9 248.1 217.1 233.1 205.9 203.1 250.7 201.9 196.7
σnet = 17.01 16.88 16.29 17.15 16.47 16.71 16.50 16.04 17.42 15.38 15.74
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.85 1.07 0.93 1.00 0.88 0.87 1.08 0.87 0.84
σc = -- 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.09
(du/dc) = -- -26.12 -13.78 -7.36 -6.30 -4.70 -4.44 -3.85 -2.73 -3.02 -2.79
(du/dx) = -- -58.88 -21.84 3.88 -2.43 0.02 -1.90 -1.55 0.64 -0.98 -0.94
(cm-1) = -- 2.51E+00 1.86E+00 -4.96E-01 4.13E-01 -4.04E-03 4.83E-01 4.60E-01 -2.17E-01 3.73E-01 3.98E-01
(cm-1) = -- 2.56E+00 1.29E+00 7.88E-01 6.19E-01 4.81E-01 4.26E-01 3.62E-01 2.97E-01 2.76E-01 2.55E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 5.78E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 3.16E-01
333

3.0
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
2.5
2.0
1.5
μmat (cm-1)
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 436 446 450 430 420 390 422 401 379 381 385
Total B.G. = 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
Total C.C. = 19.80 40.40 43.56 46.80 31.80 26.60 26.60 21.60 24.20 22.00 27.60
Net Cts = 415.7 405.1 405.9 382.7 387.7 362.9 394.9 378.9 354.3 358.5 356.9
σnet = 21.37 22.07 22.23 21.85 21.27 20.43 21.20 20.58 20.10 20.09 20.33
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.97 0.98 0.92 0.93 0.87 0.95 0.91 0.85 0.86 0.86
σc = -- 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
(du/dc) = -- -24.09 -12.05 -8.51 -6.30 -5.39 -4.13 -3.69 -3.45 -3.03 -2.74
(du/dx) = -- -14.23 -3.29 -5.08 -2.41 -3.01 -0.79 -1.05 -1.38 -1.01 -0.84
(cm-1) = -- 6.06E-01 2.80E-01 6.48E-01 4.10E-01 6.39E-01 2.01E-01 3.12E-01 4.70E-01 3.87E-01 3.59E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.76E+00 8.84E-01 6.02E-01 4.42E-01 3.59E-01 2.92E-01 2.51E-01 2.25E-01 1.99E-01 1.81E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 4.31E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 2.20E-01
334

0.70
Co-60, 1.174 [MeV]
0.60
0.50
μmat (cm-1)
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45

Co-60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 24603 24183 23604 23502 23034 22720 22476 21987 21726 21450 21074
Total B.G. = 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342
Total C.C. = 542.50 528.40 533.40 486.80 533.50 527.10 514.30 529.20 414.60 472.30 511.30
Net Cts = 24060.3 23654.4 23070.4 23015.0 22500.3 22192.7 21961.5 21457.6 21311.2 20977.5 20562.5
σnet = 158.58 157.20 155.36 154.88 153.52 152.47 151.63 150.06 148.80 148.06 146.92
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.85
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -23.88 -12.27 -8.19 -6.28 -5.10 -4.30 -3.77 -3.32 -3.00 -2.75
(du/dx) = -- -9.38 -5.81 -2.73 -2.31 -1.79 -1.40 -1.29 -1.05 -0.94 -0.87
(cm-1) = -- 3.99E-01 4.94E-01 3.48E-01 3.94E-01 3.80E-01 3.58E-01 3.85E-01 3.57E-01 3.58E-01 3.70E-01
(cm-1) = -- 2.21E-01 1.12E-01 7.44E-02 5.65E-02 4.55E-02 3.81E-02 3.30E-02 2.89E-02 2.59E-02 2.35E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.84E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 2.77E-02
335

0.90
Co-60, 1.333 [MeV]
0.80
0.70
0.60
μmat (cm-1)
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Co-60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 22569 21964 21951 21715 21311 20651 20301 19932 19894 19888 19153
Total B.G. = 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304
Total C.C. = 129.60 97.20 91.80 95.40 104.40 102.60 111.60 102.60 93.60 97.20 79.20
Net Cts = 22439.2 21866.6 21859.0 21619.4 21206.4 20548.2 20189.2 19829.2 19800.2 19790.6 19073.6
σnet = 150.66 148.53 148.47 147.69 146.34 144.06 142.87 141.55 141.38 141.37 138.68
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.85
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -24.09 -12.08 -8.13 -6.22 -5.14 -4.36 -3.80 -3.33 -2.96 -2.77
(du/dx) = -- -14.24 -3.63 -2.29 -1.95 -1.95 -1.63 -1.40 -1.08 -0.86 -0.90
(cm-1) = -- 6.07E-01 3.08E-01 2.92E-01 3.32E-01 4.14E-01 4.15E-01 4.16E-01 3.68E-01 3.28E-01 3.82E-01
(cm-1) = -- 2.26E-01 1.13E-01 7.55E-02 5.71E-02 4.65E-02 3.91E-02 3.38E-02 2.95E-02 2.61E-02 2.40E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.86E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 2.82E-02
336

1.20
Na-24, 1.369 [MeV]
1.00
0.80
μmat (cm-1)
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Na-24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 14227 13834 13477 13629 13371 13196 12795 12663 12467 12126 12138
Total B.G. = 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207
Total C.C. = 194.22 234.58 215.67 241.07 219.18 247.07 209.74 187.28 218.14 199.37 196.03
Net Cts = 14032.6 13599.3 13261.2 13387.8 13151.7 12948.8 12585.1 12475.6 12248.7 11926.5 11941.8
σnet = 120.09 118.61 117.02 117.77 116.58 115.95 114.04 113.36 112.63 111.02 111.06
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.85
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -24.22 -12.45 -8.21 -6.27 -5.10 -4.37 -3.78 -3.37 -3.08 -2.76
(du/dx) = -- -17.29 -7.83 -2.89 -2.24 -1.78 -1.68 -1.33 -1.18 -1.11 -0.89
(cm-1) = -- 7.36E-01 6.65E-01 3.69E-01 3.81E-01 3.78E-01 4.27E-01 3.95E-01 4.00E-01 4.25E-01 3.80E-01
(cm-1) = -- 2.89E-01 1.46E-01 9.67E-02 7.29E-02 5.88E-02 4.96E-02 4.25E-02 3.75E-02 3.37E-02 3.03E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.56E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 3.62E-02
337

0.60
Na-24, 2.755 [MeV]
0.50
0.40
0.30
μmat (cm-1)
0.20
0.10
0.00
-0.10
-0.20
-0.30
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Na-24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.0426 0.085 0.1276 0.1702 0.2126 0.2549 0.2975 0.34 0.3825 0.425
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 8385 8336 8184 8202 7938 7841 7779 7571 7657 7564 7406
Total B.G. = 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Total C.C. = 96.60 95.80 84.60 77.80 80.00 79.60 77.20 83.40 70.20 92.80 54.00
Net Cts = 8288.3 8240.1 8099.3 8124.1 7857.9 7761.3 7701.7 7487.5 7586.7 7471.1 7351.9
σnet = 92.10 91.83 90.93 90.99 89.54 89.00 88.64 87.49 87.91 87.50 86.37
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.90 0.92 0.90 0.89
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -23.61 -12.04 -8.00 -6.20 -5.02 -4.22 -3.72 -3.21 -2.90 -2.65
(du/dx) = -- -3.21 -3.19 -1.23 -1.84 -1.45 -1.13 -1.15 -0.77 -0.71 -0.66
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.37E-01 2.71E-01 1.57E-01 3.13E-01 3.09E-01 2.88E-01 3.42E-01 2.60E-01 2.71E-01 2.82E-01
(cm-1) = -- 3.69E-01 1.86E-01 1.24E-01 9.38E-02 7.54E-02 6.30E-02 5.45E-02 4.74E-02 4.24E-02 3.83E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.63E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 4.62E-02
338
Stucco Siding Material Narrow-beam Data
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Stucco, 0.0595 (MeV)

4.0E-01
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
3.5E-01
3.0E-01
2.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25
Figure 184: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Stucco, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 134: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Stucco, 0.0595 (MeV)
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Stucco

Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.252 4.468 6.984 9.498 11.818 14.195 16.791 19.304 21.656 23.906
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1525 830 451 209 107 52 31 22 20 17 3

Total B.G. = 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624
Total C.C. = 144.20 79.20 51.20 30.60 12.60 14.60 15.80 12.40 12.00 8.00 11.60
Net Cts = 1379.7 749.7 398.7 177.3 93.3 36.3 14.1 8.5 6.9 7.9 -9.7
σnet = 40.87 30.17 22.44 15.52 10.99 8.23 6.93 5.97 5.76 5.12 3.97
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.54 0.29 0.13 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 -0.01
σc = -- 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -0.82 -0.77 -1.11 -1.56 -3.22 -6.91 -9.70 -10.40 -8.09 5.93
(du/dx) = -- -0.12 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 ---
(cm-1) = -- 2.71E-01 2.78E-01 2.94E-01 2.84E-01 3.08E-01 3.23E-01 3.03E-01 2.75E-01 2.39E-01 ---
(cm-1) = -- 2.22E-02 1.42E-02 1.32E-02 1.28E-02 1.94E-02 3.47E-02 4.20E-02 4.35E-02 3.01E-02 ---
̅ (cm-1) = 2.86E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 9.41E-03
339

2.0E-01
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
1.8E-01
1.6E-01
1.4E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2520 4.4675 6.9843 9.4976 11.8184 14.1945 16.7915 19.3038 21.6556 23.9061
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1827 1491 1245 1006 860 699 537 475 355 304 237
Total B.G. = 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525
Total C.C. = 1189.60 973.80 920.30 643.80 578.00 486.30 436.00 357.30 286.60 206.20 190.50
Net Cts = 637.0 516.8 324.3 361.8 281.6 212.3 100.6 117.3 68.0 97.4 46.1
σnet = 54.93 49.65 46.54 40.63 37.93 34.44 31.20 28.86 25.34 22.60 20.69
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.81 0.51 0.57 0.44 0.33 0.16 0.18 0.11 0.15 0.07
σc = -- 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03
(du/dc) = -- -0.55 -0.44 -0.25 -0.24 -0.25 -0.45 -0.32 -0.49 -0.30 -0.58
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 9.29E-02 1.51E-01 8.10E-02 8.59E-02 9.30E-02 1.30E-01 1.01E-01 1.16E-01 8.67E-02 1.10E-01
(cm-1) = -- 5.73E-02 3.75E-02 2.03E-02 1.68E-02 1.55E-02 2.27E-02 1.55E-02 1.98E-02 1.14E-02 1.91E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.05E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 8.53E-03
340

1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.252 4.4675 6.9843 9.4976 11.8184 14.1945 16.7915 19.3038 21.6556 23.9061
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 4242 3513 2951 2373 1866 1656 1333 1045 765 704 575
Total B.G. = 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381
Total C.C. = 1103.60 973.60 858.80 775.00 699.00 555.60 476.40 372.20 348.00 279.20 229.20
Net Cts = 3138.1 2539.1 2091.9 1597.7 1166.7 1100.1 856.3 672.5 416.7 424.5 345.5
σnet = 73.12 66.99 61.73 56.11 50.65 47.03 42.54 37.65 33.37 31.37 28.37
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.81 0.67 0.51 0.37 0.35 0.27 0.21 0.13 0.14 0.11
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.55 -0.34 -0.28 -0.28 -0.24 -0.26 -0.28 -0.39 -0.34 -0.38
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 9.41E-02 9.08E-02 9.67E-02 1.04E-01 8.87E-02 9.15E-02 9.17E-02 1.05E-01 9.24E-02 9.23E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.56E-02 8.42E-03 6.03E-03 5.19E-03 4.12E-03 3.87E-03 3.61E-03 4.32E-03 3.58E-03 3.57E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.47E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.16E-03
341

1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.252 4.4675 6.9843 9.4976 11.8184 14.1945 16.7915 19.3038 21.6556 23.9061
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 7094 5922 4943 3814 3219 2673 2073 1682 1267 1100 848
Total B.G. = 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505
Total C.C. = 1408.00 1146.80 1096.40 917.60 776.80 647.40 558.80 442.20 344.00 320.20 251.80
Net Cts = 5685.6 4774.8 3846.2 2896.0 2441.8 2025.2 1513.8 1239.4 922.6 779.4 595.8
σnet = 92.21 84.08 77.72 68.79 63.22 57.63 51.31 46.10 40.15 37.69 33.17
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.84 0.68 0.51 0.43 0.36 0.27 0.22 0.16 0.14 0.10
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.53 -0.33 -0.28 -0.25 -0.24 -0.26 -0.27 -0.32 -0.34 -0.40
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 7.75E-02 8.75E-02 9.66E-02 8.90E-02 8.73E-02 9.32E-02 9.07E-02 9.42E-02 9.18E-02 9.44E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.06E-02 5.80E-03 4.12E-03 3.22E-03 2.77E-03 2.65E-03 2.42E-03 2.41E-03 2.36E-03 2.43E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.02E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.46E-03
342

9.40E-02
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
9.20E-02
9.00E-02
μmat (cm-1)
8.80E-02
8.60E-02
8.40E-02
8.20E-02
8.00E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.252 4.4675 6.9843 9.4976 11.8184 14.1945 16.7915 19.3038 21.6556 23.9061
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 36222 29825 24734 19845 15783 13022 10321 7975 6455 5076 4300
Total B.G. = 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529
Total C.C. = 1023.20 819.60 675.40 597.00 526.60 493.40 361.00 335.40 256.40 254.60 179.00
Net Cts = 35198.4 29005.0 24058.2 19247.6 15256.0 12528.2 9959.6 7639.2 6198.2 4821.0 4120.6
σnet = 192.99 175.06 159.41 142.98 127.71 116.26 103.36 91.17 81.93 73.02 66.93
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.82 0.68 0.55 0.43 0.36 0.28 0.22 0.18 0.14 0.12
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -0.54 -0.33 -0.26 -0.24 -0.24 -0.25 -0.27 -0.29 -0.34 -0.36
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 8.59E-02 8.52E-02 8.64E-02 8.80E-02 8.74E-02 8.89E-02 9.10E-02 9.00E-02 9.18E-02 8.97E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.62E-03 1.93E-03 1.32E-03 1.05E-03 9.13E-04 8.27E-04 7.83E-04 7.42E-04 7.44E-04 7.18E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 8.84E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.84E-04
343

8.4E-02
Cs134,0.795 [MeV]
8.2E-02
8.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
7.8E-02
7.6E-02
7.4E-02
7.2E-02
7.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134,0.795 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.252 4.4675 6.9843 9.4976 11.8184 14.1945 16.7915 19.3038 21.6556 23.9061
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 26522 22389 19098 15449 12656 10944 8646 6793 5579 4732 3908
Total B.G. = 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323
Total C.C. = 269.80 204.00 191.20 195.60 153.00 149.60 106.20 122.80 91.60 85.80 67.20
Net Cts = 26252.0 22184.8 18906.6 15253.2 12502.8 10794.2 8539.6 6670.0 5487.2 4646.0 3840.6
σnet = 163.68 150.31 138.89 125.08 113.18 105.33 93.56 83.16 75.31 69.41 63.05
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.85 0.72 0.58 0.48 0.41 0.33 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.15
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -0.53 -0.31 -0.25 -0.22 -0.21 -0.22 -0.23 -0.25 -0.26 -0.29
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 7.47E-02 7.35E-02 7.77E-02 7.81E-02 7.52E-02 7.91E-02 8.16E-02 8.11E-02 8.00E-02 8.04E-02
(cm-1) = -- 4.09E-03 2.16E-03 1.48E-03 1.16E-03 9.80E-04 8.88E-04 8.31E-04 7.81E-04 7.48E-04 7.35E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 7.81E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.39E-04
344

1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.252 4.4675 6.9843 9.4976 11.8184 14.1945 16.7915 19.3038 21.6556 23.9061
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 2777 2234 1962 1653 1327 1135 818 693 570 497 398
Total B.G. = 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353
Total C.C. = 133.50 100.95 68.85 70.15 38.90 45.63 33.78 16.13 20.10 10.78 12.23
Net Cts = 2643.3 2132.8 1892.9 1582.6 1287.9 1089.1 784.0 676.6 549.7 486.0 385.5
σnet = 53.95 48.33 45.07 41.52 36.97 34.37 29.19 26.64 24.30 22.55 20.27
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.81 0.72 0.60 0.49 0.41 0.30 0.26 0.21 0.18 0.15
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.55 -0.31 -0.24 -0.22 -0.21 -0.24 -0.23 -0.25 -0.25 -0.29
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 9.53E-02 7.47E-02 7.34E-02 7.57E-02 7.50E-02 8.56E-02 8.12E-02 8.14E-02 7.82E-02 8.05E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.35E-02 7.02E-03 4.76E-03 3.71E-03 3.18E-03 2.99E-03 2.64E-03 2.52E-03 2.34E-03 2.36E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 8.01E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.77E-03
345

1.2E-01
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.252 4.4675 6.9843 9.4976 11.8184 14.1945 16.7915 19.3038 21.6556 23.9061
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 243 231 205 177 157 114 103 98 72 59 39

Total B.G. = 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151
Total C.C. = 32.20 40.60 27.20 17.40 11.60 12.80 9.80 11.00 7.60 3.40 5.20
Net Cts = 210.7 190.3 177.7 159.5 145.3 101.1 93.1 86.9 64.3 55.5 33.7
σnet = 16.60 16.49 15.25 13.96 13.00 11.28 10.64 10.46 8.94 7.92 6.68
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.84 0.76 0.69 0.48 0.44 0.41 0.31 0.26 0.16
σc = -- 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03
(du/dc) = -- -0.49 -0.27 -0.19 -0.15 -0.18 -0.16 -0.14 -0.17 -0.18 -0.26
(du/dx) = -- -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 4.52E-02 3.81E-02 3.99E-02 3.91E-02 6.21E-02 5.75E-02 5.27E-02 6.15E-02 6.16E-02 7.67E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.20E-02 2.61E-02 1.69E-02 1.26E-02 1.16E-02 9.78E-03 8.57E-03 8.28E-03 7.53E-03 8.92E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.35E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 6.58E-03
346

1.4E-01
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.252 4.4675 6.9843 9.4976 11.8184 14.1945 16.7915 19.3038 21.6556 23.9061
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 460 371 364 258 231 195 172 135 123 103 86
Total B.G. = 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
Total C.C. = 34.20 27.00 20.80 20.20 20.80 12.00 6.80 7.60 9.00 7.80 8.40
Net Cts = 425.7 343.9 343.1 237.7 210.1 182.9 165.1 127.3 113.9 95.1 77.5
σnet = 22.24 19.96 19.63 16.69 15.88 14.40 13.38 11.96 11.50 10.54 9.73
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.81 0.81 0.56 0.49 0.43 0.39 0.30 0.27 0.22 0.18
σc = -- 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -0.55 -0.28 -0.26 -0.21 -0.20 -0.18 -0.20 -0.19 -0.21 -0.23
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 9.48E-02 4.83E-02 8.34E-02 7.44E-02 7.15E-02 6.67E-02 7.19E-02 6.83E-02 6.92E-02 7.13E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.47E-02 1.73E-02 1.25E-02 9.67E-03 7.99E-03 6.79E-03 6.40E-03 5.89E-03 5.66E-03 5.69E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 7.20E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.48E-03
347

7.0E-02
6.0E-02
Co-60, 1.174 [MeV]
5.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Co-60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.252 4.4675 6.9843 9.4976 11.8184 14.1945 16.7915 19.3038 21.6556 23.9061
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 24417 21501 18728 15651 13250 11591 9792 8176 6935 6057 5281
Total B.G. = 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342
Total C.C. = 459.90 476.00 451.20 391.20 346.10 278.00 249.90 202.90 172.60 202.00 129.30
Net Cts = 23956.9 21024.8 18276.6 15259.6 12903.7 11312.8 9541.9 7972.9 6762.2 5854.8 5151.5
σnet = 157.73 148.25 138.49 126.66 116.60 108.95 100.21 91.54 84.31 79.12 73.56
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.88 0.76 0.64 0.54 0.47 0.40 0.33 0.28 0.24 0.22
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -0.51 -0.29 -0.22 -0.20 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.19 -0.19
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 5.80E-02 6.06E-02 6.46E-02 6.51E-02 6.35E-02 6.49E-02 6.55E-02 6.55E-02 6.51E-02 6.43E-02
(cm-1) = -- 4.28E-03 2.25E-03 1.52E-03 1.18E-03 9.87E-04 8.74E-04 7.88E-04 7.31E-04 6.94E-04 6.58E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 6.37E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.56E-04
348
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Stucco, 1.333(MeV)

8.0E-02
Co-60, 1.333 [MeV]
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Co-60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.252 4.4675 6.9843 9.4976 11.8184 14.1945 16.7915 19.3038 21.6556 23.9061
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 22549 19487 17296 14549 12739 10883 9450 7712 6612 5793 5203
Total B.G. = 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304
Total C.C. = 100.80 97.20 91.80 77.40 75.60 39.60 57.60 55.80 59.40 41.40 36.00
Net Cts = 22448.0 19389.6 17204.0 14471.4 12663.2 10843.2 9392.2 7656.0 6552.4 5751.4 5166.8
σnet = 150.50 139.95 131.86 120.94 113.20 104.51 97.51 88.14 81.68 76.39 72.38
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.86 0.77 0.64 0.56 0.48 0.42 0.34 0.29 0.26 0.23
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -0.51 -0.29 -0.22 -0.19 -0.18 -0.17 -0.17 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 6.50E-02 5.96E-02 6.29E-02 6.03E-02 6.16E-02 6.14E-02 6.41E-02 6.38E-02 6.29E-02 6.14E-02
(cm-1) = -- 4.37E-03 2.28E-03 1.53E-03 1.18E-03 9.94E-04 8.71E-04 7.94E-04 7.33E-04 6.87E-04 6.50E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 6.23E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.65E-04
349

7.0E-02
Na-24, 1.369 [MeV]
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Na-24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.252 4.4675 6.9843 9.4976 11.8184 14.1945 16.7915 19.3038 21.6556 23.9061
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 16679 14601 13015 10830 9292 8176 6914 5836 4921 4414 3903
Total B.G. = 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207
Total C.C. = 254.25 251.02 233.04 226.37 195.78 176.76 140.15 132.91 115.84 124.70 110.42
Net Cts = 16424.6 14349.8 12781.8 10603.5 9096.1 7999.1 6773.7 5702.9 4805.0 4289.2 3792.4
σnet = 130.13 121.87 115.10 105.15 97.41 91.40 83.99 77.26 70.97 67.37 63.35
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.87 0.78 0.65 0.55 0.49 0.41 0.35 0.29 0.26 0.23
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -0.51 -0.29 -0.22 -0.19 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 6.00E-02 5.61E-02 6.27E-02 6.22E-02 6.09E-02 6.24E-02 6.30E-02 6.37E-02 6.20E-02 6.13E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.16E-03 2.69E-03 1.82E-03 1.40E-03 1.18E-03 1.04E-03 9.35E-04 8.69E-04 8.13E-04 7.74E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 6.14E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 6.67E-04
350

5.0E-02
Na-24, 2.755 [MeV]
4.5E-02
4.0E-02
3.5E-02
3.0E-02
μ (cm-1)
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Na-24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.252 4.4675 6.9843 9.4976 11.8184 14.1945 16.7915 19.3038 21.6556 23.9061
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 9817 8988 8263 7316 6592 5972 5383 4584 4179 3828 3484
Total B.G. = 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Total C.C. = 112.00 90.20 127.80 91.20 98.80 29.20 77.20 48.40 63.60 39.60 42.80
Net Cts = 9704.9 8897.7 8135.1 7224.7 6493.1 5942.7 5305.7 4535.5 4115.3 3788.3 3441.1
σnet = 99.65 95.28 91.60 86.07 81.80 77.47 73.89 68.06 65.14 62.19 59.39
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.84 0.74 0.67 0.61 0.55 0.47 0.42 0.39 0.35
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.48 -0.27 -0.19 -0.16 -0.14 -0.13 -0.13 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12
(du/dx) = -- -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-1
(cm ) = -- 3.86E-02 3.95E-02 4.23E-02 4.23E-02 4.15E-02 4.25E-02 4.53E-02 4.44E-02 4.34E-02 4.34E-02
(cm-1) = -- 6.59E-03 3.41E-03 2.25E-03 1.71E-03 1.40E-03 1.22E-03 1.08E-03 9.77E-04 8.94E-04 8.40E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 4.23E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.37E-04
351
Terracotta Material Narrow-beam Data
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta, 0.0595 (MeV)

9.0E-01
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
8.0E-01
7.0E-01
6.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
5.0E-01
4.0E-01
3.0E-01
2.0E-01
1.0E-01
0.0E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Figure 197: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 147: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta, 0.0595 (MeV)
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta

Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.672 1.344 2.022 2.705 3.381 4.064 4.738 5.413 6.087 6.767
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1589 1086 658 452 291 213 122 101 62 47 47
Total B.G. = 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624
Total C.C. = 135.40 92.20 66.20 53.00 49.00 36.60 25.40 22.80 29.60 26.20 26.20
Net Cts = 1452.5 992.7 590.7 397.9 240.9 175.3 95.5 77.1 31.3 19.7 19.7
σnet = 41.54 34.34 26.93 22.50 18.47 15.84 12.19 11.18 9.63 8.63 8.63
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.68 0.41 0.27 0.17 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01
σc = -- 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -2.18 -1.83 -1.81 -2.23 -2.45 -3.74 -3.98 -8.58 -12.13 -10.91
(du/dx) = -- -0.84 -0.50 -0.32 -0.25 -0.18 -0.16 -0.13 -0.13 -0.12 -0.09
(cm-1) = -- 5.67E-01 6.70E-01 6.40E-01 6.64E-01 6.25E-01 6.70E-01 6.20E-01 7.09E-01 7.07E-01 6.36E-01
(cm-1) = -- 6.68E-02 4.01E-02 3.14E-02 3.03E-02 2.80E-02 3.22E-02 3.12E-02 5.72E-02 7.22E-02 6.49E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 6.51E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.53E-02
352

3.0E-01
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
μ (cm-1)
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
-1.0E-01
-1.5E-01
-2.0E-01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.6717 1.3438 2.0224 2.7046 3.3814 4.0637 4.7383 5.4129 6.0872 6.7668
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1787 1618 1462 1298 1175 1058 962 882 811 683 623
Total B.G. = 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525
Total C.C. = 1177.00 1030.20 897.00 888.50 774.10 716.80 672.40 540.10 573.90 490.60 447.30
Net Cts = 609.6 587.4 564.6 409.1 400.5 340.8 289.2 341.5 236.7 192.0 175.3
σnet = 54.45 51.47 48.58 46.77 44.16 42.14 40.44 37.72 37.22 34.27 32.73
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.96 0.93 0.67 0.66 0.56 0.47 0.56 0.39 0.32 0.29
σc = -- 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06
(du/dc) = -- -1.55 -0.80 -0.74 -0.56 -0.53 -0.52 -0.38 -0.48 -0.52 -0.51
(du/dx) = -- -0.08 -0.04 -0.10 -0.06 -0.05 -0.05 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
-1
(cm ) = -- 5.52E-02 5.71E-02 1.97E-01 1.55E-01 1.72E-01 1.83E-01 1.22E-01 1.75E-01 1.90E-01 1.84E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.86E-01 9.23E-02 7.17E-02 5.25E-02 4.51E-02 4.08E-02 3.00E-02 3.34E-02 3.28E-02 3.06E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.49E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 2.43E-02
353

2.0E-01
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
1.8E-01
1.6E-01
1.4E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.6717 1.3438 2.0224 2.7046 3.38138 4.06371 4.73831 5.41291 6.08721 6.76681
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 4273 3924 3491 3100 2814 2490 2290 2125 1839 1718 1560
Total B.G. = 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381
Total C.C. = 1156.20 1069.40 976.80 897.20 786.00 732.00 752.80 664.20 589.60 597.80 519.60
Net Cts = 3116.5 2854.3 2513.9 2202.5 2027.7 1757.7 1536.9 1460.5 1249.1 1119.9 1040.1
σnet = 73.69 70.67 66.85 63.23 60.00 56.77 55.17 52.82 49.29 48.13 45.61
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.81 0.71 0.65 0.56 0.49 0.47 0.40 0.36 0.33
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -1.63 -0.92 -0.70 -0.57 -0.52 -0.50 -0.45 -0.46 -0.46 -0.44
(du/dx) = -- -0.19 -0.12 -0.08 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.31E-01 1.60E-01 1.72E-01 1.59E-01 1.69E-01 1.74E-01 1.60E-01 1.69E-01 1.68E-01 1.62E-01
(cm-1) = -- 5.10E-02 2.65E-02 1.84E-02 1.40E-02 1.18E-02 1.06E-02 9.12E-03 8.50E-03 8.06E-03 7.36E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.62E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 6.60E-03
354

2.5E-01
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
2.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
x (cm) = -- 0.6717 1.3438 2.0224 2.7046 3.38138 4.06371 4.73831 5.41291 6.08721 6.76681
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 7197 6473 5869 5256 4616 4111 3701 3490 3062 2722 2475
Total B.G. = 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505
Total C.C. = 1338.20 1259.80 1127.00 1050.00 1012.40 866.20 854.60 776.20 715.80 677.80 600.60
Net Cts = 5858.4 5212.8 4741.6 4205.6 3603.2 3244.4 2846.0 2713.4 2345.8 2043.8 1874.0
σnet = 92.39 87.94 83.65 79.41 75.03 70.55 67.50 65.32 61.47 58.31 55.46
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.89 0.81 0.72 0.62 0.55 0.49 0.46 0.40 0.35 0.32
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -1.67 -0.92 -0.69 -0.60 -0.53 -0.51 -0.46 -0.46 -0.47 -0.46
(du/dx) = -- -0.26 -0.12 -0.08 -0.07 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02
(cm-1) = -- 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17
(cm-1) = -- 3.4E-02 1.8E-02 1.2E-02 9.7E-03 7.9E-03 7.0E-03 6.1E-03 5.7E-03 5.4E-03 5.0E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 0.17
̅ (cm-1) = 4.44E-03
355

2.5E-01
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
2.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.6717 1.3438 2.0224 2.7046 3.38138 4.06371 4.73831 5.41291 6.08721 6.76681
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 36152 32537 28823 26186 23255 20627 18868 16575 14910 13456 11938
Total B.G. = 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529
Total C.C. = 976.40 948.80 835.20 705.60 685.60 700.60 608.20 606.80 512.60 516.80 452.80
Net Cts = 35175.2 31587.8 27987.4 25480.0 22569.0 19926.0 18259.4 15967.8 14397.0 12938.8 11484.8
σnet = 192.69 182.99 172.22 163.99 154.73 146.04 139.56 131.08 124.19 118.21 111.32
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.80 0.72 0.64 0.57 0.52 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.33
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -1.66 -0.94 -0.68 -0.58 -0.52 -0.47 -0.46 -0.45 -0.45 -0.45
(du/dx) = -- -0.24 -0.13 -0.08 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.60E-01 1.70E-01 1.59E-01 1.64E-01 1.68E-01 1.61E-01 1.67E-01 1.65E-01 1.64E-01 1.65E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.19E-02 6.14E-03 4.19E-03 3.25E-03 2.72E-03 2.32E-03 2.09E-03 1.90E-03 1.76E-03 1.65E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.64E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.53E-03
356

2.5E-01
Cs134,0.795 [MeV]
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cs134,0.795 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.6717 1.3438 2.0224 2.7046 3.38138 4.06371 4.73831 5.41291 6.08721 6.76681
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 26375 24108 21649 19443 18169 16332 14623 13467 12030 11038 9979
Total B.G. = 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323
Total C.C. = 286.40 209.00 219.60 171.00 193.60 162.20 188.20 164.20 151.80 149.20 121.20
Net Cts = 26088.4 23898.8 21429.2 19271.8 17975.2 16169.6 14434.6 13302.6 11878.0 10888.6 9857.6
σnet = 163.28 155.94 147.88 140.05 135.51 128.43 121.70 116.76 110.37 105.77 100.50
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.82 0.74 0.69 0.62 0.55 0.51 0.46 0.42 0.38
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -1.63 -0.91 -0.67 -0.54 -0.48 -0.44 -0.41 -0.41 -0.39 -0.39
(du/dx) = -- -0.19 -0.11 -0.07 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.31E-01 1.46E-01 1.50E-01 1.38E-01 1.41E-01 1.46E-01 1.42E-01 1.45E-01 1.44E-01 1.44E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.35E-02 6.94E-03 4.75E-03 3.63E-03 3.00E-03 2.59E-03 2.28E-03 2.08E-03 1.90E-03 1.77E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.43E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.72E-03
357

2.5E-01
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
2.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.6717 1.3438 2.0224 2.7046 3.38138 4.06371 4.73831 5.41291 6.08721 6.76681
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 2840 2508 2304 2081 1915 1634 1492 1310 1221 1137 1011
Total B.G. = 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353
Total C.C. = 135.48 128.63 100.10 92.63 70.15 65.88 63.73 70.78 40.43 51.20 25.75
Net Cts = 2704.3 2379.1 2203.7 1988.1 1844.6 1567.9 1428.0 1239.0 1180.3 1085.6 985.0
σnet = 54.55 51.35 49.04 46.63 44.56 41.24 39.45 37.17 35.52 34.48 32.21
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.88 0.81 0.74 0.68 0.58 0.53 0.46 0.44 0.40 0.36
σc = -- 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -1.69 -0.91 -0.67 -0.54 -0.51 -0.47 -0.46 -0.42 -0.41 -0.41
(du/dx) = -- -0.28 -0.11 -0.08 -0.05 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.91E-01 1.52E-01 1.52E-01 1.41E-01 1.61E-01 1.57E-01 1.65E-01 1.53E-01 1.50E-01 1.49E-01
(cm-1) = -- 4.40E-02 2.24E-02 1.53E-02 1.16E-02 9.80E-03 8.42E-03 7.63E-03 6.70E-03 6.18E-03 5.68E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.57E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 5.61E-03
358

7.0E-01
6.5E-01 Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
6.0E-01
5.5E-01
5.0E-01
4.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
4.0E-01
3.5E-01
3.0E-01
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.6717 1.3438 2.0224 2.7046 3.38138 4.06371 4.73831 5.41291 6.08721 6.76681
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 282 213 228 198 199 178 168 141 116 126 106
Total B.G. = 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151
Total C.C. = 30.20 35.60 26.60 28.00 14.80 16.80 18.40 7.20 12.60 13.20 15.40
Net Cts = 251.7 177.3 201.3 169.9 184.1 161.1 149.5 133.7 103.3 112.7 90.5
σnet = 17.68 15.78 15.97 15.05 14.63 13.97 13.67 12.19 11.36 11.81 11.03
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.70 0.80 0.68 0.73 0.64 0.59 0.53 0.41 0.45 0.36
σc = -- 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.05
(du/dc) = -- -2.11 -0.93 -0.73 -0.51 -0.46 -0.41 -0.40 -0.45 -0.37 -0.41
(du/dx) = -- -0.78 -0.12 -0.10 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02
-1
(cm ) = -- 5.22E-01 1.66E-01 1.94E-01 1.16E-01 1.32E-01 1.28E-01 1.34E-01 1.65E-01 1.32E-01 1.51E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.69E-01 7.88E-02 5.59E-02 3.92E-02 3.30E-02 2.84E-02 2.43E-02 2.41E-02 2.07E-02 2.08E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.84E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 2.08E-02
359

4.0E-01
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
3.5E-01
3.0E-01
2.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.6717 1.3438 2.0224 2.7046 3.38138 4.06371 4.73831 5.41291 6.08721 6.76681
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 490 407 425 323 315 306 295 259 232 211 190
Total B.G. = 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
Total C.C. = 37.60 27.40 21.60 15.20 16.40 18.20 16.80 19.20 22.00 15.80 12.40
Net Cts = 452.3 379.5 403.3 307.7 298.5 287.7 278.1 239.7 209.9 195.1 177.5
σnet = 22.98 20.85 21.14 18.40 18.21 18.02 17.67 16.69 15.95 15.07 14.24
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.84 0.89 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.53 0.46 0.43 0.39
σc = -- 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04
(du/dc) = -- -1.77 -0.83 -0.73 -0.56 -0.46 -0.40 -0.40 -0.40 -0.38 -0.38
(du/dx) = -- -0.39 -0.06 -0.09 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02
-1
(cm ) = -- 2.61E-01 8.53E-02 1.90E-01 1.54E-01 1.34E-01 1.20E-01 1.34E-01 1.42E-01 1.38E-01 1.38E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.11E-01 5.43E-02 3.88E-02 2.94E-02 2.38E-02 2.00E-02 1.82E-02 1.69E-02 1.52E-02 1.40E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.50E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.41E-02
360

1.5E-01
Co-60, 1.174 [MeV]
1.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Co-60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.6717 1.3438 2.0224 2.7046 3.38138 4.06371 4.73831 5.41291 6.08721 6.76681
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 24853 23021 20818 18980 17666 16356 15153 13958 12781 11892 10943
Total B.G. = 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342
Total C.C. = 565.80 525.30 491.20 507.80 408.50 406.40 358.60 370.10 352.00 323.40 283.80
Net Cts = 24287.0 22495.5 20326.6 18472.0 17257.3 15949.4 14794.2 13587.7 12428.8 11568.4 10659.0
σnet = 159.43 153.45 145.98 139.60 134.44 129.47 124.55 119.70 114.60 110.53 105.96
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.84 0.76 0.71 0.66 0.61 0.56 0.51 0.48 0.44
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -1.61 -0.89 -0.65 -0.52 -0.45 -0.40 -0.38 -0.36 -0.34 -0.34
(du/dx) = -- -0.17 -0.10 -0.07 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.14E-01 1.32E-01 1.35E-01 1.26E-01 1.24E-01 1.22E-01 1.23E-01 1.24E-01 1.22E-01 1.22E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.41E-02 7.25E-03 4.96E-03 3.77E-03 3.09E-03 2.63E-03 2.32E-03 2.10E-03 1.91E-03 1.76E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.24E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.80E-03
361

