DR.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA

NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

ECONOMICS
PROJECT ON
PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. Mitali Tiwari Sankalp Patel

Asst. Professor (Economics) 3rd Semester

Enroll No: 160101131

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank respected ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (Economics) Dr. MITALI
TIWARI, who has given me golden chance to research for this project. I would also like to
thank the god almighty and my parents for their moral support and my friends and
seniors who were always there to extend their helping hand whenever and wherever
required.

I further extend my thanks to library staff of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law
University, Lucknow who helped me in getting all the materials necessary for this project.

Sankalp Patel

ENROLL NO. 160101131

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..
Research Problem.................................................................................................................
Objectives of the problem....................................................................................................
Research Methodology.........................................................................................................
Analysis................................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 2
Evolution of Public Distribution System............………………………………………….
Stakeholders in PDS............................................................................................................
Reformation in PDS…………………………………………..........................................
Linking of Aadhar.............................................................................................................
Survey Report. …………………………………..............................................................
Analysis………………………………………………………………………………….
Suggestions ………………………………………………………………………………
References…………………………………………………...........................................…
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION:
The Public Distribution System (PDS) was institutionalized in the country in the 60s to achieve
multiple objectives including ensuring stability of prices, rationing of essential commodities in case
of deficit in supplies, ensuring availability of basic commodities to the poor and needy and to check
the practice of hoarding and black marketing (Swaminathan,2000). In its original form, the system
was universal in nature and did not distinguish between different income-groups in the society.
However after poor performance of the scheme, the system was revamped and re- launched as
Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). Under this scheme, the Below Poverty Line (BPL)
families would get basic commodities at a subsidized rate whereas the Above Poverty Line
(APL) families would get them only at their economic cost. This scheme was introduced
with intent to curb the rising food subsidy bill borne by the Government as well as to ensure a more
pointed targeting of the poor and needy, something which the earlier scheme had failed to do.

RESEARCH PROBLEM
What is the meaning of public distribution system?
What is the origin of public distribution system?
What is the structure of public distribution system?
What are the changes done?
What are the present problems?
 OBJECTIVE
To know the meaning of public distribution system.
To know the origin of public distribution system.
To know the structure public distribution system.
To know the reforms in public distribution system.
To know the present problems.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology used in the project is doctrinal and filed work also. This means the data
and information used in the project are collected through pre published sources and through survey
also. Sources used in the project to get the detailed and information data is collected from
newspapers, magazines, books, e-sources some government issued data and international
organisation record.

ANALYSIS
This project analyzed the introduction public distribution system. Its meaning and its present
status in India. The origin of the policy and the problems related to reformation in it in
the present after doing a survey on it.
CHAPTER 2

Evolution of Public Distribution System

Public distribution system in India has developed since many decades. In Indian scenario, there is
numerous natural disasters occurring and it results in famines and droughts that cause acute scarcity
conditions. Government of India took various measures to help the victims in which the food
security system was initiated. Such effort was taken up for the first time in 1939 under the British
regime when the Second World War started. The government thought of distributing the food
grains to the poor of some selected cities in which there was scarcity and also a situation where
private, failed to provide commodities affordable by the poor.

In 1943, after the great Bengal Famine, this distribution system was stretched to some
more cities and towns. Continued periods of economic stress and disturbance like
wars and deprivations gave rise to a form of food security system. Originally, it concerned itself
mainly with management of scarce food supplies, and afterwards it was found necessary to use a
more organised and institutionalised approach including measures suspending normal activities
of markets and trade. Such type of food security service existed in India for many years,
in the shape of constitutional rationing in particular urban areas and continues to be present even
today in a few metropolitan centres.

Reports signified that the development of Public Distribution System in India can be grouped
into three time periods that include;

1. From 1939 to 1965

2. From 1965 to 1975
3. From 1975 onwards.

In the first period, the Public Distribution System was basically visualized as rationing system to
distribute the scarce commodities and later it was seen as a Fair price system in contrast with the
private trade. Rice and wheat occupied a very high share in the food grains distribution.
Government was aware of extending the Public Distribution System to rural areas but it was not
implemented. The operation of Public Distribution System was unbalanced and dependent
on imports of PL 480 food grains with little internal procurement. In operation, imports constituted
major proportion in the supplies for Public Distribution System during this period. Procurement
prices offered were not remunerative.

