UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Mosquito repellents are substances that are designed

to make surfaces unpleasant or unattractive to mosquitoes.

They typically contain an active ingredient that repels

mosquitos as well as secondary ingredients, which aid in

delivery and cosmetic appeal. They are available in many

forms, from creams to lotions to oils, but are most often

sold as aerosol products. Traditionally, various types of

substances have been used to repel mosquitoes. These

include such things as smoke, plant extracts, oils, tars,

and muds. They typically contain an active ingredient that

repels mosquitos as well as secondary ingredients,

which aid in delivery and cosmetic appeal. Different

mosquito repellents work in different ways. While most of

them do not kill mosquitoes and just help repel them,

others kill them.

Mosquitoes are one of the biggest killers today. They

are estimated to infect over 200 million people every year

and cause the deaths of approximately 500,000 of them

yearly. It is only right to want to fight them.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

These pesty insect are more interested in humans and

animals because of blood. Both male and female mosquitoes

can feed on nectar if they want, but they seem to have

‘sick’ interest in humans. Female mosquitoes prefer to feed

on blood because they need the proteins and iron present in

it to develop their eggs.

Mosquitoes and ants especially detest the smell of

orange and lemon peel. These citrus peels contain organic

chemicals that have the ability to repel mosquitoes and

other insects. Lemon and orange is basically known as a

fruit that we can eat. We can also make other product with

its citric acid and their peel in an insect repellent.

An insect repellent is a substance applied to any

surface which discourages insect from landing or climbing

on that surface. Effective insect repellent can protect you

from serious mosquito and tick borne diseases.

The pomelo fruit is definitely the biggest of all

citrus fruits. Its external skin is tough and simple to

peel off. It really is mild green to yellow as well as

marked along with oil glands. The fruit is possibly

spherical or even oblong having white-colored thicker

spongy pith which encloses the delicious area of the fruit.

Every fruit is made up of 9 to14 sections coated along with

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

paper-thin skin. The flesh of the fruit is white-colored,

mild yellow, pink or even rose-red, juicy having a fairly

sweet bitter or even spicy sweet flavor. Several fruits

leave a sour right after taste in the mouth.

It really is one of several biggest as well as

juiciest fresh fruits on our world. It’s got succulent

flesh of fairly sweet with a few sourish smack taste.

Pomelo is really a golden mine of vitamins. The fruit is

abundant with vitamin C, beta-carotene as well as the B

vitamins. Additionally it is a resource of folic acid which

is required for younger ladies to guarantee the health of

upcoming baby. Furthermore, pomelo includes a large amount

of potassium which is great for our heart.

The citrus species are famous for the source of

essential oils. C maxima is the same as other citrus

species that contain essential oil glands in their fruit

peels and flower petals. The citrus peel oils have a strong

and desirable aroma with refreshing effect. They have been

used as flavoring in foods, beverages and pharmaceutical

products. They also have been used as fragrance and

perfumes, cosmetics and aromatherapy. The citrus flower

oils have the relaxing and hormone balancing effects which

have been used in aromatherapy and perfumery.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

The essential oil can be extracted from the leaves, peel or

seeds of some pomelo species. Oil from the seeds of an

inferior pomelo species was used to light opium pipes in

Indochina. Perfumes are extracted from the flowers using

effleurage. The moderately heavy and hard timber from

pomelo trees can be used to make, among other things, tool

handles.

The researchers choose this study to help the

environment and people to make ways in recycling these

peels instead of throwing in into the trash bin. Tis can be

used in the gardens on in the houses that are affected by

insects also in other places. The researchers wanted to

prove that this insect repellent is more useful and safer

than the commercial insect repellents. The people have an

advantage in this research to be healthy and safe

everywhere they go. Lemon and orange are made not only for

the fruit that it produces. Insect repellent is very common

for making mosquitoes fly away. It can also help prevent

and control the outbreak of insect borne diseases such as

malaria, Lyme disease, Dengue fever, Bunonic Plague, and

west Nile fever.

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Conceptual framework

This study is going be anchored with the concept the

main reason, why we need to focus this study is to control

dengue fever cases in the religion and in the country.

This study is to develop a spray mosquito repellent

extracted from pomelo (citrus maxima) peel as a valuable

contribution to the people safety health protection. This

natural essential oil extracted from the peel a citrus

fruit could be an affected new eco-friendly alternative in

mosquitoes control program, reports a new study published

in natural product research. Mosquito repellent from pomelo

peel is low cost compared to the existing branded mosquito

repellant in the market.