1.5E-01
Co-60, 1.333 [MeV]
1.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Co-60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.6717 1.3438 2.0224 2.7046 3.38138 4.06371 4.73831 5.41291 6.08721 6.76681
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 22327 20576 19125 17782 16432 15374 14111 13126 12042 11430 10397
Total B.G. = 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304
Total C.C. = 108.00 120.60 93.60 88.20 93.60 84.60 54.00 61.20 77.40 75.60 68.40
Net Cts = 22218.8 20455.2 19031.2 17693.6 16338.2 15289.2 14056.8 13064.6 11964.4 11354.2 10328.4
σnet = 149.78 143.86 138.63 133.68 128.55 124.33 119.02 114.84 110.09 107.27 102.30
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.86 0.80 0.74 0.69 0.63 0.59 0.54 0.51 0.46
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -1.62 -0.87 -0.62 -0.50 -0.43 -0.39 -0.36 -0.34 -0.32 -0.32
(du/dx) = -- -0.18 -0.09 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.23E-01 1.15E-01 1.13E-01 1.14E-01 1.11E-01 1.13E-01 1.12E-01 1.14E-01 1.10E-01 1.13E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.45E-02 7.39E-03 5.01E-03 3.83E-03 3.13E-03 2.67E-03 2.34E-03 2.11E-03 1.91E-03 1.77E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.14E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.84E-03
362

1.5E-01
Na-24, 1.369 [MeV]
1.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Na-24, 1.369 (MeV)
x (cm) = -- 0.6717 1.3438 2.0224 2.7046 3.38138 4.06371 4.73831 5.41291 6.08721 6.76681
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 17043 15827 14687 13465 12654 11692 10552 9897 8990 8456 8094
Total B.G. = 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207
Total C.C. = 286.47 253.98 244.64 210.74 222.79 201.98 182.38 183.97 187.60 156.88 154.91
Net Cts = 16756.4 15572.9 14442.2 13254.1 12431.1 11489.9 10369.5 9712.9 8802.3 8299.0 7938.9
σnet = 131.64 126.81 122.20 116.95 113.48 109.06 103.61 100.41 95.80 92.81 90.83
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.86 0.79 0.74 0.69 0.62 0.58 0.53 0.50 0.47
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -1.60 -0.86 -0.63 -0.50 -0.43 -0.40 -0.36 -0.35 -0.33 -0.31
(du/dx) = -- -0.16 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
(cm-1) = -- 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11
(cm-1) = -- 1.7E-02 8.6E-03 5.8E-03 4.5E-03 3.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.7E-03 2.5E-03 2.2E-03 2.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 0.11
̅ (cm-1) = 2.14E-03
363

1.5E-01
Na-24, 2.755 [MeV]
1.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Na-24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.6717 1.3438 2.0224 2.7046 3.38138 4.06371 4.73831 5.41291 6.08721 6.76681
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 10169 9523 8975 8501 7924 7654 7338 6839 6488 6043 5717
Total B.G. = 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Total C.C. = 102.60 131.20 110.80 88.60 91.60 59.20 68.40 67.20 80.20 42.20 42.40
Net Cts = 10066.3 9391.7 8864.1 8412.3 7832.3 7594.7 7269.5 6771.7 6407.7 6000.7 5674.5
σnet = 101.35 98.26 95.32 92.68 89.53 87.83 86.06 83.11 81.05 78.01 75.89
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.88 0.84 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.67 0.64 0.60 0.56
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -1.60 -0.85 -0.59 -0.48 -0.39 -0.34 -0.31 -0.29 -0.28 -0.26
(du/dx) = -- -0.15 -0.07 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01
-1
(cm ) = -- 1.03E-01 9.46E-02 8.88E-02 9.28E-02 8.33E-02 8.01E-02 8.37E-02 8.34E-02 8.50E-02 8.47E-02
(cm-1) = -- 2.16E-02 1.10E-02 7.38E-03 5.63E-03 4.54E-03 3.83E-03 3.35E-03 2.99E-03 2.70E-03 2.48E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 8.80E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.73E-03
364
Vinyl Siding Material Narrow-beam Data
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl, 0.0595 (MeV)
8.0E-01
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
6.0E-01
4.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
2.0E-01
0.0E+00
-2.0E-01
-4.0E-01
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Figure 210: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 160: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl, 0.0595 (MeV)
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl

Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.118 0.231 0.352 0.472 0.592 0.712 0.830 0.948 1.067 1.186
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1506 1482 1377 1289 1159 1210 1128 1071 1049 943 899
Total B.G. = 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624
Total C.C. = 101.27 92.87 102.67 85.87 85.87 84.00 69.53 89.13 63.47 61.13 55.07
Net Cts = 1403.6 1388.0 1273.2 1202.0 1072.0 1124.9 1057.3 980.7 984.4 880.7 842.8
σnet = 40.11 39.70 38.48 37.10 35.30 35.99 34.62 34.08 33.37 31.71 30.91
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 0.91 0.86 0.76 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.63 0.60
σc = -- 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
(du/dc) = -- -8.55 -4.77 -3.32 -2.78 -2.11 -1.86 -1.72 -1.50 -1.49 -1.40
(du/dx) = -- -0.80 -1.82 -1.25 -1.21 -0.63 -0.56 -0.52 -0.39 -0.41 -0.36
(cm-1) = -- 9.45E-02 4.22E-01 4.41E-01 5.71E-01 3.74E-01 3.98E-01 4.32E-01 3.74E-01 4.37E-01 4.30E-01
(cm-1) = -- 3.42E-01 1.80E-01 1.20E-01 9.25E-02 7.25E-02 6.11E-02 5.43E-02 4.68E-02 4.32E-02 3.93E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.97E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 4.35E-02
365
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl, 0.475(MeV)
1.5E+00
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
1.0E+00
μ (cm-1)
5.0E-01
0.0E+00
-5.0E-01
-1.0E+00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.1183 0.2312 0.3515 0.4718 0.5918 0.7119 0.8300 0.9479 1.0667 1.1863
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1878 1775 1757 1678 1662 1694 1627 1584 1625 1592 1661
Total B.G. = 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525
Total C.C. = 1163.70 1097.00 1140.20 1134.20 1108.80 1124.70 1080.20 1039.00 1062.40 1113.30 1091.40
Net Cts = 713.9 677.6 616.4 543.4 552.8 568.9 546.4 544.6 562.2 478.3 569.2
σnet = 55.16 53.60 53.83 53.04 52.64 53.10 52.04 51.22 51.85 52.02 52.47
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.86 0.76 0.77 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.79 0.67 0.80
σc = -- 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10
(du/dc) = -- -8.91 -5.01 -3.74 -2.74 -2.12 -1.84 -1.58 -1.34 -1.40 -1.06
(du/dx) = -- -3.73 -2.75 -2.21 -1.15 -0.65 -0.53 -0.39 -0.27 -0.35 -0.16
(cm-1) = -- 4.41E-01 6.35E-01 7.76E-01 5.42E-01 3.84E-01 3.76E-01 3.26E-01 2.52E-01 3.75E-01 1.91E-01
(cm-1) = -- 9.35E-01 5.04E-01 3.54E-01 2.60E-01 2.05E-01 1.72E-01 1.47E-01 1.27E-01 1.25E-01 1.01E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 4.30E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.21E-01
366
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl, 0.563.26 (MeV)
9.0E-01
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
8.0E-01
7.0E-01
6.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
5.0E-01
4.0E-01
3.0E-01
2.0E-01
1.0E-01
0.0E+00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.1183 0.2312 0.3515 0.4718 0.59182 0.71189 0.82999 0.94793 1.06673 1.18633
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 4279 4207 4086 3930 3984 4065 3898 3850 3756 3879 3752
Total B.G. = 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381
Total C.C. = 1114.40 1228.04 1124.20 1094.28 1063.04 1128.16 1121.12 997.92 1018.16 1017.72 1025.20
Net Cts = 3164.3 2978.7 2961.5 2835.5 2920.7 2936.6 2776.6 2851.8 2737.6 2861.0 2726.5
σnet = 73.44 73.73 72.19 70.89 71.05 72.07 70.85 69.63 69.10 69.98 69.12
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.94 0.94 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.88 0.90 0.87 0.90 0.86
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
(du/dc) = -- -8.98 -4.62 -3.17 -2.30 -1.82 -1.60 -1.34 -1.22 -1.04 -0.98
(du/dx) = -- -4.32 -1.24 -0.89 -0.36 -0.21 -0.26 -0.15 -0.16 -0.09 -0.11
(cm-1) = -- 5.11E-01 2.86E-01 3.12E-01 1.70E-01 1.26E-01 1.84E-01 1.25E-01 1.53E-01 9.45E-02 1.26E-01
(cm-1) = -- 2.87E-01 1.46E-01 9.71E-02 7.13E-02 5.71E-02 4.85E-02 4.06E-02 3.62E-02 3.16E-02 2.90E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.09E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 3.58E-02
367
6.0E-01
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
5.0E-01
4.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-01
2.0E-01
1.0E-01
0.0E+00
-1.0E-01
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.1183 0.2312 0.3515 0.4718 0.59182 0.71189 0.82999 0.94793 1.06673 1.18633
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 6982 6791 6892 6864 6664 6524 6498 6348 6378 6170 6126
Total B.G. = 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505
Total C.C. = 1314.20 1364.40 1328.20 1281.40 1262.12 1252.41 1294.29 1276.42 1253.09 1216.87 1214.31
Net Cts = 5667.4 5426.2 5563.4 5582.2 5401.5 5271.2 5203.4 5071.2 5124.6 4952.8 4911.3
σnet = 91.09 90.31 90.67 90.26 89.03 88.19 88.28 87.32 87.36 85.95 85.68
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.96 0.98 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.87 0.87
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -8.83 -4.41 -2.89 -2.22 -1.82 -1.53 -1.35 -1.17 -1.07 -0.97
(du/dx) = -- -3.11 -0.35 -0.12 -0.22 -0.21 -0.17 -0.16 -0.11 -0.12 -0.10
(cm-1) = -- 3.68E-01 8.01E-02 4.31E-02 1.02E-01 1.22E-01 1.20E-01 1.34E-01 1.06E-01 1.26E-01 1.21E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.96E-01 9.90E-02 6.49E-02 4.88E-02 3.92E-02 3.28E-02 2.84E-02 2.47E-02 2.22E-02 2.00E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.32E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 2.44E-02
368
2.0E-01
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
1.8E-01
1.6E-01
1.4E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.1183 0.2312 0.3515 0.4718 0.59182 0.71189 0.82999 0.94793 1.06673 1.18633
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 36066 35528 35480 35148 34155 33608 33616 33404 32971 32110 31338
Total B.G. = 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529
Total C.C. = 1018.40 942.20 944.60 908.40 858.80 956.60 944.80 910.80 930.60 934.40 915.00
Net Cts = 35047.2 34585.4 34535.0 34239.2 33295.8 32651.0 32670.8 32492.8 32040.0 31175.2 30422.6
σnet = 192.57 190.97 190.85 189.89 187.12 185.92 185.91 185.24 184.13 181.78 179.59
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.87
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -8.57 -4.39 -2.91 -2.23 -1.81 -1.51 -1.30 -1.15 -1.05 -0.97
(du/dx) = -- -0.95 -0.28 -0.19 -0.23 -0.20 -0.14 -0.11 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10
(cm-1) = -- 1.12E-01 6.37E-02 6.64E-02 1.09E-01 1.20E-01 9.86E-02 9.12E-02 9.46E-02 1.10E-01 1.19E-01
(cm-1) = -- 6.59E-02 3.37E-02 2.22E-02 1.67E-02 1.34E-02 1.11E-02 9.56E-03 8.41E-03 7.54E-03 6.83E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.84E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.26E-03
369
2.0E-01
Cs134,0.795 [MeV]
1.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Cs134,0.795 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.1183 0.2312 0.3515 0.4718 0.59182 0.71189 0.82999 0.94793 1.06673 1.18633
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 26425 26138 26309 25539 25322 25127 24836 24462 24410 24353 23672
Total B.G. = 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323
Total C.C. = 206.80 263.00 193.80 214.60 218.40 268.80 218.80 239.40 216.60 217.40 198.40
Net Cts = 26218.0 25874.8 26115.0 25324.2 25103.4 24858.0 24617.0 24222.4 24193.2 24135.4 23473.4
σnet = 163.19 162.49 162.80 160.48 159.82 159.36 158.29 157.17 156.93 156.75 154.50
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 1.00 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.90
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -8.57 -4.34 -2.95 -2.21 -1.78 -1.50 -1.30 -1.14 -1.02 -0.94
(du/dx) = -- -0.94 -0.07 -0.28 -0.20 -0.15 -0.12 -0.11 -0.09 -0.07 -0.08
(cm-1) = -- 1.11E-01 1.70E-02 9.87E-02 9.21E-02 9.00E-02 8.85E-02 9.54E-02 8.48E-02 7.76E-02 9.32E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.48E-02 3.81E-02 2.53E-02 1.89E-02 1.51E-02 1.26E-02 1.09E-02 9.50E-03 8.44E-03 7.65E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 8.49E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.36E-03
370
1.8E-01
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.6E-01
1.4E-01
1.2E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.1183 0.2312 0.3515 0.4718 0.59182 0.71189 0.82999 0.94793 1.06673 1.18633
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 2760 2760 2674 2669 2633 2637 2519 2479 2401 2473 2473
Total B.G. = 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353
Total C.C. = 130.68 152.30 107.23 150.03 139.93 120.43 120.90 138.63 107.45 133.90 111.35
Net Cts = 2629.1 2607.5 2566.5 2518.7 2492.8 2516.3 2397.9 2340.1 2293.3 2338.9 2361.4
σnet = 53.77 53.97 52.74 53.10 52.66 52.52 51.39 51.17 50.09 51.06 50.84
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.89 0.90
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
(du/dc) = -- -8.52 -4.43 -2.97 -2.24 -1.77 -1.54 -1.35 -1.21 -1.05 -0.94
(du/dx) = -- -0.59 -0.45 -0.35 -0.24 -0.13 -0.18 -0.17 -0.15 -0.10 -0.08
(cm-1) = -- 6.98E-02 1.04E-01 1.22E-01 1.13E-01 7.41E-02 1.29E-01 1.40E-01 1.44E-01 1.10E-01 9.05E-02
(cm-1) = -- 2.46E-01 1.25E-01 8.36E-02 6.23E-02 4.94E-02 4.16E-02 3.61E-02 3.16E-02 2.81E-02 2.50E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.10E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 3.08E-02
371
1.5E+00
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
1.0E+00
5.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
0.0E+00
-5.0E-01
-1.0E+00
-1.5E+00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.1183 0.2312 0.3515 0.4718 0.59182 0.71189 0.82999 0.94793 1.06673 1.18633
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 246 249 291 269 228 238 248 231 258 230 224
Total B.G. = 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151
Total C.C. = 26.10 30.80 27.60 32.00 37.60 24.20 24.40 16.60 30.20 37.80 25.60
Net Cts = 219.8 218.1 263.3 236.9 190.3 213.7 223.5 214.3 227.7 192.1 198.3
σnet = 16.51 16.74 17.86 17.36 16.31 16.20 16.52 15.75 16.99 16.38 15.81
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 1.20 1.08 0.87 0.97 1.02 0.97 1.04 0.87 0.90
σc = -- 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10
(du/dc) = -- -8.52 -3.61 -2.64 -2.45 -1.74 -1.38 -1.24 -1.02 -1.07 -0.93
(du/dx) = -- -0.55 3.38 0.61 -0.65 -0.08 0.03 -0.04 0.04 -0.12 -0.07
(cm-1) = -- 6.56E-02 -7.81E-01 -2.13E-01 3.05E-01 4.76E-02 -2.34E-02 3.05E-02 -3.73E-02 1.26E-01 8.68E-02
(cm-1) = -- 9.08E-01 4.38E-01 2.99E-01 2.42E-01 1.80E-01 1.48E-01 1.27E-01 1.12E-01 1.07E-01 9.23E-02
̅ (cm-1) = -3.93E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.13E-01
372
1.0E+00
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
8.0E-01
6.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
4.0E-01
2.0E-01
0.0E+00
-2.0E-01
-4.0E-01
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.1183 0.2312 0.3515 0.4718 0.59182 0.71189 0.82999 0.94793 1.06673 1.18633
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 484 457 437 429 431 426 443 397 411 421 446
Total B.G. = 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
Total C.C. = 36.30 24.00 31.80 40.60 29.40 37.60 32.20 16.60 24.20 36.20 18.00
Net Cts = 447.6 432.9 405.1 388.3 401.5 388.3 410.7 380.3 386.7 384.7 427.9
σnet = 22.82 21.94 21.66 21.68 21.47 21.54 21.81 20.35 20.87 21.39 21.55
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.97 0.91 0.87 0.90 0.87 0.92 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.96
σc = -- 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07
(du/dc) = -- -8.74 -4.78 -3.28 -2.36 -1.95 -1.53 -1.42 -1.22 -1.09 -0.88
(du/dx) = -- -2.39 -1.87 -1.15 -0.49 -0.41 -0.17 -0.24 -0.16 -0.13 -0.03
(cm-1) = -- 2.82E-01 4.32E-01 4.04E-01 2.30E-01 2.40E-01 1.21E-01 1.96E-01 1.54E-01 1.42E-01 3.79E-02
(cm-1) = -- 6.08E-01 3.20E-01 2.15E-01 1.57E-01 1.27E-01 1.03E-01 8.90E-02 7.83E-02 7.07E-02 6.04E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.24E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 7.69E-02
373
1.8E-01
Co-60, 1.174 [MeV]
1.6E-01
1.4E-01
1.2E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Co-60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.1183 0.2312 0.3515 0.4718 0.59182 0.71189 0.82999 0.94793 1.06673 1.18633
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 24777 24521 24030 23838 23561 23880 23058 22914 22790 22602 22628
Total B.G. = 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342
Total C.C. = 555.70 536.60 514.20 528.80 507.70 469.50 506.20 522.10 459.20 489.50 472.20
Net Cts = 24221.1 23984.2 23515.6 23309.0 23053.1 23410.3 22551.6 22391.7 22330.6 22112.3 22155.6
σnet = 159.16 158.30 156.67 156.10 155.14 156.05 153.51 153.09 152.48 151.96 151.99
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.97 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.91
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -8.54 -4.46 -2.96 -2.23 -1.75 -1.51 -1.30 -1.14 -1.03 -0.92
(du/dx) = -- -0.70 -0.55 -0.31 -0.22 -0.10 -0.14 -0.11 -0.09 -0.08 -0.06
(cm-1) = -- 8.31E-02 1.28E-01 1.09E-01 1.05E-01 5.75E-02 1.00E-01 9.46E-02 8.57E-02 8.54E-02 7.51E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.87E-02 4.05E-02 2.67E-02 2.00E-02 1.58E-02 1.33E-02 1.14E-02 1.00E-02 8.93E-03 8.02E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.24E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.88E-03
374
3.0E-01
Co-60, 1.333 [MeV]
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Co-60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.1183 0.2312 0.3515 0.4718 0.59182 0.71189 0.82999 0.94793 1.06673 1.18633
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 22558 22141 22090 21760 21644 21585 21302 20935 20683 20547 20308
Total B.G. = 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304
Total C.C. = 95.40 144.00 91.80 106.20 100.80 100.80 106.20 91.80 73.80 102.60 93.60
Net Cts = 22462.4 21996.8 21998.0 21653.6 21543.0 21484.0 21195.6 20843.0 20609.0 20444.2 20214.2
σnet = 150.51 149.28 148.94 147.87 147.46 147.26 146.32 145.01 144.07 143.70 142.84
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -8.63 -4.42 -2.95 -2.21 -1.77 -1.49 -1.30 -1.15 -1.03 -0.94
(du/dx) = -- -1.50 -0.39 -0.30 -0.19 -0.13 -0.11 -0.11 -0.10 -0.08 -0.07
(cm-1) = -- 1.77E-01 9.04E-02 1.04E-01 8.86E-02 7.52E-02 8.15E-02 9.02E-02 9.08E-02 8.83E-02 8.89E-02
(cm-1) = -- 8.07E-02 4.12E-02 2.72E-02 2.03E-02 1.62E-02 1.35E-02 1.17E-02 1.02E-02 9.12E-03 8.22E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.75E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.01E-02
375
3.0E-01
Na-24, 1.369 [MeV]
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Na-24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.1183 0.2312 0.3515 0.4718 0.59182 0.71189 0.82999 0.94793 1.06673 1.18633
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 15195 14902 14689 14510 14550 14173 14510 14234 13832 13771 13588
Total B.G. = 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207
Total C.C. = 229.18 243.05 254.33 218.65 225.65 240.25 230.42 234.61 235.75 219.88 246.69
Net Cts = 14965.7 14658.8 14434.5 14291.2 14324.2 13932.6 14279.4 13999.2 13596.1 13551.0 13341.2
σnet = 124.20 123.07 122.24 121.36 121.56 120.06 121.41 120.29 118.61 118.28 117.62
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.93 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.91 0.89
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -8.63 -4.48 -2.98 -2.21 -1.81 -1.47 -1.29 -1.16 -1.04 -0.95
(du/dx) = -- -1.48 -0.68 -0.37 -0.20 -0.20 -0.09 -0.10 -0.11 -0.09 -0.08
(cm-1) = -- 1.75E-01 1.56E-01 1.31E-01 9.29E-02 1.21E-01 6.59E-02 8.04E-02 1.01E-01 9.31E-02 9.69E-02
(cm-1) = -- 9.98E-02 5.13E-02 3.38E-02 2.52E-02 2.02E-02 1.67E-02 1.44E-02 1.27E-02 1.13E-02 1.02E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.11E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.25E-02
376
2.5E-01
Na-24, 2.755 [MeV]
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Na-24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 0.1183 0.2312 0.3515 0.4718 0.59182 0.71189 0.82999 0.94793 1.06673 1.18633
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 8855 8744 8718 8718 8655 8573 8601 8408 8313 8254 8299
Total B.G. = 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Total C.C. = 102.20 98.40 104.00 121.40 91.00 76.60 87.80 100.60 91.60 109.40 58.40
Net Cts = 8752.7 8645.5 8613.9 8596.5 8563.9 8496.3 8513.1 8307.3 8221.3 8144.5 8240.5
σnet = 94.64 94.04 93.93 94.02 93.52 93.00 93.22 92.24 91.68 91.45 91.42
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.94
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -8.56 -4.39 -2.90 -2.17 -1.74 -1.44 -1.27 -1.12 -1.01 -0.90
(du/dx) = -- -0.88 -0.30 -0.15 -0.10 -0.08 -0.05 -0.08 -0.07 -0.06 -0.04
(cm-1) = -- 1.04E-01 6.91E-02 5.12E-02 4.62E-02 5.02E-02 3.90E-02 6.29E-02 6.61E-02 6.75E-02 5.08E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.30E-01 6.64E-02 4.38E-02 3.26E-02 2.60E-02 2.16E-02 1.87E-02 1.64E-02 1.46E-02 1.31E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 6.07E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.62E-02
377
Wood Siding Material Narrow-beam Data
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Wood, 0.0595 (MeV)
2.5E-01
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
μmat (cm-1)
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25
Figure 223: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Wood, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 173: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Wood, 0.0595 (MeV)
Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Wood

Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.270 4.661 7.014 9.359 11.685 14.017 16.340 18.698 21.007 23.320
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1561 1283 1136 936 850 677 601 480 410 392 315
Total B.G. = 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624 1624
Total C.C. = 155.80 147.00 116.00 99.40 93.20 78.40 61.20 59.20 47.40 37.40 40.40
Net Cts = 1404.1 1134.9 1018.9 835.5 755.7 597.5 538.7 419.7 361.5 353.5 273.5
σnet = 41.45 37.83 35.40 32.20 30.73 27.51 25.76 23.25 21.41 20.75 18.88
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.81 0.73 0.60 0.54 0.43 0.38 0.30 0.26 0.25 0.19
σc = -- 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.55 -0.30 -0.24 -0.20 -0.20 -0.19 -0.20 -0.21 -0.19 -0.22
(du/dx) = -- -0.04 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 9.38E-02 6.88E-02 7.40E-02 6.62E-02 7.31E-02 6.83E-02 7.39E-02 7.26E-02 6.57E-02 7.02E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.96E-02 9.78E-03 6.92E-03 5.37E-03 4.68E-03 4.01E-03 3.84E-03 3.54E-03 3.13E-03 3.22E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 7.27E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.54E-03
378
1.0E-01
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
-4.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2696 4.6610 7.0139 9.3590 11.6847 14.0167 16.3402 18.6981 21.0071 23.3197
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 1769 1651 1520 1441 1306 1274 1199 1149 1092 984 889
Total B.G. = 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525
Total C.C. = 1164.50 1084.90 1009.50 940.50 897.10 854.60 814.00 716.40 713.20 685.80 656.10
Net Cts = 604.1 565.7 510.1 500.1 408.5 419.0 384.6 432.2 378.4 297.8 232.5
σnet = 54.17 52.31 50.30 48.81 46.94 46.14 44.87 43.20 42.50 40.87 39.32
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.94 0.84 0.83 0.68 0.69 0.64 0.72 0.63 0.49 0.38
σc = -- 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07
(du/dc) = -- -0.47 -0.25 -0.17 -0.16 -0.12 -0.11 -0.09 -0.09 -0.10 -0.11
(du/dx) = -- -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 2.89E-02 3.63E-02 2.69E-02 4.18E-02 3.13E-02 3.22E-02 2.05E-02 2.50E-02 3.37E-02 4.09E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.68E-02 2.86E-02 1.89E-02 1.56E-02 1.22E-02 1.05E-02 8.22E-03 7.69E-03 7.80E-03 8.21E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.18E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.18E-03
379
4.0E-02
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
3.5E-02
3.0E-02
2.5E-02
μmat (cm-1)
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2696 4.661 7.0139 9.359 11.6847 14.0167 16.3402 18.6981 21.0071 23.3197
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 4126 3852 3716 3501 3263 3013 2762 2590 2480 2208 2181
Total B.G. = 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381 381
Total C.C. = 1148.60 1019.20 1082.40 935.20 952.40 860.60 806.80 731.00 736.00 700.40 698.60
Net Cts = 2977.1 2832.5 2633.3 2565.5 2310.3 2152.1 1954.9 1858.7 1743.7 1507.3 1482.1
σnet = 72.63 69.80 69.27 66.61 64.93 62.24 59.74 57.63 56.71 53.93 53.67
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.78 0.72 0.66 0.62 0.59 0.51 0.50
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -0.46 -0.24 -0.17 -0.14 -0.12 -0.11 -0.10 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09
(du/dx) = -- -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 2.19E-02 2.63E-02 2.12E-02 2.71E-02 2.78E-02 3.00E-02 2.88E-02 2.86E-02 3.24E-02 2.99E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.53E-02 7.70E-03 5.08E-03 3.98E-03 3.24E-03 2.79E-03 2.41E-03 2.17E-03 2.06E-03 1.87E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.74E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.93E-03
380
4.5E-02
4.0E-02 Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
3.5E-02
3.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2696 4.661 7.0139 9.359 11.6847 14.0167 16.3402 18.6981 21.0071 23.3197
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 7116 6588 6261 5637 5219 4981 4665 4219 3983 3822 3497
Total B.G. = 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505 505
Total C.C. = 1315.40 1185.40 1212.60 1192.00 1135.00 1050.00 936.80 903.60 875.00 804.60 799.00
Net Cts = 5800.2 5402.2 5048.0 4444.6 4083.6 3930.6 3727.8 3315.0 3107.6 3017.0 2697.6
σnet = 91.83 88.17 86.45 82.64 79.72 77.66 74.85 71.58 69.70 68.02 65.55
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.87 0.77 0.70 0.68 0.64 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.47
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.47 -0.25 -0.19 -0.15 -0.13 -0.11 -0.11 -0.10 -0.09 -0.09
(du/dx) = -- -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 3.13E-02 2.98E-02 3.80E-02 3.75E-02 3.33E-02 3.15E-02 3.42E-02 3.34E-02 3.11E-02 3.28E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.00E-02 5.00E-03 3.48E-03 2.69E-03 2.17E-03 1.82E-03 1.64E-03 1.47E-03 1.31E-03 1.24E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.33E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.27E-03
381
5.0E-02
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
4.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2696 4.661 7.0139 9.359 11.6847 14.0167 16.3402 18.6981 21.0071 23.3197
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 36150 33959 30957 29215 27083 25319 22984 21578 20014 18692 17659
Total B.G. = 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 529
Total C.C. = 855.80 940.00 913.40 797.80 825.80 721.20 686.20 658.20 604.20 657.40 553.60
Net Cts = 35293.8 33018.6 30043.2 28416.8 26256.8 24597.4 22297.4 20919.4 19409.4 18034.2 17105.0
σnet = 192.37 186.81 178.52 173.24 167.06 161.37 153.85 149.12 143.59 139.10 134.96
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.94 0.85 0.81 0.74 0.70 0.63 0.59 0.55 0.51 0.48
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
(du/dc) = -- -0.47 -0.25 -0.18 -0.14 -0.12 -0.11 -0.10 -0.10 -0.09 -0.09
(du/dx) = -- -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 2.94E-02 3.46E-02 3.09E-02 3.16E-02 3.09E-02 3.28E-02 3.20E-02 3.20E-02 3.20E-02 3.11E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.46E-03 1.73E-03 1.17E-03 8.95E-04 7.30E-04 6.27E-04 5.49E-04 4.92E-04 4.50E-04 4.11E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 3.17E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.36E-04
382
5.0E-02
Cs134,0.795 [MeV]
4.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134,0.795 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2696 4.661 7.0139 9.359 11.6847 14.0167 16.3402 18.6981 21.0071 23.3197
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 26280 25155 23478 21710 20524 19277 17942 16883 15959 14765 13914
Total B.G. = 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323
Total C.C. = 283.00 244.40 194.00 188.60 205.40 182.80 166.00 178.20 184.00 161.00 153.60
Net Cts = 25996.8 24910.4 23283.8 21521.2 20318.4 19094.0 17775.8 16704.6 15774.8 14603.8 13760.2
σnet = 162.98 159.37 153.86 147.98 143.98 139.50 134.57 130.62 127.06 122.17 118.61
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.96 0.90 0.83 0.78 0.73 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.56 0.53
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.46 -0.24 -0.17 -0.14 -0.12 -0.10 -0.10 -0.09 -0.08 -0.08
(du/dx) = -- -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 1.88E-02 2.36E-02 2.69E-02 2.63E-02 2.64E-02 2.71E-02 2.71E-02 2.67E-02 2.75E-02 2.73E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.95E-03 1.95E-03 1.33E-03 1.01E-03 8.24E-04 7.01E-04 6.13E-04 5.46E-04 4.98E-04 4.57E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 2.58E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.95E-04
383
5.0E-02
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
4.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25
Table 179: Narrow-Beam Measured Data: Wood, 0.801 (MeV

Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2696 4.661 7.0139 9.359 11.6847 14.0167 16.3402 18.6981 21.0071 23.3197
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 2741 2616 2338 2252 2220 1914 1862 1753 1662 1552 1463
Total B.G. = 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353 353
Total C.C. = 190.05 125.18 116.63 97.90 96.90 79.63 95.83 63.28 60.68 66.33 59.68
Net Cts = 2550.7 2490.6 2221.1 2153.9 2122.9 1834.1 1765.9 1689.5 1601.1 1485.4 1403.1
σnet = 54.14 52.36 49.55 48.48 48.14 44.66 44.25 42.62 41.51 40.24 39.03
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.87 0.84 0.83 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.58 0.55
σc = -- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
(du/dc) = -- -0.45 -0.25 -0.17 -0.13 -0.12 -0.10 -0.09 -0.09 -0.08 -0.08
(du/dx) = -- 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 1.05E-02 2.97E-02 2.41E-02 1.96E-02 2.82E-02 2.62E-02 2.52E-02 2.49E-02 2.57E-02 2.56E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.32E-02 6.61E-03 4.41E-03 3.32E-03 2.76E-03 2.34E-03 2.02E-03 1.79E-03 1.64E-03 1.50E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.40E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.65E-03
384
1.4E-01
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2696 4.661 7.0139 9.359 11.6847 14.0167 16.3402 18.6981 21.0071 23.3197
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 322 274 262 229 253 194 214 210 182 188 151
Total B.G. = 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151
Total C.C. = 29.00 28.60 27.60 25.40 22.40 22.60 26.40 24.60 21.20 17.40 16.00
Net Cts = 292.9 245.3 234.3 203.5 230.5 171.3 187.5 185.3 160.7 170.5 134.9
σnet = 18.74 17.41 17.03 15.96 16.61 14.73 15.52 15.33 14.27 14.34 12.94
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.84 0.80 0.69 0.79 0.58 0.64 0.63 0.55 0.58 0.46
σc = -- 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05
(du/dc) = -- -0.53 -0.27 -0.21 -0.14 -0.15 -0.11 -0.10 -0.10 -0.08 -0.09
(du/dx) = -- -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 7.81E-02 4.79E-02 5.19E-02 2.56E-02 4.59E-02 3.18E-02 2.80E-02 3.21E-02 2.58E-02 3.32E-02
(cm-1) = -- 4.21E-02 2.08E-02 1.44E-02 1.03E-02 9.17E-03 7.46E-03 6.40E-03 5.85E-03 5.03E-03 4.94E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.00E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.28E-03
385
9.0E-02
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
8.0E-02
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2696 4.661 7.0139 9.359 11.6847 14.0167 16.3402 18.6981 21.0071 23.3197
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 486 425 402 397 364 345 338 295 287 278 265
Total B.G. = 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 144
Total C.C. = 40.40 27.00 30.00 25.80 27.40 27.00 26.60 20.80 13.60 17.40 18.40
Net Cts = 445.5 397.9 371.9 371.1 336.5 317.9 311.3 274.1 273.3 260.5 246.5
σnet = 22.95 21.27 20.79 20.57 19.79 19.30 19.10 17.78 17.35 17.20 16.85
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.89 0.83 0.83 0.76 0.71 0.70 0.62 0.61 0.58 0.55
σc = -- 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
(du/dc) = -- -0.49 -0.26 -0.17 -0.14 -0.12 -0.10 -0.10 -0.09 -0.08 -0.08
(du/dx) = -- -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 4.98E-02 3.87E-02 2.61E-02 3.00E-02 2.89E-02 2.56E-02 2.97E-02 2.61E-02 2.55E-02 2.54E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.27E-02 1.63E-02 1.08E-02 8.35E-03 6.81E-03 5.72E-03 5.07E-03 4.37E-03 3.99E-03 3.67E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.06E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.09E-03
386
3.0E-02
Co-60, 1.174 [MeV]
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Co-60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2696 4.661 7.0139 9.359 11.6847 14.0167 16.3402 18.6981 21.0071 23.3197
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 24667 23478 22151 20873 19824 18928 17722 17116 16175 15366 14282
Total B.G. = 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342
Total C.C. = 549.10 508.60 476.30 456.80 385.80 420.70 423.20 444.00 385.90 368.10 368.80
Net Cts = 24117.7 22969.2 21674.5 20416.0 19438.0 18507.1 17298.6 16671.8 15788.9 14997.7 13913.0
σnet = 158.80 154.88 150.43 146.05 142.16 139.10 134.71 132.52 128.69 125.44 121.04
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.81 0.77 0.72 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.58
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.46 -0.24 -0.17 -0.13 -0.11 -0.10 -0.09 -0.08 -0.08 -0.07
(du/dx) = -- -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 2.15E-02 2.29E-02 2.38E-02 2.30E-02 2.27E-02 2.37E-02 2.26E-02 2.27E-02 2.26E-02 2.36E-02
(cm-1) = -- 4.15E-03 2.05E-03 1.39E-03 1.05E-03 8.55E-04 7.28E-04 6.32E-04 5.60E-04 5.07E-04 4.68E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 2.29E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.19E-04
387
3.0E-02
Co-60, 1.333 [MeV]
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Co-60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2696 4.661 7.0139 9.359 11.6847 14.0167 16.3402 18.6981 21.0071 23.3197
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 22592 21543 20317 19391 18244 17233 16422 15919 14852 14004 13404
Total B.G. = 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304
Total C.C. = 109.80 117.00 115.20 90.00 109.80 81.00 88.20 88.20 84.60 88.20 90.00
Net Cts = 22482.0 21425.8 20201.6 19300.8 18134.0 17151.8 16333.6 15830.6 14767.2 13915.6 13313.8
σnet = 150.67 147.18 142.94 139.58 135.48 131.58 128.49 126.52 122.22 118.71 116.17
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.59
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.46 -0.24 -0.17 -0.13 -0.11 -0.10 -0.09 -0.08 -0.08 -0.07
(du/dx) = -- -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 2.12E-02 2.29E-02 2.18E-02 2.30E-02 2.32E-02 2.28E-02 2.15E-02 2.25E-02 2.28E-02 2.25E-02
(cm-1) = -- 4.23E-03 2.09E-03 1.41E-03 1.07E-03 8.72E-04 7.37E-04 6.38E-04 5.70E-04 5.16E-04 4.72E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 2.24E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.28E-04
388

3.0E-02
Na-24, 1.369 [MeV]
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Na-24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2696 4.661 7.0139 9.359 11.6847 14.0167 16.3402 18.6981 21.0071 23.3197
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 13206 12715 11998 11493 10937 10212 9838 9084 8869 8319 7972
Total B.G. = 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 207
Total C.C. = 222.06 206.71 192.31 205.52 190.02 161.61 179.37 180.80 162.05 140.25 159.88
Net Cts = 12983.8 12508.2 11805.5 11287.3 10746.8 10050.2 9658.5 8903.1 8706.8 8178.6 7812.0
σnet = 115.88 113.68 110.41 108.16 105.49 101.85 100.09 96.26 95.03 91.98 90.18
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.96 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.77 0.74 0.69 0.67 0.63 0.60
σc = -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.46 -0.24 -0.16 -0.13 -0.11 -0.10 -0.09 -0.08 -0.08 -0.07
(du/dx) = -- -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 1.64E-02 2.04E-02 2.00E-02 2.02E-02 2.19E-02 2.11E-02 2.31E-02 2.14E-02 2.20E-02 2.18E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.61E-03 2.77E-03 1.87E-03 1.42E-03 1.16E-03 9.76E-04 8.58E-04 7.54E-04 6.83E-04 6.26E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 2.08E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.01E-04
389
2.5E-02
Na-24, 2.755 [MeV]
2.0E-02
μmat (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25