In the middle period of 1960's it was decided to look much beyond management of scarce
supplies in critical situations. Stoppage of PL 480 imports forced the government to obtain grains
internally. In effect, India took a significant leap in the direction of providing a more sustainable
institutional framework for providing food security. FCI and Agricultural Prices Commission
(APC) were established at that time which is now known as Bureau of Agricultural Costs and Prices
(BACP) Commission in 1965 marked the commencement of this phase. On the basis of BACP's
recommended prices, the FCI procures the food grains to distribute through Public
Distribution System and a part of the procured quantity is kept as "buffer stocks" to meet any
unanticipated catastrophe situation. Major components of this system were traditional
arrangements and procedures for procurement, stocking and distribution of food grains. The food
security system during this period, progressed as a vital part of a development strategy to bring
about a prominent technological change in selected food crops, especially rice and wheat.
It delivered effective price and market support for farmers and organised range of measures
to create employment and income for the rural poor in order to improve their level of happiness
including better physical and economic access to food grains.

In the third period, there was an increase in the food grains production in the country. The buffer
stock accumulation too increased greatly. With this, the initial stress on buffer stock maintenance
and price stabilisation shifted to increase in Public Distribution System supplies. In the 4th plan
69-74, it states that "in so far as food grains are concerned the basic objective is to provide an
effective Public Distribution System. The procured quantities were in excess as compared to the
requirement of Public Distribution System needs and minimum reserve was maintained". In fifth
five year plan, programmes such as Food for work, Antyodaya were started with a view to lessen
poverty as well as to reduce the overstocking of FCI godowns. The imports slowly degenerated in
this period and during the year 1975, there was a net export of food grains though it was a small
quantity. Imports were continuous with relatively very less quantities to maintain level of buffer
stocks. The government strengthened the Public Distribution System in this period, so that
it remained a "stable and permanent feature of strategy to control prices, reduce fluctuations in
them and achieve an equitable distribution of essential consumer goods".

In the end of seventies, the Public Distribution System was basically confined to urban
population and did not promise adequate food to the rural poor in crisis period. During the late
1970's, and in the beginning of eighties, some state governments extended the coverage of Public
Distribution System to rural areas and also introduced the target grouping approach. These states
are Kerala, Gujarat, Tamilnadu, and Andhra Pradesh. This was also because there was an
obvious change in the food situation particularly in the later years, during 80's and early 90's.
Thus the net availability of food grains which had increased from 74 million tons in 1968 to 99
million tons in 1977, witnessed a rapid rise in later years reaching 158 million tonnes in 1991
(Government of India, 1994).

MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS

Central Government: Responsible for purchase of food grains, transporting them to principal FCI
go downs and fixing quantity and price of food grain to be distributed to BPL families
State Government: Responsible for identification of BPL families and issuing ration cards
Food Corporation of India: Responsible for warehousing the food grains Fair Price Shops: Last
mile distribution to actual consumers.

Public distribution system flow

Reforming the Public Distribution System
It has been observed that huge program was made by the ministry to modernise Public
Distribution System. Government used advanced technology such as computerisation of Public
Distribution System to accelerate the Project. All the ration shops across the country are to be
automated. Government of Odisha and Gujarat took initiative to perform these activities.
The draft food security Bill talks of local distribution of grains. Some states have
implemented advanced ways to make sure that distribution of food grains must be in a transparent
manner, involving panchayat leaders, village elders and gram sabha in monitoring.

The Indian government and the Department of Food and Public Distribution have identified
critical facets of the public distribution system that need improvement, for the program to
function more successfully. These domain include:
 1. Beneficiary identification, and addressing inclusion/exclusion errors
2. Addressing diversions and leakages
3. Managing food grain storage and ensuring timely distribution
4. Effective accountability and monitoring, and enabling community monitoring
5. Mechanisms for grievance redressal
6. Ensuring food security

When evaluating this system in Chhattisgarh, there is a ‘Chawal Utsav’ on the 7th of
every month when distribution of food grains takes place. In Nasik, a system of periodic
distribution of grains through the village community has been implemented. The Centre is
constantly involved to advise the states to approve decentralised procurement system, which
ensures local preference for grains are met more economically. On local supply of food grains for
government-sponsored programmes, it is said that under the Integrated Child Development
Services Scheme, states have the choice to source the food-grain requirement from either the
central pool or purchase it nearby. Statistical data indicated that more than 10 states and
union territories are buying the grains locally. The draft National Food Security Bill also contains
provision for support to local distribution models. After introduction of the food Bill in the Lok
Sabha on December 22, 2011, it was referred to the Standing Committee on Food. It is
difficult to fix a time frame for the Standing Committee. But there is no plan to include
vegetables, milk and eggs in the domain of procurement and distribution.