Therefore, this study will greatly contribute to the

prevention of insects bites especially in younger

children’s.
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The paradigm of the experimental study shows the

relationship of the variables.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Identifying
the
exact/possible
variety of a
1. Assessing
spray mosquito
of the
repellent in 1. A spray
variable
terms of: that uses
important
pomelo peel
1.1 Odor details.
extract as a
2. Performing substitute
1.2 texture
the procedure. for the
2. Identifying chemicals
the proper 3. Assessing used in
procedure in of respondents making
terms of: insight of the mosquito
made product. repellant.
2.1 In
fermentation

2.2 combining
ingredients

2.3 Time

FEEDBACK
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Figure 1. Research paradigm

This study was guided by the paradigm witch indicates

the Input (Frame 1) consisting the variety of a spray

mosquito repellent as to odor, texture, texture. It also

includes the extend to witch respondents identifying the

proper procedure, In fermentation, combining ingredients,

and time.

The process (Frame 2) containing assessing of the

variable important details, performing the procedure and

assessing of respondents insight of the made product.

And lastly the output (Frame 3) consisting of a spray

that uses pomelo peel extracting as a substitute for the

chemicals used in making mosquito repellent.

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Statement of the problem

Generally this study aims to investigate the effectiveness

of pomelo peel as a spray mosquito repellent. It aspired

primarily to search for other uses of pomelo peel instead

of just letting them fall from it's tree and one of the

solutions of getting rid of mosquitoes in a natural way.

Specifically, this will seek to answer the following

questions:

1. What is the exact/possible variety of a spray mosquito

repellent in terms of:

1.1 Odor

1.2 Texture

2. What is the proper procedure in terms of:

2.1 In fermentation

2.2 Combining Ingredients

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

2.3 Time

3. What are the materials needed?

4. What is the benefits of this to human?

5. Is there a significant difference among the treatments of

pomelo peel oil as a spray mosquito repellent?

6. Is there a significant difference in the pomelo peel as a

spray mosquito repellent, compaired to mosquito coil as a

repellent?

Hypothesis

To form the study into its proper perspective and to

have a clearer view point and understanding by the readers

of the subject, the hypothesis below was formulated and

presented to guide to research in its final texture and

accomplishment to be able to find out of difference between

new pomelo peel as a spray mosquito repellent compaired to

mosquito coil as a repellent.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Ho: There is no significant difference in the texture of

new spray mosquito repellent into mosquito coil as a

repellent.

Significance of the study

The findings of this study is deemed beneficial to the

following individual considering that pomelo peel plays an

important role in the success of this product including the

studying today:

Farmers. The finding of this study will benefit the

farmers as they will be provided the pomelo peels to make

this product. Also transferring new agricultural technology

to farmers or training, updating farmers with modern

technologies and innovations in order to increase the

productivity of every hard working farmer.

Workers. The findings of this study will benefit the

workers because they will be able to work this product and

gain insights so that they can help the company to give

advice and insight on how to make or to work this product.

 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Company. The company would be informed for the user’s of

spray mosquito repellent, this giving them on persuasive to

buy and to use it and give them idea and advantage to make

better understanding.

Users. The users will be benefit the most from the result

of the study to may help them to make us of it can to help

also their body.

Researchers. The researchers will be able to gain

experience from conducting the study. Upgrading their

skills for future studies as well us their competences as a

student because they shall acquire more insight in this

product.

Future Researchers. This study will provide pertinent

data for future researchers who will conduct similar

studies in a deeper sense and with different coverage.

Scope and Delimitation of the study

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This study is conducted in Barangay Holyfriday Mallig

Isabela and aims to create a successful spray mosquito

repellent with the use of pomelo peel. This experiment will

be done at SOTELO’s and BANCIPRA’s family, residence where

proper guidance and permission to the house will be asked.

This will make sure that nobody get harm while the

experiment is ongoing.

Definition of terms

For a better understanding of the research work, must be

included to the following terms are being defined

operationally.

Supplies. This refers to the materials that can needed to

make the product.

Type of Citrus. This refers to the type of pomelo between

melogold and valentine.

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Season. This refers to the difference between summer and

cold season.

Time Management. This refers to the time if how many days

needed.

Proper Measurement. This refers to the exact measure of

materials needed.

Trials. This refers of how many samples needed to shape,

if what is the best of them.

Alcohol Content. This refers to the percentage of the

alcohol needed.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

Research plays a significant role in our life. All

invention have been possible with the help of research.

With help of research, human being were be able to find the

cure for flue, polio and many horrible diseases. Not only

the medicine but it also help lot in technology. Talking to

long distance relatives is the outcome of research in

technology (GROOSS, 2001).

Harrison (1992) views on sustainable communications,

considered by some to be a deeper shade of green because it

is rooted in the concept of sustainable development -

meeting the need of the present generation without

compromising the needs of future generations (Brundtland,

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1987). Harrison (1992) defines sustainable communication

us:A result driven process to be used by the organization

wishing to benefit from the creation of long term

relationships with the firm’s stakeholders … it is

continuous, open, interactive; it is consistent, with

measurable results, and ever improving.