Na-24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
x (cm) = -- 2.2696 4.661 7.0139 9.359 11.6847 14.0167 16.3402 18.6981 21.0071 23.3197
σx (cm) = -- 0.0020 0.0028 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0049 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
Total Cts. = 7941 7682 7359 7151 6892 6684 6328 6111 5925 5688 5491
Total B.G. = 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Total C.C. = 96.40 91.00 79.00 97.80 72.20 56.00 66.60 58.40 53.40 80.20 72.00
Net Cts = 7844.5 7590.9 7279.9 7053.1 6819.7 6627.9 6261.3 6052.5 5871.5 5607.7 5418.9
σnet = 89.65 88.17 86.25 85.14 83.45 82.10 79.97 78.55 77.32 75.95 74.59
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.71 0.69
σc = -- 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(du/dc) = -- -0.46 -0.23 -0.16 -0.12 -0.10 -0.09 -0.08 -0.07 -0.07 -0.06
(du/dx) = -- -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm-1) = -- 1.45E-02 1.60E-02 1.52E-02 1.50E-02 1.44E-02 1.61E-02 1.59E-02 1.55E-02 1.60E-02 1.59E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.18E-03 3.53E-03 2.37E-03 1.79E-03 1.44E-03 1.22E-03 1.06E-03 9.33E-04 8.44E-04 7.67E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 1.54E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.93E-04
390
APPENDIX K
General purpose construction material total attenuation coefficients wrap-up for measured data.
Clay Brick Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Clay Brick AverageTotal Attenuation Coefficients

0.60
0.50
0.40
𝜇 ̅mat (cm-1)
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 236: Experimental Clay Brick Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 186: Experimental Clay Brick Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Clay Brick Total Attenuation Coefficients

Photon Energy (MeV) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 5.44E-01 1.94E-02
0.475 1.63E-01 1.55E-02
0.563 1.49E-01 4.08E-03
0.569 1.50E-01 2.76E-03
0.605 1.44E-01 9.33E-04
0.795 1.29E-01 1.04E-03
0.801 1.31E-01 3.35E-03
1.039 1.14E-01 1.23E-02
1.167 1.14E-01 8.63E-03
1.174 1.11E-01 1.08E-03
1.333 9.93E-02 1.10E-03
1.369 9.80E-02 1.43E-03
2.755 6.63E-02 1.81E-03
391
Asphalt Shingle Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Asphalt Shingle Total Attenuation Coefficients
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
𝜇 ̅mat (cm-1)
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 237: Experimental Asphalt Shingle Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 187: Experimental Asphalt Shingle Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Asphalt Shingle Total Attenuation

Coefficients
0.06 3.87E-01 2.25E-02
0.475 2.58E-01 6.14E-02
0.563 1.54E-01 1.73E-02
0.569 1.31E-01 1.17E-02
0.605 1.27E-01 3.98E-03
0.795 9.88E-02 4.52E-03
0.801 1.27E-01 1.49E-02
1.039 2.70E-01 5.18E-02
1.167 1.75E-01 3.83E-02
1.174 7.88E-02 4.77E-03
1.333 6.53E-02 4.90E-03
1.369 9.31E-02 6.20E-03
2.755 6.43E-02 7.97E-03
392
Asphalt Saturated Felt Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Asphalt Saturated Felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
0.60
0.50
0.40
𝜇 ̅mat (cm-1)
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 238: Experimental Asphalt Saturated Felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 188: Experimental Asphalt Saturated felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Felt Total Attenuation Coefficients

0.06 2.56E-01 6.45E-02
0.475 3.69E-01 1.77E-01
0.563 1.47E-01 5.14E-02
0.569 1.29E-01 3.48E-02
0.605 1.22E-01 1.19E-02
0.795 9.15E-02 1.36E-02
0.801 1.53E-01 4.47E-02
1.039 3.49E-01 1.58E-01
1.167 4.15E-01 1.15E-01
1.174 3.86E-02 1.43E-02
1.333 4.34E-02 1.46E-02
1.369 4.72E-02 1.91E-02
2.755 6.97E-02 2.46E-02
393
Gypsum Wallboard Material Total Averaged Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Gypsum Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
𝜇 ̅mat (cm-1)
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 239: Experimental Gypsum Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 189: Experimental Gypsum Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Gypsum Total Attenuation Coefficients

0.06 1.66E-01 4.69E-03
0.475 2.47E-02 1.33E-02
0.563 4.14E-02 3.43E-03
0.569 3.79E-02 2.32E-03
0.605 4.09E-02 7.90E-04
0.795 3.93E-02 8.93E-04
0.801 3.42E-02 2.95E-03
1.039 4.08E-02 1.04E-02
1.167 3.46E-02 7.53E-03
1.174 3.23E-02 9.39E-04
1.333 3.36E-02 9.56E-04
1.369 3.06E-02 1.11E-03
2.755 2.46E-02 1.42E-03
394
OSB Sheathing Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental OSB AverageTotal Attenuation Coefficients
0.12
0.10
0.08
𝜇 ̅mat (cm-1)
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 240: Experimental OSB Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 190: Experimental OSB Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental OSB Total Attenuation Coefficients

0.06 9.63E-02 4.51E-03
0.475 3.85E-02 1.28E-02
0.563 5.45E-02 3.42E-03
0.569 5.58E-02 2.34E-03
0.605 5.03E-02 8.04E-04
0.795 4.41E-02 9.12E-04
0.801 4.72E-02 2.99E-03
1.039 5.63E-02 1.03E-02
1.167 4.08E-02 7.84E-03
1.174 3.81E-02 9.56E-04
1.333 3.69E-02 9.75E-04
1.369 3.11E-02 1.20E-03
2.755 2.19E-02 1.53E-03
395
Steel Siding Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimetnal Steel Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
𝜇 ̅mat (cm-1)
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 241: Experimental Steel Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 191: Experimental Steel Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Steel Total Attenuation Coefficients

0.06 8.48E+00 1.91E-01
0.475 1.25E+00 8.06E-01
0.563 3.52E-01 1.01E-01
0.569 4.64E-01 6.79E-02
0.605 5.53E-01 2.33E-02
0.795 4.48E-01 2.61E-02
0.801 4.93E-01 8.53E-02
1.039 5.78E-01 3.16E-01
1.167 4.31E-01 2.20E-01
1.174 3.84E-01 2.77E-02
1.333 3.86E-01 2.82E-02
1.369 4.56E-01 3.62E-02
2.755 2.63E-01 4.62E-02
396
Stucco Total Material Averaged Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Stucco Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
0.35
0.30
0.25
𝜇 ̅mat (cm-1)
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 242: Experimental Stucco Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 192: Experimental Stucco Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Stucco Total Attenuation Coefficients

0.06 2.86E-01 9.41E-03
0.475 1.05E-01 8.53E-03
0.563 9.47E-02 2.16E-03
0.569 9.02E-02 1.46E-03
0.605 8.84E-02 4.84E-04
0.795 7.81E-02 5.39E-04
0.801 8.01E-02 1.77E-03
1.039 5.35E-02 6.58E-03
1.167 7.20E-02 4.48E-03
1.174 6.37E-02 5.56E-04
1.333 6.23E-02 5.65E-04
1.369 6.14E-02 6.67E-04
2.755 4.23E-02 8.37E-04
397
Terracotta Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimetnal Terracotta Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
0.70
0.60
0.50
𝜇 ̅mat (cm-1)
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 243: Experimental Terracotta Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 193: Experimental Terracotta Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Terracotta Total Attenuation Coefficients

0.06 6.51E-01 1.53E-02
0.475 1.49E-01 2.43E-02
0.563 1.62E-01 6.60E-03
0.569 1.70E-01 4.44E-03
0.605 1.64E-01 1.53E-03
0.795 1.43E-01 1.72E-03
0.801 1.57E-01 5.61E-03
1.039 1.84E-01 2.08E-02
1.167 1.50E-01 1.41E-02
1.174 1.24E-01 1.80E-03
1.333 1.14E-01 1.84E-03
1.369 1.14E-01 2.14E-03
2.755 8.80E-02 2.73E-03
398
Vinyl Siding Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Vinyl Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
𝜇 ̅mat (cm-1)
0.20
0.10
0.00
-0.10
-0.20
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 244: Experimental Vinyl Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 194: Experimental Vinyl Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Vinyl Total Attenuation Coefficients

0.06 3.97E-01 4.35E-02
0.475 4.30E-01 1.21E-01
0.563 2.09E-01 3.58E-02
0.569 1.32E-01 2.44E-02
0.605 9.84E-02 8.26E-03
0.795 8.49E-02 9.36E-03
0.801 1.10E-01 3.08E-02
1.039 -3.93E-02 1.13E-01
1.167 2.24E-01 7.69E-02
1.174 9.24E-02 9.88E-03
1.333 9.75E-02 1.01E-02
1.369 1.11E-01 1.25E-02
2.755 6.07E-02 1.62E-02
399
Wood Siding Material Averaged Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Wood Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
𝜇 ̅mat (cm-1)
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 245: Experimental Average Wood Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 195: Experimental Average Wood Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Wood Total Attenuation Coefficients

0.06 7.27E-02 2.54E-03
0.475 3.18E-02 7.18E-03
0.563 2.74E-02 1.93E-03
0.569 3.33E-02 1.27E-03
0.605 3.17E-02 4.36E-04
0.795 2.58E-02 4.95E-04
0.801 2.40E-02 1.65E-03
1.039 4.00E-02 5.28E-03
1.167 3.06E-02 4.09E-03
1.174 2.29E-02 5.19E-04
1.333 2.24E-02 5.28E-04
1.369 2.08E-02 7.01E-04
2.755 1.54E-02 8.93E-04
400
APPENDIX L
General purpose construction material experimental and MCNP5 calculated total attenuation coefficients.
Clay Brick Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficient Validation
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental

Clay Brick Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅mat, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
0.60
MCNP5 Calculation
0.50
Experimental Data
0.40
𝜇 ̅'mat (cm-1)
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.01 0.1 Photon Energy (MeV) 1 10
Figure 246: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Clay Brick Average Attenuation Coefficients
Table 196: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Clay Brick Average Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Clay Brick Attenuation Coefficients

Photon Energy Experimental Data MCNP5 Calculation Percent Difference
(MeV) -1 -1
̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 5.44E-01 1.94E-02 4.02E-01 3.87E-03 -26%
0.475 1.63E-01 1.55E-02 1.61E-01 3.60E-03 -1%
0.563 1.49E-01 4.08E-03 1.47E-01 3.75E-03 -2%
0.569 1.50E-01 2.76E-03 1.46E-01 3.69E-03 -2%
0.605 1.44E-01 9.33E-04 1.46E-01 3.81E-03 1%
0.795 1.29E-01 1.04E-03 1.28E-01 4.05E-03 0%
0.801 1.31E-01 3.35E-03 1.34E-01 4.13E-03 2%
1.039 1.14E-01 1.23E-02 1.21E-01 4.47E-03 6%
1.167 1.14E-01 8.63E-03 1.08E-01 4.64E-03 -6%
1.174 1.11E-01 1.08E-03 1.06E-01 4.62E-03 -5%
1.333 9.93E-02 1.10E-03 9.21E-02 4.68E-03 -7%
1.369 9.80E-02 1.43E-03 1.03E-01 4.76E-03 5%
2.755 6.63E-02 1.81E-03 6.71E-02 6.09E-03 1%
401
Asphalt Shingle Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficient Validation
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Asphalt Total Attenuation Coefficients from 40

keV to 3 MeV
0.90
MCNP5 Calculated
0.80
0.70 Experimenta Datal
0.60
𝜇 ̅'mat (cm-1)
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.01 0.1 Photon Energy [MeV] 1 10
Figure 247: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 197: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Asphalt Total Attenuation Coefficients

(MeV) -1 -1
̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 3.87E-01 2.25E-02 4.40E-01 1.24E-02 14%
0.475 2.58E-01 6.14E-02 1.56E-01 1.51E-02 -40%
0.563 1.54E-01 1.73E-02 1.32E-01 1.64E-02 -14%
0.569 1.31E-01 1.17E-02 1.43E-01 1.59E-02 9%
0.605 1.27E-01 3.98E-03 1.47E-01 1.63E-02 16%
0.795 9.88E-02 4.52E-03 1.17E-01 1.78E-02 18%
0.801 1.27E-01 1.49E-02 1.35E-01 1.80E-02 7%
1.039 2.70E-01 5.18E-02 1.12E-01 1.99E-02 -58%
1.167 1.75E-01 3.83E-02 8.58E-02 2.01E-02 -51%
1.174 7.88E-02 4.77E-03 8.56E-02 2.03E-02 9%
1.333 6.53E-02 4.90E-03 9.15E-02 2.17E-02 40%
1.369 9.31E-02 6.20E-03 9.74E-02 2.10E-02 5%
2.755 6.43E-02 7.97E-03 4.52E-02 2.62E-02 -30%
402
Asphalt Saturated Felt Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficient Validation
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Asphalt Saturated Felt

Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅mat, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
0.50
MCNP5 Calculation
0.40 Experimental Data
0.30
𝜇 ̅'mat (cm-1)
0.20
0.10
0.00
-0.10
Figure 248: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 198: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Felt Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Felt Attenuation Coefficients

(MeV) -1 -1
̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 2.56E-01 6.45E-02 2.20E-01 3.55E-02 -14%
0.475 3.69E-01 1.77E-01 9.69E-02 4.56E-02 -74%
0.563 1.47E-01 5.14E-02 9.06E-02 4.81E-02 -38%
0.569 1.29E-01 3.48E-02 1.03E-01 4.74E-02 -21%
0.605 1.22E-01 1.19E-02 9.85E-02 4.89E-02 -19%
0.795 9.15E-02 1.36E-02 8.62E-02 5.28E-02 -6%
0.801 1.53E-01 4.47E-02 8.26E-02 5.34E-02 -46%
1.039 3.49E-01 1.58E-01 7.26E-02 5.87E-02 -79%
1.167 4.15E-01 1.15E-01 6.27E-02 6.15E-02 -85%
1.174 3.86E-02 1.43E-02 5.89E-02 6.12E-02 52%
1.333 4.34E-02 1.46E-02 5.16E-02 6.27E-02 19%
1.369 4.72E-02 1.91E-02 5.97E-02 6.32E-02 26%
2.755 6.97E-02 2.46E-02 6.64E-02 8.27E-02 -5%
403
Gypsum Wallboard Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficient Validation
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Gypsum Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅mat, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
0.35
MCNP5 Calculation
0.30
Experimental Data
0.25
𝜇 ̅'mat (cm-1)
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Figure 249: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Gypsum Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 199: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Gypsum Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Gypsum Attenuation Coefficients

(MeV) -1 -1
̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 1.66E-01 4.69E-03 1.78E-01 2.63E-03 8%
0.475 2.47E-02 1.33E-02 5.47E-02 3.03E-03 121%
0.563 4.14E-02 3.43E-03 4.83E-02 3.20E-03 17%
0.569 3.79E-02 2.32E-03 4.87E-02 3.14E-03 28%
0.605 4.09E-02 7.90E-04 5.06E-02 3.24E-03 24%
0.795 3.93E-02 8.93E-04 4.14E-02 3.48E-03 5%
0.801 3.42E-02 2.95E-03 4.52E-02 3.54E-03 32%
1.039 4.08E-02 1.04E-02 3.97E-02 3.87E-03 -3%
1.167 3.46E-02 7.53E-03 3.57E-02 4.04E-03 3%
1.174 3.23E-02 9.39E-04 3.31E-02 4.02E-03 3%
1.333 3.36E-02 9.56E-04 2.87E-02 4.11E-03 -15%
1.369 3.06E-02 1.11E-03 3.56E-02 4.16E-03 16%
2.755 2.46E-02 1.42E-03 2.27E-02 5.39E-03 -8%
404
OSB Sheathing Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental OSB Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅mat, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
0.16
MCNP5 Calculation
Experimental Data
0.14
0.12
0.10
𝜇 ̅'mat (cm-1)
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Photon nergy (MeV)
Figure 250: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental OSB Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 200: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental OSB Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental OSB Attenuation Coefficients

(MeV)
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 9.63E-02 4.51E-03 1.12E-01 2.50E-03 17%
0.475 3.85E-02 1.28E-02 6.08E-02 3.10E-03 58%
0.563 5.45E-02 3.42E-03 5.35E-02 3.25E-03 -2%
0.569 5.58E-02 2.34E-03 5.41E-02 3.20E-03 -3%
0.605 5.03E-02 8.04E-04 5.57E-02 3.31E-03 11%
0.795 4.41E-02 9.12E-04 4.69E-02 3.55E-03 6%
0.801 4.72E-02 2.99E-03 5.07E-02 3.61E-03 7%
1.039 5.63E-02 1.03E-02 4.39E-02 3.94E-03 -22%
1.167 4.08E-02 7.84E-03 3.98E-02 4.12E-03 -2%
1.174 3.81E-02 9.56E-04 3.66E-02 4.09E-03 -4%
1.333 3.69E-02 9.75E-04 3.34E-02 4.19E-03 -9%
1.369 3.11E-02 1.20E-03 4.02E-02 4.24E-03 30%
2.755 2.19E-02 1.53E-03 2.34E-02 5.48E-03 7%
405
Steel Siding Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Steel Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅mat, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
14.00
MCNP5 Calculation
Experimental Data
12.00
10.00
𝜇 ̅'mat (cm-1)
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
Figure 251: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Steel Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 201: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Steel Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Steel Attenuation Coefficients

(MeV) -1 -1
̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 8.48E+00 1.91E-01 7.78E+00 1.09E-01 -8%
0.475 1.25E+00 8.06E-01 6.50E-01 8.76E-02 -48%
0.563 3.52E-01 1.01E-01 5.80E-01 9.25E-02 65%
0.569 4.64E-01 6.79E-02 6.05E-01 9.11E-02 30%
0.605 5.53E-01 2.33E-02 5.80E-01 9.39E-02 5%
0.795 4.48E-01 2.61E-02 5.03E-01 1.01E-01 12%
0.801 4.93E-01 8.53E-02 4.90E-01 1.02E-01 -1%
1.039 5.78E-01 3.16E-01 4.99E-01 1.13E-01 -14%
1.167 4.31E-01 2.20E-01 4.00E-01 1.18E-01 -7%
1.174 3.84E-01 2.77E-02 3.54E-01 1.17E-01 -8%
1.333 3.86E-01 2.82E-02 2.98E-01 1.20E-01 -23%
1.369 4.56E-01 3.62E-02 4.02E-01 1.21E-01 -12%
2.755 2.63E-01 4.62E-02 3.06E-01 1.58E-01 16%
406
Stucco Siding Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Stucco Attenuation Coefficients, , 𝜇 '̅mat, 40 keV to 3 MeV
0.35
MCNP5 Calculation
Experimental Data
0.30
0.25
0.20
𝜇 ̅'mat (cm-1)
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 252: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Stucco Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 202: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Stucco Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Stucco Attenuation Coefficients

(MeV) -1 -1
̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 2.86E-01 9.41E-03 2.21E-01 2.19E-03 -23%
0.475 1.05E-01 8.53E-03 9.90E-02 1.87E-03 -5%
0.563 9.47E-02 2.16E-03 9.13E-02 1.97E-03 -4%
0.569 9.02E-02 1.46E-03 9.33E-02 1.95E-03 3%
0.605 8.84E-02 4.84E-04 8.73E-02 1.95E-03 -1%
0.795 7.81E-02 5.39E-04 8.07E-02 2.13E-03 3%
0.801 8.01E-02 1.77E-03 7.95E-02 2.12E-03 -1%
1.039 5.35E-02 6.58E-03 6.83E-02 2.35E-03 28%
1.167 7.20E-02 4.48E-03 6.73E-02 2.38E-03 -7%
1.174 6.37E-02 5.56E-04 6.70E-02 2.39E-03 5%
1.333 6.23E-02 5.65E-04 6.21E-02 2.44E-03 0%
1.369 6.14E-02 6.67E-04 5.77E-02 2.43E-03 -6%
2.755 4.23E-02 8.37E-04 4.39E-02 3.00E-03 4%
407
Terracotta Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Terracotta Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅mat, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
0.80
MCNP5 Calculation
Experimental Data
0.70
0.60
0.50
𝜇 ̅'mat (cm-1)
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 253: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Terracotta Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 203: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Terracotta Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Terracotta Attenuation Coefficients

(MeV)
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 6.51E-01 1.53E-02 5.14E-01 5.64E-03 -21%
0.475 1.49E-01 2.43E-02 1.96E-01 5.89E-03 32%
0.563 1.62E-01 6.60E-03 1.77E-01 6.18E-03 9%
0.569 1.70E-01 4.44E-03 1.79E-01 6.07E-03 5%
0.605 1.64E-01 1.53E-03 1.81E-01 6.27E-03 10%
0.795 1.43E-01 1.72E-03 1.59E-01 6.71E-03 11%
0.801 1.57E-01 5.61E-03 1.61E-01 6.81E-03 2%
1.039 1.84E-01 2.08E-02 1.44E-01 7.42E-03 -21%
1.167 1.50E-01 1.41E-02 1.31E-01 7.74E-03 -12%
1.174 1.24E-01 1.80E-03 1.32E-01 7.71E-03 6%
1.333 1.14E-01 1.84E-03 1.09E-01 7.82E-03 -4%
1.369 1.14E-01 2.14E-03 1.28E-01 7.95E-03 12%
2.755 8.80E-02 2.73E-03 8.34E-02 1.02E-02 -5%
408
Vinyl Siding Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Viny Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅mat, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
1.40
MCNP5 Calculation
1.20
Experimental Data
1.00
0.80
𝜇 ̅'mat (cm-1)
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
0.01 0.1 1 10
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 254: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Vinyl Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 204: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Vinyl Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Vinyl Attenuation Coefficients

(MeV) -1 -1
̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 3.97E-01 4.35E-02 5.44E-01 2.50E-02 37%
0.475 4.30E-01 1.21E-01 1.23E-01 3.14E-02 -71%
0.563 2.09E-01 3.58E-02 1.04E-01 3.32E-02 -50%
0.569 1.32E-01 2.44E-02 1.29E-01 3.27E-02 -3%
0.605 9.84E-02 8.26E-03 1.15E-01 3.37E-02 17%
0.795 8.49E-02 9.36E-03 9.80E-02 3.64E-02 15%
0.801 1.10E-01 3.08E-02 9.91E-02 3.69E-02 -10%
1.039 -3.93E-02 1.13E-01 9.17E-02 4.04E-02 -334%
1.167 2.24E-01 7.69E-02 7.25E-02 4.23E-02 -68%
1.174 9.24E-02 9.88E-03 6.43E-02 4.22E-02 -30%
1.333 9.75E-02 1.01E-02 5.95E-02 4.32E-02 -39%
1.369 1.11E-01 1.25E-02 8.01E-02 4.36E-02 -28%
2.755 6.07E-02 1.62E-02 7.26E-02 5.70E-02 20%
409
Wood Siding Material Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Wood Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅mat, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
0.09
MCNP5 Calculation
0.08 Experimental Data
0.07
0.06
𝜇 ̅'mat (cm-1)
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
Figure 255: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Wood Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 205: MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Wood Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Wood Attenuation Coefficients

(MeV) -1 -1
̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm ) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 7.27E-02 2.54E-03 6.98E-02 1.37E-03 -4%
0.475 3.18E-02 7.18E-03 2.97E-02 1.65E-03 -6%
0.563 2.74E-02 1.93E-03 3.41E-02 1.76E-03 24%
0.569 3.33E-02 1.27E-03 4.06E-02 1.76E-03 22%
0.605 3.17E-02 4.36E-04 3.03E-02 1.78E-03 -4%
0.795 2.58E-02 4.95E-04 3.00E-02 1.93E-03 17%
0.801 2.40E-02 1.65E-03 3.13E-02 1.95E-03 30%
1.039 4.00E-02 5.28E-03 3.49E-02 2.17E-03 -13%
1.167 3.06E-02 4.09E-03 2.49E-02 2.23E-03 -19%
1.174 2.29E-02 5.19E-04 2.32E-02 2.21E-03 1%
1.333 2.24E-02 5.28E-04 2.34E-02 2.27E-03 5%
1.369 2.08E-02 7.01E-04 2.70E-02 2.30E-03 30%
2.755 1.54E-02 8.93E-04 8.40E-03 2.93E-03 -46%
410
APPENDIX M
Shielding model broad -beam raw spectral, derived net photopeak data, individual and average total
attenuation coefficients.
Clay Brick Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Brick Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)

2.5E-02
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 256: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Brick Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 206: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Brick Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
Brick Wall
Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No Position Position Position Position Position
Shield 1 2 3 4 5
̅ (cm) = -- 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 1827 1318 1291 1263 1346 1261

Total B.G. = 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463
Total C.C. = 211.8 186.2 214.2 185.2 202.8 169
Net Cts = 1585.8 1102.4 1047.4 1048.4 1113.8 1062.6
σnet = 45.22 38.86 38.88 38.14 39.43 37.90
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.70 0.66 0.66 0.70 0.67

σc = -- 3.2E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.2E-02 3.1E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06

(du/dx) = -- -6.2E-04 -7.1E-04 -7.1E-04 -6.1E-04 -6.9E-04
(cm-1) = -- 1.5E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.5E-02 1.7E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.9E-03 1.9E-03 1.9E-03 1.9E-03 1.9E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.50E-04
411
1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Brick Wall
Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
Shield Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 Position 4 Position 5
̅ (cm) = -- 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 1726 820 807 785 728 728

Total B.G. = 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328
Total C.C. = 1086 670.6 715.9 645.4 611.1 598.8
Net Cts = 631.9 141.3 83.0 131.5 108.8 121.1
σnet = 53.06 38.65 39.07 37.86 36.64 36.47
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.22 0.13 0.21 0.17 0.19

σc = -- 6.4E-02 6.3E-02 6.2E-02 6.0E-02 6.0E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.19 -0.32 -0.20 -0.24 -0.22

(du/dx) = -- -2.6E-03 -3.5E-03 -2.7E-03 -3.0E-03 -2.8E-03
(cm-1) = -- 6.2E-02 8.4E-02 6.5E-02 7.3E-02 6.8E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 6.51E-03
412
8.0E-02
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Brick Wall
Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
̅ (cm) = -- 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 4289 1261 1318 1286 1350 1160

Total B.G. = 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656
Total C.C. = 921.20 542.60 575.40 530.20 557.40 506.40

Net Cts = 3362.1 712.7 736.9 750.1 786.9 647.9
σnet = 72.20 42.50 43.54 42.65 43.70 40.85
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.19

σc = -- 1.34E-02 1.38E-02 1.36E-02 1.39E-02 1.28E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.20 -0.19 -0.19 -0.18 -0.21

(du/dx) = -- -2.66E-03 -2.60E-03 -2.57E-03 -2.49E-03 -2.82E-03
(cm-1) = -- 6.4E-02 6.3E-02 6.2E-02 6.0E-02 6.8E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.6E-03 2.6E-03 2.5E-03 2.5E-03 2.8E-03
-1
̅ (cm ) = 6.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.17E-03
413
7.0E-02
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
6.8E-02
6.6E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.4E-02
6.2E-02
6.0E-02
5.8E-02
5.6E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Brick Wall
Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 7290 1954 2020 2097 2008 1858

Total B.G. = 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272
Total C.C. = 1127.4 633.6 649.4 593 625.8 585.4
Net Cts = 6136.9 1294.7 1344.9 1478.3 1356.5 1246.9
σnet = 91.78 50.92 51.72 51.92 51.38 49.49
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.20

σc = -- 8.9E-03 9.0E-03 9.2E-03 9.0E-03 8.6E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.20 -0.19 -0.17 -0.19 -0.20

(du/dx) = -- -2.67E-03 -2.60E-03 -2.44E-03 -2.59E-03 -2.73E-03
(cm-1) = -- 6.4E-02 6.3E-02 5.9E-02 6.2E-02 6.6E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.8E-03 1.7E-03 1.6E-03 1.7E-03 1.8E-03
-1
̅ (cm ) = 6.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.66E-04
414
6.4E-02
6.3E-02
6.2E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.1E-02
6.0E-02
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
5.9E-02
5.8E-02
5.7E-02
5.6E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Brick Wall
Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 38636 8972 9263 9592 9772 8742

Total B.G. = 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823
Total C.C. = 954.8 448.8 483 422.4 436.2 424.4
Net Cts = 37674.9 8516.9 8773.7 9163.3 9329.5 8311.3
σnet = 198.98 97.08 98.74 100.09 101.05 95.76
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.22

σc = -- 2.8E-03 2.9E-03 3.0E-03 3.0E-03 2.8E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.18 -0.18 -0.17 -0.17 -0.19

(du/dx) = -- -2.5E-03 -2.5E-03 -2.4E-03 -2.4E-03 -2.6E-03
(cm-1) = -- 6.2E-02 6.0E-02 5.9E-02 5.8E-02 6.3E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.7E-04 5.6E-04 5.5E-04 5.4E-04 5.7E-04
-1
̅ (cm ) = 6.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.50E-04
415
5.7E-02
5.6E-02
5.5E-02
μshield (cm-1)
5.4E-02
Cs134, 0.795 [MeV]
5.3E-02
5.2E-02
5.1E-02
5.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Brick Wall
Cs134, 0.795 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 28340 7551 7716 8024 8253 7409

Total B.G. = 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727
Total C.C. = 266.6 122.4 124 152.8 107.8 95.2
Net Cts = 28067.4 7422.6 7586.0 7865.2 8139.2 7307.8
σnet = 169.14 87.61 88.56 90.44 91.45 86.64
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.26

σc = -- 3.5E-03 3.6E-03 3.6E-03 3.7E-03 3.5E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.16 -0.15 -0.15 -0.14 -0.16

(du/dx) = -- -2.3E-03 -2.2E-03 -2.2E-03 -2.1E-03 -2.3E-03
(cm-1) = -- 5.5E-02 5.4E-02 5.3E-02 5.1E-02 5.6E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.9E-04 5.8E-04 5.7E-04 5.6E-04 5.9E-04
-1
̅ (cm ) = 5.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.58E-04
416
7.0E-02
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Brick Wall
Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 3028 820 791 896 855 754

Total B.G. = 974 974 974 974 974 974
Total C.C. = 156.28 44.55 47.30 58.30 37.68 43.18
Net Cts = 2868.3 772.1 740.3 834.3 813.9 707.4
σnet = 56.45 29.44 28.99 30.93 29.91 28.27
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.27 0.26 0.29 0.28 0.25

σc = -- 1.2E-02 1.1E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.1E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.15 -0.16 -0.14 -0.15 -0.17

(du/dx) = -- -2.2E-03 -2.3E-03 -2.1E-03 -2.2E-03 -2.4E-03
(cm-1) = -- 5.4E-02 5.6E-02 5.1E-02 5.2E-02 5.8E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.8E-03 1.8E-03 1.7E-03 1.7E-03 1.9E-03
-1
̅ (cm ) = 5.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.01E-04
417
7.0E-02
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Brick Wall
Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 273 79 101 102 108 87

Total B.G. = 601 601 601 601 601 601
Total C.C. = 35.8 12.2 10.6 10.2 14 19.2
Net Cts = 235.1 64.7 88.3 89.7 91.9 65.7
σnet = 17.62 9.63 10.64 10.67 11.12 10.38
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.28 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.28

σc = -- 4.6E-02 5.3E-02 5.4E-02 5.6E-02 4.9E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.15 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.15

(du/dx) = -- -2.2E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.6E-03 -2.2E-03
(cm-1) = -- 5.3E-02 4.1E-02 4.0E-02 3.9E-02 5.3E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.9E-03 5.9E-03 5.8E-03 5.9E-03 7.2E-03
-1
̅ (cm ) = 4.5E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.85E-03
418
6.0E-02
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Brick Wall
Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 470 162 169 181 176 167

Total B.G. = 727 727 727 727 727 727
Total C.C. = 27.8 17.4 9.6 11.2 11.6 6.8
Net Cts = 439.7 142.1 156.9 167.3 161.9 157.7
σnet = 22.35 13.46 13.43 13.93 13.76 13.25
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.32 0.36 0.38 0.37 0.36

σc = -- 3.5E-02 3.6E-02 3.7E-02 3.6E-02 3.5E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.13 -0.12 -0.11 -0.11 -0.12

(du/dx) = -- -1.9E-03 -1.8E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.8E-03
(cm-1) = -- 4.7E-02 4.3E-02 4.0E-02 4.1E-02 4.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 4.5E-03 4.1E-03 4.0E-03 4.1E-03 4.1E-03
-1
̅ (cm ) = 4.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.86E-03
419
4.9E-02
Co60, 1.174 [MeV]
4.8E-02
4.7E-02
μshield (cm-1)
4.6E-02
4.5E-02
4.4E-02
4.3E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Brick Wall
Co60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 23330 7447 7772 7792 8108 7728

Total B.G. = 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238
Total C.C. = 422.4 251.1 210.3 252.5 241.8 232.4
Net Cts = 22903.3 7191.6 7557.4 7535.2 7861.9 7491.3
σnet = 154.13 87.75 89.36 89.70 91.39 89.23
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.31 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.33

σc = -- 4.4E-03 4.5E-03 4.5E-03 4.6E-03 4.5E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.12 -0.13

(du/dx) = -- -2.0E-03 -1.9E-03 -1.9E-03 -1.8E-03 -1.9E-03
(cm-1) = -- 4.8E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.4E-02 4.6E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.0E-04 5.9E-04 5.9E-04 5.8E-04 5.9E-04
-1
̅ (cm ) = 4.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.64E-04
420
4.6E-02
4.5E-02 Co60, 1.333 [MeV]
4.5E-02
4.4E-02
μshield (cm-1)
4.4E-02
4.3E-02
4.3E-02
4.2E-02
4.2E-02
4.1E-02
4.1E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Brick Wall
Co60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 24.154 24.154 24.154 24.154 24.154
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 21280 7335 7817 7638 7837 7457

Total B.G. = 722 722 722 722 722 722
Total C.C. = 91.8 57.6 46.8 54 61.2 37.8
Net Cts = 21185.7 7274.9 7767.7 7581.5 7773.3 7416.7
σnet = 146.20 85.99 88.69 87.71 88.88 86.58
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.34 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.35

σc = -- 4.7E-03 4.9E-03 4.8E-03 4.9E-03 4.7E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.12 -0.11 -0.12 -0.11 -0.12

(du/dx) = -- -1.8E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.8E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.8E-03
(cm-1) = -- 4.4E-02 4.2E-02 4.3E-02 4.2E-02 4.3E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.9E-04 5.7E-04 5.8E-04 5.7E-04 5.8E-04
-1
̅ (cm ) = 4.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.60E-04
421
4.9E-02
Na24, 1.369 [MeV]
4.8E-02
4.7E-02
μshield (cm-1)
4.6E-02
4.5E-02
4.4E-02
4.3E-02
4.2E-02
4.1E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Brick Wall
Na24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 12181 4345 4446 3944 4209 4456

Total B.G. = 665 665 665 665 665 665
Total C.C. = 146.36 127.47 111.63 114.23 123.57 112.54
Net Cts = 12032.3 4215.2 4332.1 3827.5 4083.1 4341.1
σnet = 111.04 66.89 67.52 63.72 65.84 67.60
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.35 0.36 0.32 0.34 0.36

σc = -- 6.4E-03 6.5E-03 6.1E-03 6.3E-03 6.5E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.12 -0.11 -0.13 -0.12 -0.11

(du/dx) = -- -1.8E-03 -1.8E-03 -2.0E-03 -1.9E-03 -1.7E-03
(cm-1) = -- 4.3E-02 4.2E-02 4.7E-02 4.5E-02 4.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 7.8E-04 7.7E-04 8.1E-04 7.9E-04 7.7E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 4.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.49E-04
422
4.0E-02
Na24, 2.755 [MeV]
3.5E-02
3.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Brick Wall
Na24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536 24.1536
̅ (cm) = -- 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02 9.0E-02
Total Cts. = 7149 3449 3500 3110 3446 3532

Total B.G. = 74 74 74 74 74 74
Total C.C. = 76.8 26.8 27 37 37.8 56.4
Net Cts = 7071.9 3421.9 3472.7 3072.7 3407.9 3475.3
σnet = 85.01 58.96 59.39 56.10 59.03 59.91
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.48 0.49 0.43 0.48 0.49

σc = -- 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 9.5E-03 1.0E-02 1.0E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.08 -0.10 -0.09 -0.08

(du/dx) = -- -1.2E-03 -1.2E-03 -1.4E-03 -1.3E-03 -1.2E-03
(cm-1) = -- 3.0E-02 2.9E-02 3.5E-02 3.0E-02 2.9E-02

(cm-1) = -- 8.8E-04 8.7E-04 9.1E-04 8.8E-04 8.8E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 3.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.95E-04
423
Stucco Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Stucco Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
7.8E-02
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
7.6E-02
7.4E-02
μshield (cm-1)
7.2E-02
7.0E-02
6.8E-02
6.6E-02
6.4E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 269: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Stucco Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 219: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Stucco Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
Stucco Wall
Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 3658 1591 1567 1610 1652 1557

Total B.G. = 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463
Total C.C. = 467.8 281.8 289.8 305.4 309.6 281
Net Cts = 3160.8 1279.8 1247.8 1275.2 1313.0 1246.6
σnet = 64.28 43.35 43.16 43.83 44.36 42.94
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.39

σc = -- 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.19 -0.20

(du/dx) = -- -5.7E-03 -5.9E-03 -5.7E-03 -5.5E-03 -5.9E-03
(cm-1) = -- 7.2E-02 7.4E-02 7.2E-02 7.0E-02 7.4E-02

(cm-1) = -- 3.2E-03 3.3E-03 3.3E-03 3.2E-03 3.3E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 7.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.46E-03
424
3.0E-02
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
-5.0E-03
-1.0E-02
-1.5E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stucco Wall
Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 1709 1648 1557 1654 1611 1668

Total B.G. = 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328
Total C.C. = 1116.8 1102.6 1053.6 1065.2 1072.8 1087.2
Net Cts = 584.1 537.3 495.3 580.7 530.1 572.7
σnet = 53.19 52.48 51.13 52.18 51.84 52.52
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.85 0.99 0.91 0.98

σc = -- 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E-01
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.09 -0.08 -0.09 -0.08

(du/dx) = -- -5.3E-04 -1.0E-03 -3.7E-05 -6.1E-04 -1.2E-04
(cm-1) = -- 6.6E-03 1.3E-02 4.6E-04 7.7E-03 1.6E-03

(cm-1) = -- 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.0E-02 1.1E-02 1.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.9E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.70E-03
425
3.0E-02
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stucco Wall
Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 4203 3517 3431 3454 3532 3487

Total B.G. = 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656
Total C.C. = 914.80 949.80 882.20 975.20 974.60 971.40

Net Cts = 3282.5 2561.5 2543.1 2473.1 2551.7 2509.9
σnet = 71.56 66.85 65.70 66.57 67.15 66.79
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.78 0.77 0.75 0.78 0.76