Leveraging Aadhar
Aadhar card is one of the major element to modernize the public distribution system. The Unique
Identification number Aadhaar was considered by the Indian government for residents of India to
clearly and exclusively verify their identity anywhere in the country. The mandate for the UIDAI
includes defining the usage of the number across critical applications and services. The Public
Distribution System is one application, and the UIDAI has accordingly laid out the vital
role Aadhaar can play within the PDS. The recipients of public distribution system can be enrolled
into the Aadhaar system. The use of the Aadhaar number in public distribution system will
reduce duplicates, bogus and ghost beneficiaries in PDS databases which will result in reducing
wastage and diversion in the system. An Aadhaar enabled system makes access to public
distribution system benefits portable across a State and also the country. This would allow the
PDS beneficiary due to portability of benefits and choice of the PDS shop. The bargaining power
will move from the supplier to the recipient which will support empowerment and bring about
improved responsibility. Applying Aadhaar authentication at every exchange point would enable
governments to track the movement of food entitlements across the public distribution system
chain, and identify blockages and diversions in real-time. In the case of centralized procurement,
such authentication would begin at the FCI point.

Strengthening of public distribution system not only requires computerisation of operations but
also an active involvement of Panchayati Raj Institutions and local community through
transparent and open processes. An automated computerised system will monitor the movement of
the grains as well as also ensure that there is no human interference in the maintenance of
records. The objectives of computerisation are many, such are as follows:

1. To ensure that the lifting, and transport of the food grains to FPS and its delivery to the
beneficiary is transparent and monitored at each stage
2. To eradicate diversion and leakages of the food grains
3. To ensure that the right kind of ration cards are issued to the public without delay
4. To eliminate bogus ration cards, and
5. To make the supervisory staff more accountable to the consumers and to the objectives of
the public distribution system.

Modernization of Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) is the primary importance of

Government of India. TPDS intends to provide subsidised food and fuel to the poor through a
network of ration shops. Food grains such as rice and wheat that are provided under TPDS are
procured from farmers, allocated to states and delivered to the ration shop where the beneficiary
buys his entitlement. It is a multifaceted and challenging task as public distribution system
operates in 35 States and UTs through more than 5 lakh Fair Price Shops across diverse
operating environments. In order to make TPDS more focused and targeted towards population,
the “Antyodaya Anna Yojana” (AAY) was initiated in December, 2000 for one crore poorest of
the poor families. AAY anticipates providing them food grains at a highly subsidized rate of Rs
2/ per kg for wheat and Rs 3/ per kg for rice. The States/UTs are required to bear the distribution
cost, including margin to dealers and retailers as well as the transportation cost. Therefore the
whole food subsidy is being passed on to the customers under the scheme.

A strong community proprietorship would require the establishment of a responsive complaint

redressal mechanism. While, the use of information and communication technology will assist this
system. All States should assume transformation of public distribution system with in time frame.
 Joint report of the

National Food Security Act, 2013

&

A survey on PDS Functioning in Rajasthan

Summary Report
A rapid survey was done in the Kotra Tehsil of Udaipur District by me and 5 of my teammates in
collaboration with Local Social Workers from 12th June 2017 to 14th June 2017. The village was
selected by the local partner on the bases of size, accessibility and contacts. The villages selected
for survey were relatively deprived areas due to the extreme mountainous terrain. The primary
purpose of this report is to find out the extent of coverage using selection of beneficiaries based on
eligibility criteria under NFSA, functioning of the ration shops and to know the problems that the
consumers are facing in availing ration from PDS shops.

We visited 20 villages 13 panchayats in three days.