Pomelos (Citrus maxima) are known for their thick peel

which—inter alia—serves as energy dissipator when

fruits impact on the ground after being shed. It protects

the fruit from splitting open and thus enables the

contained seeds to stay germinable and to potentially be

dispersed by animal vectors. The main part of the peel

consists of a parenchymatous tissue that can be interpreted

from a materials point of view as open pored foam whose

struts are pressurized and filled with liquid. In order to

investigate the influence of the water content on the

energy dissipation capacity, drop weight tests were

conducted with fresh and with freeze-dried peel samples.

Based on the coefficient of restitution it was found that

freeze-drying markedly reduces the relative energy

dissipation capacity of the peel. Measuring the transmitted

force during impact furthermore indicated a transition from

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a uniform collapse of the foam-like tissue to a progressive

collapse due to water extraction. Representing the peel by

a Maxwell model illustrates that freeze-drying not only

drastically reduces the damping function of the dashpots

but also stiffens the springs of the model.

Citrus essential oils (EOs) are volatile compounds

from citrus peels and widely used in perfumes, cosmetics,

soaps and aromatherapy. In this study, inhibition of citrus

EOs extracted from Vietnamese orange (Citrus sinensis),

mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco), pomelo (Citrus grandis

Osbeck) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) on the

growth of plant pathogenic fungi, Mucor hiemalis,

Penicillium expansum and Fusarium proliferatum was

investigated. The EOs of the citrus peels were obtained by

cold-pressing method and the antifungal activity of EOs was

evaluated using the agar dilution method. The results show

that the EOs had significant antifungal activity. Lime EO

was the best inhibitor of M. hiemalis and F. proliferatum

while pomelo EO was the most effective against P. expansum.

These results indicate that citrus EOs can be used as

antifungal natural products in the food, pharmaceutical and

cosmetic industries.
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Related Studies

According to Huang et al. Pomelo peel is an abundant

pectin-rich biomass waste in China and has the potential to

serve as a source of fuels and chemicals. This study

reports a promising way to deal with pomelo peel waste and

to utilize it as raw material for ethanol production via

simultaneous scarification and fermentation(SSF). An

integrated strategy, incorporating hydrothermal treatment,

multienzyme formulation, and fed-batch operation, was

further developed to enhance the ethanol production.

In a follow up study we performed attraction

inhibition assays using a taxis cage in a wind tunnel

setting(Rodriquez et al. 2017). One person was place upwind

of the taxis cage and the mosquito movement towards or away

from the person was recorded. The person was treated with

various spray-on-reppellents or equipped with different

‘mosquito repellent devices’. We found that the spray-on-

repellents containing 98% DEET or 30% PMD had the highest

 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
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efficacy in repelling mosquitoes compared with repellent

with other ingredients. From the five wearable devices that

we tested, only the one that releases Methofluthrin

significantly reduced the numbers of attracted mosquitoes.

A citronella candle had no effect. We concluded that many

of the products that we tested that were marketed as

repellents do not reduce mosquito attraction in humans.

According to the modern pharmacological analysis, the

nutritional value of pomelo is rather high. Pomelo contains

abundant carote, vitamin B complex, vitamin C, mineral

substances, sugar and volatile oil. The peel of pomelo

plays an important role in resisting inflammation for the

human body. The flesh of pomelo contains abundant nutrients

like vitamin C and para-insulin and it plays an important

role in decreasing the blood fat, beautifying the skin and

helping people lose weight. (Alice White Green, 2011)

According to downer (2011), skin bleaching is a

technique that has been used for hundreds of years and some

of the active ingredients used are still in use today. One

of the oldest remedies is called hydroquinone. Hydroquinone

was used as long as the days of the ancient Persian Empire

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for a skin bleach. However, today this product has come in

for a lot of opposition due to its carcinogenic properties.

Though it remains one0of the most effective skin bleaching

agents, it is only legally available in a few countries.

Synthesis

The following studies were deemed beneficial to the

researcher as they were able to gain useful insights that

were helpful for them in conducting their present study.

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Chapter 3

METHOD AND PROCEDURE

Research Design

This research will be using descriptive experimental

design. In which it shows the method and procedure on how

the feasible making spray mosquito repellent through pomelo

peel and its benefits to every individuals. This will be

determine the best items that will be used in order to

achieve the desired output that will emphasize on the

innovation of costumers to have an alternative effect.

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Respondents of the study.

The proponent selected different people and family

where the respondents are family SOTELO and BANCIPRA as the

respondents of the study, preferable the mosquito repellent

user’s. The proponent had came up with only 2 family’s as a

respondents for this study.