σc = -- 2.7E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 2.7E-02 2.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.11 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.6E-03 -1.6E-03 -1.8E-03 -1.6E-03 -1.7E-03
(cm-1) = -- 2.0E-02 2.0E-02 2.2E-02 2.0E-02 2.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.7E-03 2.7E-03 2.8E-03 2.7E-03 2.7E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.22E-03
426
3.0E-02
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stucco Wall
Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 7279 5616 5666 5745 5800 5671

Total B.G. = 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272
Total C.C. = 1085.6 1139.6 1082.6 1148.8 1066.6 1109.6
Net Cts = 6167.7 4450.7 4557.7 4570.5 4707.7 4535.7
σnet = 91.49 82.23 82.18 83.06 82.90 82.38
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.72 0.74 0.74 0.76 0.74

σc = -- 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.8E-02 1.7E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.10 -0.11

(du/dx) = -- -2.1E-03 -1.9E-03 -1.9E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.9E-03
(cm-1) = -- 2.6E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.1E-02 2.4E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.9E-03 1.9E-03 1.9E-03 1.8E-03 1.9E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.40E-04
427
2.3E-02
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
2.3E-02
2.2E-02
μshield (cm-1)
2.2E-02
2.1E-02
2.1E-02
2.0E-02
2.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stucco Wall
Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 38528 29628 29647 29727 29529 29907

Total B.G. = 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823
Total C.C. = 951.8 873.2 841.8 869.2 935 905.8
Net Cts = 37569.9 28748.5 28798.9 28851.5 28587.7 28994.9
σnet = 198.70 174.65 174.62 174.93 174.55 175.54
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.77

σc = -- 6.2E-03 6.2E-03 6.2E-03 6.1E-03 6.2E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.7E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.6E-03
(cm-1) = -- 2.1E-02 2.1E-02 2.1E-02 2.2E-02 2.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.8E-04 6.8E-04 6.8E-04 6.9E-04 6.8E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 2.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.06E-04
428
2.1E-02
Cs134, 0.795 [MeV]
2.0E-02
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.9E-02
1.9E-02
1.8E-02
1.8E-02
1.7E-02
1.7E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stucco Wall
Cs134, 0.795 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 28121 22212 22128 22499 22351 22267

Total B.G. = 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727
Total C.C. = 258.8 265 292.2 258.2 308.6 260.4
Net Cts = 27856.2 21941.0 21829.8 22234.8 22036.4 22000.6
σnet = 168.47 149.93 149.74 150.86 150.54 150.10
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.79 0.78 0.80 0.79 0.79

σc = -- 7.2E-03 7.2E-03 7.3E-03 7.2E-03 7.2E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.5E-03 -1.5E-03 -1.4E-03 -1.5E-03 -1.5E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.8E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02

(cm-1) = -- 7.6E-04 7.6E-04 7.5E-04 7.5E-04 7.5E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 1.9E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.38E-04
429
2.5E-02
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stucco Wall
Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 2916 2387 2365 2375 2376 2326

Total B.G. = 974 974 974 974 974 974
Total C.C. = 153.15 151.00 153.38 155.35 146.80 141.45
Net Cts = 2759.5 2232.6 2208.2 2216.3 2225.8 2181.2
σnet = 55.42 50.40 50.20 50.32 50.25 49.69
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.79

σc = -- 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.3E-03 -1.4E-03 -1.4E-03 -1.4E-03 -1.5E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.7E-02 1.8E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.9E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.4E-03 2.4E-03 2.4E-03 2.4E-03 2.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.8E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.08E-03
430
3.5E-02
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
3.0E-02
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
-5.0E-03
-1.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stucco Wall
Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 279 242 242 258 230 223

Total B.G. = 601 601 601 601 601 601
Total C.C. = 33.6 29.6 35.8 19.2 29.4 36.2
Net Cts = 243.3 210.3 204.1 236.7 198.5 184.7
σnet = 17.73 16.53 16.72 16.70 16.16 16.15
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.86 0.84 0.97 0.82 0.76

σc = -- 9.3E-02 9.2E-02 9.9E-02 8.9E-02 8.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.09 -0.08 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -9.2E-04 -1.1E-03 -1.7E-04 -1.3E-03 -1.7E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-03 1.6E-02 2.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 8.5E-03 8.7E-03 8.1E-03 8.7E-03 9.0E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.85E-03
431
3.0E-02
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stucco Wall
Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 477 373 407 426 372 384

Total B.G. = 727 727 727 727 727 727
Total C.C. = 26.2 29 29.4 27.6 28.6 31.6
Net Cts = 448.3 341.5 375.1 395.9 340.9 349.9
σnet = 22.47 20.09 20.93 21.34 20.06 20.43
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.76 0.84 0.88 0.76 0.78

σc = -- 5.9E-02 6.3E-02 6.5E-02 5.9E-02 6.0E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.09 -0.09 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.7E-03 -1.1E-03 -7.8E-04 -1.7E-03 -1.6E-03
(cm-1) = -- 2.2E-02 1.4E-02 9.9E-03 2.2E-02 2.0E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.1E-03 6.0E-03 5.8E-03 6.1E-03 6.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.7E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.70E-03
432
1.8E-02
Co60, 1.174 [MeV]
1.8E-02
1.7E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.7E-02
1.6E-02
1.6E-02
1.5E-02
1.5E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stucco Wall
Co60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 23196 18942 18963 18791 18872 18982

Total B.G. = 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238
Total C.C. = 481.6 433.2 356 397.3 405.5 402.1
Net Cts = 22710.1 18504.5 18602.7 18389.4 18462.2 18575.6
σnet = 153.88 139.20 139.00 138.53 138.85 139.24
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.81 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.82

σc = -- 8.2E-03 8.3E-03 8.2E-03 8.2E-03 8.3E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.3E-03 -1.3E-03 -1.3E-03 -1.3E-03 -1.3E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.7E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02

(cm-1) = -- 8.2E-04 8.2E-04 8.3E-04 8.3E-04 8.2E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 1.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.69E-04
433
1.9E-02
Co60, 1.333 [MeV]
1.8E-02
1.8E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.7E-02
1.7E-02
1.6E-02
1.6E-02
1.5E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stucco Wall
Co60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 21339 17437 17202 17410 17252 17251

Total B.G. = 722 722 722 722 722 722
Total C.C. = 113.4 104.4 93.6 93.6 73.8 99
Net Cts = 21223.1 17330.1 17105.9 17313.9 17175.7 17149.5
σnet = 146.47 132.45 131.52 132.31 131.63 131.73
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.82 0.81 0.82 0.81 0.81

σc = -- 8.4E-03 8.3E-03 8.4E-03 8.3E-03 8.3E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.3E-03 -1.4E-03 -1.3E-03 -1.3E-03 -1.3E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.6E-02 1.7E-02 1.6E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02

(cm-1) = -- 8.4E-04 8.4E-04 8.4E-04 8.4E-04 8.4E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 1.7E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.76E-04
434
2.0E-02
1.8E-02
1.6E-02
1.4E-02
Na24, 1.369 [MeV]
μshield (cm-1)
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stucco Wall
Na24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 13138 10712 10631 10594 10752 10632

Total B.G. = 665 665 665 665 665 665
Total C.C. = 157.52 159.24 156.88 148.84 165.60 170.21
Net Cts = 12978.2 10550.5 10471.8 10442.9 10584.1 10459.5
σnet = 115.31 104.27 103.87 103.66 104.50 103.94
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.82 0.81

σc = -- 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.3E-03 -1.4E-03 -1.4E-03 -1.3E-03 -1.4E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.6E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.6E-02 1.7E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.7E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.80E-04
435
1.6E-02
Na24, 2.755 [MeV]
1.4E-02
1.2E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stucco Wall
Na24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962 12.5962
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 7574 6372 6664 6523 6706 6644

Total B.G. = 74 74 74 74 74 74
Total C.C. = 93.6 75.2 111.2 88.6 79.4 84.6
Net Cts = 7480.1 6296.5 6552.5 6434.1 6626.3 6559.1
σnet = 87.57 80.30 82.32 81.32 82.38 82.03
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.84 0.88 0.86 0.89 0.88

σc = -- 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -1.1E-03 -8.3E-04 -9.5E-04 -7.6E-04 -8.3E-04
(cm-1) = -- 1.4E-02 1.1E-02 1.2E-02 9.6E-03 1.0E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 6.13E-04
436
Wood Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Wood Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
4.0E-02
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
3.5E-02
3.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 282: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Wood Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 232: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Wood Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
Wood Wall
Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 1811 1287 1255 1220 1287 1235

Total B.G. = 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463
Total C.C. = 217.2 193 180.4 202.6 188.6 202.4
Net Cts = 1564.4 1064.6 1045.2 988.0 1069.0 1003.2
σnet = 45.10 38.55 37.97 37.80 38.49 37.99
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.68 0.67 0.63 0.68 0.64

σc = -- 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.0E-02 3.2E-02 3.1E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.11 -0.11 -0.10 -0.11

(du/dx) = -- -1.9E-03 -2.0E-03 -2.3E-03 -1.9E-03 -2.2E-03
(cm-1) = -- 2.7E-02 2.9E-02 3.3E-02 2.7E-02 3.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 3.3E-03 3.3E-03 3.4E-03 3.3E-03 3.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.9E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.49E-03
437
3.5E-02
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
3.0E-02
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
-5.0E-03
-1.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wood Wall
Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 1671 1618 1614 1596 1666 1640

Total B.G. = 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328
Total C.C. = 1047.5 1040.6 1102.2 1122.3 1072.6 1121.3
Net Cts = 615.4 569.3 503.7 465.6 585.3 510.6
σnet = 52.17 51.59 52.15 52.17 52.36 52.58
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.82 0.76 0.95 0.83

σc = -- 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01
(du/dc) = -- -0.08 -0.09 -0.09 -0.07 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -3.9E-04 -1.0E-03 -1.4E-03 -2.5E-04 -9.4E-04
(cm-1) = -- 5.5E-03 1.4E-02 2.0E-02 3.6E-03 1.3E-02

(cm-1) = -- 8.8E-03 9.5E-03 1.0E-02 8.7E-03 9.5E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.16E-03
438
2.5E-02
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wood Wall
Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 4309 3604 3700 3548 3763 3647

Total B.G. = 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656
Total C.C. = 896.80 928.60 960.60 966.40 872.20 994.60

Net Cts = 3406.5 2669.7 2733.7 2575.9 2885.1 2646.7
σnet = 72.17 67.34 68.29 67.21 68.10 68.15
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.78 0.80 0.76 0.85 0.78

σc = -- 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 2.5E-02 2.7E-02 2.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.08 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -1.2E-03 -1.1E-03 -1.4E-03 -8.3E-04 -1.3E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.7E-02 1.6E-02 2.0E-02 1.2E-02 1.8E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.3E-03 2.3E-03 2.4E-03 2.2E-03 2.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.04E-03
439
2.0E-02
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
1.8E-02
1.6E-02
1.4E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wood Wall
Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 7240 6165 6361 6293 6028 6104

Total B.G. = 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272
Total C.C. = 1125.8 1068.4 1109 1083 1118.2 1174.8
Net Cts = 6088.5 5070.9 5226.3 5184.3 4884.1 4903.5
σnet = 91.50 85.08 86.46 85.92 84.57 85.35
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.83 0.86 0.85 0.80 0.81

σc = -- 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.8E-02 1.9E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.08 -0.08 -0.09 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -9.2E-04 -7.7E-04 -8.1E-04 -1.1E-03 -1.1E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.3E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.5E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.6E-03 1.6E-03 1.6E-03 1.6E-03 1.6E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.18E-04
440
1.6E-02
1.4E-02
1.2E-02
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wood Wall
Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 38570 32175 32290 31969 31483 31772

Total B.G. = 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823
Total C.C. = 956.8 877 963.4 910.2 863 927
Net Cts = 37606.9 31291.7 31320.3 31052.5 30613.7 30838.7
σnet = 198.82 181.81 182.36 181.33 179.86 180.84
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.82

σc = -- 6.5E-03 6.5E-03 6.5E-03 6.4E-03 6.5E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -9.2E-04 -9.2E-04 -9.6E-04 -1.0E-03 -1.0E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.3E-02 1.3E-02 1.4E-02 1.5E-02 1.4E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.6E-04 5.6E-04 5.6E-04 5.7E-04 5.7E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 1.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.53E-04
441
1.6E-02
Cs134, 0.795 [MeV]
1.4E-02
1.2E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wood Wall
Cs134, 0.795 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 28332 23954 23970 23830 23929 23603

Total B.G. = 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727
Total C.C. = 265.2 259.6 263.8 284.8 223.8 247.4
Net Cts = 28060.8 23688.4 23700.2 23539.2 23699.2 23349.6
σnet = 169.12 155.62 155.68 155.30 155.42 154.44
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83

σc = -- 7.5E-03 7.5E-03 7.5E-03 7.5E-03 7.4E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -8.5E-04 -8.5E-04 -8.8E-04 -8.5E-04 -9.2E-04
(cm-1) = -- 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.3E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.4E-04 6.4E-04 6.4E-04 6.4E-04 6.4E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 1.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.85E-04
442
1.8E-02
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.6E-02
1.4E-02
1.2E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wood Wall
Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 2914 2472 2429 2536 2377 2548

Total B.G. = 974 974 974 974 974 974
Total C.C. = 163.30 145.50 156.28 154.60 133.58 149.93
Net Cts = 2747.3 2323.1 2269.3 2378.0 2240.0 2394.7
σnet = 55.49 51.18 50.87 51.89 50.13 51.96
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.85 0.83 0.87 0.82 0.87

σc = -- 2.5E-02 2.5E-02 2.6E-02 2.5E-02 2.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.08 -0.09 -0.08 -0.09 -0.08

(du/dx) = -- -8.4E-04 -9.6E-04 -7.3E-04 -1.0E-03 -6.9E-04
(cm-1) = -- 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.0E-02 1.4E-02 9.7E-03

(cm-1) = -- 2.1E-03 2.1E-03 2.1E-03 2.1E-03 2.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.49E-04
443
2.5E-02
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
-5.0E-03
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wood Wall
Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 293 262 258 252 250 250

Total B.G. = 601 601 601 601 601 601
Total C.C. = 37.4 25.6 32.8 26.6 21 33.6
Net Cts = 253.5 234.3 223.1 223.3 226.9 214.3
σnet = 18.22 17.01 17.10 16.74 16.51 16.89
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.88 0.88 0.90 0.85

σc = -- 9.4E-02 9.2E-02 9.1E-02 9.2E-02 9.0E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08

(du/dx) = -- -4.0E-04 -6.4E-04 -6.4E-04 -5.6E-04 -8.4E-04
(cm-1) = -- 5.6E-03 9.1E-03 9.0E-03 7.9E-03 1.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 7.2E-03 7.4E-03 7.4E-03 7.2E-03 7.6E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 8.7E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.30E-03
444
2.0E-02
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
1.5E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
-5.0E-03
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wood Wall
Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 468 411 400 398 430 422

Total B.G. = 727 727 727 727 727 727
Total C.C. = 31.8 40.2 35.6 34.8 24.2 30.4
Net Cts = 433.7 368.3 361.9 360.7 403.3 389.1
σnet = 22.40 21.28 20.91 20.85 21.35 21.31
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.93 0.90

σc = -- 6.6E-02 6.5E-02 6.4E-02 6.9E-02 6.8E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.08 -0.08 -0.09 -0.08 -0.08

(du/dx) = -- -8.2E-04 -9.1E-04 -9.3E-04 -3.7E-04 -5.5E-04
(cm-1) = -- 1.2E-02 1.3E-02 1.3E-02 5.2E-03 7.7E-03

(cm-1) = -- 5.5E-03 5.5E-03 5.5E-03 5.2E-03 5.3E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.42E-03
445
1.4E-02
Co60, 1.174 [MeV]
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wood Wall
Co60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 23501 19946 20005 20325 20162 19995

Total B.G. = 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238
Total C.C. = 432.9 423.8 425.2 428.3 446.1 386.6
Net Cts = 23063.8 19517.9 19575.5 19892.4 19711.6 19604.1
σnet = 154.71 142.73 142.94 144.07 143.56 142.77
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.85

σc = -- 8.4E-03 8.4E-03 8.5E-03 8.5E-03 8.4E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08

(du/dx) = -- -8.4E-04 -8.2E-04 -7.4E-04 -7.9E-04 -8.2E-04
(cm-1) = -- 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.0E-02 1.1E-02 1.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 7.1E-04 7.1E-04 7.0E-04 7.1E-04 7.1E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 1.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.15E-04
446
1.2E-02
Co60, 1.333 [MeV]
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wood Wall
Co60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 21154 18382 18392 18400 18591 18425

Total B.G. = 722 722 722 722 722 722
Total C.C. = 100.8 120.6 115.2 106.2 81 84.6
Net Cts = 21050.7 18258.9 18274.3 18291.3 18507.5 18337.9
σnet = 145.80 136.03 136.05 136.04 136.65 136.06
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.87

σc = -- 8.8E-03 8.8E-03 8.8E-03 8.9E-03 8.8E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08

(du/dx) = -- -7.1E-04 -7.1E-04 -7.1E-04 -6.5E-04 -6.9E-04
(cm-1) = -- 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 9.1E-03 9.8E-03

(cm-1) = -- 7.2E-04 7.2E-04 7.2E-04 7.2E-04 7.2E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 9.8E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.23E-04
447
1.4E-02
Na24, 1.369 [MeV]
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wood Wall
Na24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 13194 11434 11604 11331 11431 11302

Total B.G. = 665 665 665 665 665 665
Total C.C. = 167.83 182.72 170.61 159.77 161.04 150.70
Net Cts = 13023.9 11249.0 11431.1 11168.9 11267.7 11149.0
σnet = 115.60 107.79 108.52 107.20 107.67 107.03
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.86 0.88 0.86 0.87 0.86

σc = -- 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08

(du/dx) = -- -7.4E-04 -6.6E-04 -7.7E-04 -7.3E-04 -7.8E-04
(cm-1) = -- 1.0E-02 9.2E-03 1.1E-02 1.0E-02 1.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 9.3E-04 9.2E-04 9.3E-04 9.3E-04 9.3E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 1.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.15E-04
448
1.0E-02
Na24, 2.755 [MeV]
9.0E-03
8.0E-03
7.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-03
5.0E-03
4.0E-03
3.0E-03
2.0E-03
1.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wood Wall
Na24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096 14.1096
̅ (cm) = -- 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
Total Cts. = 7607 6968 7026 7061 7050 6868

Total B.G. = 74 74 74 74 74 74
Total C.C. = 80.2 76.6 72.8 101 75 93.4
Net Cts = 7526.5 6891.1 6952.9 6959.7 6974.7 6774.3
σnet = 87.68 83.94 84.26 84.63 84.41 83.44
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.90

σc = -- 1.5E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.5E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08

(du/dx) = -- -4.4E-04 -4.0E-04 -3.9E-04 -3.8E-04 -5.3E-04
(cm-1) = -- 6.3E-03 5.6E-03 5.5E-03 5.4E-03 7.5E-03

(cm-1) = -- 1.2E-03 1.2E-03 1.2E-03 1.2E-03 1.2E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.34E-04
449
Steel Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
8.0E-02
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 295: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 245: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
Steel Wall
Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 1860 1028 953 970 989 979

Total B.G. = 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463
Total C.C. = 217.2 143 138 149.4 170 142.8
Net Cts = 1613.4 855.6 785.6 791.2 789.6 806.8
σnet = 45.64 34.31 33.12 33.55 34.13 33.58
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.53 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.50

σc = -- 2.6E-02 2.5E-02 2.5E-02 2.5E-02 2.5E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.16 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.17

(du/dx) = -- -4.8E-03 -5.5E-03 -5.4E-03 -5.4E-03 -5.3E-03
(cm-1) = -- 5.5E-02 6.3E-02 6.2E-02 6.2E-02 6.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 4.3E-03 4.5E-03 4.5E-03 4.5E-03 4.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.98E-03
450
6.0E-02
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
-1.0E-02
-2.0E-02
-3.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Wall
Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 1398 1391 1326 1337 1379 1377

Total B.G. = 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328
Total C.C. = 1037.6 1025.1 1029.8 1077 1066.9 1108.1
Net Cts = 352.3 357.8 288.1 251.9 304.0 260.8
σnet = 49.38 49.19 48.57 49.16 49.49 49.88
c (A/Ao) = 1 1.02 0.82 0.72 0.86 0.74

σc = -- 2.0E-01 1.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 1.8E-01
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.11 -0.12 -0.10 -0.12

(du/dx) = -- 1.2E-04 -1.5E-03 -2.6E-03 -1.1E-03 -2.3E-03
(cm-1) = -- -1.4E-03 1.8E-02 2.9E-02 1.3E-02 2.6E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.7E-02 1.9E-02 2.1E-02 1.9E-02 2.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.7E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.67E-03
451
2.5E-02
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Wall
Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 4319 3737 3797 3840 3651 3803

Total B.G. = 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656
Total C.C. = 934.60 961.20 936.00 929.80 954.80 915.20

Net Cts = 3378.7 2770.1 2855.3 2904.5 2690.5 2882.1
σnet = 72.50 68.56 68.82 69.08 67.89 68.71
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.82 0.85 0.86 0.80 0.85

σc = -- 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.8E-02 2.6E-02 2.7E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.11 -0.10 -0.10 -0.11 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.5E-03 -1.3E-03 -1.2E-03 -1.7E-03 -1.2E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.7E-02 1.5E-02 1.3E-02 2.0E-02 1.4E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.9E-03 2.8E-03 2.8E-03 2.9E-03 2.8E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.27E-03
452
2.5E-02
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Wall
Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 7332 6225 6500 6340 6449 6194

Total B.G. = 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272
Total C.C. = 1145.4 1100.6 1098.8 1223 1127.2 1112.2
Net Cts = 6160.9 5098.7 5375.5 5091.3 5296.1 5056.1
σnet = 92.10 85.62 87.20 87.00 87.07 85.51
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.83 0.87 0.83 0.86 0.82

σc = -- 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.11 -0.10 -0.11 -0.10 -0.11

(du/dx) = -- -1.4E-03 -1.0E-03 -1.5E-03 -1.2E-03 -1.5E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.7E-02 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 1.3E-02 1.7E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.0E-03 1.9E-03 2.0E-03 1.9E-03 2.0E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.5E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.76E-04
453
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Wall ,0.605 (MeV)
1.6E-02
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
1.4E-02
1.2E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 299: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Wall ,0.605 (MeV)
Table 249: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Wall ,0.605 (MeV)
Steel Wall
Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 38545 33118 33324 33043 32649 33014

Total B.G. = 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823
Total C.C. = 977.6 970 914.6 933.4 819.6 928
Net Cts = 37561.1 32141.7 32403.1 32103.3 31823.1 32079.7
σnet = 198.81 184.64 185.04 184.33 182.95 184.24
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85

σc = -- 6.7E-03 6.7E-03 6.7E-03 6.6E-03 6.7E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.2E-03 -1.1E-03 -1.2E-03 -1.3E-03 -1.2E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.4E-02 1.3E-02 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 1.4E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.9E-04 6.9E-04 6.9E-04 6.9E-04 6.9E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 1.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.08E-04
454
1.6E-02
Cs134, 0.795 [MeV]
1.4E-02
1.2E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Wall
Cs134, 0.795 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 28177 24356 24770 24325 24493 24481

Total B.G. = 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727
Total C.C. = 263.2 247.8 253.4 249.8 243.6 252.8
Net Cts = 27907.8 24102.2 24510.6 24069.2 24243.4 24222.2
σnet = 168.65 156.86 158.20 156.77 157.29 157.28
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.86 0.88 0.86 0.87 0.87

σc = -- 7.7E-03 7.8E-03 7.7E-03 7.7E-03 7.7E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.1E-03 -9.9E-04 -1.1E-03 -1.1E-03 -1.1E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.3E-02 1.1E-02 1.3E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 7.8E-04 7.8E-04 7.8E-04 7.8E-04 7.8E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 1.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.48E-04
455
1.4E-02
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Wall
Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 2862 2566 2619 2645 2577 2580

Total B.G. = 974 974 974 974 974 974
Total C.C. = 140.30 150.03 131.83 158.35 159.88 161.40
Net Cts = 2718.3 2412.6 2483.8 2483.3 2413.7 2415.2
σnet = 54.81 52.14 52.47 52.97 52.33 52.38
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89

σc = -- 2.6E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -9.1E-04 -6.9E-04 -6.9E-04 -9.1E-04 -9.0E-04
(cm-1) = -- 1.0E-02 7.9E-03 7.9E-03 1.0E-02 1.0E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.6E-03 2.6E-03 2.6E-03 2.6E-03 2.6E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.15E-03
456
2.5E-02
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
-5.0E-03
-1.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Wall
Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 276 257 266 258 248 241

Total B.G. = 601 601 601 601 601 601
Total C.C. = 37 30.6 29.8 37 39.2 31.6
Net Cts = 236.9 224.3 234.1 218.9 206.7 207.3
σnet = 17.74 17.01 17.25 17.22 16.99 16.56
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.99 0.92 0.87 0.88

σc = -- 1.0E-01 1.0E-01 1.0E-01 9.7E-02 9.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -4.2E-04 -9.1E-05 -6.0E-04 -1.0E-03 -1.0E-03
(cm-1) = -- 4.8E-03 1.0E-03 6.9E-03 1.2E-02 1.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 9.3E-03 9.2E-03 9.5E-03 9.7E-03 9.6E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 7.3E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.23E-03
457
2.5E-02
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
-5.0E-03
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Wall
Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 471 451 427 456 398 447

Total B.G. = 727 727 727 727 727 727
Total C.C. = 25.4 26.8 33.6 29.2 23.4 34
Net Cts = 443.1 421.7 390.9 424.3 372.1 410.5
σnet = 22.32 21.90 21.50 22.07 20.57 21.97
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.88 0.96 0.84 0.93

σc = -- 6.9E-02 6.6E-02 6.9E-02 6.3E-02 6.8E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.10 -0.09 -0.10 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -3.8E-04 -9.6E-04 -3.3E-04 -1.3E-03 -5.8E-04
(cm-1) = -- 4.3E-03 1.1E-02 3.8E-03 1.5E-02 6.7E-03

(cm-1) = -- 6.3E-03 6.5E-03 6.3E-03 6.5E-03 6.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 8.2E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.87E-03
458
1.4E-02
Co60, 1.174 [MeV]
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Wall
Co60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 23339 20868 20394 20342 20456 20720

Total B.G. = 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238
Total C.C. = 441.1 435.2 433.7 393.7 418.2 427.5
Net Cts = 22893.6 20428.5 19956.0 19944.0 20033.5 20288.2
σnet = 154.22 145.96 144.33 144.01 144.49 145.43
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.89

σc = -- 8.8E-03 8.6E-03 8.6E-03 8.6E-03 8.7E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -8.7E-04 -1.0E-03 -1.1E-03 -1.0E-03 -9.2E-04
(cm-1) = -- 9.9E-03 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 8.6E-04 8.7E-04 8.7E-04 8.7E-04 8.6E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 1.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.87E-04
459
1.2E-02
Co60, 1.333 [MeV]
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Wall
Co60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 21051 18979 18697 19051 18708 19029

Total B.G. = 722 722 722 722 722 722
Total C.C. = 104.4 122.4 90 75.6 84.6 93.6
Net Cts = 20944.1 18854.1 18604.5 18972.9 18620.9 18932.9
σnet = 145.46 138.21 137.07 138.31 137.09 138.29
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.89 0.91 0.89 0.90

σc = -- 9.1E-03 9.0E-03 9.1E-03 9.0E-03 9.1E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -8.0E-04 -9.0E-04 -7.5E-04 -9.0E-04 -7.7E-04
(cm-1) = -- 9.2E-03 1.0E-02 8.6E-03 1.0E-02 8.8E-03

(cm-1) = -- 8.8E-04 8.9E-04 8.8E-04 8.9E-04 8.8E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 9.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.95E-04
460
1.4E-02
Na24, 1.369 [MeV]
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Wall
Na24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 13474 12238 12213 12016 11979 11946

Total B.G. = 665 665 665 665 665 665
Total C.C. = 191.16 149.76 161.32 167.56 138.36 155.03
Net Cts = 13280.5 12085.9 12049.4 11846.1 11838.3 11788.7
σnet = 116.91 111.31 111.25 110.39 110.09 110.01
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.89

σc = -- 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -7.2E-04 -7.4E-04 -8.7E-04 -8.8E-04 -9.1E-04
(cm-1) = -- 8.2E-03 8.5E-03 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 9.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.00E-04
461
1.0E-02
Na24, 2.755 [MeV]
9.0E-03
8.0E-03
7.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-03
5.0E-03
4.0E-03
3.0E-03
2.0E-03
1.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Wall
Na24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521 11.4521
̅ (cm) = -- 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
Total Cts. = 7827 7222 7344 7259 7166 7271

Total B.G. = 74 74 74 74 74 74
Total C.C. = 80.2 63.4 61.6 71.8 81.8 80.4
Net Cts = 7746.5 7158.3 7282.1 7186.9 7083.9 7190.3
σnet = 88.93 85.36 86.06 85.62 85.14 85.74
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.93

σc = -- 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.10 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -6.0E-04 -4.7E-04 -5.7E-04 -6.8E-04 -5.7E-04
(cm-1) = -- 6.9E-03 5.4E-03 6.5E-03 7.8E-03 6.5E-03

(cm-1) = -- 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.5E-03 1.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.6E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.47E-04
462
Vinyl Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
5.0E-02
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
4.5E-02
4.0E-02
3.5E-02
μshield (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 308: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 258: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Vinyl Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
Vinyl Wall
Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 1746 1208 1167 1126 1215 1161

Total B.G. = 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463
Total C.C. = 142.8 133.93333 124.13333 138.13333 127.86667 134.86667
Net Cts = 1573.8 1044.7 1013.5 958.5 1057.7 996.7
σnet = 43.53 36.72 36.02 35.64 36.73 36.08
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.67 0.63

σc = -- 3.0E-02 2.9E-02 2.8E-02 3.0E-02 2.9E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.13 -0.13 -0.14 -0.13 -0.14

(du/dx) = -- -3.1E-03 -3.3E-03 -3.7E-03 -3.0E-03 -3.4E-03
(cm-1) = -- 3.6E-02 3.8E-02 4.3E-02 3.4E-02 4.0E-02

(cm-1) = -- 3.9E-03 3.9E-03 4.1E-03 3.9E-03 4.0E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.8E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.77E-03
463
5.0E-02
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
-1.0E-02
-2.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vinyl Wall
Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 1711 1720 1635 1701 1773 1667

Total B.G. = 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328
Total C.C. = 1060.3 1074.7 1055.4 1112.3 1169.3 1181.1
Net Cts = 642.6 637.2 571.5 580.6 595.6 477.8
σnet = 52.67 52.90 51.90 53.07 54.27 53.40
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 0.89 0.90 0.93 0.74

σc = -- 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E-01
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.10 -0.10 -0.09 -0.12

(du/dx) = -- -6.3E-05 -8.8E-04 -7.6E-04 -5.7E-04 -2.2E-03
(cm-1) = -- 7.3E-04 1.0E-02 8.8E-03 6.6E-03 2.6E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.0E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.84E-03
464
2.0E-02
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
1.8E-02
1.6E-02
1.4E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vinyl Wall
Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 4334 3839 3889 3898 3820 3868

Total B.G. = 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656
Total C.C. = 912.20 952.20 875.00 955.40 964.80 934.60

Net Cts = 3416.1 2881.1 3008.3 2936.9 2849.5 2927.7
σnet = 72.45 69.24 69.04 69.69 69.19 69.32
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.84 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.86

σc = -- 2.7E-02 2.8E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.3E-03 -9.6E-04 -1.1E-03 -1.4E-03 -1.2E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.5E-02 1.1E-02 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 1.3E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.8E-03 2.7E-03 2.8E-03 2.8E-03 2.8E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.24E-03
465
2.0E-02
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
1.8E-02
1.6E-02
1.4E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vinyl Wall
Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 7148 6267 6487 6457 6517 6492

Total B.G. = 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272
Total C.C. = 1073.4 1176.4 1092.4 1045.6 1134 1196
Net Cts = 6048.9 5064.9 5368.9 5385.7 5357.3 5270.3
σnet = 90.70 86.31 87.09 86.65 87.50 87.71
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.84 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.87

σc = -- 1.9E-02 2.0E-02 2.0E-02 2.0E-02 2.0E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.3E-03 -9.0E-04 -8.7E-04 -9.1E-04 -1.0E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.5E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.1E-02 1.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.0E-03 1.9E-03 1.9E-03 1.9E-03 1.9E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.67E-04
466
1.3E-02
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
1.2E-02
1.2E-02
1.2E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.2E-02
1.2E-02
1.1E-02
1.1E-02
1.1E-02
1.1E-02
1.1E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vinyl Wall
Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 38678 33950 33825 33907 33832 33895

Total B.G. = 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823
Total C.C. = 1027.8 929 949 980.2 946 939.8
Net Cts = 37643.9 33014.7 32869.7 32920.5 32879.7 32948.9
σnet = 199.27 186.77 186.49 186.79 186.50 186.65
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88

σc = -- 6.8E-03 6.8E-03 6.8E-03 6.8E-03 6.8E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -9.9E-04 -1.0E-03 -1.0E-03 -1.0E-03 -1.0E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.1E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.9E-04 6.9E-04 6.9E-04 6.9E-04 6.9E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 1.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.08E-04
467
1.4E-02
Cs134, 0.795 [MeV]
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vinyl Wall
Cs134, 0.795 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 28105 25158 25193 25306 25334 24829

Total B.G. = 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727
Total C.C. = 264.6 258.6 270.2 256.4 236.6 234.6
Net Cts = 27834.4 24893.4 24916.8 25043.6 25091.4 24588.4
σnet = 168.44 159.43 159.58 159.89 159.92 158.32
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.88

σc = -- 7.9E-03 7.9E-03 7.9E-03 7.9E-03 7.8E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -8.4E-04 -8.3E-04 -7.9E-04 -7.8E-04 -9.3E-04
(cm-1) = -- 9.7E-03 9.6E-03 9.2E-03 9.0E-03 1.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 7.7E-04 7.7E-04 7.7E-04 7.7E-04 7.8E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 9.6E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.46E-04
468
1.6E-02
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.4E-02
1.2E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vinyl Wall
Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 2956 2614 2589 2686 2693 2578

Total B.G. = 974 974 974 974 974 974
Total C.C. = 163.00 174.15 151.00 161.93 163.48 126.78
Net Cts = 2789.6 2436.5 2434.6 2520.7 2526.1 2447.8
σnet = 55.87 52.82 52.36 53.39 53.47 52.03
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.87 0.87 0.90 0.91 0.88

σc = -- 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.0E-03 -1.0E-03 -7.6E-04 -7.5E-04 -9.8E-04
(cm-1) = -- 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 8.8E-03 8.6E-03 1.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.6E-03 2.6E-03 2.5E-03 2.5E-03 2.5E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.14E-03
469
3.0E-02
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
-5.0E-03
-1.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vinyl Wall
Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 272 254 249 249 223 251

Total B.G. = 601 601 601 601 601 601
Total C.C. = 38 38.2 28 28.4 30.2 32.8
Net Cts = 231.9 213.7 218.9 218.5 190.7 216.1
σnet = 17.65 17.14 16.69 16.70 15.96 16.89
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.82 0.93

σc = -- 1.0E-01 1.0E-01 1.0E-01 9.3E-02 1.0E-01
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.11 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -6.1E-04 -4.3E-04 -4.5E-04 -1.5E-03 -5.3E-04
(cm-1) = -- 7.1E-03 5.0E-03 5.2E-03 1.7E-02 6.1E-03

(cm-1) = -- 9.6E-03 9.3E-03 9.4E-03 9.8E-03 9.5E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 8.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.26E-03
470
2.0E-02
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
-5.0E-03
-1.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vinyl Wall
Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 476 424 457 448 432 441

Total B.G. = 727 727 727 727 727 727
Total C.C. = 39.6 26.8 29 27.8 26 25
Net Cts = 433.9 394.7 425.5 417.7 403.5 413.5
σnet = 22.75 21.27 22.09 21.85 21.44 21.63
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.91 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.95

σc = -- 6.8E-02 7.2E-02 7.1E-02 6.9E-02 7.1E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -7.1E-04 -1.5E-04 -2.9E-04 -5.5E-04 -3.6E-04
(cm-1) = -- 8.2E-03 1.7E-03 3.3E-03 6.3E-03 4.2E-03

(cm-1) = -- 6.5E-03 6.4E-03 6.4E-03 6.5E-03 6.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.7E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.88E-03
471
1.2E-02
Co60, 1.174 [MeV]
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vinyl Wall
Co60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 23127 20830 21046 21254 21238 20903

Total B.G. = 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238
Total C.C. = 406.2 409.4 438.7 448.3 403.6 413
Net Cts = 22716.5 20416.3 20603.0 20801.4 20830.1 20485.7
σnet = 153.41 145.75 146.58 147.32 147.12 146.01
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.90

σc = -- 8.8E-03 8.9E-03 9.0E-03 9.0E-03 8.9E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.09 -0.09 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -8.0E-04 -7.3E-04 -6.6E-04 -6.5E-04 -7.8E-04
(cm-1) = -- 9.3E-03 8.5E-03 7.6E-03 7.5E-03 9.0E-03

(cm-1) = -- 8.6E-04 8.6E-04 8.5E-04 8.5E-04 8.6E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 8.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.83E-04
472
1.2E-02
Co60, 1.333 [MeV]
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vinyl Wall
Co60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 21148 18948 18970 19470 19347 18963

Total B.G. = 722 722 722 722 722 722
Total C.C. = 81 93.6 100.8 84.6 97.2 117
Net Cts = 21064.5 18851.9 18866.7 19382.9 19247.3 18843.5
σnet = 145.71 138.00 138.10 139.84 139.45 138.14
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.89

σc = -- 9.0E-03 9.0E-03 9.2E-03 9.2E-03 9.0E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.09 -0.09 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -8.4E-04 -8.3E-04 -6.3E-04 -6.8E-04 -8.4E-04
(cm-1) = -- 9.6E-03 9.6E-03 7.2E-03 7.8E-03 9.7E-03

(cm-1) = -- 8.8E-04 8.8E-04 8.7E-04 8.7E-04 8.8E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 8.8E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.93E-04
473
1.2E-02
Na24, 1.369 [MeV]
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vinyl Wall
Na24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 13314 12253 12001 12135 12006 11993