Day 1:

Details

1. DEALER’S NAME- kala ram gharasia

MOBILE NO-7742231875

VILLAGE- sulav

PANCHAYAT - sulav

TEHSIL -Kothra

DISTRICT - Udaipur

DATE AND TIME-12-06-2017, 11:42

OBSERVATION – The shop’s board had the rate list but the information of available stock, the
beneficiary list and the complaint helpline number and complaint officer number was not there. He
knew the helpline number. After interacting with the people they told us that dealer was
giving them receipt of the goods purchased but entry in the Ration card was not complete.He had
a problem with the POS machine as there were no signals and has to go 5km away from the shop
which was very inconvenient for both dealer and consumers. The POS machine was not working
properly so people didn’t get ration if their thumb impression not match. But it was good about the
dealer that he gave all the ration i.e. wheat, sugar and kerosene at one time.

We met Desha Ram who had SBPL ration card and in which his family includes 8 persons and he
was getting 4 kgs sugar but according to provisions of government SBPL could not get sugar and
he received 3 litre of kerosene, which is ½ litre more than provision. Raju ram, a consumer had a
APL ration card was also getting 3 kg sugar and ½ litre more kerosene but Harda ram who had
BPL ration card was getting 1 and 1/2 litre less kerosene and 1 kg lesssugar as his family includes
8 members.

2. Dealer name - Abdul kayubsindhi

mobile no.8107281945

Village- Bikarni

Panchayat- Bikarni
Tehsil- Kotra

District- Udaipur

Date & time- 12/06/2017, 12:46

Observation- The shop had a board mentioning the number of beneficiaries and the rate list also it
had the complaint helpline number and complaint officer's number. There was no stock
problem from the government side.

Dealer told us the problem with POS machine because of network connectivity, as the proper
signals didn't came so machine does not work properly as the thumb impression didn't match and
customers had to wash their hands many times. We met kalyan Singh who had Antodya ration card,
he told that the dealer didn’t made proper entry in the card. Then we met Devendrasingh who had
APL ration card but not getting ration because the dealer said that his name is not written
in beneficiary list. Then we met Babujyaga who had BPL card but was getting only
kerosene.
3. Dealer name - Kallu ram

mobile no.8107507818

Village- Kaucha

Panchayat- Kaucha

Tehsil- Kotra

District- Udaipur

Date & time- 12/06/2017, 2:12

Observation-The shop have the board mentioning the rate list but didn’t had the list of available
stock and the list of beneficiary. The dealer was aware of the helpline number for the problem of
the machine. The complaint helpline number and complaint officer’s number was also written on
the board.

The main problem was POS machine which didn’t work properly as of network connection and
thumb impression did not match in one time and dealer didn’t gave them ration if it did
not matched.

We met a consumer who had state BPL card he told us that his family includes 6 persons but getting
5 kgs less wheat i.e. he must get 30 kgs wheat but getting 25 kgs only and getting ½ litres less
kerosene and getting sugar also which should not be given to them. The dealer didn’t gave receipt
of the ration purchased and they didn’t get ration in one time, they had to made multiple trips to
purchase the ration.

Then we met HeeraGobra who had BPL ration card and getting 2 litres kerosene which i ½ litres
less than which had to be given and it is of very bad quality.
4. Dealer name - Mohan lal bheel

mobile no.9929399983

Village- kaocha

Panchayat- Kaocha

Tehsil- Kothra

District- Udaipur

Date &time12/06/2017, 2:48

Observation-Shop was closed and then we met customers in which one consumer who had APL
ration card informed that because of bad network connection and machine didn’t work properly
consumers had to made multiple trips for purchasing ration and they didn’t get wheat as dealer said
their name is not in the beneficiary list. And getting ½ litre less kerosene and 1 kg sugar which
should not be given to APL card holders.

5. Dealer name –Kishanlal jain

mobile no.

Village- Juda
Panchayat- Juda

Tehsil- Kothra

District- Udaipur

Date & time- 12/06/2017 ,11:20

Observation- The board on the shop only had the rate list but the name of the dealer,number of
complaint helpline and complaint officer,list of beneficiaries was not present.He was not present
so we met his wife.After talking to the nearby people we found out that the receipt of
ration purchased was given by the dealer and they get ration every month time to time and all
ration in one trip and complete entry was done in the ration card of the consumers.

When we met Puranmal who had APL card informed us that he was getting only 2 litres
of kerosene which is ½ litre less according to provisions of Rajasthan government and then Mohan
lal who had SBPL card also informed that he was getting ½ litre less kerosene.

Mohan ji who had APL card also told us that they get ½ litre less kerosene.