Data Gathering Tool

In this study, the researcher will use a survey as an

instrument. Researcher made Questionnaires checklist will

be use to determine the effectiveness of pomelo peel as a

spray mosquito repellent.

Since the design of the study is more inclined to

testing, experimentation, and analysis. The researcher

prepared a set of interview for the respondents of the

study. A total of 20 Interview Questions for the

respondents are formulated all of the interviews will be

taken at Barangay Holyfriday Mallig Isabela.

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Data Gathering Procedure

The sample made by the researcher will be presented to

analyze and check by the research adviser, and before doing

the test or the study. The researcher will subject it also

for content validity through the pannel of examinees.

Permit to conduct research and study will be secured a

letter requesting to the SHS principal of University of

Cagayan Valley. Being approved of permitted, the researcher

will start testing or studying the feasibility of pomelo

wine.

Statistical Tool

The data gathered from the answer to the

Questionnaires were statistically treated using percentage,

result of perceptions are compared with a pre-determined

range.

Percent is used to determined definite proportion of

the response by the given respondents. It is done by

dividing the frequency of the responses by the total number

of the respondents. The formula is:

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

𝑓
%= 100
𝑛

Where: % - Percentage
𝑓 – Frequency of the responses
𝑛– Total number of the respondents

Below in the scale that will be used in gathering data.

4 is the highest rate and 1 is the lowest possible rate

that will be given by the respondents.

TABLE 1

Numerical Value Percentage Descriptive Scale

4 3.25-4 STRONGLY AGREE

3 2.50-3.29 AGREE

2 1.75–2.49 DISAGREE

1 1–1.74 STRONGLY DISAGREE

The result of the study will be essential for farther

improvement of the product.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:

Dermody, hanmer-Loyd, Marketing Communications: Principles

and Practice, 1994, p. 215.

Harrison, Greener Marketing, 1992, p. 216

Journals:

Godden, et. Al, Grapegrower and Winemaker. Australian and

New Zealand; Trends in the composition of Australian Wine,

No. 558, 2010.

Website:

Chambers, P. and Pretorious, I. (2018, November 19).

Government Article of the Food and Science Series. Retrieve

from https://www.ncbi.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2999870/
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
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Gordon J. (2006) Wine Enthusiast. Retrieved from

https://www.winemag.com/taster/

Gross, R. (2001). Psychology: the science of mind and

behavior. London: Hodder and Stoughton, retrieved from

http://www.hkadesigns.co.uk/websites/msc/reme/likert.htm on

09/07/2013.

QUESTIONNAIRE

Name(optional): Company workers (_)

Age: Teachers (_)
Student (_)
Other (_)

Please take a few minutes of your time to fill out the

following questions provided. This will help us to improve

services for you by answering the following question.

TEST 1: Read and Encircle your final answer.

1. Into which of the following ranges does your age fall?

a. Under 21 years old

b. 21 to 29 years old

c. 30 to 39 years old

d. 40 years old above

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2. Approximately which range best represent the average

amount of glasses of wine consumed per week?

a. 1-5

b. 6-10

c. 11-15

d. More than 15

3. Approximately which range best represent the typical

number of bottles of wine purchased per month?

a. 1-5

b. 6-10

c. 11-15

d. More than 15

4. Which range best represent a typical price paid for a

bottle of wine?

a. ₱0.00 - ₱262.12

b. ₱262.63 - ₱524.73

c. ₱525.18 - ₱787.24

d. ₱787.77 - ₱1,049.83

5. Which of the following types of wine do you drink most

often?

a. Red

b. White

c. Other
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6. In purchasing a bottle of wine, how important is the

appearance of the label in your purchase decision?

a. Extremely Important

b. Very Important

c. Slightly Important

d. Not at all Important

TEST 2: Answer the following question by putting a check

mark on the scale below according to your judgement this

product.

NUMERICAL VALUE DESCRIPTIVE SCALE

4 Extremely Desirable

3 Very Desirable

2 Slightly Desirable

ITEM SCALE

 Please indicate the desirability of each

feature to you when you purchase wine. 4 3 2 1
a. Good value for money

b. Varietal I like

c. A complement of food
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d. Attractive label

e. Produced sustainably

f. Premium Quality product

g. Tradition type of cork

h. Inexpensively priced

i. Organically grown

1 Not at all Desirable

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 Please indicate the desirability of each

feature of the label to you when you 4 3 2 1
purchase wine.
a. Is unique

b. Is interesting

c. Is creative

d. Is eye catching

e. Is classic

f. Is colorful

g. Has portrait on it

 Please indicate the desirability of each

color scheme.
a. Vibrant/bright

b. Pastel

c. Black and white

d. Themed

e. Other

 Please indicate the desirability of each

informational data.
a. Health benefits

b. Alcohol content

c. Origin of region