Total B.G. = 665 665 665 665 665 665
Total C.C. = 183.36 180.52 167.63 151.05 160.14 166.01
Net Cts = 13128.3 12070.2 11831.1 11981.6 11843.6 11824.7
σnet = 116.19 111.51 110.32 110.85 110.31 110.28
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.90

σc = -- 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -6.3E-04 -7.8E-04 -6.9E-04 -7.7E-04 -7.9E-04
(cm-1) = -- 7.3E-03 9.0E-03 7.9E-03 8.9E-03 9.1E-03

(cm-1) = -- 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 8.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.00E-04
474
9.0E-03
Na24, 2.755 [MeV]
8.0E-03
7.0E-03
6.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
5.0E-03
4.0E-03
3.0E-03
2.0E-03
1.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vinyl Wall
Na24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283 11.5283
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01
Total Cts. = 7730 7252 7343 7176 7170 7307

Total B.G. = 74 74 74 74 74 74
Total C.C. = 82.4 96.2 85.4 93.4 77.4 58.6
Net Cts = 7647.3 7155.5 7257.3 7082.3 7092.3 7248.1
σnet = 88.39 85.72 86.19 85.26 85.14 85.83
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.94 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.95

σc = -- 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -5.0E-04 -3.9E-04 -5.8E-04 -5.7E-04 -4.0E-04
(cm-1) = -- 5.8E-03 4.5E-03 6.7E-03 6.5E-03 4.7E-03

(cm-1) = -- 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.5E-03 1.4E-03 1.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.6E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.46E-04
475
Internal Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Internal Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
3.5E-02
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
3.0E-02
2.5E-02
μshield (cm-1)
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 321: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Internal Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 271: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Internal Wall, 0.0595 (MeV)
Internal Wall
Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 1606 1318 1291 1242 1281 1261

Total B.G. = 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463
Total C.C. = 211.8 186.2 214.2 185.2 202.8 169
Net Cts = 1364.8 1102.4 1047.4 1027.4 1048.8 1062.6
σnet = 42.71 38.86 38.88 37.86 38.60 37.90
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.81 0.77 0.75 0.77 0.78

σc = -- 3.8E-02 3.7E-02 3.6E-02 3.7E-02 3.7E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.11 -0.11 -0.12 -0.11 -0.11

(du/dx) = -- -1.6E-03 -2.0E-03 -2.2E-03 -2.0E-03 -1.9E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.9E-02 2.3E-02 2.5E-02 2.3E-02 2.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 4.1E-03 4.3E-03 4.2E-03 4.2E-03 4.2E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.88E-03
476
4.0E-02
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
3.5E-02
3.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Internal Wall
Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 1760 1693 1645 1727 1757 1643

Total B.G. = 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328
Total C.C. = 1040.1 1077.6 1006.8 1095.2 1172.5 1086.4
Net Cts = 711.8 607.3 630.1 623.7 576.4 548.5
σnet = 52.95 52.67 51.53 53.15 54.15 52.27
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.85 0.89 0.88 0.81 0.77

σc = -- 9.7E-02 9.8E-02 9.9E-02 9.7E-02 9.3E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.11 -0.11

(du/dx) = -- -1.2E-03 -9.4E-04 -1.0E-03 -1.6E-03 -2.0E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.4E-02 1.1E-02 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 2.3E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.0E-02 9.7E-03 9.9E-03 1.1E-02 1.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.54E-03
477
1.4E-02
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Internal Wall
Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 4233 3915 4022 3953 4070 4002

Total B.G. = 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656
Total C.C. = 936.80 955.60 911.20 883.00 925.00 926.60

Net Cts = 3290.5 2953.7 3105.1 3064.3 3139.3 3069.7
σnet = 71.92 69.81 70.26 69.56 70.69 70.22
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.94 0.93 0.95 0.93

σc = -- 2.9E-02 3.0E-02 2.9E-02 3.0E-02 3.0E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -8.3E-04 -4.5E-04 -5.5E-04 -3.6E-04 -5.3E-04
(cm-1) = -- 9.5E-03 5.1E-03 6.3E-03 4.1E-03 6.1E-03

(cm-1) = -- 2.8E-03 2.8E-03 2.8E-03 2.8E-03 2.8E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.2E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.24E-03
478
1.8E-02
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
1.6E-02
1.4E-02
1.2E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Internal Wall
Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 7400 6646 6669 6451 6612 6643

Total B.G. = 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272
Total C.C. = 1140.2 1124.2 1160 1086.4 1082.8 1131.8
Net Cts = 6234.1 5496.1 5483.3 5338.9 5503.5 5485.5
σnet = 92.44 88.18 88.51 86.85 87.75 88.21
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.88 0.88

σc = -- 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -9.7E-04 -9.9E-04 -1.2E-03 -9.6E-04 -9.9E-04
(cm-1) = -- 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.4E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.9E-03 1.9E-03 1.9E-03 1.9E-03 1.9E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.60E-04
479
1.0E-02
9.0E-03 Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
8.0E-03
7.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-03
5.0E-03
4.0E-03
3.0E-03
2.0E-03
1.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Internal Wall
Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 38301 34811 34856 34922 35132 35010

Total B.G. = 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823
Total C.C. = 921.4 963.6 936.2 967.4 934.8 959.2
Net Cts = 37373.3 33841.1 33913.5 33948.3 34190.9 34044.5
σnet = 198.05 189.15 189.20 189.45 189.92 189.66
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91

σc = -- 7.0E-03 7.0E-03 7.0E-03 7.0E-03 7.0E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -7.6E-04 -7.5E-04 -7.4E-04 -6.9E-04 -7.2E-04
(cm-1) = -- 8.7E-03 8.5E-03 8.4E-03 7.8E-03 8.2E-03

(cm-1) = -- 6.8E-04 6.8E-04 6.8E-04 6.8E-04 6.8E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 8.3E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.03E-04
480
1.0E-02
9.0E-03
8.0E-03
7.0E-03
Cs134, 0.795 [MeV]
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-03
5.0E-03
4.0E-03
3.0E-03
2.0E-03
1.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Internal Wall
Cs134, 0.795 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 28130 25510 25863 26035 26049 25562

Total B.G. = 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727
Total C.C. = 255 274.8 313.4 270.6 273.8 299.2
Net Cts = 27869.0 25229.2 25543.6 25758.4 25769.2 25256.8
σnet = 168.49 160.59 161.80 162.20 162.25 160.82
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.91

σc = -- 7.9E-03 8.0E-03 8.1E-03 8.1E-03 8.0E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.09 -0.09 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -7.7E-04 -6.7E-04 -6.1E-04 -6.0E-04 -7.6E-04
(cm-1) = -- 8.7E-03 7.6E-03 6.9E-03 6.9E-03 8.6E-03

(cm-1) = -- 7.7E-04 7.7E-04 7.7E-04 7.7E-04 7.7E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 7.8E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.44E-04
481
1.8E-02
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.6E-02
1.4E-02
1.2E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Internal Wall
Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 2949 2590 2716 2671 2703 2732

Total B.G. = 974 974 974 974 974 974
Total C.C. = 137.25 160.63 174.75 175.60 173.10 173.23
Net Cts = 2808.4 2426.0 2537.9 2492.0 2526.5 2555.4
σnet = 55.57 52.47 53.78 53.37 53.65 53.92
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.86 0.90 0.89 0.90 0.91

σc = -- 2.5E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -1.1E-03 -7.8E-04 -9.2E-04 -8.1E-04 -7.3E-04
(cm-1) = -- 1.3E-02 8.9E-03 1.0E-02 9.3E-03 8.3E-03

(cm-1) = -- 2.6E-03 2.5E-03 2.6E-03 2.5E-03 2.5E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.14E-03
482
2.5E-02
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
-5.0E-03
-1.0E-02
-1.5E-02
-2.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shield Position [cm]
Internal Wall
Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 269 271 249 239 280 254

Total B.G. = 601 601 601 601 601 601
Total C.C. = 41 34.8 30.6 33.4 32.8 37
Net Cts = 225.9 234.1 216.3 203.5 245.1 214.9
σnet = 17.65 17.53 16.77 16.55 17.73 17.11
c (A/Ao) = 1 1.04 0.96 0.90 1.08 0.95

σc = -- 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01
(du/dc) = -- -0.08 -0.09 -0.10 -0.08 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- 2.7E-04 -3.3E-04 -8.0E-04 6.3E-04 -3.8E-04
(cm-1) = -- -3.1E-03 3.8E-03 9.2E-03 -7.2E-03 4.4E-03

(cm-1) = -- 9.5E-03 9.7E-03 9.9E-03 9.3E-03 9.8E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.31E-03
483
2.0E-02
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
1.8E-02
1.6E-02
1.4E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Internal Wall
Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 471 442 437 422 434 421

Total B.G. = 727 727 727 727 727 727
Total C.C. = 29.2 31.6 28.4 31.8 37 30.2
Net Cts = 439.3 407.9 406.1 387.7 394.5 388.3
σnet = 22.41 21.80 21.61 21.34 21.74 21.28
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.92 0.88 0.90 0.88

σc = -- 6.9E-02 6.8E-02 6.6E-02 6.7E-02 6.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.09 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -5.7E-04 -6.1E-04 -9.6E-04 -8.3E-04 -9.5E-04
(cm-1) = -- 6.5E-03 6.9E-03 1.1E-02 9.4E-03 1.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.5E-03 6.5E-03 6.6E-03 6.6E-03 6.6E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 8.9E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.93E-03
484
1.0E-02
Co60, 1.174 [MeV]
9.0E-03
8.0E-03
7.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-03
5.0E-03
4.0E-03
3.0E-03
2.0E-03
1.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Internal Wall
Co60, 1.174 (MeV)
No Position Position Position Position
Shield Position 1 2 3 4 5
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 23370 21337 21647 21463 21280 21516

Total B.G. = 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238
Total C.C. = 498.9 447.77647 517.95 417.7 460.3 450
Net Cts = 22866.8 20884.9 21124.8 21041.0 20815.4 21061.7
σnet = 154.50 147.60 148.89 147.93 147.45 148.22
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.92

σc = -- 8.9E-03 9.0E-03 9.0E-03 8.9E-03 9.0E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.09 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -7.0E-04 -6.1E-04 -6.4E-04 -7.2E-04 -6.3E-04
(cm-1) = -- 8.0E-03 7.0E-03 7.3E-03 8.2E-03 7.2E-03

(cm-1) = -- 8.6E-04 8.6E-04 8.6E-04 8.6E-04 8.6E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 7.5E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.84E-04
485
9.0E-03
Co60, 1.333 [MeV]
8.0E-03
7.0E-03
6.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
5.0E-03
4.0E-03
3.0E-03
2.0E-03
1.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Internal Wall
Co60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 21110 19711 19764 19360 19420 19505

Total B.G. = 722 722 722 722 722 722
Total C.C. = 108 95.4 91.8 90 90 90
Net Cts = 20999.5 19613.1 19669.7 19267.5 19327.5 19412.5
σnet = 145.67 140.74 140.92 139.47 139.68 139.99
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.92

σc = -- 9.3E-03 9.3E-03 9.2E-03 9.2E-03 9.2E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.09 -0.10 -0.10 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -5.3E-04 -5.0E-04 -6.6E-04 -6.4E-04 -6.1E-04
(cm-1) = -- 6.0E-03 5.7E-03 7.6E-03 7.3E-03 6.9E-03

(cm-1) = -- 8.8E-04 8.8E-04 8.8E-04 8.8E-04 8.8E-04
̅ (cm-1) = 6.7E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.93E-04
486
1.2E-02
Na24, 1.369 [MeV]
1.0E-02
8.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-03
4.0E-03
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Internal Wall
Na24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 13828 12687 12691 12589 12783 12530

Total B.G. = 665 665 665 665 665 665
Total C.C. = 209.00 153.07 158.27 149.23 183.95 174.67
Net Cts = 13616.7 12531.6 12530.4 12437.5 12596.7 12353.0
σnet = 118.49 113.32 113.36 112.87 113.88 112.72
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.93 0.91

σc = -- 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.1E-02 1.2E-02 1.1E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.09 -0.10

(du/dx) = -- -6.4E-04 -6.4E-04 -7.0E-04 -6.0E-04 -7.5E-04
(cm-1) = -- 7.3E-03 7.3E-03 7.9E-03 6.8E-03 8.5E-03

(cm-1) = -- 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 7.6E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.94E-04
487
9.0E-03
Na24, 2.755 [MeV]
8.0E-03
7.0E-03
6.0E-03
μshield (cm-1)
5.0E-03
4.0E-03
3.0E-03
2.0E-03
1.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Internal Wall
Na24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953 11.3953
̅ (cm) = -- 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02 7.0E-02
Total Cts. = 8057 7606 7435 7577 7673 7550

Total B.G. = 74 74 74 74 74 74
Total C.C. = 80.6 68.8 77.4 116.4 79 63.8
Net Cts = 7976.1 7536.9 7357.3 7460.3 7593.7 7485.9
σnet = 90.21 87.61 86.68 87.72 88.05 87.26
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.94 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.94

σc = -- 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.09 -0.10 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09

(du/dx) = -- -4.4E-04 -6.2E-04 -5.1E-04 -3.8E-04 -4.9E-04
(cm-1) = -- 5.0E-03 7.1E-03 5.9E-03 4.3E-03 5.6E-03

(cm-1) = -- 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.6E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.38E-04
488
Steel Roof Shielding Model Broad-beam Data
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Roof, 0.0595 (MeV)
4.5E-01
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
4.0E-01
3.5E-01
3.0E-01
μshield (cm-1)
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 334: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Roof, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 284: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Steel Roof, 0.0595 (MeV)
Steel Roof
Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 1878 1171 1183 1175 1192 1162

Total B.G. = 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463
Total C.C. = 239.6 180.8 169.4 188 176 198.4
Net Cts = 1609.0 960.8 984.2 957.6 986.6 934.2
σnet = 46.08 36.85 36.86 37.00 37.07 36.97
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.60 0.61 0.60 0.61 0.58

σc = -- 2.9E-02 2.9E-02 2.9E-02 2.9E-02 2.8E-02
(du/dc) = -- -1.19 -1.16 -1.19 -1.16 -1.22

(du/dx) = -- -2.6E-01 -2.5E-01 -2.6E-01 -2.5E-01 -2.7E-01
(cm-1) = -- 3.7E-01 3.5E-01 3.7E-01 3.5E-01 3.9E-01

(cm-1) = -- 3.6E-02 3.5E-02 3.6E-02 3.5E-02 3.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.6E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.59E-02
489
3.0E-01
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
-1.0E-01
-1.5E-01
-2.0E-01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Roof
Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 1678 1680 1748 1707 1670 1672

Total B.G. = 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328
Total C.C. = 1057.3 1091.7 1081.3 1124.6 1159 1036.1
Net Cts = 612.6 580.2 658.6 574.3 502.9 627.8
σnet = 52.33 52.68 53.22 53.24 53.22 52.07
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 1.08 0.94 0.82 1.02

σc = -- 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.2E-01
(du/dc) = -- -0.75 -0.66 -0.76 -0.86 -0.69

(du/dx) = -- -2.7E-02 3.6E-02 -3.2E-02 -9.9E-02 1.2E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.9E-02 -5.1E-02 4.6E-02 1.4E-01 -1.7E-02

(cm-1) = -- 8.8E-02 8.3E-02 8.9E-02 9.7E-02 8.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.96E-02
490
9.0E-02
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
8.0E-02
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Roof
Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 4268 4034 3987 4040 4018 3985

Total B.G. = 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656
Total C.C. = 963.20 936.20 936.40 944.40 971.00 943.00

Net Cts = 3299.1 3092.1 3044.9 3089.9 3041.3 3036.3
σnet = 72.35 70.52 70.19 70.62 70.65 70.22
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.94 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.92

σc = -- 3.0E-02 2.9E-02 3.0E-02 2.9E-02 2.9E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.76 -0.77 -0.76 -0.77 -0.77

(du/dx) = -- -3.3E-02 -4.0E-02 -3.3E-02 -4.1E-02 -4.2E-02
(cm-1) = -- 4.6E-02 5.7E-02 4.6E-02 5.8E-02 5.9E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.2E-02 2.3E-02 2.3E-02 2.3E-02 2.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.01E-02
491
1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Roof
Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 7353 6700 6739 6770 6643 6678

Total B.G. = 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272
Total C.C. = 1137.2 1170.2 1115.4 1119.2 1185.4 1131.4
Net Cts = 6190.1 5504.1 5597.9 5625.1 5431.9 5520.9
σnet = 92.17 88.75 88.66 88.85 88.51 88.40
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.88 0.89

σc = -- 2.0E-02 2.0E-02 2.0E-02 1.9E-02 2.0E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.80 -0.78 -0.78 -0.81 -0.80

(du/dx) = -- -5.9E-02 -5.1E-02 -4.8E-02 -6.6E-02 -5.8E-02
(cm-1) = -- 8.3E-02 7.1E-02 6.8E-02 9.3E-02 8.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.9E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.01E-03
492
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Roof, 0.605 (MeV)
7.0E-02
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Roof
Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 38332 35579 35695 35373 35469 35520

Total B.G. = 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823
Total C.C. = 1000.2 960 980.8 938.8 946.8 976.8
Net Cts = 37325.5 34612.7 34707.9 34427.9 34515.9 34536.9
σnet = 198.33 191.16 191.52 190.56 190.84 191.05
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.93

σc = -- 7.1E-03 7.1E-03 7.1E-03 7.1E-03 7.1E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.76 -0.76 -0.77 -0.77 -0.77

(du/dx) = -- -3.8E-02 -3.7E-02 -4.1E-02 -3.9E-02 -3.9E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.4E-02 5.2E-02 5.7E-02 5.5E-02 5.5E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.7E-03 5.6E-03 5.7E-03 5.7E-03 5.7E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.5E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.53E-03
493
6.0E-02
Cs134, 0.795 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Roof
Cs134, 0.795 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 28043 26488 26159 26414 26276 26511

Total B.G. = 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727
Total C.C. = 292.8 245.4 234.4 255.8 268.8 270.6
Net Cts = 27744.2 26236.6 25918.6 26152.2 26001.2 26234.4
σnet = 168.34 163.51 162.47 163.32 162.93 163.66
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95

σc = -- 8.2E-03 8.1E-03 8.2E-03 8.2E-03 8.2E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.75 -0.76 -0.75 -0.76 -0.75

(du/dx) = -- -2.8E-02 -3.4E-02 -3.0E-02 -3.3E-02 -2.8E-02
(cm-1) = -- 4.0E-02 4.8E-02 4.2E-02 4.6E-02 4.0E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.3E-03 6.3E-03 6.3E-03 6.3E-03 6.3E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.82E-03
494
1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Roof
Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 2998 2710 2796 2736 2776 2729

Total B.G. = 974 974 974 974 974 974
Total C.C. = 147.95 143.75 166.83 183.18 166.13 177.83
Net Cts = 2846.7 2562.9 2625.8 2549.4 2606.5 2547.8
σnet = 56.11 53.44 54.45 54.05 54.26 53.93
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.92 0.90 0.92 0.90

σc = -- 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.79 -0.77 -0.79 -0.77 -0.79

(du/dx) = -- -5.3E-02 -4.1E-02 -5.5E-02 -4.4E-02 -5.6E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.4E-02 5.7E-02 7.8E-02 6.3E-02 7.9E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.0E-02 2.0E-02 2.1E-02 2.0E-02 2.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.17E-03
495
2.5E-01
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
2.0E-01
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Roof
Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 317 267 284 256 262 248

Total B.G. = 601 601 601 601 601 601
Total C.C. = 30.4 32.8 34.4 32.2 36 31.4
Net Cts = 284.5 232.1 247.5 221.7 223.9 214.5
σnet = 18.68 17.36 17.89 17.02 17.31 16.76
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.82 0.87 0.78 0.79 0.75

σc = -- 8.1E-02 8.5E-02 7.9E-02 8.0E-02 7.7E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.87 -0.82 -0.91 -0.90 -0.94

(du/dx) = -- -1.0E-01 -7.0E-02 -1.3E-01 -1.2E-01 -1.4E-01
(cm-1) = -- 1.4E-01 9.9E-02 1.8E-01 1.7E-01 2.0E-01

(cm-1) = -- 7.1E-02 6.9E-02 7.2E-02 7.2E-02 7.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.6E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 3.19E-02
496
8.0E-02
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
-4.0E-02
-6.0E-02
-8.0E-02
-1.0E-01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Roof
Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 436 454 449 452 450 431

Total B.G. = 727 727 727 727 727 727
Total C.C. = 32.8 31.8 28.2 32.8 32.4 34.4
Net Cts = 400.7 419.7 418.3 416.7 415.1 394.1
σnet = 21.69 22.08 21.89 22.06 22.00 21.61
c (A/Ao) = 1 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 0.98

σc = -- 7.9E-02 7.9E-02 7.9E-02 7.8E-02 7.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.68 -0.68 -0.68 -0.68 -0.72

(du/dx) = -- 2.3E-02 2.2E-02 2.0E-02 1.8E-02 -8.4E-03
(cm-1) = -- -3.3E-02 -3.0E-02 -2.8E-02 -2.5E-02 1.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.4E-02 5.3E-02 5.4E-02 5.4E-02 5.5E-02
̅ (cm-1) = -2.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.41E-02
497
6.0E-02
Co60, 1.174 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Roof
Co60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 23013 21783 21699 21782 21866 21885

Total B.G. = 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238
Total C.C. = 438.9 396.2 454 427.2 462.3 412
Net Cts = 22569.8 21382.5 21240.7 21350.5 21399.4 21468.7
σnet = 153.15 148.93 148.85 149.04 149.43 149.33
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95

σc = -- 9.2E-03 9.2E-03 9.2E-03 9.2E-03 9.2E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75

(du/dx) = -- -2.7E-02 -3.1E-02 -2.8E-02 -2.7E-02 -2.5E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.8E-02 4.3E-02 3.9E-02 3.8E-02 3.5E-02

(cm-1) = -- 7.0E-03 7.0E-03 7.0E-03 7.0E-03 7.0E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.9E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.13E-03
498
6.0E-02
Co60, 1.333 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Roof
Co60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 21154 20048 19920 20049 19781 19805

Total B.G. = 722 722 722 722 722 722
Total C.C. = 100.8 64.8 93.6 72 90 88.2
Net Cts = 21050.7 19980.7 19823.9 19974.5 19688.5 19714.3
σnet = 145.80 141.83 141.48 141.85 140.97 141.05
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.94 0.94

σc = -- 9.4E-03 9.4E-03 9.4E-03 9.3E-03 9.3E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -0.76 -0.76

(du/dx) = -- -2.6E-02 -3.0E-02 -2.6E-02 -3.4E-02 -3.3E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.7E-02 4.3E-02 3.7E-02 4.7E-02 4.7E-02

(cm-1) = -- 7.1E-03 7.2E-03 7.1E-03 7.2E-03 7.2E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.20E-03
499
8.0E-02
Na24, 1.369 [MeV]
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Roof
Na24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 13468 12720 12511 12541 12523 12384

Total B.G. = 665 665 665 665 665 665
Total C.C. = 153.24 156.58 171.40 161.40 145.65 154.94
Net Cts = 13312.4 12561.1 12337.3 12377.3 12375.0 12226.8
σnet = 116.72 113.48 112.62 112.71 112.56 111.99
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92

σc = -- 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.75 -0.77 -0.76 -0.76 -0.77

(du/dx) = -- -2.9E-02 -3.8E-02 -3.7E-02 -3.7E-02 -4.3E-02
(cm-1) = -- 4.1E-02 5.4E-02 5.2E-02 5.2E-02 6.0E-02

(cm-1) = -- 9.0E-03 9.1E-03 9.1E-03 9.1E-03 9.2E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.07E-03
500
6.0E-02
Na24, 2.755 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
-1.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Steel Roof
Na24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101 1.4101
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 7739 7479 7498 7502 7662 7322

Total B.G. = 74 74 74 74 74 74
Total C.C. = 58 93 72 63.8 58.4 56.8
Net Cts = 7680.7 7385.7 7425.7 7437.9 7603.3 7264.9
σnet = 88.30 87.02 87.01 86.98 87.87 85.90
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 0.95

σc = -- 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.74 -0.73 -0.73 -0.72 -0.75

(du/dx) = -- -2.0E-02 -1.7E-02 -1.6E-02 -5.1E-03 -2.8E-02
(cm-1) = -- 2.8E-02 2.4E-02 2.3E-02 7.2E-03 3.9E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.22E-03
501
Shake Roof Wall Shielding Model Broad-beam Data
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Shake Roof, 0.0595 (MeV)
1.6E-01
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
1.4E-01
1.2E-01
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 347: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Shake Roof, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 297: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Shake Roof, 0.0595 (MeV)
Shake Roof
Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 1902 1372 1371 1335 1236 1358

Total B.G. = 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463
Total C.C. = 220 220.2 197.6 191.4 199 208
Net Cts = 1652.6 1122.4 1144.0 1114.2 1007.6 1120.6
σnet = 46.13 39.98 39.68 39.15 37.96 39.65
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.68 0.69 0.67 0.61 0.68

σc = -- 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.0E-02 2.9E-02 3.1E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.34 -0.33 -0.34 -0.38 -0.34

(du/dx) = -- -2.1E-02 -2.0E-02 -2.1E-02 -2.6E-02 -2.1E-02
(cm-1) = -- 8.9E-02 8.5E-02 9.1E-02 1.1E-01 8.9E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.8E-02 1.7E-02 1.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.8E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.39E-03
502
1.0E-01
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
-4.0E-02
-6.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shake Roof
Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 1647 1593 1565 1563 1684 1643

Total B.G. = 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328
Total C.C. = 1064.9 1127.9 1043.9 1041.2 1056.1 1091.2
Net Cts = 574.0 457.0 513.0 513.7 619.8 543.7
σnet = 52.11 52.19 51.11 51.06 52.38 52.32
c (A/Ao) = 1 7.96E-01 8.94E-01 8.95E-01 1.08E+00 9.47E-01

σc = -- 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 1.3E-01
(du/dc) = -- -0.29 -0.26 -0.26 -0.21 -0.24

(du/dx) = -- -1.2E-02 -6.0E-03 -5.9E-03 4.1E-03 -2.9E-03
(cm-1) = -- 5.2E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 -1.8E-02 1.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 3.5E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 2.9E-02 3.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.40E-02
503
7.0E-02
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shake Roof
Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 4291 3681 3740 3698 3695 3783

Total B.G. = 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656
Total C.C. = 933.20 920.60 930.00 976.20 894.60 959.60

Net Cts = 3352.1 2754.7 2804.3 2716.1 2794.7 2817.7
σnet = 72.30 67.85 68.36 68.39 67.77 68.89
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.82 0.84 0.81 0.83 0.84

σc = -- 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.27

(du/dx) = -- -1.0E-02 -9.5E-03 -1.1E-02 -9.6E-03 -9.2E-03
(cm-1) = -- 4.5E-02 4.1E-02 4.8E-02 4.2E-02 4.0E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.1E-02 1.0E-02 1.1E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.66E-03
504
6.0E-02
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shake Roof
Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 7049 6338 6376 6208 6254 6170

Total B.G. = 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272
Total C.C. = 1138 1133.2 1126.2 1100.2 1097.2 1181.4
Net Cts = 5885.3 5179.1 5224.1 5082.1 5131.1 4962.9
σnet = 90.51 86.47 86.65 85.52 85.77 85.77
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.88 0.89 0.86 0.87 0.84

σc = -- 2.0E-02 2.0E-02 2.0E-02 2.0E-02 2.0E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.26 -0.26 -0.27 -0.26 -0.27

(du/dx) = -- -6.8E-03 -6.3E-03 -7.8E-03 -7.3E-03 -9.0E-03
(cm-1) = -- 2.9E-02 2.7E-02 3.4E-02 3.2E-02 3.9E-02

(cm-1) = -- 7.1E-03 6.9E-03 7.7E-03 7.4E-03 8.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.37E-03
505
6.0E-02
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shake Roof
Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 38470 32690 32563 32739 32117 32351

Total B.G. = 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823
Total C.C. = 971.2 874.2 905.4 919.2 912.6 935.8
Net Cts = 37492.5 31809.5 31651.3 31813.5 31198.1 31408.9
σnet = 198.61 183.21 182.95 183.47 181.75 182.45
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.85 0.84 0.85 0.83 0.84

σc = -- 6.6E-03 6.6E-03 6.6E-03 6.6E-03 6.6E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.28 -0.27

(du/dx) = -- -8.7E-03 -9.0E-03 -8.7E-03 -9.7E-03 -9.4E-03
(cm-1) = -- 3.8E-02 3.9E-02 3.8E-02 4.2E-02 4.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.5E-03 6.7E-03 6.5E-03 7.2E-03 7.0E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.04E-03
506
4.5E-02
Cs134, 0.795 [MeV]
4.0E-02
3.5E-02
3.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shake Roof
Cs134, 0.795 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 28286 24204 24479 24476 24479 24304

Total B.G. = 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727
Total C.C. = 249.6 252.4 256.8 282.4 250.8 254
Net Cts = 28030.4 23945.6 24216.2 24187.6 24222.2 24044.0
σnet = 168.93 156.39 157.28 157.36 157.27 156.72
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86

σc = -- 7.6E-03 7.7E-03 7.7E-03 7.7E-03 7.6E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27

(du/dx) = -- -8.4E-03 -7.8E-03 -7.8E-03 -7.7E-03 -8.1E-03
(cm-1) = -- 3.6E-02 3.4E-02 3.4E-02 3.4E-02 3.5E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.3E-03 5.9E-03 6.0E-03 5.9E-03 6.2E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.5E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.72E-03
507
4.0E-02
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
3.5E-02
3.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shake Roof
Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 2844 2522 2519 2580 2511 2539

Total B.G. = 974 974 974 974 974 974
Total C.C. = 149.25 138.93 142.30 174.30 133.50 157.50
Net Cts = 2691.4 2379.7 2373.3 2402.3 2374.1 2378.1
σnet = 54.73 51.60 51.61 52.50 51.44 51.95
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.88

σc = -- 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 2.7E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26

(du/dx) = -- -6.5E-03 -6.7E-03 -6.0E-03 -6.7E-03 -6.6E-03
(cm-1) = -- 2.8E-02 2.9E-02 2.6E-02 2.9E-02 2.8E-02

(cm-1) = -- 8.3E-03 8.4E-03 8.1E-03 8.4E-03 8.3E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.8E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.71E-03
508
1.2E-01
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shake Roof
Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 298 257 221 231 271 228

Total B.G. = 601 601 601 601 601 601
Total C.C. = 35 24.6 29.6 27.4 31.8 31
Net Cts = 260.9 230.3 189.3 201.5 237.1 194.9
σnet = 18.29 16.83 15.88 16.13 17.45 16.14
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.88 0.73 0.77 0.91 0.75

σc = -- 8.9E-02 7.9E-02 8.2E-02 9.2E-02 8.1E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.26 -0.32 -0.30 -0.25 -0.31

(du/dx) = -- -6.6E-03 -1.7E-02 -1.4E-02 -5.1E-03 -1.5E-02
(cm-1) = -- 2.9E-02 7.4E-02 5.9E-02 2.2E-02 6.7E-02

(cm-1) = -- 2.4E-02 2.8E-02 2.6E-02 2.4E-02 2.7E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.0E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.16E-02
509
7.0E-02
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
-1.0E-02
-2.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shake Roof
Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 479 406 413 433 403 459

Total B.G. = 727 727 727 727 727 727
Total C.C. = 39.4 28.8 25.8 35.6 30.2 25.6
Net Cts = 437.1 374.7 384.7 394.9 370.3 430.9
σnet = 22.81 20.89 20.99 21.69 20.86 22.05
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.85 0.99

σc = -- 6.5E-02 6.6E-02 6.8E-02 6.5E-02 7.2E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.27 -0.26 -0.25 -0.27 -0.23

(du/dx) = -- -8.2E-03 -6.8E-03 -5.4E-03 -8.8E-03 -7.6E-04
(cm-1) = -- 3.5E-02 2.9E-02 2.3E-02 3.8E-02 3.3E-03

(cm-1) = -- 1.9E-02 1.8E-02 1.8E-02 1.9E-02 1.7E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.06E-03
510
6.0E-02
Co60, 1.174 [MeV]
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shake Roof
Co60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 23103 20348 19669 19485 19555 19381

Total B.G. = 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238
Total C.C. = 434.8 398.6 412.8 357.8 395.7 408.7
Net Cts = 22663.9 19945.1 19251.9 19122.9 19155.0 18968.0
σnet = 153.43 144.04 141.72 140.87 141.26 140.68
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.88 0.85 0.84 0.85 0.84

σc = -- 8.7E-03 8.5E-03 8.4E-03 8.5E-03 8.4E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.26 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.28

(du/dx) = -- -6.8E-03 -8.7E-03 -9.0E-03 -8.9E-03 -9.4E-03
(cm-1) = -- 2.9E-02 3.8E-02 3.9E-02 3.9E-02 4.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.4E-03 6.6E-03 6.9E-03 6.8E-03 7.2E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.7E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.96E-03
511
5.0E-02
Co60, 1.333 [MeV]
4.5E-02
4.0E-02
3.5E-02
μshield (cm-1)
3.0E-02
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shake Roof
Co60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 20844 18865 18077 17721 18110 17791

Total B.G. = 722 722 722 722 722 722
Total C.C. = 95.4 106.2 90 90 108 84.6
Net Cts = 20746.1 18756.3 17984.5 17628.5 17999.5 17703.9
σnet = 144.71 137.74 134.79 133.46 134.98 133.71
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.87 0.85

σc = -- 9.2E-03 8.9E-03 8.7E-03 8.9E-03 8.8E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.25 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27

(du/dx) = -- -5.3E-03 -7.6E-03 -8.6E-03 -7.5E-03 -8.4E-03
(cm-1) = -- 2.3E-02 3.3E-02 3.8E-02 3.3E-02 3.7E-02

(cm-1) = -- 4.5E-03 5.9E-03 6.6E-03 5.9E-03 6.5E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 3.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.66E-03
512
3.5E-02
Na24, 1.369 [MeV]
3.0E-02
2.5E-02
μshield (cm-1)
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shake Roof
Na24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 12471 11386 11181 11381 11144 11323

Total B.G. = 665 665 665 665 665 665
Total C.C. = 159.48 138.15 133.51 155.88 144.22 161.33
Net Cts = 12309.2 11245.5 11045.2 11222.8 10997.5 11159.4
σnet = 112.39 107.36 106.38 107.42 106.25 107.17
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.89 0.91

σc = -- 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.25 -0.26 -0.25 -0.26 -0.25

(du/dx) = -- -4.8E-03 -5.7E-03 -4.9E-03 -6.0E-03 -5.2E-03
(cm-1) = -- 2.1E-02 2.5E-02 2.1E-02 2.6E-02 2.3E-02

(cm-1) = -- 4.6E-03 5.1E-03 4.7E-03 5.3E-03 4.8E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 2.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.19E-03
513
2.5E-02
Na24, 2.755 [MeV]
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Shake Roof
Na24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421 4.3421
̅ (cm) = -- 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01 7.2E-01
Total Cts. = 7268 6770 6815 6788 6763 6778

Total B.G. = 74 74 74 74 74 74
Total C.C. = 71.6 68 56.2 75 72.6 66.2
Net Cts = 7196.1 6701.7 6758.5 6712.7 6690.1 6711.5
σnet = 85.67 82.70 82.90 82.85 82.68 82.73
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93

σc = -- 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25

(du/dx) = -- -3.8E-03 -3.3E-03 -3.7E-03 -3.9E-03 -3.7E-03
(cm-1) = -- 1.6E-02 1.4E-02 1.6E-02 1.7E-02 1.6E-02

(cm-1) = -- 4.8E-03 4.6E-03 4.8E-03 4.8E-03 4.8E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 1.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.12E-03
514
Asphalt Roof Shielding Model Broad-beam Data
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Roof , 0.0595 (MeV)
3.0E-01
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 360: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Roof, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 310: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Roof, 0.0595 (MeV)
Asphalt Roof
Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 1775 1184 1215 1148 1151 1109

Total B.G. = 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463
Total C.C. = 229.20 174.60 179.40 183.00 183.80 179.80
Net Cts = 1516.4 980.0 1006.2 935.6 937.8 899.8
σnet = 44.84 36.94 37.42 36.57 36.62 35.98
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.65 0.66 0.62 0.62 0.59

σc = -- 3.1E-02 3.2E-02 3.0E-02 3.0E-02 3.0E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.73 -0.71 -0.77 -0.76 -0.80

(du/dx) = -- -9.8E-02 -9.2E-02 -1.1E-01 -1.1E-01 -1.2E-01
(cm-1) = -- 2.1E-01 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01

(cm-1) = -- 2.3E-02 2.3E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.2E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.05E-02
515
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Asphalt Roof, 0.475 (MeV)
3.0E-01
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Asphalt Roof
Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 1710 1573 1662 1621 1608 1613

Total B.G. = 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328
Total C.C. = 1032.10 1076.50 1016.80 1066.10 1086.80 1145.70
Net Cts = 669.8 488.4 637.1 546.8 513.1 459.2
σnet = 52.40 51.50 51.79 51.87 51.94 52.55
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.73 0.95 0.82 0.77 0.69

σc = -- 9.6E-02 1.1E-01 1.0E-01 9.8E-02 9.5E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.65 -0.50 -0.58 -0.62 -0.69

(du/dx) = -- -7.1E-02 -1.1E-02 -4.5E-02 -6.0E-02 -8.4E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.5E-01 2.4E-02 9.6E-02 1.3E-01 1.8E-01

(cm-1) = -- 6.2E-02 5.3E-02 5.8E-02 6.1E-02 6.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.1E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 2.69E-02
516
1.4E-01
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
μshield (cm-1)
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Asphalt Roof
Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 4319 3688 3725 3612 3630 3836

Total B.G. = 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656
Total C.C. = 965.60 956.00 923.60 944.40 912.00 917.00

Net Cts = 3347.7 2726.3 2795.7 2661.9 2712.3 2913.3
σnet = 72.71 68.17 68.20 67.52 67.41 68.96
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.81 0.84 0.80 0.81 0.87

σc = -- 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.8E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.58 -0.57 -0.59 -0.58 -0.54

(du/dx) = -- -4.6E-02 -4.0E-02 -5.1E-02 -4.7E-02 -3.1E-02
(cm-1) = -- 9.7E-02 8.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.0E-01 6.6E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.5E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.01E-03
517
1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Asphalt Roof
Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 7215 6201 6167 6044 6220 6362