DAY 2

DETAILS

6. Dealer name – Raseed khan

mobile no.8003840966

Village- Medi

Panchayat- Medi

Tehsil- Kotra

District- Udaipur

Date & time- 13/06/2017, 10:30

Observation: The ration shop was closed when we went there. There was a board showing all the
details except the beneficiary list. The dealer was facing problems like poor internet signals, lack
of stock and irregular electricity.

Case Study:

1) Hakma Ram: Hakma ram is a poor tribal man who lives in the medi village. He has a BPL
card. He doesn’t get sugar properly. When he/his son asks for the receipt, the dealer
misbehaves and fight with them. He gets 2 litre kerosene every month and which is
a common story in the whole region.

According to Hakma Ram, the ration shop in his area opens for only 10 days.

2) Devi lal: He has a family of 9 member and all of them were included in his BPL card. He
was getting everything according to 8 members. And kerosene 2 litres.
7. Dealer name – Khubi Lal

mobile no. -

Village- Gura

Panchayat- Gura

Tehsil- Kotra

District- Udaipur

Date & time- 13/06/2017, 11:09

Observation: There was in very poor condition and not even visible. The beneficiary list was also
not there. The helpline for complaint and the concerned officer’s number was also not there.

The dealer was not giving receipt to the consumers. When we talked to the people of the village,
we found out that the dealer was not giving people their allotted ration.

Case studies:
Ramesh Kumar Pargi : He had APL card, He was getting proper wheat but no receipt. He was
getting 2kg kerosene. According to Ramesh, there was a connectivity problem in the village and
the shop opened only for 10 days.

8. Dealer name – Panna Lala

mobile no.- 8890969825

Village- Budiya

Panchayat- Budiya

Tehsil- Kotra

District- Udaipur

Date & time- 13/06/2017, 11:34

Observation: There was no board at the shop. The beneficiary list was also not there. The
helpline number and other number were there. The dealer was not giving anybody proper receipt.

The Ration distribution was not proper as many of the villagers told us about it.

Case study:

Pannalalpandore:

He has a family of 6 and was getting 30 kg of wheat. He was getting 2 litre kerosene. He told us
about a major issue that was there, according to Pannalal, dealer in his village was merely
providing them a handwritten token consisting the value of ration that the dealer is giving them
irrespective of their government decided value according to their card. And then the dealer,
would collect the token and give them ration.

Ramesh Pandore:

He had BPL card. He was not getting sugar properly. For 2 months, he had no record of sugar. And
in April, there was no entry of wheat in his physical Ration card whereas he got 30 kg
wheat.
9. Dealer name – Bhawani Singh

mobile no.-

Village- Mamer

Panchayat- Mamer

Tehsil- Kotra

District- Udaipur

Date & time- 13/06/2017, 12:12

Observation: There was a board but the beneficiary list was not there. The helpline number was
there. The dealer was not giving the consumers receipt and neither was he making entries in the
ration card. The ration was distributed properly in the village.

Case study:

Samaliya (Shyam Prakash)

He had a BPL card. He was getting proper wheat and kerosene. But there was a problem with
sugar as the dealer was giving the villagers two months of ration together.
Raglibai

She was an old lady with a BPL card. She was getting proper amount of wheat. But there was a big
problem with the distribution of sugar. The dealer used Raglibai’s helplessness and provided her
less Ration. She had 7 members in her family, so her one month’s sugar would be 3 and a half kg
and for 2 months, Sugar would be 7kg. Bu the dealer was giving her only 6 kg of 2
months. He would not give her receipt as well. When we looked in her ration card there no entry
of sugar in march and in February it was 6 kg. In April, there was a entry of 6kg in her card but
she was not given any.

10. Dealer name –Ishwar Lal

mobile no.9225466190

Village- Mahad

Panchayat- Mahad

Tehsil- Kotra

District- Udaipur

Date & time- 13/06/2017, 12:52

Observation: There was a proper board outside the shop, but the list of beneficiary was not there.
The helpline number was there on the shop. The dealer was not providing receipt to the people.
He would enter correct details in the cards. Everything was distributed properly except
sugar which was given once in two months. There was a problem of signal in the village.

Case study:

Lemba Ram: He was a farmer. According to him, the shop opens for only 3-4 days, the dealer
doesn’t give them proper sugar. And kerosene was also provided 2 kg. No receipt was given.
DAY 3:

DETAILS

11. Dealer name – Bhagaram

mobile no.- 9660970110

Village- kham

Panchayat- kham

Tehsil- Kotra

District- Udaipur

Date & time- 14/06/2017, 10:11

Observation: The shop was closed

Case study: Arjun Lal-He was running a tea stall. According to him he was not given
sugar
.Though He was BPL Rashan card holder he was not given neither kerosene nor sugar and no
receipt was given to him from the dealer.

12. Dealer name – Gajendra singh panwar

mobile no.- 9672314069/9414609243

Village- Merpur

Panchayat- Merpur

Tehsil- Kotra

District- Udaipur

Date & time- 14/06/2017, 10:39

Observation: There was a board outside the shop, but the list of beneficiary and rate of stock was
not there. The helpline number was there on the shop. There was no POS machine So, the dealer
was not providing receipt to the people. He would enter correct details in the cards. Dealer call
people for multiple times, Rashan were not given collectively once. And sometimes the sugar
was once in two months.

13. Dealer name – kyari lampas

Mobile no.- 9001342737

Village- Bakeriya

Panchayat- Bakeriya

Tehsil- Kotra

District- Udaipur

Date & time- 14/06/2017, 11:46

Observation:The shop was open when we reached there,and there were many customers.we
observe the Pos machine when the supplier took the fingerprint of the consumer the receipt did not
come out.So when we asked the supplier about the problem he said that there was the
problem in the machine thats why the receipt was not coming. The shopkeeper was giving
handmade receipts to the consumer,.

ANALYSIS
PROBLEMS IN THE FUCTIONING OF RATION SHOPS

1. Connectivity: the major problem we encountered during the survey was with the connection
as 1there was no proper connectivity due to which dealers as well as the consumers faced
problems. In some areas people were taken kilometres away to get the signal which of
inconvenient for both. All the villages were remote and the biometric system failed as a
concept for the people residing in these areas as they did not receive stock on time and the
problem was with the connection issues.
2. Receipt: another problem which the consumers told us during the survey was that the dealer
never provided them with the receipts of the articles they purchased. Inspite of number
of times asked by the consumers dealers refused stating that the machine isn’t working
and as many consumers are unaware about the importance of receipt they are fooled.

3. Low quality Machines: another very important issue came in our knowledge was that
the quality of machines provided to the dealers were of low quality as in some areas there
was electricity issues the batteries of the machines drained easily due to which they faced a lot
of trouble.

4. Boards: many ration shops in the areas was either having incomplete information or there were
no boards outside the shop. We also noticed that some boards were not placed properly and as
the dealers should be aware of the importance of these boards it was negligence on part of the
dealer (pictures of the shops are attached in the end)

5. Unawareness: the areas which we covered had people with lack of knowledge about
the functioning of the shops and the system. Due to which dealers take an advantage and a lot of
malpractices are done on part of the dealers. They divert the grains to the open market to get
better margin by taking advantage of such situation. Some dealers weigh less and cheat
the illiterate.

6. Irregular timings: the time till which the shops will be opened was mentioned on the board and
we witnessed that during that time as well the shops were closed. Also the days of
Pakhwara in Kotra are 10th till 23rd assigned by the authorities but maximum shops were closed
during the time as well the days.

7. Low Quality Rationed Articles: the quality of the rationed articles issued to the poor is much
less than required by them. As a result, the poor people in the area were suffering from health
issues.
SUGGESTIONS

1. Receipts: one of the major suggestions from our side is that there should be a proper check on
the receipts i.e. the consumers should receive receipt of the articles purchased. As it can
help the buyers to further keep a track on the ration and also the dealers will not be able to any
malpractice.

2. Machines: as suggested by the consumers as well as the dealers the machines should be in
proper conditions. The batteries provided by the government should be sufficient enough for the
rural areas like Kotra and adjoining areas. As suggested by the government the batteries should
be usable enough for the dealers so that they are able to distribute enough articles as suggested
by the government.

3. This system of adhar linkage with ration cards should be stopped by the government as soon
as possible because of this many people are not getting their rations which may lead to
starving. And everyone has a right to food. If a needy person could not enjoy his benefits then
such policies are waste.
 REFERENCES
Books with Two Authors:

Macroeconomics- theory and policy by D.N Diwedi

Website:

www.investopedia.com/terms/f/foreign-exchange.asp
www.indianetzone.com
www.forex-market-history.com/complete-overview-history-forex-market.html
http://finance.mapsofworld.com/foreign-exchange-market/india.html