Total B.G. = 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272
Total C.C. = 1173.8 1133.6 1096.2 1121 1115 1111.8
Net Cts = 6015.5 5041.7 5045.1 4897.3 5079.3 5224.5
σnet = 91.62 85.68 85.26 84.68 85.68 86.48
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.84 0.84 0.81 0.84 0.87

σc = -- 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 2.0E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.56 -0.56 -0.58 -0.56 -0.54

(du/dx) = -- -4.0E-02 -3.9E-02 -4.6E-02 -3.8E-02 -3.2E-02
(cm-1) = -- 8.4E-02 8.3E-02 9.7E-02 8.0E-02 6.7E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 4.88E-03
518
9.4E-02
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
9.2E-02
9.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
8.8E-02
8.6E-02
8.4E-02
8.2E-02
8.0E-02
7.8E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Asphalt Roof
Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 38619 32290 32106 32261 32468 32296

Total B.G. = 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823
Total C.C. = 1003.4 959.2 907.6 930.6 927.4 934.2
Net Cts = 37609.3 31324.5 31192.1 31324.1 31534.3 31355.5
σnet = 199.06 182.35 181.70 182.19 182.75 182.30
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.83

σc = -- 6.6E-03 6.5E-03 6.5E-03 6.6E-03 6.6E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.57 -0.57 -0.57 -0.56 -0.57

(du/dx) = -- -4.1E-02 -4.2E-02 -4.1E-02 -3.9E-02 -4.1E-02
(cm-1) = -- 8.6E-02 8.8E-02 8.6E-02 8.3E-02 8.6E-02

(cm-1) = -- 4.2E-03 4.2E-03 4.2E-03 4.1E-03 4.2E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 8.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.86E-03
519
1.0E-01
9.0E-02 Cs134, 0.795 [MeV]
8.0E-02
7.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Asphalt Roof
Cs134, 0.795 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 28482 23918 24052 24155 23727 24069

Total B.G. = 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727
Total C.C. = 281.8 304.8 265.4 267.4 272.6 234.8
Net Cts = 28194.2 23607.2 23780.6 23881.6 23448.4 23828.2
σnet = 169.61 155.65 155.95 156.29 154.93 155.91
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.83 0.85

σc = -- 7.5E-03 7.5E-03 7.5E-03 7.4E-03 7.5E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.56 -0.56 -0.56 -0.57 -0.56

(du/dx) = -- -4.0E-02 -3.8E-02 -3.7E-02 -4.1E-02 -3.8E-02
(cm-1) = -- 8.4E-02 8.1E-02 7.9E-02 8.7E-02 8.0E-02

(cm-1) = -- 4.6E-03 4.6E-03 4.5E-03 4.6E-03 4.6E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 8.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.05E-03
520
1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Asphalt Roof
Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 2945 2489 2591 2513 2565 2488

Total B.G. = 974 974 974 974 974 974
Total C.C. = 155.75 169.03 129.45 165.38 148.55 138.48
Net Cts = 2785.9 2316.6 2458.2 2344.2 2413.1 2346.1
σnet = 55.70 51.58 52.18 51.77 52.11 51.27
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.83 0.88 0.84 0.87 0.84

σc = -- 2.5E-02 2.6E-02 2.5E-02 2.5E-02 2.5E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.57 -0.54 -0.56 -0.55 -0.56

(du/dx) = -- -4.1E-02 -2.8E-02 -3.9E-02 -3.2E-02 -3.8E-02
(cm-1) = -- 8.7E-02 5.9E-02 8.2E-02 6.8E-02 8.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 1.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.5E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 6.30E-03
521
2.0E-01
1.8E-01 Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
1.6E-01
1.4E-01
μshield (cm-1)
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Asphalt Roof
Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 285 224 227 219 249 226

Total B.G. = 601 601 601 601 601 601
Total C.C. = 30.8 23.2 35.8 23.6 21.2 31.2
Net Cts = 252.1 198.7 189.1 193.3 225.7 192.7
σnet = 17.82 15.77 16.26 15.63 16.49 16.09
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.79 0.75 0.77 0.90 0.76

σc = -- 8.4E-02 8.3E-02 8.2E-02 9.1E-02 8.4E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.60 -0.63 -0.62 -0.53 -0.62

(du/dx) = -- -5.3E-02 -6.4E-02 -5.9E-02 -2.5E-02 -6.0E-02
(cm-1) = -- 1.1E-01 1.4E-01 1.3E-01 5.2E-02 1.3E-01

(cm-1) = -- 5.0E-02 5.3E-02 5.1E-02 4.8E-02 5.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.1E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 2.27E-02
522
1.6E-01
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
1.4E-01
1.2E-01
1.0E-01
μshield (cm-1)
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
-4.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Asphalt Roof
Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 478 463 404 423 418 389

Total B.G. = 727 727 727 727 727 727
Total C.C. = 35 26.8 37.6 26.8 39.8 34.6
Net Cts = 440.5 433.7 363.9 393.7 375.7 351.9
σnet = 22.69 22.17 21.06 21.25 21.44 20.62
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.98 0.83 0.89 0.85 0.80

σc = -- 7.1E-02 6.4E-02 6.7E-02 6.6E-02 6.2E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.48 -0.57 -0.53 -0.55 -0.59

(du/dx) = -- -3.5E-03 -4.3E-02 -2.5E-02 -3.6E-02 -5.0E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.4E-03 9.0E-02 5.3E-02 7.5E-02 1.1E-01

(cm-1) = -- 3.4E-02 3.7E-02 3.5E-02 3.6E-02 3.7E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 6.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.61E-02
523
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
Co60, 1.174 [MeV]
μshield (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Asphalt Roof
Co60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 22004 19494 19462 19533 19548 19351

Total B.G. = 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238
Total C.C. = 456.5 382.2 383.6 386.9 384.1 417.5
Net Cts = 21543.2 19107.5 19074.1 19141.8 19159.6 18929.2
σnet = 149.88 140.99 140.88 141.15 141.19 140.61
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.88

σc = -- 9.0E-03 9.0E-03 9.0E-03 9.0E-03 8.9E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.53 -0.53 -0.53 -0.53 -0.54

(du/dx) = -- -2.68E-02 -2.72E-02 -2.64E-02 -2.62E-02 -2.89E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.7E-02 5.8E-02 5.6E-02 5.5E-02 6.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.0E-03 5.0E-03 4.9E-03 4.9E-03 5.0E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.7E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.22E-03
524
8.0E-02
Co60, 1.333 [MeV]
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Asphalt Roof
Co60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 20355 18200 17930 17955 17802 17865

Total B.G. = 722 722 722 722 722 722
Total C.C. = 120.6 88.2 70.2 90 84.6 97.2
Net Cts = 20231.9 18109.3 17857.3 17862.5 17714.9 17765.3
σnet = 143.10 135.24 134.17 134.34 133.75 134.03
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88

σc = -- 9.2E-03 9.1E-03 9.1E-03 9.1E-03 9.1E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.53 -0.54 -0.54 -0.54 -0.54

(du/dx) = -- -2.5E-02 -2.8E-02 -2.8E-02 -3.0E-02 -2.9E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.2E-02 5.9E-02 5.9E-02 6.3E-02 6.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.0E-03 5.0E-03 5.1E-03 5.1E-03 5.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.9E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.26E-03
525
3.0E-02
Na24, 1.369 [MeV]
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
-5.0E-03
-1.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Asphalt Roof
Na24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 12920 11425 11462 11412 11377 11148

Total B.G. = 665 665 665 665 665 665
Total C.C. = 153.70 150.86 155.86 133.97 148.89 159.31
Net Cts = 12764.0 11271.8 11303.8 11275.7 11225.8 10986.4
σnet = 114.35 107.60 107.79 107.46 107.37 106.34
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.86

σc = -- 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.1E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.54 -0.53 -0.54 -0.54 -0.55

(du/dx) = -- -2.8E-02 -2.7E-02 -2.8E-02 -2.9E-02 -3.4E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.9E-02 5.7E-02 5.9E-02 6.1E-02 7.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.3E-03 6.3E-03 6.3E-03 6.3E-03 6.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.84E-03
526
7.0E-02
Na24, 2.755 [MeV]
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Asphalt Roof
Na24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141 2.1141
̅ (cm) = -- 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02
Total Cts. = 7490 6926 6733 6967 6800 6904

Total B.G. = 74 74 74 74 74 74
Total C.C. = 70.2 61.4 69.2 77.6 77.6 92.8
Net Cts = 7419.5 6864.3 6663.5 6889.1 6722.1 6810.9
σnet = 86.95 83.59 82.48 83.94 82.93 83.65
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.90 0.93 0.91 0.92

σc = -- 1.6E-02 1.5E-02 1.6E-02 1.5E-02 1.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.51 -0.53 -0.51 -0.52 -0.52

(du/dx) = -- -1.7E-02 -2.4E-02 -1.7E-02 -2.2E-02 -1.9E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.7E-02 5.1E-02 3.5E-02 4.7E-02 4.0E-02

(cm-1) = -- 8.0E-03 8.1E-03 8.0E-03 8.1E-03 8.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.61E-03
527
Terracotta Roof Shielding Model Broad-beam Data
Broad-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta Roof, 0.0595 (MeV)
4.0E-01
Am-241, 0.0595 [MeV]
3.5E-01
3.0E-01
μshield (cm-1)
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 373: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta Roof, 0.0595 (MeV)
Table 323: Broad-Beam Measured Data: Terracotta Roof, 0.0595 (MeV)
Terracotta Roof
Am-241, 0.0595 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 1888 1132 1134 1166 1059 1088

Total B.G. = 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463 8463
Total C.C. = 203.2 195.6 185.6 181.4 180.4 179.6
Net Cts = 1655.4 907.0 919.0 955.2 849.2 879.0
σnet = 45.80 36.52 36.41 36.79 35.29 35.69
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.55 0.56 0.58 0.51 0.53

σc = -- 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.6E-02 2.6E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.89 -0.88 -0.85 -0.95 -0.92

(du/dx) = -- -1.4E-01 -1.4E-01 -1.3E-01 -1.6E-01 -1.5E-01
(cm-1) = -- 2.9E-01 2.9E-01 2.7E-01 3.3E-01 3.1E-01

(cm-1) = -- 2.5E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.5E-02 2.5E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.0E-01
̅ (cm-1) = 1.10E-02
528
3.0E-01
Cs134, 0.475 [MeV]
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
μshield (cm-1)
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
-1.0E-01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Terracotta Roof
Cs134, 0.475 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 1685 1675 1537 1539 1569 1639

Total B.G. = 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328 2328
Total C.C. = 1024.4 1018.2 1079.1 1026.4 1044.6 1027.9
Net Cts = 652.5 648.7 449.8 504.5 516.3 603.0
σnet = 52.08 51.93 51.18 50.68 51.15 51.67
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.99 0.69 0.77 0.79 0.92

σc = -- 1.1E-01 9.6E-02 9.9E-02 1.0E-01 1.1E-01
(du/dc) = -- -0.49 -0.71 -0.63 -0.62 -0.53

(du/dx) = -- -1.4E-03 -8.9E-02 -6.2E-02 -5.6E-02 -1.9E-02
(cm-1) = -- 2.9E-03 1.8E-01 1.3E-01 1.1E-01 3.9E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.5E-02 6.8E-02 6.3E-02 6.2E-02 5.7E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 9.3E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.74E-02
529
1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.563 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Terracotta Roof
Cs134, 0.563 (MeV)
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 4233 3769 3765 3768 3673 3652

Total B.G. = 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656 1656
Total C.C. = 920.60 942.80 954.60 903.40 956.20 914.80

Net Cts = 3306.7 2820.5 2804.7 2858.9 2711.1 2731.5
σnet = 71.81 68.66 68.72 68.37 68.06 67.60
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.82 0.83

σc = -- 2.8E-02 2.8E-02 2.8E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.57 -0.58 -0.57 -0.60 -0.59

(du/dx) = -- -3.8E-02 -3.9E-02 -3.5E-02 -4.8E-02 -4.6E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.8E-02 8.1E-02 7.1E-02 9.7E-02 9.4E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 8.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.21E-03
530

1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.569 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Terracotta Roof
Cs134, 0.569 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 7164 6489 6245 6047 6432 6138

Total B.G. = 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272 7409.272
Total C.C. = 1160.2 1125.2 1161.6 1079.2 1162 1110.4
Net Cts = 5978.1 5338.1 5057.7 4942.1 5244.3 5001.9
σnet = 91.27 87.29 86.09 84.45 87.18 85.17
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.89 0.85 0.83 0.88 0.84

σc = -- 2.0E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 2.0E-02 1.9E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.55 -0.58 -0.59 -0.56 -0.58

(du/dx) = -- -2.7E-02 -4.0E-02 -4.6E-02 -3.1E-02 -4.3E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.5E-02 8.2E-02 9.3E-02 6.4E-02 8.7E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.6E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.02E-03
531

1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.605 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Terracotta Roof
Cs134, 0.605 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 38589 32377 32255 32521 32036 32535

Total B.G. = 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823
Total C.C. = 961 891.8 933 949.6 922.8 882
Net Cts = 37621.7 31478.9 31315.7 31565.1 31106.9 31646.7
σnet = 198.88 182.41 182.18 182.96 181.55 182.81
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.84 0.83 0.84 0.83 0.84

σc = -- 6.6E-03 6.5E-03 6.6E-03 6.5E-03 6.6E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.58 -0.59 -0.58 -0.59 -0.58

(du/dx) = -- -4.3E-02 -4.4E-02 -4.2E-02 -4.6E-02 -4.1E-02
(cm-1) = -- 8.7E-02 9.0E-02 8.6E-02 9.3E-02 8.5E-02

(cm-1) = -- 4.2E-03 4.2E-03 4.2E-03 4.3E-03 4.2E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 8.8E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.89E-03
532
1.0E-01
Cs134, 0.795 [MeV]
9.0E-02
8.0E-02
7.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Terracotta Roof
Cs134, 0.795 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 28224 24109 24094 23903 24052 24187

Total B.G. = 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727 1727
Total C.C. = 309 257 223 261.4 246.4 244.4
Net Cts = 27909.0 23846.0 23865.0 23635.6 23799.6 23936.6
σnet = 168.93 156.10 155.95 155.46 155.89 156.31
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.86

σc = -- 7.6E-03 7.6E-03 7.6E-03 7.6E-03 7.6E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.57 -0.57 -0.58 -0.57 -0.57

(du/dx) = -- -3.8E-02 -3.7E-02 -4.0E-02 -3.8E-02 -3.7E-02
(cm-1) = -- 7.7E-02 7.7E-02 8.1E-02 7.8E-02 7.5E-02

(cm-1) = -- 4.6E-03 4.6E-03 4.7E-03 4.6E-03 4.6E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 7.8E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.07E-03
533
1.2E-01
Cs134, 0.801 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Terracotta Roof
Cs134, 0.801 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 2948 2560 2584 2486 2589 2466

Total B.G. = 974 974 974 974 974 974
Total C.C. = 176.83 143.05 134.28 146.43 141.98 126.70
Net Cts = 2767.8 2413.6 2446.3 2336.2 2443.6 2335.9
σnet = 55.92 52.01 52.16 51.33 52.28 50.94
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.87 0.88 0.84 0.88 0.84

σc = -- 2.6E-02 2.6E-02 2.5E-02 2.6E-02 2.5E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.56 -0.55 -0.58 -0.55 -0.58

(du/dx) = -- -3.3E-02 -3.0E-02 -4.1E-02 -3.0E-02 -4.1E-02
(cm-1) = -- 6.7E-02 6.0E-02 8.3E-02 6.1E-02 8.3E-02

(cm-1) = -- 1.5E-02 1.4E-02 1.5E-02 1.4E-02 1.5E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 6.50E-03
534
1.8E-01
Cs134, 1.039 [MeV]
1.6E-01
1.4E-01
1.2E-01
μshield (cm-1)
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Terracotta Roof
Cs134, 1.039 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 294 266 253 238 251 253

Total B.G. = 601 601 601 601 601 601
Total C.C. = 30.4 25.2 22.8 27 26.6 24.6
Net Cts = 261.5 238.7 228.1 208.9 222.3 226.3
σnet = 18.06 17.11 16.66 16.33 16.71 16.71
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.91 0.87 0.80 0.85 0.87

σc = -- 9.1E-02 8.8E-02 8.3E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.54 -0.56 -0.61 -0.58 -0.57

(du/dx) = -- -2.2E-02 -3.3E-02 -5.4E-02 -3.9E-02 -3.5E-02
(cm-1) = -- 4.5E-02 6.7E-02 1.1E-01 7.9E-02 7.1E-02

(cm-1) = -- 4.9E-02 4.9E-02 5.1E-02 5.0E-02 4.9E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 7.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.22E-02
535
1.2E-01
Cs134, 1.167 [MeV]
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.0E-02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Terracotta Roof
Cs134, 1.167 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 473 425 405 403 444 427

Total B.G. = 727 727 727 727 727 727
Total C.C. = 34.8 29.4 27.2 27 29.6 27
Net Cts = 435.7 393.1 375.3 373.5 411.9 397.5
σnet = 22.57 21.36 20.83 20.78 21.80 21.35
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.86 0.86 0.95 0.91

σc = -- 6.8E-02 6.5E-02 6.5E-02 7.0E-02 6.8E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.54 -0.57 -0.57 -0.52 -0.54

(du/dx) = -- -2.5E-02 -3.6E-02 -3.7E-02 -1.3E-02 -2.2E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.0E-02 7.3E-02 7.5E-02 2.7E-02 4.5E-02

(cm-1) = -- 3.7E-02 3.7E-02 3.7E-02 3.6E-02 3.7E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 5.4E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 1.65E-02
536
8.0E-02
Co60, 1.174 [MeV]
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Terracotta Roof
Co60, 1.174 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 22978 20207 20154 20375 20311 20416

Total B.G. = 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238 1238
Total C.C. = 455.9 391.9 411.6 414.3 469.1 394.5
Net Cts = 22517.8 19810.8 19738.1 19956.4 19837.6 20017.2
σnet = 153.09 143.53 143.42 144.19 144.16 144.27
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.89

σc = -- 8.7E-03 8.7E-03 8.8E-03 8.8E-03 8.8E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.56 -0.56 -0.55 -0.56 -0.55

(du/dx) = -- -3.1E-02 -3.2E-02 -2.9E-02 -3.0E-02 -2.8E-02
(cm-1) = -- 6.3E-02 6.4E-02 5.9E-02 6.2E-02 5.8E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.0E-03 5.0E-03 5.0E-03 5.0E-03 5.0E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.24E-03
537
8.0E-02
Co60, 1.333 [MeV]
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Terracotta Roof
Co60, 1.333 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 21306 18514 18786 18756 18540 18703

Total B.G. = 722 722 722 722 722 722
Total C.C. = 102.6 82.8 90 113.4 106.2 111.6
Net Cts = 21200.9 18428.7 18693.5 18640.1 18431.3 18588.9
σnet = 146.32 136.38 137.40 137.37 136.56 137.17
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.88

σc = -- 8.8E-03 8.9E-03 8.9E-03 8.8E-03 8.9E-03
(du/dc) = -- -0.56 -0.55 -0.56 -0.56 -0.56

(du/dx) = -- -3.4E-02 -3.0E-02 -3.1E-02 -3.4E-02 -3.1E-02
(cm-1) = -- 6.9E-02 6.2E-02 6.3E-02 6.8E-02 6.4E-02

(cm-1) = -- 5.1E-03 5.1E-03 5.1E-03 5.1E-03 5.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 6.5E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.29E-03
538
7.0E-02
Na24, 1.369 [MeV]
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Terracotta Roof
Na24, 1.369 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 13366 11990 11979 11871 11930 11961

Total B.G. = 665 665 665 665 665 665
Total C.C. = 248.86 179.22 146.85 160.22 162.25 164.98
Net Cts = 13114.8 11808.5 11829.8 11708.5 11765.4 11793.7
σnet = 116.69 110.32 110.13 109.69 109.97 110.13
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.90 0.90

σc = -- 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.54 -0.54 -0.55 -0.55 -0.54

(du/dx) = -- -2.5E-02 -2.5E-02 -2.7E-02 -2.6E-02 -2.5E-02
(cm-1) = -- 5.1E-02 5.0E-02 5.6E-02 5.3E-02 5.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 6.4E-03 6.4E-03 6.4E-03 6.4E-03 6.4E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 5.2E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 2.86E-03
539
7.0E-02
Na24, 2.755 [MeV]
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
μshield (cm-1)
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Terracotta Roof
Na24, 2.755 (MeV)
No
̅ (cm) = -- 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438 2.0438
̅ (cm) = -- 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 4.1E-02
Total Cts. = 7911 7317 7255 7121 7417 7250

Total B.G. = 74 74 74 74 74 74
Total C.C. = 92.6 82.6 66.2 112.2 71.6 71.2
Net Cts = 7818.1 7234.1 7188.5 7008.5 7345.1 7178.5
σnet = 89.47 86.02 85.57 85.05 86.54 85.57
c (A/Ao) = 1 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.94 0.92

σc = -- 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02
(du/dc) = -- -0.53 -0.53 -0.55 -0.52 -0.53

(du/dx) = -- -1.9E-02 -2.0E-02 -2.6E-02 -1.5E-02 -2.0E-02
(cm-1) = -- 3.8E-02 4.1E-02 5.3E-02 3.1E-02 4.2E-02

(cm-1) = -- 8.1E-03 8.1E-03 8.2E-03 8.1E-03 8.1E-03
̅ (cm-1) = 4.1E-02
̅ (cm-1) = 3.64E-03
540
APPENDIX N
Shield model total attenuation coefficients wrap-up for each shield model for measured data.
Clay Brick Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Brick Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data

9.0E-02
8.0E-02
7.0E-02
𝜇 ̅shield (cm-1)
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
Photon Energy MeV)
Figure 386: Brick Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Table 336: Brick Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Brick Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients from Measured

Data
0.06 1.61E-02 8.50E-04

0.475 7.05E-02 6.51E-03
0.563 6.35E-02 1.17E-03
0.569 6.29E-02 7.66E-04
0.605 6.02E-02 2.50E-04
0.795 5.38E-02 2.58E-04
0.801 5.43E-02 8.01E-04
1.039 4.51E-02 2.85E-03
1.167 4.27E-02 1.86E-03
1.174 4.61E-02 2.64E-04
1.333 4.27E-02 2.60E-04
1.369 4.40E-02 3.49E-04
2.755 3.07E-02 3.95E-04
541
Stucco Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Stucco Wall Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data

8.0E-02
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 387: Stucco Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Table 337: Stucco Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Stucco Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients from

Measured Data
0.06 7.22E-02 1.46E-03

0.475 5.89E-03 4.70E-03
0.563 2.07E-02 1.22E-03
0.569 2.39E-02 8.40E-04
0.605 2.11E-02 3.06E-04
0.795 1.87E-02 3.38E-04
0.801 1.75E-02 1.08E-03
1.039 1.31E-02 3.85E-03
1.167 1.74E-02 2.70E-03
1.174 1.62E-02 3.69E-04
1.333 1.66E-02 3.76E-04
1.369 1.68E-02 4.80E-04
2.755 1.12E-02 6.13E-04
542
Wood Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Wood Wall AverageTotal Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data

3.5E-02
3.0E-02
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 388: Wood Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Table 338: Wood Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Wood Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients from 60 Kev to

2.75 MeV
0.06 2.94E-02 1.49E-03
0.475 1.13E-02 4.16E-03
0.563 1.65E-02 1.04E-03
0.569 1.32E-02 7.18E-04
0.605 1.36E-02 2.53E-04
0.795 1.23E-02 2.85E-04
0.801 1.20E-02 9.49E-04
1.039 8.68E-03 3.30E-03
1.167 1.01E-02 2.42E-03
1.174 1.13E-02 3.15E-04
1.333 9.79E-03 3.23E-04
1.369 1.04E-02 4.15E-04
2.755 6.06E-03 5.34E-04
543
Steel Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Steel Wall AverageTotal Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data

7.0E-02
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 389: Steel Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Table 339: Steel Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Steel Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients from Measured Data

Nuclide Photon Energy (MeV) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
Am-241 0.06 6.07E-02 4.42E-03
Cs-134 0.475 1.69E-02 1.93E-02
Cs-134 0.563 1.58E-02 2.83E-03
Cs-134 0.569 1.51E-02 1.96E-03
Cs-134 0.605 1.37E-02 6.82E-04
Cs-134 0.795 1.23E-02 7.74E-04
Cs-134 0.801 9.38E-03 2.57E-03
Cs-134 1.039 7.25E-03 9.45E-03
Cs-134 1.167 8.20E-03 6.42E-03
Co-60 1.174 1.12E-02 8.61E-04
Co-60 1.333 9.45E-03 8.82E-04
Na-24 1.369 9.43E-03 1.12E-03
Na-24 2.755 6.63E-03 1.45E-03
544
Vinyl Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Vinyl Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data

4.5E-02
4.0E-02
3.5E-02
3.0E-02
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 390: Vinyl Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Table 340: Vinyl Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Vinyl Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients from Measured

Data
0.06 3.82E-02 1.77E-03
0.475 1.04E-02 4.84E-03
0.563 1.36E-02 1.24E-03
0.569 1.17E-02 8.67E-04
0.605 1.16E-02 3.08E-04
0.795 9.64E-03 3.46E-04
0.801 1.05E-02 1.14E-03
1.039 8.07E-03 4.26E-03
1.167 4.74E-03 2.88E-03
1.174 8.37E-03 3.83E-04
1.333 8.78E-03 3.93E-04
1.369 8.45E-03 5.00E-04
2.755 5.63E-03 6.46E-04
545
Internal Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Internal Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data

3.0E-02
2.5E-02
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
1.0E-02
5.0E-03
0.0E+00
-5.0E-03
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 391: Internal Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Table 341: Internal Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Internal Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients from

Measured Data
0.06 2.24E-02 1.88E-03
0.475 1.55E-02 4.54E-03
0.563 6.21E-03 1.24E-03
0.569 1.16E-02 8.60E-04
0.605 8.33E-03 3.03E-04
0.795 7.76E-03 3.44E-04
0.801 9.96E-03 1.14E-03
1.039 1.41E-03 4.31E-03
1.167 8.93E-03 2.93E-03
1.174 7.54E-03 3.84E-04
1.333 6.69E-03 3.93E-04
1.369 7.58E-03 4.94E-04
2.755 5.56E-03 6.38E-04
546
Steel Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Steel Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data

4.0E-01
3.0E-01
2.0E-01
1.0E-01
0.0E+00
-1.0E-01
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 392: Steel Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Table 342: Steel Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Steel Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients from Measured

Data
0.06 3.63E-01 1.59E-02

0.475 3.11E-02 3.96E-02
0.563 5.32E-02 1.01E-02
0.569 7.93E-02 7.01E-03
0.605 5.46E-02 2.53E-03
0.795 4.31E-02 2.82E-03
0.801 7.02E-02 9.17E-03
1.039 1.58E-01 3.19E-02
1.167 -2.09E-02 2.41E-02
1.174 3.88E-02 3.13E-03
1.333 4.21E-02 3.20E-03
1.369 5.18E-02 4.07E-03
2.755 2.42E-02 5.22E-03
547
Shake Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Shake Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data

1.2E-01
1.0E-01
8.0E-02
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
0.0E+00
Photon Energy (MeV)
Figure 393: Shake Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Table 343: Shake Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Shake Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients from Measured

Data
0.06 9.36E-02 8.39E-03

0.475 1.97E-02 1.40E-02
0.563 4.33E-02 4.66E-03
0.569 3.23E-02 3.37E-03
0.605 3.96E-02 3.04E-03
0.795 3.46E-02 2.72E-03
0.801 2.82E-02 3.71E-03
1.039 5.03E-02 1.16E-02
1.167 2.60E-02 8.06E-03
1.174 3.72E-02 2.96E-03
1.333 3.26E-02 2.66E-03
1.369 2.31E-02 2.19E-03
2.755 1.59E-02 2.12E-03
548
Asphalt Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Asphalt Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data

0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
Photon Energy MeV)
Figure 394: Asphalt Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Table 344: Asphalt Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Asphalt Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients from

Measured Data
0.06 2.21E-01 1.05E-02

0.475 1.15E-01 2.69E-02
0.563 9.12E-02 7.01E-03
0.569 8.21E-02 4.88E-03
0.605 8.62E-02 1.86E-03
0.795 8.20E-02 2.05E-03
0.801 7.55E-02 6.30E-03
1.039 1.11E-01 2.27E-02
1.167 6.65E-02 1.61E-02
1.174 5.74E-02 2.22E-03
1.333 5.89E-02 2.26E-03
1.369 6.13E-02 2.84E-03
2.755 4.20E-02 3.61E-03
549
Terracotta Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Terracotta Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data

3.5E-01
3.0E-01
2.5E-01
2.0E-01
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
Photon Energy MeV)
Figure 395: Terracotta Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Table 345: Terracotta Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficient from Measured Data
Terracotta Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients from

Measured Data
0.06 2.98E-01 1.10E-02
0.475 9.28E-02 2.74E-02
0.563 8.41E-02 7.21E-03
0.569 7.63E-02 5.02E-03
0.605 8.81E-02 1.89E-03
0.795 7.76E-02 2.07E-03
0.801 7.09E-02 6.50E-03
1.039 7.43E-02 2.22E-02
1.167 5.42E-02 1.65E-02
1.174 6.12E-02 2.24E-03
1.333 6.52E-02 2.29E-03
1.369 5.25E-02 2.86E-03
2.755 4.10E-02 3.64E-03
550
APPENDIX O
Shield model experimental and MCNP5 calculated total attenuation coefficients for shield models from 40
keV to 3 MeV
Brick Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated Brick Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅𝑠 𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
1.60E-01
MCNP5 Calcualtion
1.40E-01
Experimental Data
1.20E-01
1.00E-01
𝜇 ̅'shield (cm-1)
8.00E-02
6.00E-02
4.00E-02
2.00E-02
0.00E+00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Energy (MeV)
Figure 396: MCNP5 Calculated Brick Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 346: MCNP5 Calculated Brick Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Clay Brick Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients
Experimental Data MCNP5 Calculated
Photon Energy (MeV) Percent Difference
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 1.61E-02 8.50E-04 1.31E-01 4.75E-03 715%
0.475 7.05E-02 6.51E-03 7.16E-02 3.04E-03 2%
0.563 6.35E-02 1.17E-03 6.90E-02 3.13E-03 9%
0.569 6.29E-02 7.66E-04 6.74E-02 3.14E-03 7%
0.605 6.02E-02 2.50E-04 6.22E-02 3.04E-03 3%
0.795 5.38E-02 2.58E-04 5.89E-02 3.21E-03 10%
0.801 5.43E-02 8.01E-04 5.75E-02 3.22E-03 6%
1.039 4.51E-02 2.85E-03 5.19E-02 3.25E-03 15%
1.167 4.27E-02 1.86E-03 5.15E-02 3.39E-03 21%
1.174 4.61E-02 2.64E-04 5.14E-02 3.43E-03 12%
1.333 4.27E-02 2.60E-04 5.25E-02 3.63E-03 23%
1.369 4.40E-02 3.49E-04 4.81E-02 3.47E-03 9%
2.755 3.07E-02 3.95E-04 3.24E-02 3.81E-03 5%
551
Stucco Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated Stucco Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅𝑠 𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
1.20E-01
MCNP Calculation
1.00E-01
Experimental Data
8.00E-02
𝜇 ̅ '̅shield (cm-1)
6.00E-02
4.00E-02
2.00E-02
0.00E+00
0.01 0.1 Energy (MeV) 1 10
Figure 397: MCNP5 Calculated Stucco Wall Total Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 347: MCNP5 Calculated Stucco Wall Total Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Stucco Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 7.22E-02 1.46E-03 6.29E-02 2.41E-03 -13%
0.475 5.89E-03 4.70E-03 2.73E-02 2.50E-03 364%
0.563 2.07E-02 1.22E-03 2.33E-02 2.64E-03 12%
0.569 2.39E-02 8.40E-04 2.38E-02 2.65E-03 -1%
0.605 2.11E-02 3.06E-04 2.25E-02 2.67E-03 7%
0.795 1.87E-02 3.38E-04 2.08E-02 2.90E-03 11%
0.801 1.75E-02 1.08E-03 1.93E-02 2.92E-03 10%
1.039 1.31E-02 3.85E-03 1.95E-02 3.14E-03 48%
1.167 1.74E-02 2.70E-03 1.80E-02 3.31E-03 3%
1.174 1.62E-02 3.69E-04 1.59E-02 3.23E-03 -2%
1.333 1.66E-02 3.76E-04 1.36E-02 3.37E-03 -18%
1.369 1.68E-02 4.80E-04 1.45E-02 3.49E-03 -14%
2.755 1.12E-02 6.13E-04 1.07E-02 4.26E-03 -5%
552
Wood Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated Shake Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅𝑠 𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
8.00E-02
MCNP5 Calculation
7.00E-02
Experimental Data
6.00E-02
5.00E-02
4.00E-02
3.00E-02
2.00E-02
1.00E-02
0.00E+00
-1.00E-02
0.01 0.1 Energy (MeV) 1 10
Figure 398: MCNP5 Calculated Shake Roof Total Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 348: MCNP5 Calculated Shake Roof Total Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Wood Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 2.94E-02 1.49E-03 3.64E-02 3.79E-03 24%
0.475 1.13E-02 4.16E-03 1.82E-02 4.34E-03 61%
0.563 1.65E-02 1.04E-03 1.77E-02 4.58E-03 7%
0.569 1.32E-02 7.18E-04 1.66E-02 4.53E-03 25%
0.605 1.36E-02 2.53E-04 1.24E-02 4.68E-03 -9%
0.795 1.23E-02 2.85E-04 1.38E-02 5.22E-03 12%
0.801 1.20E-02 9.49E-04 1.40E-02 5.20E-03 17%
1.039 8.68E-03 3.30E-03 1.10E-02 5.38E-03 27%
1.167 1.01E-02 2.42E-03 9.88E-03 5.84E-03 -2%
1.174 1.13E-02 3.15E-04 9.20E-03 5.62E-03 -19%
1.333 9.79E-03 3.23E-04 9.34E-03 6.10E-03 -5%
1.369 1.04E-02 4.15E-04 1.04E-02 6.10E-03 1%
2.755 6.06E-03 5.34E-04 5.17E-03 7.78E-03 -15%
553
Steel Wall Shielding Model Total Attenuation Coefficient Validation
MCNP5 Calculated Steel Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅𝑠 𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
1.40E-01
MCNP5 Calculation
1.20E-01
Experimental Data
1.00E-01
8.00E-02
6.00E-02
4.00E-02
2.00E-02
0.00E+00
0.01 0.1 Energy (MeV) 1 10
Figure 399: MCNP5 Calculated Steel Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 349: MCNP5 Calculated Steel Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Steel Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 6.07E-02 1.98E-03 5.65E-02 2.45E-03 -7%
0.475 1.69E-02 8.67E-03 1.70E-02 2.62E-03 0%
0.563 1.58E-02 1.27E-03 1.42E-02 2.79E-03 -10%
0.569 1.51E-02 8.76E-04 1.44E-02 2.80E-03 -5%
0.605 1.37E-02 3.08E-04 1.45E-02 2.83E-03 6%
0.795 1.23E-02 3.48E-04 1.39E-02 3.09E-03 12%
0.801 9.38E-03 1.15E-03 1.24E-02 3.12E-03 32%
1.039 7.25E-03 4.23E-03 1.20E-02 3.34E-03 65%
1.167 8.20E-03 2.87E-03 1.11E-02 3.53E-03 35%
1.174 1.12E-02 3.87E-04 9.58E-03 3.46E-03 -15%
1.333 9.45E-03 3.95E-04 8.95E-03 3.64E-03 -5%
1.369 9.43E-03 5.00E-04 8.95E-03 3.76E-03 -5%
2.755 6.63E-03 6.47E-04 6.36E-03 4.61E-03 -4%
554
Vinyl Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated Vinyl Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅𝑠 𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
9.00E-02
MCNP5 Calculation
8.00E-02
Experimental Data
7.00E-02
6.00E-02
5.00E-02
𝜇 ̅' ̅shield (cm-1)
4.00E-02
3.00E-02
2.00E-02
1.00E-02
0.00E+00
-1.00E-02
-2.00E-02
0.01 0.1 Energy (MeV) 1 10
Figure 400: MCNP5 Calculated Vinyl Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 350: MCNP5 Calculated Vinyl Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Vinyl Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 3.82E-02 1.77E-03 3.67E-02 4.53E-03 -4%
0.475 1.04E-02 4.84E-03 1.52E-02 5.20E-03 46%
0.563 1.36E-02 1.24E-03 1.31E-02 5.46E-03 -3%
0.569 1.17E-02 8.67E-04 1.40E-02 5.44E-03 20%
0.605 1.16E-02 3.08E-04 9.57E-03 5.63E-03 -18%
0.795 9.64E-03 3.46E-04 1.27E-02 6.30E-03 32%
0.801 1.05E-02 1.14E-03 1.01E-02 6.23E-03 -4%
1.039 8.07E-03 4.26E-03 9.81E-03 6.49E-03 22%
1.167 4.74E-03 2.88E-03 9.31E-03 7.08E-03 96%
1.174 8.37E-03 3.83E-04 7.07E-03 6.79E-03 -16%
1.333 8.78E-03 3.93E-04 9.45E-03 7.42E-03 8%
1.369 8.45E-03 5.00E-04 8.35E-03 7.37E-03 -1%
2.755 5.63E-03 6.46E-04 3.86E-03 9.46E-03 -31%
555
Internal Wall Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated Interior Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅𝑠 𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
9.0E-02
MCNP5 Calculation
8.0E-02
Experimental Data
7.0E-02
6.0E-02
5.0E-02
4.0E-02
3.0E-02
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
-1.0E-02
0.01 0.1 Energy (MeV) 1 10
Figure 401: MCNP5 Calculated Interior Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 351: MCNP5 Calculated Interior Wall Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Internal Wall Total Attenuation Coefficients
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 2.24E-02 1.88E-03 3.81E-02 5.10E-04 70%
0.475 1.55E-02 4.54E-03 1.26E-02 5.79E-04 -19%
0.563 6.21E-03 1.24E-03 1.06E-02 6.18E-04 70%
0.569 1.16E-02 8.60E-04 1.08E-02 6.21E-04 -7%
0.605 8.33E-03 3.03E-04 1.08E-02 6.28E-04 30%
0.795 7.76E-03 3.44E-04 1.09E-02 6.87E-04 41%
0.801 9.96E-03 1.14E-03 9.11E-03 6.93E-04 -9%
1.039 1.41E-03 4.31E-03 9.89E-03 7.45E-04 600%
1.167 8.93E-03 2.93E-03 8.89E-03 7.89E-04 0%
1.174 7.54E-03 3.84E-04 7.52E-03 7.72E-04 0%
1.333 6.69E-03 3.93E-04 7.04E-03 8.14E-04 5%
1.369 7.58E-03 4.94E-04 6.93E-03 8.39E-04 -9%
2.755 5.56E-03 6.38E-04 4.79E-03 1.03E-03 -14%
556
Steel Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated Steel Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅𝑠 𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
9.00E-01
MCNP5 Calculation
8.00E-01
Experimental Data
7.00E-01
6.00E-01
5.00E-01
4.00E-01
3.00E-01
2.00E-01
1.00E-01
0.00E+00
-1.00E-01
0.01 0.1 Energy (MeV) 1 10
Figure 402: MCNP5 Calculated Steel Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 352: MCNP5 Calculated Steel Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Steel Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 3.63E-01 1.59E-02 3.64E-01 2.09E-02 0%
0.475 3.11E-02 3.96E-02 7.14E-02 2.10E-02 129%
0.563 5.32E-02 1.01E-02 6.91E-02 2.24E-02 30%
0.569 7.93E-02 7.01E-03 7.92E-02 2.23E-02 0%
0.605 5.46E-02 2.53E-03 6.85E-02 2.26E-02 26%
0.795 4.31E-02 2.82E-03 6.19E-02 2.46E-02 44%
0.801 7.02E-02 9.17E-03 6.63E-02 2.52E-02 -6%
1.039 1.58E-01 3.19E-02 5.54E-02 2.68E-02 -65%
1.167 -2.09E-02 2.41E-02 6.33E-02 2.86E-02 -403%
1.174 3.88E-02 3.13E-03 4.82E-02 2.82E-02 24%
1.333 4.21E-02 3.20E-03 4.07E-02 2.91E-02 -4%
1.369 5.18E-02 4.07E-03 4.94E-02 3.01E-02 -5%
2.755 2.42E-02 5.22E-03 3.62E-02 3.64E-02 50%
557
Asphalt Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated Asphalt Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅𝑠 𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
4.00E-01
MCNP5 Calculation
3.50E-01
Experimental Data
3.00E-01
2.50E-01
2.00E-01
1.50E-01
1.00E-01
5.00E-02
0.00E+00
0.01 0.1 Energy (MeV) 1 10
Figure 403: MCNP5 Calculated Asphalt Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 353: MCNP5 Calculated Asphalt Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Asphalt Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 2.21E-01 1.05E-02 2.15E-01 1.30E-02 -3%
0.475 1.15E-01 2.69E-02 1.01E-01 1.45E-02 -12%
0.563 9.12E-02 7.01E-03 8.13E-02 1.52E-02 -11%
0.569 8.21E-02 4.88E-03 8.52E-02 1.51E-02 4%
0.605 8.62E-02 1.86E-03 7.79E-02 1.54E-02 -10%
0.795 8.20E-02 2.05E-03 7.44E-02 1.68E-02 -9%
0.801 7.55E-02 6.30E-03 7.86E-02 1.75E-02 4%
1.039 1.11E-01 2.27E-02 6.47E-02 1.83E-02 -42%
1.167 6.65E-02 1.61E-02 5.78E-02 1.92E-02 -13%
1.174 5.74E-02 2.22E-03 5.88E-02 1.90E-02 2%
1.333 5.89E-02 2.26E-03 6.19E-02 2.03E-02 5%
1.369 6.13E-02 2.84E-03 4.67E-02 1.97E-02 -24%
2.755 4.20E-02 3.61E-03 3.90E-02 2.45E-02 -7%
558
Terracotta Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation

MCNP5 Calculated Terracotta Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients , 𝜇 '̅𝑠 𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑,from 40 keV to 3 MeV
4.50E-01
MCNP5 Calculation
4.00E-01
Experimental Data
3.50E-01
3.00E-01
2.50E-01
2.00E-01
1.50E-01
1.00E-01
5.00E-02
0.00E+00
0.01 0.1 Energy (MeV) 1 10
Figure 404: MCNP5 Calculated Terracotta Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 354: MCNP5 Calculated Terracotta Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Terracotta Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 2.98E-01 1.10E-02 2.44E-01 1.37E-02 -18%
0.475 9.28E-02 2.74E-02 9.61E-02 1.49E-02 4%
0.563 8.41E-02 7.21E-03 9.46E-02 1.59E-02 13%
0.569 7.63E-02 5.02E-03 1.02E-01 1.58E-02 34%
0.605 8.81E-02 1.89E-03 9.71E-02 1.61E-02 10%
0.795 7.76E-02 2.07E-03 8.00E-02 1.74E-02 3%
0.801 7.09E-02 6.50E-03 8.56E-02 1.78E-02 21%
1.039 7.43E-02 2.22E-02 7.74E-02 1.89E-02 4%
1.167 5.42E-02 1.65E-02 8.75E-02 2.02E-02 61%
1.174 6.12E-02 2.24E-03 6.55E-02 1.98E-02 7%
1.333 6.52E-02 2.29E-03 6.10E-02 2.05E-02 -6%
1.369 5.25E-02 2.86E-03 6.49E-02 2.11E-02 24%
2.755 4.10E-02 3.64E-03 4.30E-02 2.54E-02 5%
559
Shake Roof Shielding Model Average Total Attenuation Coefficients Validation
MCNP5 Calculated Shake Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients, 𝜇 '̅𝑠 𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, from 40 keV to 3 MeV
1.20E-01
MCNP5 Calculation
1.00E-01
Experimental Data
8.00E-02
6.00E-02
4.00E-02
2.00E-02
0.00E+00
0.01 0.1 Energy (MeV) 1 10
Figure 405: MCNP5 Calculated Shake Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
Table 355: MCNP5 Calculated Shake Roof Average Total Attenuation Coefficients
MCNP5 Calculated and Experimental Shake Roof Total Attenuation Coefficients
̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1) ̅ (cm-1)
0.06 9.36E-02 8.39E-03 7.88E-02 1.43E-02 -16%
0.475 1.97E-02 1.40E-02 3.94E-02 9.52E-03 99%
0.563 4.33E-02 4.66E-03 3.77E-02 9.68E-03 -13%
0.569 3.23E-02 3.37E-03 4.30E-02 1.02E-02 33%
0.605 3.96E-02 3.04E-03 3.95E-02 9.93E-03 0%
0.795 3.46E-02 2.72E-03 3.34E-02 9.82E-03 -3%
0.801 2.82E-02 3.71E-03 3.61E-02 1.02E-02 28%
1.039 5.03E-02 1.16E-02 3.13E-02 1.02E-02 -38%
1.167 2.60E-02 8.06E-03 3.48E-02 1.10E-02 34%
1.174 3.72E-02 2.96E-03 2.78E-02 1.04E-02 -25%
1.333 3.26E-02 2.66E-03 2.54E-02 1.05E-02 -22%
1.369 2.31E-02 2.19E-03 2.63E-02 1.08E-02 14%
2.755 1.59E-02 2.12E-03 1.71E-02 1.22E-02 7%
560
APPENDIX P
Building shielding factor calculation results for location-specific, floor average and average home units.
The following tables provide the calculated detector response for each of the three scenarios. A brief
description is given of the scenario, house-type, source term geometry, detector-type and file names
containing the results. Below the description two tables present the calculated tally-results for either
(left) a housing unit with a basement or (right) a housing unit without a basement.
Brick Model Building Shielding Factor Detector Location Results for Cloud Immersion
Table 356: Two-Story brick house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) and Protection Factor
Scenario A
House Description: Two-Story Brick house with Asphalt Roof
Source Term: Realistic Plume Source Term, 2e9, Surface Source 1-m from Geometry
Detectors: ICRP 30-cm diameter sphere in center of each room
File names: D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithBasement_Result_A
D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithOutBasement_Result_A
Two Story with Basement Detector Response Two Story with no Basement Detector Response
Unprotected Position Unprotected Position
MeV/g-y SD_σ R MeV/g-y SD_σ R
Ko = 3.02E-11 7.20E-13 2.38E-02 Ko = 3.02E-11 7.20E-13 2.38E-02
Protected Positions Protected Positions

Second Floor Second Floor
Detector Location MeV/g-y SD_σ R Detector Location MeV/g-y SD_σ R
10001 1.64E-11 4.59E-13 2.79E-02 10001 1.65E-11 4.60E-13 2.79E-02
10002 1.75E-11 4.72E-13 2.70E-02 10002 1.75E-11 4.72E-13 2.69E-02
10003 1.63E-11 4.52E-13 2.78E-02 10003 1.63E-11 4.54E-13 2.78E-02
10004 1.75E-11 4.72E-13 2.70E-02 10004 1.75E-11 4.73E-13 2.70E-02
Floor Average = 1.69E-11 2.32E-13 Floor Average = 1.70E-11 2.32E-13
Floor P.F._avg. = 0.56 0.015 Floor P.F._avg. = 0.56 0.015
First Floor First Floor

10005 1.08E-11 3.62E-13 3.35E-02 10005 1.10E-11 3.62E-13 3.31E-02
10006 1.06E-11 3.63E-13 3.41E-02 10006 1.08E-11 3.63E-13 3.35E-02
10007 1.12E-11 3.78E-13 3.38E-02 10007 1.13E-11 3.78E-13 3.35E-02
10008 1.14E-11 3.79E-13 3.34E-02 10008 1.16E-11 3.80E-13 3.28E-02
Basement Basement
10009 4.93E-12 2.42E-13 4.90E-02 10009 --- --- ---
10010 5.14E-12 2.55E-13 4.97E-02 10010 --- --- ---
10011 4.71E-12 2.29E-13 4.87E-02 10011 --- --- ---
10012 5.12E-12 2.43E-13 4.75E-02 10012 --- --- ---
Floor Average = 4.97E-12 1.21E-13 Average = --- --- ---
Floor P.F._avg. = 0.16 0.005 Floor P.F._avg. = --- --- ---
Average Home Unit Protection Factor Average Home Unit Protection Factor
PF SE_σ PF SE_σ
Average PF = 0.36 0.006 Average PF = 0.47 0.009
561
Table 357: One-Story brick house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) and Protection Factor
Scenario A
House Description: One-Story Brick house with Asphalt Roof
One Story with Basement Detector Response One Story with no Basement Detector Response
Ko = 2.85E-11 1.19E-12 4.16E-02 Ko = 2.85E-11 1.19E-12 4.16E-02

Frist Floor First Floor
10001 1.58E-11 4.25E-13 2.68E-02 10001 1.60E-11 4.13E-13 2.58E-02
10002 1.58E-11 4.17E-13 2.64E-02 10002 1.63E-11 4.15E-13 2.55E-02
10003 1.63E-11 4.26E-13 2.62E-02 10003 1.64E-11 4.20E-13 2.56E-02
10004 1.63E-11 4.30E-13 2.64E-02 10004 1.66E-11 4.26E-13 2.56E-02
10005 1.65E-11 4.46E-13 2.71E-02 10005 1.68E-11 4.42E-13 2.63E-02
10006 1.62E-11 4.31E-13 2.67E-02 10006 1.64E-11 4.26E-13 2.60E-02
10007 1.61E-11 4.34E-13 2.70E-02 10007 1.61E-11 4.21E-13 2.62E-02
10008 1.63E-11 4.37E-13 2.69E-02 10008 1.63E-11 4.27E-13 2.61E-02
Basement Basement
10009 8.67E-12 3.06E-13 3.53E-02 10009 --- --- ---
10010 8.26E-12 2.90E-13 3.51E-02 10010 --- --- ---
10011 6.79E-12 2.68E-13 3.94E-02 10011 --- --- ---
10012 7.34E-12 2.79E-13 3.80E-02 10012 --- --- ---
10013 8.30E-12 3.08E-13 3.71E-02 10013 --- --- ---
10014 7.91E-12 2.89E-13 3.65E-02 10014 --- --- ---
10015 7.36E-12 2.82E-13 3.83E-02 10015 --- --- ---
10016 7.44E-12 2.86E-13 3.85E-02 10016 --- --- ---
Average = 7.76E-12 2.88E-13 3.73E-02 Average = --- --- ---
Floor P.F._avg. = 0.27 0.015 Floor P.F._avg. = --- ---
PF SE_σ PF SE_σ
562
Table 358: Two-Story brick house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario B) and Protection Factor
Scenario B
House
Description: Two-Story Brick house with Asphalt Roof
Detectors: Each room is a detector
File names: D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithBasement_Result_B
D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithOutBasement_Result_B
Ko = 3.02E-11 7.19E-13 2.38E-02 Ko = 3.02E-11 7.19-13 2.38E-02

Detector Detector
Location MeV/g-y SD_σ R Location MeV/g-y SD_σ R
20005 1.58E-11 3.01E-14 1.90E-03 20005 1.59E-11 3.02E-14 1.90E-03
20006 1.58E-11 3.00E-14 1.90E-03 20006 1.58E-11 3.01E-14 1.90E-03
20007 1.58E-11 3.00E-14 1.90E-03 20007 1.58E-11 3.01E-14 1.90E-03
20008 1.58E-11 2.99E-14 1.90E-03 20008 1.58E-11 3.00E-14 1.90E-03

20001 1.05E-11 2.41E-14 2.30E-03 20001 1.06E-11 2.44E-14 2.30E-03
20002 1.05E-11 2.42E-14 2.30E-03 20002 1.07E-11 2.46E-14 2.30E-03
20003 1.05E-11 2.41E-14 2.30E-03 20003 1.06E-11 2.45E-14 2.30E-03
20004 1.05E-11 2.41E-14 2.30E-03 20004 1.06E-11 2.44E-14 2.30E-03
Basement Basement
9.34781E-
20009 4.92E-12 15 1.90E-03 20009 --- --- ---
20010 --- --- --- 20010 --- --- ---
20011 --- --- --- 20011 --- --- ---
20012 --- --- --- 20012 --- --- ---
Floor Average = 4.92E-12 9.35E-15 Average = --- ---
PF SE_σ PF SE_σ
563
Table 359: One-Story brick house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario B) and Protection Factor
Scenario B
House
Description: One-Story Brick house with Asphalt Roof
File names: D'_Brick_Asphalt_1StoryWithBasement_Result_B
D'_Brick_Asphalt_1StoryWithOutBasement_Result_B
Ko = 2.85E-11 1.186E-12 4.16E-02 Ko = 2.85E-11 1.18E-12 4.16E-02

Detector Detector
20001 1.49E-11 2.83E-14 1.90E-03 20001 1.51E-11 2.87E-14 1.90E-03
20002 1.54E-11 2.92E-14 1.90E-03 20002 1.57E-11 2.97E-14 1.90E-03
20003 1.54E-11 2.93E-14 1.90E-03 20003 1.56E-11 2.97E-14 1.90E-03
20004 1.49E-11 2.83E-14 1.90E-03 20004 1.51E-11 2.86E-14 1.90E-03
20005 1.49E-11 2.83E-14 1.90E-03 20005 1.51E-11 2.87E-14 1.90E-03
20006 1.54E-11 2.93E-14 1.90E-03 20006 1.57E-11 2.98E-14 1.90E-03
20007 1.54E-11 2.93E-14 1.90E-03 20007 1.57E-11 2.97E-14 1.90E-03
20008 1.49E-11 2.82E-14 1.90E-03 20008 1.51E-11 2.87E-14 1.90E-03
Basement Basement
10009 7.71E-12 8.48E-15 0.0011 10009 --- --- ---
10010 --- --- --- 10010 --- --- ---
10011 --- --- --- 10011 --- --- ---
10012 --- --- --- 10012 --- --- ---
10013 --- --- --- 10013 --- --- ---
10014 --- --- --- 10014 --- --- ---
10015 --- --- --- 10015 --- --- ---
10016 --- --- --- 10016 --- --- ---
Floor Average = 7.71E-12 8.48E-15 Floor Average = --- ---
PF SE_σ PF SE_σ
564
Table 360: Two-Story brick house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario C) and Protection Factor
Scenario C
House
Description: Two-Story Brick house with Asphalt Roof
Detectors: At Ko Location 1 meter above the ground
File names: D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithBasement_Result_c
D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithOutBasement_Result_c
Ko = 3.02E-11 7.20E-13 2.38E-02 Ko = 3.02E-11 7.20E-13 2.38E-02

Detector Detector
30001 1.62E-11 4.57E-13 2.82E-02 30001 1.63E-11 4.58E-13 2.81E-02
30002 --- --- --- 30002 --- --- ---
30003 --- --- --- 30003 --- --- ---
30004 --- --- --- 30004 --- --- ---

30005 1.04E-11 3.55E-13 3.41E-02 30005 1.06E-11 3.56E-13 3.37E-02
30006 --- --- --- 30006 --- --- ---
30007 --- --- --- 30007 --- --- ---
30008 --- --- --- 30008 --- --- ---
Basement Basement
30009 6.05E-12 2.71E-13 4.48E-02 30009 0
30010 --- --- --- 30010 --- --- ---
30011 --- --- --- 30011 --- --- ---
30012 --- --- --- 30012 --- --- ---
PF SE_σ PF SE_σ
565
Table 361: One-Story brick house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario C) and Protection Factor
Scenario C
House Description: One-Story Brick house with Asphalt Roof
File names: D'_Brick_Asphalt_1StoryWithBasement_Result_c
D'_Brick_Asphalt_1StoryWithOutBasement_Resulta_c
Ko = 2.85E-11 1.19E-12 4.16E-02 Ko = 2.85E-11 1.19E-12 4.16E-02

30001 1.38E-11 3.70E-13 2.67E-02 30001 1.42E-11 3.76E-13 2.65E-02
30002 --- --- --- 30002 --- --- ---
30003 --- --- --- 30003 --- --- ---
30004 --- --- --- 30004 --- --- ---
30005 --- --- --- 30005 --- --- ---
30006 --- --- --- 30006 --- --- ---
30007 --- --- --- 30007 --- --- ---
30008 --- --- --- 30008 --- --- ---
Floor Average = 1.38E-11 9.24E-14 2.67E-02 Floor Average = 1.42E-11 3.76E-13
Basement Basement
30009 9.50E-12 3.09E-13 0.0325 30009 --- --- ---
30010 --- --- --- 30010 --- --- ---
30011 --- --- --- 30011 --- --- ---
30012 --- --- --- 30012 --- --- ---
30013 --- --- --- 30013 --- --- ---
30014 --- --- --- 30014 --- --- ---
30015 --- --- --- 30015 --- --- ---
30016 --- --- --- 30016 --- --- ---
Average = 9.50E-12 3.09E-13 Average = --- --- ---
PF SE_σ PF SE_σ
566
Vinyl Model Building Shielding Factor Detector Location Results for Cloud Immersion
Table 362: Two-Story vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) and Protection Factor
Scenario A
House
Description: Two-Story Vinyl house with Asphalt Roof
File names: D'_Vinyl_Asphalt_2StoryWithBasement_Result_A
D'_Vinyl_Asphalt_2StoryWithOutBasement_Result_A
Ko = 3.02E-11 7.19E-13 2.38E-02 Ko = 3.02E-11 7.19E-13 2.38E-02

10001 2.62E-11 5.44E-13 2.08E-02 10001 2.62E-11 5.43E-13 2.07E-02
10002 2.55E-11 5.42E-13 2.13E-02 10002 2.55E-11 5.40E-13 2.12E-02
10003 2.53E-11 5.35E-13 2.12E-02 10003 2.55E-11 5.40E-13 2.12E-02
10004 2.65E-11 5.51E-13 2.08E-02 10004 2.65E-11 5.51E-13 2.08E-02

10005 2.07E-11 4.79E-13 2.32E-02 10005 2.10E-11 4.77E-13 2.27E-02
10006 2.18E-11 4.93E-13 2.26E-02 10006 2.21E-11 4.95E-13 2.24E-02
10007 2.16E-11 4.98E-13 2.31E-02 10007 2.18E-11 4.94E-13 2.27E-02
10008 2.16E-11 5.03E-13 2.33E-02 10008 2.20E-11 5.04E-13 2.30E-02
Basement Basement
10009 1.13E-11 3.51E-13 3.11E-02 10009 --- --- ---
10010 1.17E-11 3.65E-13 3.12E-02 10010 --- --- ---
10011 1.09E-11 3.48E-13 3.18E-02 10011 --- --- ---
10012 1.13E-11 3.54E-13 3.14E-02 10012 --- --- ---
PF SE_σ PF SE_σ
567
Table 363: One-Story vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) and Protection Factor
Scenario A
House Description: One-Story Vinyl house with Asphalt Roof
File names: D'_Vinyl_Asphalt_1StoryWithBasement_Result_A
D'_Vinyl_Asphalt_1StoryWithOutBasement_Result_A
Ko = 2.85E-11 1.18E-12 4.16E-02 Ko = 2.85E-11 1.19E-12 4.16E-02

10001 2.23E-11 5.08E-13 2.28E-02 10001 2.26E-11 5.05E-12 2.23E-01
10002 2.12E-11 4.84E-13 2.28E-02 10002 2.18E-11 4.91E-12 2.25E-01
10003 2.13E-11 4.85E-13 2.28E-02 10003 2.16E-11 4.86E-12 2.25E-01
10004 2.35E-11 5.27E-13 2.24E-02 10004 2.39E-11 5.26E-13 2.20E-02
10005 2.34E-11 5.28E-13 2.26E-02 10005 2.37E-11 5.27E-13 2.22E-02
10006 2.13E-11 4.81E-13 2.26E-02 10006 2.16E-11 4.83E-13 2.24E-02
10007 2.10E-11 4.84E-13 2.31E-02 10007 2.14E-11 4.86E-13 2.27E-02
10008 2.30E-11 5.17E-13 2.25E-02 10008 2.33E-11 5.14E-13 2.21E-02
Basement Basement
10009 1.27E-11 3.72E-13 2.93E-02 10009 --- --- ---
10010 1.27E-11 3.68E-13 2.90E-02 10010 --- --- ---
10011 1.20E-11 3.65E-13 3.04E-02 10011 --- --- ---
10012 1.24E-11 3.66E-13 2.97E-02 10012 --- --- ---
10013 1.24E-11 3.70E-13 2.98E-02 10013 --- --- ---
10014 1.25E-11 3.65E-13 2.92E-02 10014 --- --- ---
10015 1.19E-11 3.55E-13 2.98E-02 10015 --- --- ---
10016 1.26E-11 3.77E-13 3.00E-02 10016 --- --- ---
PF SE_σ PF SE_σ
568
Table 364: One-Story vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario B) and Protection Factor
Scenario B
House
File names: D'_Vinyl_Asphalt_2StoryWithBasement_Result_B
D'_Vinyl_Asphalt_2StoryWithOutBasement_Result_B
Ko = 3.02E-11 7.19E-13 2.38E-02 Ko = 3.02E-11 7.19E-13 2.38E-02

Detector Detector
20001 2.48E-11 3.74E-14 1.50E-03 20001 2.50E-11 3.74E-14 1.50E-03
20002 2.48E-11 3.73E-14 1.50E-03 20002 2.49E-11 3.73E-14 1.50E-03
20003 2.48E-11 3.71E-14 1.50E-03 20003 2.49E-11 3.73E-14 1.50E-03
20004 2.47E-11 3.70E-14 1.50E-03 20004 2.48E-11 3.72E-14 1.50E-03

20005 2.09E-11 3.34E-14 1.60E-03 20005 2.13E-11 3.61E-14 1.70E-03
20006 2.10E-11 3.35E-14 1.60E-03 20006 2.13E-11 3.62E-14 1.70E-03
20007 2.10E-11 3.35E-14 1.60E-03 20007 2.13E-11 3.61E-14 1.70E-03
20008 2.09E-11 3.35E-14 1.60E-03 20008 2.12E-11 3.60E-14 1.70E-03
Basement Basement
20009 1.07E-11 1.382E-14 1.30E-03 20009 --- --- ---
20010 --- --- --- 20010 --- --- ---
20011 --- --- --- 20011 --- --- ---
20012 --- --- --- 20012 --- --- ---
Floor Average = 1.07E-11 1.39E-14 Average = --- ---
PF SE_σ PF SE_σ
569
Table 365: One-Story vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario B) and Protection Factor
Scenario B
House
Description: One-Story Vinyl house with Asphalt Roof
File names: D'_Vinyl_Asphalt_1StoryWithBasement_Result_B
D'_Vinyl_Asphalt_1StoryWithOutBasement_Result_B
Ko = 2.85E-11 1.18E-12 4.16E-02 Ko = 2.85E-11 1.19E-12 4.16E-02

Detector Detector
20001 2.23E-11 3.56E-14 1.60E-03 20001 2.26E-11 3.61E-14 1.60E-03
20002 2.09E-11 3.33E-14 1.60E-03 20002 2.12E-11 3.40E-14 1.60E-03
20003 2.09E-11 3.34E-14 1.60E-03 20003 2.12E-11 3.40E-14 1.60E-03
20004 2.23E-11 3.56E-14 1.60E-03 20004 2.26E-11 3.62E-14 1.60E-03
20005 2.23E-11 3.56E-14 1.60E-03 20005 2.26E-11 3.62E-14 1.60E-03
20006 2.09E-11 3.34E-14 1.60E-03 20006 2.12E-11 3.40E-14 1.60E-03
20007 2.09E-11 3.35E-14 1.60E-03 20007 2.13E-11 3.41E-14 1.60E-03
20008 2.23E-11 3.56E-14 1.60E-03 20008 2.26E-11 3.62E-14 1.60E-03
Basement Basement
20009 1.18E-11 1.06E-14 0.0009 20009 --- --- ---
20010 --- --- --- 20010 --- --- ---
20011 --- --- --- 20011 --- --- ---
20012 --- --- --- 20012 --- --- ---
20013 --- --- --- 20013 --- --- ---
20014 --- --- --- 20014 --- --- ---
20015 --- --- --- 20015 --- --- ---
20016 --- --- --- 20016 --- --- ---
PF SE_σ PF SE_σ
570
Table 366: Two-Story vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario C) and Protection Factor
Scenario C
House
File names: D'_Vinyl_Asphalt_2StoryWithBasement_Result_C
D'_Vinyl_Asphalt_2StoryWithNoBasement_Result_C
Ko = 3.02E-11 7.19E-13 2.38E-02 Ko = 3.02E-11 7.19E-13 2.38E-02

Detector
Location MeV/g-y SD_σ R Detector Location MeV/g-y SD_σ R
10001 2.26E-11 4.94E-13 2.19E-02 10001 2.27E-11 4.95E-13 2.18E-02
10002 --- --- --- 10002 --- --- ---
10003 --- --- --- 10003 --- --- ---
10004 --- --- --- 10004 --- --- ---

10005 1.85E-11 4.39E-13 2.37E-02 10005 1.88E-11 4.40E-13 2.34E-02
10006 --- --- --- 10006 --- --- ---
10007 --- --- --- 10007 --- --- ---
10008 --- --- --- 10008 --- --- ---
Basement Basement
10009 1.34E-11 3.77E-13 2.82E-02 10009 --- --- ---
--- --- --- 10010 --- --- ---
--- --- --- 10011 --- --- ---
--- --- --- 10012 --- --- ---
PF SE_σ PF SE_σ
571
Table 367: One-Story vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario C) and Protection Factor
Scenario C
House
Description: One-Story Vinyl house with Asphalt Roof
File names: D'_Vinyl_Asphalt_1StoryWithBasement_Result_C
D'_Vinyl_Asphalt_1StoryWithNoBasement_Result_C
Ko = 2.85E-11 1.18E-12 4.16E-02 Ko = 2.85E-11 1.18E-12 4.16E-02

Detector Detector
20001 1.80E-11 4.27E-13 2.37E-02 20001 1.84E-11 4.30E-13 2.33E-02
20002 --- --- --- 20002 --- --- ---
20003 --- --- --- 20003 --- --- ---
20004 --- --- --- 20004 --- --- ---
20005 --- --- --- 20005 --- --- ---
20006 --- --- --- 20006 --- --- ---
20007 --- --- --- 20007 --- --- ---
20008 --- --- --- 20008 --- --- ---
Floor Average = 1.80E-11 1.07E-13 2.37E-02 Floor Average = 1.84E-11 4.30E-13
Basement Basement
10009 1.43E-11 3.92E-13 0.0274 10009 --- --- ---
10010 --- --- --- 10010 --- --- ---
10011 --- --- --- 10011 --- --- ---
10012 --- --- --- 10012 --- --- ---
10013 --- --- --- 10013 --- --- ---
10014 --- --- --- 10014 --- --- ---
10015 --- --- --- 10015 --- --- ---
10016 --- --- --- 10016 --- --- ---
PF SE_σ PF SE_σ
572
Manufactured Model Building Shielding Factor Detector Location Results for Cloud Immersion
Manufactured Vinyl house with Asphalt Roof
Table 368: Manufactured vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) and Protection Factor
Scenario A
House Description: Manufactured Vinyl house with Asphalt Roof
Source Term: Realistic Plume Source Term, 2e9, same as 1-story home
File names: D'_Manufactured_Vinyl_Asphalt_Result_A
One Story Manufactured Home Detector Response

MeV/g-y SD_σ R
Ko = 2.85E-11 1.18603E-12 4.16E-02
Protected Positions
First Floor
Detector Location MeV/g-y SD_σ R
10001 2.42E-11 5.22E-13 2.16E-02
10002 2.31E-11 5.13E-13 2.22E-02
10003 2.27E-11 5.06E-13 2.23E-02
10004 2.40E-11 5.17E-13 2.15E-02
Floor Average = 2.35E-11 2.57E-13
Floor P.F._avg. = 0.82 0.035
Average Home Unit Protection Factor

PF SE_σ
Average PF = 0.82 0.04
Table 369: Manufactured vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario B) and Protection Factor
Scenario B
Realistic Plume Source Term, 2e9, same as 1-story
Source Term: home
File names: D'_Manufactured_Vinyl_Asphalt_Result_B

MeV/g-y SD_σ R
Ko = 2.85E-11 1.18603E-12 4.16E-02
Protected Positions
First Floor
20001 2.38E-11 3.33E-14 1.40E-03
20002 2.26E-11 3.16E-14 1.40E-03
20003 2.26E-11 3.17E-14 1.40E-03
20004 2.38E-11 3.33E-14 1.40E-03
Floor P.F._avg. = 0.81 0.034

PF SE_σ
573
Table 370: Manufactured vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario C) and Protection Factor
Scenario C
Detectors: ICRP 30-cm diameter sphere in center of house
File names: D'_Manufactured_Vinyl_Asphalt_Result_C

MeV/g-y SD_σ R
Ko = 2.85E-11 1.18603E-12 4.16E-02
Protected Positions
First Floor
30001 2.08E-11 4.71E-13 2.26E-02
30002 --- --- ---
30003 --- --- ---
30004 --- --- ---
Floor P.F._avg. = 0.90 0.038

PF SE_σ
574
Manufactured Steel house with Steel Roof

Table 371: Manufactured steel house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A) and Protection Factor
Scenario A
House Description: Manufactured Steel house with Steel Roof
File names: D'_Manufactured_Steel_Steel_Result_A

MeV/g-y SD_σ R
Ko = 2.85E-11 1.18603E-12 4.16E-02
Protected Positions
First Floor
10001 2.44E-11 5.27E-13 2.16E-02
10002 2.34E-11 5.21E-13 2.23E-02
10003 2.32E-11 5.16E-13 2.22E-02
10004 2.43E-11 5.25E-13 2.16E-02
Floor P.F._avg. = 0.84 0.036

PF SE_σ
Table 372: Manufactured steel house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario B) and Protection Factor
Scenario B
File names: D'_Manufactured_Steel_Steel_Result_B

MeV/g-y SD_σ R
Ko = 2.85E-11 1.18603E-12 4.16E-02
Protected Positions
First Floor
20001 2.40E-11 3.60E-14 1.50E-03
20002 2.29E-11 3.44E-14 1.50E-03
20003 2.29E-11 3.44E-14 1.50E-03
20004 2.40E-11 3.60E-14 1.50E-03
Floor P.F._avg. = 0.82 0.034

PF SE_σ
575
Table 373: Manufactured steel house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario C) and Protection Factor
Scenario C
Detectors: ICRP 30-cm diameter sphere in center of house
File names: D'_Manufactured_Steel_Steel_Result_C

MeV/g-y SD_σ R
Ko = 2.85E-11 1.18603E-12 4.16E-02
Protected Positions
First Floor
30001 2.12E-11 4.75E-13 2.24E-02
30002 --- --- ---
30003 --- --- ---
30004 --- --- ---
Floor P.F._avg. = 0.90 0.038

PF SE_σ
576
APPENDIX Q
MCNP5-calculated building shielding factor detector location results for deposition. A brief description is
given of the scenario, house-type, source term geometry, detector-type and file names containing the
results. Below the description three sequential tables are listed; (1) calculated tally-results for either
ground (left) or deposition (right), (2) weighted calculated tally results for each floor and percent
contribution from either ground or roof contamination, and (3) a wrap-up of floor-specific (and weighted
total) protection factors specific to the housing unit under consideration. See next page.
577
Brick Model Building Shielding Factor Detector Location Results for Deposition
Table 374: Two-Story brick house with basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A)
Scenario A
House Description: Two-Story Brick house with Asphalt Roof with Basement
Source Term: Realistic Deposition Source Term, 2e9, Surface
File names: D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithBasement_Ground_Result_A
D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithBasement_Roof_Result_A
Two-Story Brick House with Asphalt Roof with Basement Detector Response
Unprotected Position from Ground Source Unprotected Position from Roof Source
10001 7.22E-11 1.01E-12 1.40E-02 10001 2.68E-09 2.92E-11 1.09E-02
10002 7.13E-11 1.01E-12 1.42E-02 10002 2.67E-09 2.94E-11 1.10E-02
10003 7.23E-11 1.01E-12 1.40E-02 10003 2.64E-09 2.94E-11 1.11E-02
10004 7.33E-11 1.03E-12 1.41E-02 10004 2.63E-09 2.92E-11 1.11E-02

10005 7.58E-11 1.05E-12 1.39E-02 10005 1.27E-09 1.98E-11 1.56E-02
10006 7.67E-11 1.07E-12 1.39E-02 10006 1.30E-09 2.00E-11 1.54E-02
10007 7.71E-11 1.06E-12 1.38E-02 10007 1.28E-09 1.97E-11 1.54E-02
10008 7.82E-11 1.07E-12 1.37E-02 10008 1.23E-09 1.95E-11 1.58E-02

10001 2.13E-11 4.57E-13 2.14E-02 10001 2.07E-09 2.40E-11 1.16E-02
10002 2.18E-11 4.75E-13 2.18E-02 10002 2.06E-09 2.41E-11 1.17E-02
10003 2.18E-11 4.69E-13 2.15E-02 10003 2.08E-09 2.44E-11 1.17E-02
10004 2.25E-11 4.75E-13 2.11E-02 10004 2.05E-09 2.42E-11 1.18E-02
Frist Floor Frist Floor

10005 2.43E-11 5.19E-13 2.14E-02 10005 8.42E-10 1.48E-11 1.76E-02
10006 2.56E-11 5.34E-13 2.09E-02 10006 8.65E-10 1.51E-11 1.75E-02
10007 2.41E-11 5.26E-13 2.18E-02 10007 8.89E-10 1.53E-11 1.72E-02
10008 2.53E-11 5.41E-13 2.14E-02 10008 8.40E-10 1.50E-11 1.79E-02
Basement Basement
10009 4.08E-12 1.37E-13 3.36E-02 10009 4.56E-10 1.10E-11 2.42E-02
10010 4.14E-12 1.42E-13 3.43E-02 10010 4.31E-10 1.02E-11 2.37E-02
10011 4.27E-12 1.45E-13 3.40E-02 10011 4.42E-10 1.03E-11 2.33E-02
10012 4.32E-12 1.52E-13 3.51E-02 10012 4.40E-10 1.05E-11 2.39E-02
578
Table 375: Two-Story brick house with basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor
Two-Story Brick House with Asphalt Roof with Basement Weighted Calculated Tally Results for each Floor
Unprotected Location
Second Floor
Contribution MeV/g-y SD_σ %- contribution
Ground Ko = 7.23E-11 5.09E-13 3%
Roof Ko = 2.66E-09 1.47E-11 97%
Second Floor Total Ko = 2.73E-09 1.47E-11
First Floor
Ground Ko = 7.69E-11 5.32E-13 6%
Roof Ko = 1.27E-09 9.87E-12 94%
First Floor Total Ko = 1.35E-09 9.89E-12
Protected Location
Second Floor
Contribution MeV/g-y SD_σ %- contribution PF_floor SE_σ
Ground K = 2.19E-11 2.35E-13 1% 0.30 0.004
Roof K = 2.07E-09 1.21E-11 99% 0.78 0.006
Second Floor Total K = 2.09E-09 1.21E-11

First Floor
Ground K = 2.48E-11 2.65E-13 3% 0.32 0.004
Roof K = 8.59E-10 7.53E-12 97% 0.68 0.008
First Floor Total K = 8.84E-10 7.54E-12

Basement
Ground K = 4.20E-12 7.20E-14 1% 0.05 0.001
Roof K = 4.42E-10 5.26E-12 99% 0.35 0.005
Basement Total K = 4.46E-10 5.26E-12
Table 376: Two-Story brick house with basement average home unit Protection Factor results
Two-Story Brick House with Asphalt Roof with Basement

Average Home Unit Protection Factor Results
Location Specific Reduction Factors
Second Story
Source Location PF SE_σ
Ground 0.30 0.004
Roof 0.78 0.006
First Story
Ground 0.32 0.004
Roof 0.68 0.008
Basement
Ground 0.05 0.001
Roof 0.35 0.005
Recommended Source to Location Specific Protection Factor

Ground 0.23 0.021
Roof 0.60 0.030
Total Avg. Reduction in KERMA = 0.58 0.045

579
Table 377: Two-Story brick house no basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A)

Scenario A
House Description: Two-Story Brick house with Asphalt Roof with no Basement
File names: D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithOutBasement_Ground_Result_A
D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithOutBasement_Roof_Result_A
Two-Story Brick House with Asphalt Roof with no Basement Detector Response
Detector
Detector Location MeV/g-y SD_σ R Location MeV/g-y SD_σ R
10001 7.22E-11 1.01E-12 1.40E-02 10001 2.68E-09 2.92221E-11 1.09E-02
10002 7.13E-11 1.01E-12 1.42E-02 10002 2.67E-09 2.94197E-11 1.10E-02
10003 7.23E-11 1.01E-12 1.40E-02 10003 2.64E-09 2.93505E-11 1.11E-02
10004 7.33E-11 1.03E-12 1.41E-02 10004 2.63E-09 2.92185E-11 1.11E-02

10005 7.58E-11 1.05E-12 1.39E-02 10005 1.27E-09 1.98E-11 1.56E-02
10006 7.67E-11 1.07E-12 1.39E-02 10006 1.30E-09 2.00E-11 1.54E-02
10007 7.71E-11 1.06E-12 1.38E-02 10007 1.28E-09 1.97E-11 1.54E-02
10008 7.82E-11 1.07E-12 1.37E-02 10008 1.23E-09 1.95E-11 1.58E-02
Protected Positions from Ground Source Protected Positions from Roof Source
Detector
10001 2.14E-11 4.57E-13 2.14E-02 10001 2.07E-09 2.40E-11 1.16E-02
10002 2.19E-11 4.76E-13 2.17E-02 10002 2.06E-09 2.41E-11 1.17E-02
10003 2.19E-11 4.70E-13 2.15E-02 10003 2.09E-09 2.44E-11 1.17E-02
10004 2.26E-11 4.74E-13 2.10E-02 10004 2.06E-09 2.43E-11 1.18E-02

Detector
10005 2.43E-11 5.16E-13 2.12E-02 10005 8.54E-10 1.49E-11 1.74E-02
10006 2.59E-11 5.36E-13 2.07E-02 10006 8.76E-10 1.52E-11 1.73E-02
10007 2.44E-11 5.29E-13 2.17E-02 10007 9.01E-10 1.53E-11 1.70E-02
10008 2.55E-11 5.43E-13 2.13E-02 10008 8.53E-10 1.51E-11 1.77E-02
580
Table 378: Two-Story brick house no basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor
Two-Story Brick House with Asphalt Roof with no Basement Weighted Calculated Tally Results for
each Floor
Second Floor
Ground Ko = 7.23E-11 5.09E-13 3%
Roof Ko = 2.66E-09 1.47E-11 97%
First Floor
Ground Ko = 7.69E-11 5.32E-13 6%

Roof Ko = 1.27E-09 9.87E-12 94%
Protected Location
Second Floor
Ground K = 2.19E-11 2.35E-13 1% 0.30 0.004
Roof K = 2.07E-09 1.21E-11 99% 0.78 0.006

First Floor
Ground K = 2.50E-11 2.35E-13 3% 0.33 0.004
Roof K = 8.71E-10 7.55E-12 97% 0.69 0.008
Table 379: Two-Story brick house no basement average home unit Protection Factor results
Two-Story Brick House with Asphalt Roof with no

Basement Average Home Unit Protection Factor Results
Second Story
Ground 0.30 0.004
Roof 0.78 0.006
First Story
Ground 0.33 0.004
Roof 0.69 0.008
Recommended Source to Location Specific Protection

Factor

Ground 0.31 0.031
Roof 0.73 0.040

581
Table 380: One-Story brick house with basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A)
Scenario A
House Description: One-Story Brick house with Asphalt Roof with basement
D'_Brick_Asphalt_1StoryWithBasement_Result_A
One-Story Brick House with Asphalt Roof with Basement Detector Response
10001 7.40E-11 1.04E-12 1.40E-02 10001 1.69E-09 2.67E-11 1.58E-02
10002 7.04E-11 1.01E-12 1.43E-02 10002 2.03E-09 2.90E-11 1.43E-02
10003 7.05E-11 1.01E-12 1.44E-02 10003 2.02E-09 2.86E-11 1.42E-02
10004 7.43E-11 1.03E-12 1.39E-02 10004 1.71E-09 2.69E-11 1.57E-02
10005 7.26E-11 1.02E-12 1.40E-02 10005 1.71E-09 2.65E-11 1.55E-02
10006 7.12E-11 1.03E-12 1.45E-02 10006 2.04E-09 2.94E-11 1.44E-02
10007 6.91E-11 1.00E-12 1.45E-02 10007 2.08E-09 2.92E-11 1.40E-02
10008 7.32E-11 1.03E-12 1.41E-02 10008 1.73E-09 2.71E-11 1.57E-02
10001 2.35E-11 5.02E-13 2.14E-02 10001 1.19E-09 2.17E-11 1.83E-02
10002 1.96E-11 4.56E-13 2.33E-02 10002 1.40E-09 2.31E-11 1.65E-02
10003 2.03E-11 4.62E-13 2.28E-02 10003 1.40E-09 2.35E-11 1.68E-02
10004 2.36E-11 5.00E-13 2.12E-02 10004 1.22E-09 2.23E-11 1.82E-02
10005 2.36E-11 5.00E-13 2.12E-02 10005 1.20E-09 2.17E-11 1.81E-02
10006 2.02E-11 4.58E-13 2.27E-02 10006 1.45E-09 2.42E-11 1.67E-02
10007 2.03E-11 4.69E-13 2.31E-02 10007 1.44E-09 2.40E-11 1.67E-02
10008 2.40E-11 5.14E-13 2.14E-02 10008 1.22E-09 2.22E-11 1.82E-02
Basement Basement
Detector Location MeV/g-y σ R Detector Location MeV/g-y σ R
10009 4.23E-12 1.42E-13 3.36E-02 10009 7.08E-10 1.54E-11 2.18E-02
10010 4.17E-12 1.45E-13 3.47E-02 10010 7.20E-10 1.57E-11 2.18E-02
10011 4.24E-12 1.40E-13 3.30E-02 10011 5.83E-10 1.43E-11 2.45E-02
10012 3.91E-12 1.39E-13 3.55E-02 10012 5.53E-10 1.38E-11 2.50E-02
10013 4.60E-12 1.62E-13 3.52E-02 10013 6.93E-10 1.52E-11 2.19E-02
10014 4.48E-12 1.51E-13 3.38E-02 10014 6.80E-10 1.50E-11 2.21E-02
10015 4.42E-12 1.52E-13 3.44E-02 10015 5.62E-10 1.44E-11 2.57E-02
10016 3.87E-12 1.35E-13 3.48E-02 10016 5.73E-10 1.47E-11 2.56E-02
582
Table 381: One-Story brick house with basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor
One-Story Brick House with Asphalt Roof with Basement Weighted Calculated Tally Results for each Floor
Ground Ko = 7.19E-11 3.61E-13 4%
Roof Ko = 1.88E-09 9.89E-12 96%
Protected Location
First Floor
Ground K = 2.19E-11 1.71E-13 2% 0.30 0.003
Roof K = 1.31E-09 8.08E-12 98% 0.70 0.006

Basement
Ground K = 4.24E-12 1.45E-13 1% 0.06 0.002
Roof K = 6.34E-10 1.57E-11 99% 0.34 0.009
Table 382: One-Story brick house with basement average home unit Protection Factor results
One-Story Brick House with Asphalt Roof with Basement

First Story
Source Location RF
Ground 0.30 0.003
Roof 0.70 0.006
Basement
Source Location RF
Ground 0.06 0.002
Roof 0.34 0.009

Source Location PF
Ground 0.18 0.002
Roof 0.52 0.007

583
Table 383: One-Story brick house no basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A)

Scenario A
House
Description: One-Story Brick house with Asphalt Roof with no Basement
File names: D'_Brick_Asphalt_1StoryWithOutBasement_Result_A
One-Story Brick House with Asphalt Roof with no Basement Detector Response
10001 7.40E-11 1.04E-12 1.40E-02 10001 1.69E-09 2.67E-11 1.58E-02
10002 7.04E-11 1.01E-12 1.43E-02 10002 2.03E-09 2.90E-11 1.43E-02
10003 7.05E-11 1.01E-12 1.44E-02 10003 2.02E-09 2.86E-11 1.42E-02
10004 7.43E-11 1.03E-12 1.39E-02 10004 1.71E-09 2.69E-11 1.57E-02
10005 7.26E-11 1.02E-12 1.40E-02 10005 1.71E-09 2.65E-11 1.55E-02
10006 7.12E-11 1.03E-12 1.45E-02 10006 2.04E-09 2.94E-11 1.44E-02
10007 6.91E-11 1.00E-12 1.45E-02 10007 2.08E-09 2.92E-11 1.40E-02
10008 7.32E-11 1.03E-12 1.41E-02 10008 1.73E-09 2.71E-11 1.57E-02

10001 2.37E-11 5.02E-13 2.12E-02 10001 1.22E-09 5.20E-11 4.25E-02
10002 1.99E-11 4.57E-13 2.30E-02 10002 1.43E-09 5.55E-11 3.88E-02
10003 2.06E-11 4.63E-13 2.25E-02 10003 1.34E-09 5.36E-11 3.99E-02
10004 2.38E-11 5.00E-13 2.10E-02 10004 1.27E-09 5.61E-11 4.40E-02
10005 2.37E-11 4.97E-13 2.10E-02 10005 1.14E-09 4.73E-11 4.16E-02
10006 2.04E-11 4.58E-13 2.25E-02 10006 1.39E-09 5.16E-11 3.70E-02
10007 2.02E-11 4.65E-13 2.30E-02 10007 1.45E-09 5.50E-11 3.80E-02
10008 2.41E-11 5.12E-13 2.12E-02 10008 1.17E-09 4.99E-11 4.28E-02
584
Table 384: One-Story brick house no basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor
One-Story Brick House with Asphalt Roof with no Basement Weighted Calculated Tally Results for each
Floor
Ground Ko = 7.19E-11 3.61E-13 4%
Roof Ko = 1.88E-09 9.89E-12 96%
Protected Location
First Floor
Contribution K SD_σ %- contribution PF_floor SE_σ
Ground Ko = 2.20E-11 1.70E-13 2% 0.31 0.003
Roof Ko = 1.30E-09 1.86E-11 98% 0.69 0.011
PF Weighted (Ground +
Roof) = 0.68 0.010
Table 385: One-Story brick house no basement average home unit Protection Factor results
One-Story Brick House with Asphalt Roof with no Basement Average

Home Unit Protection Factor Results
First Story
Source Location PF_level SE_σ
Ground 0.31 0.003
Roof 0.69 0.011

Source Location PF_level SE_σ
Ground 0.31 0.003
Roof 0.69 0.011

585
Vinyl Model Building Shielding Factor Detector Location Results for Deposition
Table 386: Two-Story vinyl house with basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A)
Scenario A
House Description: Two-Story Vinyl house with Asphalt Roof with basement
File names: D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithBasement_Ground_Result_A
D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithBasement_Roof_Result_A
Two-Story Vinyl House with Asphalt Roof with Basement Detector Response
10001 7.22E-11 1.01E-12 1.40E-02 10001 2.68E-09 2.92E-11 1.09E-02
10002 7.13E-11 1.01E-12 1.42E-02 10002 2.67E-09 2.94E-11 1.10E-02
10003 7.23E-11 1.01E-12 1.40E-02 10003 2.64E-09 2.94E-11 1.11E-02
10004 7.33E-11 1.03E-12 1.41E-02 10004 2.63E-09 2.92E-11 1.11E-02

10005 7.58E-11 1.05E-12 1.39E-02 10005 1.27E-09 1.98E-11 1.56E-02
10006 7.67E-11 1.07E-12 1.39E-02 10006 1.30E-09 2.00E-11 1.54E-02
10007 7.71E-11 1.06E-12 1.38E-02 10007 1.28E-09 1.97E-11 1.54E-02
10008 7.82E-11 1.07E-12 1.37E-02 10008 1.23E-09 1.95E-11 1.58E-02

10001 5.67E-11 8.74E-13 1.54E-02 10001 2.02E-09 2.24E-11 1.11E-02
10002 5.52E-11 8.61E-13 1.56E-02 10002 1.98E-09 2.20E-11 1.11E-02
10003 5.42E-11 8.50E-13 1.57E-02 10003 1.98E-09 2.24E-11 1.13E-02
10004 5.63E-11 8.78E-13 1.56E-02 10004 1.97E-09 2.23E-11 1.13E-02

10005 6.21E-11 9.37E-13 1.51E-02 10005 8.17E-10 1.36E-11 1.67E-02
10006 6.31E-11 9.52E-13 1.51E-02 10006 8.35E-10 1.38E-11 1.65E-02
10007 6.44E-11 9.60E-13 1.49E-02 10007 8.51E-10 1.40E-11 1.65E-02
10008 6.45E-11 9.54E-13 1.48E-02 10008 8.09E-10 1.36E-11 1.68E-02
Basement Basement
10009 7.57E-12 2.42E-13 3.20E-02 10009 4.36E-10 9.85E-12 2.26E-02
10010 7.03E-12 2.16E-13 3.07E-02 10010 4.17E-10 9.29E-12 2.23E-02
10011 6.82E-12 2.12E-13 3.11E-02 10011 4.23E-10 9.26E-12 2.19E-02
10012 6.83E-12 2.15E-13 3.15E-02 10012 4.28E-10 9.42E-12 2.20E-02
586
Table 387: Two-Story vinyl house with basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor
Two-Story Vinyl House with Asphalt Roof with Basement Weighted Calculated Tally Results for each Floor
Second Floor
Ground Ko = 7.23E-11 5.09E-13 3%
Roof Ko = 2.66E-09 1.47E-11 97%
First Floor
Ground Ko = 7.69E-11 5.32E-13 6%
Roof Ko = 1.27E-09 9.87E-12 94%
Protected Location
Second Floor
Contribution MeV/g-y SD_σ %- contribution SE_σ
Ground K = 5.56E-11 4.33E-13 3% 0.77 0.008
Roof K = 1.99E-09 1.11E-11 97% 0.75 0.006

First Floor
Contribution MeV/g-y SD_σ %- contribution RF SE_σ
Ground K = 6.35E-11 4.75E-13 7% 0.83 0.008
Roof K = 8.28E-10 6.88E-12 93% 0.65 0.007

Basement
Ground K = 7.06E-12 1.11E-13 2% 0.09 0.002
Roof K = 4.26E-10 4.73E-12 98% 0.34 0.005
Table 388: Two-Story vinyl house with basement average home unit Protection Factor results
Two-Story Vinyl House with Asphalt Roof with

Basement Average Home Unit Protection Factor
Results
Second Story
Ground 0.77 0.008
Roof 0.75 0.006
First Story
Ground 0.83 0.008
Roof 0.65 0.007
Basement
Ground 0.09 0.002
Roof 0.34 0.005
Recommended Source to Location Specific Protection

Factor
Ground 0.56 0.031
Roof 0.58 0.029
587
Table 389: Two-Story vinyl house no basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A)

Scenario A
House Description: Two-Story Vinyl house with Asphalt Roof with no basement
File names: D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithOutBasement_Ground_Result_A
D'_Brick_Asphalt_2StoryWithOutBasement_Roof_Result_A
Two-Story Vinyl House with Asphalt Roof with no Basement Detector Response
10001 7.22E-11 1.01E-12 1.40E-02 10001 2.68E-09 2.92E-11 1.09E-02
10002 7.13E-11 1.01E-12 1.42E-02 10002 2.67E-09 2.94E-11 1.10E-02
10003 7.23E-11 1.01E-12 1.40E-02 10003 2.64E-09 2.94E-11 1.11E-02
10004 7.33E-11 1.03E-12 1.41E-02 10004 2.63E-09 2.92E-11 1.11E-02

10005 7.58E-11 1.05E-12 1.39E-02 10005 1.27E-09 1.98E-11 1.56E-02
10006 7.67E-11 1.07E-12 1.39E-02 10006 1.30E-09 2.00E-11 1.54E-02
10007 7.71E-11 1.06E-12 1.38E-02 10007 1.28E-09 1.97E-11 1.54E-02
10008 7.82E-11 1.07E-12 1.37E-02 10008 1.23E-09 1.95E-11 1.58E-02
10001 5.69E-11 8.76E-13 1.54E-02 10001 2.02E-09 2.25E-11 1.11E-02
10002 5.53E-11 8.62E-13 1.56E-02 10002 1.98E-09 2.20E-11 1.11E-02
10003 5.42E-11 8.46E-13 1.56E-02 10003 1.98E-09 2.23E-11 1.13E-02
10004 5.64E-11 8.80E-13 1.56E-02 10004 1.97E-09 2.23E-11 1.13E-02

10005 6.24E-11 9.43E-13 1.51E-02 10005 8.30E-10 1.37E-11 1.65E-02
10006 6.35E-11 9.52E-13 1.50E-02 10006 8.48E-10 1.38E-11 1.63E-02
10007 6.47E-11 9.58E-13 1.48E-02 10007 8.62E-10 1.40E-11 1.62E-02
10008 6.47E-11 9.58E-13 1.48E-02 10008 8.28E-10 1.37E-11 1.65E-02
588
Table 390: Two-Story vinyl house no basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor
Two-Story Vinyl House with Asphalt Roof with no Basement Weighted Calculated Tally Results for each
Floor
Second Floor
Ground Ko = 7.23E-11 5.09E-13 3%
Roof Ko = 2.66E-09 1.47E-11 97%
First Floor
Ground Ko = 7.69E-11 5.32E-13 6%
Roof Ko = 1.27E-09 9.87E-12 94%
Protected Location
Second Floor
Ground K = 5.57E-11 4.33E-13 3% 0.77 0.008
Roof K = 1.99E-09 1.11E-11 97% 0.75 0.007

First Floor
Ground K = 6.38E-11 4.76E-13 7% 0.83 0.009
Roof K = 8.42E-10 6.89E-12 93% 0.66 0.007
Table 391: Two-Story vinyl house no basement average home unit Protection Factor results
Two-Story Vinyl House with Asphalt Roof with no

Basement Average Home Unit Protection Factor Results
Second Story
Ground 0.77 0.008
Roof 0.75 0.007
First Story
Ground 0.83 0.009
Roof 0.66 0.007

Ground 0.604 0.045
Roof 0.545 0.042

589
Table 392: One-Story vinyl house with basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A)
Scenario A
House Description: One-Story Brick house with Asphalt Roof with basement
D'_Brick_Asphalt_1StoryWithBasement_Result_A
One-Story Vinyl House with Asphalt Roof with Basement Detector Response
10001 7.40E-11 1.04E-12 1.40E-02 10001 1.69E-09 2.67E-11 1.58E-02
10002 7.04E-11 1.01E-12 1.43E-02 10002 2.03E-09 2.90E-11 1.43E-02
10003 7.05E-11 1.01E-12 1.44E-02 10003 2.02E-09 2.86E-11 1.42E-02
10004 7.43E-11 1.03E-12 1.39E-02 10004 1.71E-09 2.69E-11 1.57E-02
10005 7.26E-11 1.02E-12 1.40E-02 10005 1.71E-09 2.65E-11 1.55E-02
10006 7.12E-11 1.03E-12 1.45E-02 10006 2.04E-09 2.94E-11 1.44E-02
10007 6.91E-11 1.00E-12 1.45E-02 10007 2.08E-09 2.92E-11 1.40E-02
10008 7.32E-11 1.03E-12 1.41E-02 10008 1.73E-09 2.71E-11 1.57E-02
10001 5.85E-11 8.66E-13 1.48E-02 10001 1.18E-09 1.86E-11 1.57E-02
10002 5.19E-11 8.05E-13 1.55E-02 10002 1.41E-09 1.98E-11 1.41E-02
10003 5.27E-11 8.12E-13 1.54E-02 10003 1.39E-09 1.99E-11 1.43E-02
10004 5.87E-11 8.68E-13 1.48E-02 10004 1.19E-09 1.87E-11 1.57E-02
10005 5.86E-11 8.62E-13 1.47E-02 10005 1.17E-09 1.81E-11 1.55E-02
10006 5.24E-11 8.23E-13 1.57E-02 10006 1.43E-09 2.04E-11 1.42E-02
10007 5.12E-11 8.09E-13 1.58E-02 10007 1.42E-09 2.01E-11 1.41E-02
10008 5.90E-11 8.79E-13 1.49E-02 10008 1.19E-09 1.85E-11 1.55E-02
Basement Basement
10009 7.20E-12 1.97E-13 2.74E-02 10009 6.84E-10 1.34E-11 1.96E-02
10010 7.07E-12 1.93E-13 2.73E-02 10010 6.74E-10 1.34E-11 1.99E-02
10011 6.73E-12 1.84E-13 2.74E-02 10011 5.66E-10 1.22E-11 2.15E-02
10012 6.88E-12 1.98E-13 2.88E-02 10012 5.67E-10 1.21E-11 2.14E-02
10013 7.38E-12 1.97E-13 2.67E-02 10013 6.79E-10 1.35E-11 1.98E-02
10014 7.25E-12 1.94E-13 2.68E-02 10014 6.80E-10 1.35E-11 1.98E-02
10015 6.98E-12 1.91E-13 2.73E-02 10015 5.40E-10 1.20E-11 2.23E-02
10016 6.79E-12 1.93E-13 2.84E-02 10016 5.50E-10 1.21E-11 2.19E-02
590
Table 393: One-Story vinyl house with basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor
One-Story Vinyl House with Asphalt Roof with Basement Weighted Calculated Tally Results for each Floor
Ground Ko = 7.19E-11 3.61E-13 4%

Roof Ko = 1.88E-09 9.89E-12 96%
Protected Location
First Floor
Ground K = 5.54E-11 2.97E-13 4% 0.77 0.006
Roof K = 1.30E-09 6.81E-12 96% 0.69 0.005

Basement
Ground K = 7.04E-12 1.93E-13 1% 0.10 0.003
Roof K = 6.18E-10 1.34E-11 99% 0.33 0.007
Table 394: One-Story vinyl house with basement average home unit Protection Factor results
One-Story Vinyl House with Asphalt Roof with Basement

First Story
Ground 0.77 0.006
Roof 0.69 0.005
Basement
Source Location RF SE_σ
Ground 0.10 0.003
Roof 0.33 0.007

Ground 0.43 0.038
Roof 0.51 0.036

591
Table 395: One-Story vinyl house no basement MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A)

Scenario A
House Description: One-Story Vinyl house with Asphalt Roof with no basement
File names: D'_Brick_Asphalt_1StoryWithOutBasement_Result_A
One-Story Vinyl House with Asphalt Roof with no Basement Detector Response
10001 7.40E-11 1.04E-12 1.40E-02 10001 1.69E-09 2.67E-11 1.58E-02
10002 7.04E-11 1.01E-12 1.43E-02 10002 2.03E-09 2.90E-11 1.43E-02
10003 7.05E-11 1.01E-12 1.44E-02 10003 2.02E-09 2.86E-11 1.42E-02
10004 7.43E-11 1.03E-12 1.39E-02 10004 1.71E-09 2.69E-11 1.57E-02
10005 7.26E-11 1.02E-12 1.40E-02 10005 1.71E-09 2.65E-11 1.55E-02
10006 7.12E-11 1.03E-12 1.45E-02 10006 2.04E-09 2.94E-11 1.44E-02
10007 6.91E-11 1.00E-12 1.45E-02 10007 2.08E-09 2.92E-11 1.40E-02
10008 7.32E-11 1.03E-12 1.41E-02 10008 1.73E-09 2.71E-11 1.57E-02

10001 5.88E-11 8.65E-13 1.47E-02 10001 1.20E-09 1.86E-11 1.55E-02
10002 5.22E-11 8.04E-13 1.54E-02 10002 1.42E-09 1.99E-11 1.40E-02
10003 5.32E-11 8.13E-13 1.53E-02 10003 1.41E-09 1.99E-11 1.41E-02
10004 5.88E-11 8.65E-13 1.47E-02 10004 1.21E-09 1.87E-11 1.55E-02
10005 5.89E-11 8.66E-13 1.47E-02 10005 1.18E-09 1.80E-11 1.53E-02
10006 5.26E-11 8.25E-13 1.57E-02 10006 1.45E-09 2.04E-11 1.40E-02
10007 5.16E-11 8.10E-13 1.57E-02 10007 1.45E-09 2.01E-11 1.39E-02
10008 5.94E-11 8.79E-13 1.48E-02 10008 1.21E-09 1.85E-11 1.53E-02
592
Table 396: One-Story vinyl house no basement weighted calculated tally results for each floor
One-Story Vinyl House with Asphalt Roof with no Basement Weighted Calculated Tally Results for each Floor
Ground Ko = 7.19E-11 3.61E-13 4%
Roof Ko = 1.88E-09 9.89E-12 96%
Protected Location
First Floor
Ground Ko = 5.57E-11 2.98E-13 4% 0.77 0.006
Roof Ko = 1.32E-09 6.82E-12 96% 0.70 0.005
Table 397: One-Story vinyl house no basement average home unit Protection Factor results
One-Story Vinyl House with Asphalt Roof with no Basement

First Story
Ground 0.77 0.006
Roof 0.70 0.005

Ground 0.77 0.006
Roof 0.70 0.005

593
Manufactured Model Building Shielding Factor Detector Location Results for Deposition
Manufactured Vinyl house with Asphalt Roof

Table 398: Manufactured vinyl house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A)
Scenario A
House Description: One-Story Manufactured house Vinyl Wall and Asphalt Roof
Source Term: Realistic Deposition Source Term
File names: D'_vinyl_asphalt_ground_Result_A
D'_vinyl_asphalt_roof_Result_A
One-Story Manufactured house Vinyl with Asphalt Roof Detector Response
Detector Location F6-tally SD_σ R Detector Location F6-tally SD_σ R
10001 7.50E-11 1.03E-12 1.37E-02 10001 2.72E-09 2.99E-11 1.10E-02
10002 7.19E-11 1.01E-12 1.41E-02 10002 3.24E-09 3.27E-11 1.01E-02
10003 7.24E-11 1.01E-12 1.40E-02 10003 3.20E-09 3.23E-11 1.01E-02
10004 7.60E-11 1.04E-12 1.37E-02 10004 2.74E-09 2.98E-11 1.09E-02

10001 6.45E-11 9.48E-13 1.47E-02 10001 1.97E-09 2.76E-11 1.40E-02
10002 5.77E-11 9.07E-13 1.57E-02 10002 2.32E-09 3.00E-11 1.29E-02
10003 5.86E-11 9.14E-13 1.56E-02 10003 2.27E-09 2.93E-11 1.29E-02
10004 6.58E-11 9.74E-13 1.48E-02 10004 2.00E-09 2.78E-11 1.39E-02
Table 399: Manufactured vinyl house weighted calculated tally results for each floor
One-Story Manufactured House Vinyl with Asphalt Roof Weighted Calculated Tally Results for each Floor
Contribution F6-tally SD_σ %- contribution
Ground Ko = 7.38E-11 5.12E-13 2%
Roof Ko = 2.97E-09 1.56E-11 98%
Protected Location
First Floor
Contribution F6-tally SD_σ %- contribution PF_floor SE_σ
Ground Ko = 6.17E-11 4.68E-13 3% 0.84 0.009
Roof Ko = 2.14E-09 1.44E-11 97% 0.72 0.006
Weighted First Floor RF = 0.72 0.006
Table 400: Manufactured vinyl house average home unit Protection Factor results
One-Story Manufactured House Vinyl with Asphalt Roof


First Story
Ground 0.84 0.009
Roof 0.72 0.006
Ground 0.84 0.01
Roof 0.72 0.01
594
Manufactured Steel house with Steel Roof

Table 401: Manufactured steel house MCNP5 tally-results (Scenario A)
Scenario A
House Description: One-Story Manufactured house Steel Wall and Steel Roof
Source Term: Realistic Deposition Source Term
File names: D'_Steel_Steel_ground_Result_A
D'_Steel_Steel_roof_Result_A
One-Story Manufactured House Steel with Steel Roof Detector Response

10001 7.50E-11 1.03E-12 1.37E-02 10001 2.72E-09 2.99E-11 1.10E-02
10002 7.19E-11 1.01E-12 1.41E-02 10002 3.24E-09 3.27E-11 1.01E-02
10003 7.24E-11 1.01E-12 1.40E-02 10003 3.20E-09 3.23E-11 1.01E-02
10004 7.60E-11 1.04E-12 1.37E-02 10004 2.74E-09 2.98E-11 1.09E-02

10001 6.33E-11 9.43E-13 1.49E-02 10001 2.09E-09 2.86E-11 1.37E-02
10002 5.69E-11 8.99E-13 1.58E-02 10002 2.43E-09 3.09E-11 1.27E-02
10003 5.78E-11 9.09E-13 1.57E-02 10003 2.40E-09 3.02E-11 1.26E-02
10004 6.47E-11 9.64E-13 1.49E-02 10004 2.10E-09 2.86E-11 1.36E-02
Table 402: Manufactured steel house weighted calculated tally results for each floor
One-Story Manufactured House Steel with Steel Roof Weighted Calculated Tally Results for each Floor
Contribution F6-tally SD_σ %- contribution
Ground Ko = 7.38E-11 5.12E-13 2%
Roof Ko = 2.97E-09 1.56E-11 98%
Protected Location
First Floor
Contribution F6-tally SD_σ %- contribution PF_floor SE_σ
Ground Ko = 6.07E-11 4.65E-13 3% 0.82 0.008
Roof Ko = 2.25E-09 1.48E-11 97% 0.76 0.006
Weighted First Floor RF = 0.76 0.006
Table 403: Manufactured steel house average home unit Protection Factor results
One-Story Manufactured House Steel with Steel Roof

First Story
Ground 0.82 0.008
Roof 0.76 0.006

Ground 0.82 0.008
Roof 0.76 0.006

595
APPENDIX R
General purpose construction material thickness measurements. Each material layer was measured with a General ® brand micrometer in ten locations and
nominal thickness calculated for each narrow-beam geometry sample. Each narrow-beam geometry sample covers the entire square area photon beam.
Table 404: Average material thickness by layer (cm)
Average General Purpose Construction Material Thickness Measurements

Material Thickness (cm) Data by Layer
Material L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 Average ̅
Asphalt 0.238 0.284 0.247 0.246 0.243 0.245 0.248 0.249 0.245 0.244 0.249 1.25E-02
Clay Brick 1.163 1.063 1.134 1.114 1.163 1.095 1.080 1.067 1.046 1.097 1.102 4.08E-02
Roofing Felt 0.080 0.085 0.082 0.085 0.084 0.085 0.083 0.085 0.086 0.086 0.084 1.80E-03
Gypsum 1.256 1.256 1.251 1.249 1.251 1.252 1.255 1.254 1.251 1.251 1.253 2.46E-03
OSB 1.233 1.221 1.252 1.279 1.303 1.286 1.300 1.310 1.362 1.285 1.283 4.08E-02
Steel Roof Panel 0.043 0.042 0.043 0.043 0.042 0.042 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 1.05E-04
Stucco (all layers) 2.252 2.216 2.517 2.513 2.321 2.376 2.597 2.512 2.352 2.251 2.391 1.35E-01
Terracotta 0.672 0.672 0.679 0.682 0.677 0.682 0.675 0.675 0.674 0.680 0.677 3.87E-03
Vinyl Siding 0.118 0.113 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.118 0.118 0.119 0.120 0.119 2.22E-03
Wood Siding 2.270 2.391 2.353 2.345 2.326 2.332 2.324 2.358 2.309 2.313 2.332 3.29E-02
Douglas Fir Studs 9.680 9.801 9.687 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 9.723 6.79E-02
Fiberglass Insulation 6.412 7.436 7.667 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 7.172 6.68E-01
House Wrap 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 2.13E-04
Cedar Shakes 0.363 1.076 0.793 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 0.744 3.59E-01
Stucco (only cement) 1.270 1.251 1.264 1.230 1.038 1.093 1.314 1.229 1.069 0.967 1.173 1.19E-01
596
APPENDIX S
Broad-beam nominal shielding parameters.
Table 405: Shielding model average layer-thickness (cm) parameters
BROAD-BEAM GEOMETRY NOMINAL SHIELDING PARAMETERS

Shield Material Shield
Primary
Stud House Air Weather Thickness
Wall Shielding Gypsum ̅ Space ̅ OSB ̅ Wrap ̅ Gap ̅ Barrier ̅ (cm) ̅_shield
Internal Wall 2.505 0.0125 8.9 0.0679 --- --- --- --- --- 11.395 7.02E-02
Brick Wall 1.253 0.0125 8.9 0.0679 1.283 0.0408 0.028 0.0005 2.54 --- 10.160 4.08E-02 24.154 9.00E-02
Wood Wall 1.253 0.0125 8.9 0.0679 1.253 0.0408 0.014 0.0005 --- --- 2.700 3.29E-02 14.110 8.67E-02
Steel Wall 1.253 0.0125 8.9 0.0679 1.253 0.0408 0.014 0.0005 --- --- 0.043 1.05E-04 11.452 8.02E-02
Stucco Wall 1.253 0.0125 8.9 0.0679 1.253 0.0408 0.028 0.0005 --- --- 1.173 1.19E-01 12.596 1.44E-01
Vinyl Wall 1.253 0.0125 8.9 0.0679 1.253 0.0408 0.014 0.0005 --- --- 0.119 1.19E-01 11.528 1.44E-01
Roof Shielding Material Shield

Primary
House Air Weather Thickness
OSB σ_ave Felt ̅ OSB ̅ Wrap ̅ Gap ̅ Barrier ̅ (cm) ̅_shield
Asphalt Roof 1.283 0.0408 0.084 0.0018 --- --- --- --- --- --- 0.747 2.17E-02 2.114 4.62E-02
Shake Roof 1.283 0.0408 0.084 0.0018 --- --- --- --- --- --- 2.975 7.18E-01 4.342 7.19E-01
Steel Roof 1.283 0.0408 0.084 0.0018 --- --- --- --- --- --- 0.043 1.05E-04 1.410 4.08E-02
Terracotta Roof 1.283 0.0408 0.084 0.0018 --- --- --- --- --- --- 0.677 3.87E-03 2.044 4.10E-02
597
APPENDIX T
Radiological safety operations.
This appendix describes the radiation-safety techniques used during this research project. The tests were
performed at the Oregon State University (OSU) Radiation Center. The Radiation Center is a unique facility which
serves the entire OSU Campus as well as other Oregon universities and numerous institutions of higher education
throughout the nation. Located within the Radiation Center are offices and laboratory facilities for the OSU
Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics. The Radiation Center supports research,
development and service programs involving nuclear science and engineering, radiation protection, and related
disciplines. It provides a place especially designed for the use and handling of radioisotopes and other sources of
ionizing radiation.
All tests were performed under the supervision of the onsite health physics staff in a secured laboratory in
the Radiation Center building. To minimize the chance of an unusual incident occurring, all sources were stored in
a vault when not being used. All measurements were completed within established radiological-safety criteria
recognized by the OSU Radiation Safety Officer.
Dosimeters (badge and ring) were worn by the researcher and supporting personnel at all times in the
secured laboratory. When needed, signs were placed at appropriate locations to notify those entering the room
radiation sources were being used. Researchers performing the experiment were mindful of their work area and
visually observed areas around the experimental setup to restrict access. Before sources were used to obtain
exposure readings, a final visual inspection was made to ensure that no unauthorized persons were present in the
restricted areas. After these precautionary checks were made, the exposure readings began.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF

Abstract approved: ________________________________________________

April 11, 2013

All Rights Reserved

Oregon State University

the requirements for the

Presented April 11, 2013

Commencement June 2013

Major Professor, representing Radiation Health Physics

Head of the Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics

Dean of the Graduate School

Elijah D. Dickson, Author

1.1 Motivation ............................................................................................................................................ 3

1.2 Document Overview ............................................................................................................................. 3

2. SURVEY OF LITERATURE .............................................................................................................................. 5

2.1 The Building Shielding Factor ................................................................................................................ 5

2.2 History of Building Shielding Factors .................................................................................................... 5

2.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................5

2.2.2 1950s through 1963 .......................................................................................................................6

2.2.3 1964 through 1986 ......................................................................................................................13

2.2.4 1987 through Present ..................................................................................................................22

2.3 Application of Building Shielding Factors in Emergency Response Planning ...................................... 28

2.4 Probabilistic Risk Assessment and Severe Accidents Overview .......................................................... 35

2.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................35

2.4.2 Nuclear Power Plant Risk Assessment: Prior to 1946 ..................................................................38

2.4.3 Nuclear Power Plant Risk Assessment: 1946-1995 ......................................................................38

2.4.4 Nuclear Power Plant Risk Assessment: 1995-Current .................................................................45

2.4.5 Radiological Consequence Analysis .............................................................................................46

2.6 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 59

3. BACKGROUND ON THE FUNDAMENTAL PHOTON INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIAL ................................ 62

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 62

3.2 Primary Photon Interactions ............................................................................................................... 62

3.3 Total Attenuation Coefficients ............................................................................................................ 66

3.4 Buildup Factor ..................................................................................................................................... 68

3.5 Narrow-beam Geometry ..................................................................................................................... 70

3.6 Broad-beam Geometry ....................................................................................................................... 71

3.7 High Purity Germanium Principles ...................................................................................................... 72

4. METHODS AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 74

4.1 Research Synopsis ............................................................................................................................... 74

4.2 Energy Spectrum Characterization ..................................................................................................... 80

4.2.1 Radionuclide Selection ................................................................................................................83

4.3 United States Housing Characterization Survey ................................................................................. 84

4.3.1 Housing-unit Selection .................................................................................................................88

4.4.1 Shielding Designs .........................................................................................................................91

4.4.2 Wall-type ShieldingMmodels .......................................................................................................99

4.4.3 Roof-type Shielding Models .......................................................................................................105

4.4.4 General Purpose Construction Materials ..................................................................................109

4.5 Experimental Setup ........................................................................................................................... 111

4.5.1 Narrow-beam Geometry Experimental Design .........................................................................111

4.5.2 Broad-beam Geometry Experimental Design ............................................................................119

4.6 HPGe Detector .................................................................................................................................. 123

4.6.1 HPGe Detector Calibration ........................................................................................................123

4.7 Spectral Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 129

4.9 MCNP5 Experimental Model Simulations ......................................................................................... 132

4.9.1 MCNP5 HPGe Model ..................................................................................................................133

4.9.2 MCNP5 Narrow- and Broad-beam Models ................................................................................139

4.10 MCNP5 Protection Factor Calculations ........................................................................................... 142

4.10.1 Stylized Shielding Simulations .................................................................................................145

4.10.2 Full-scale Housing Model Simulations .....................................................................................147

5. RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................... 176

5.1.1 Narrow-beam Total Attenuation Coefficients ...........................................................................178

5.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis for Certain Natural Materials .....................................................................184

5.2.1 Broad-beam Total Attenuation Coefficients ..............................................................................188