Joe Hewitt (RAAF officer)

Air Vice-Marshal Joseph Eric Hewitt, CBE (13 April 1901 – 1 November 1985)
Joseph Eric (Joe) Hewitt
was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). A Royal
Australian Navy officer who transferred permanently to the Air Force in 1928, he
commanded No. 101 (Fleet Cooperation) Flight in the early 1930s, and No. 104
(Bomber) Squadron RAF on exchange in Britain shortly before World War II.
Hewitt was appointed the RAAF's Assistant Chief of the Air Staff in 1941. The
following year he was posted to Allied Air Forces Headquarters, South West Pacific
Area, as Director of Intelligence. In 1943, he took command of No. 9 Operational
Group, the RAAF's main mobile strike force, but was controversially sacked by the
Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal George Jones, less than a year later over
alleged morale and disciplinary issues.

Described as a "small, dapper man",[1] who was "outspoken, even 'cocky'",[2] Hewitt
overcame the setback to his career during the war and made his most significant
contributions afterwards, as Air Member for Personnel from 1945 to 1948. Directly
responsible for the demobilisation of thousands of wartime staff and the Air Commodore Joe Hewitt, 1942
consolidation of what was then the world's fourth largest air force into a much Born 13 April 1901
smaller peacetime service, he also helped modernise education and training within Tylden, Victoria
the RAAF. Hewitt was appointed aCommander of the Order of the British Empirein
Died 1 November 1985
1951, the same year he became Air Member for Supply and Equipment. Retiring
(aged 84)
from the military in 1956, he went into business and later managed his own
Melbourne
publishing house. He wrote two books including Adversity in Success, a first-hand
account of the South West Pacific air war, before his death in 1985 aged 84.
Allegiance Australia
Service/ Royal Australian
branch Navy
Royal Australian Air
Contents Force
Early career Years of 1915–1956
World War II service
Director of Personal Services to AOC No. 9 Operational Group
AOC No. 9 Operational Group to Air Member for Personnel
Rank Air Vice-Marshal

Post-war career Commands No. 101 Flight

Demobilisation and rationalisation held (1931–1933)
RAAF education and other work No. 104 Squadron
Later life and legacy RAF (1936–1938)
Notes No. 9 Operational
Group (1943)
References
Further reading Battles/wars World War II

South West
Pacific theatre
Early career Battle of the
Born on 13 April 1901 in Tylden, Victoria, Joseph Eric Hewitt was the son of Joseph Bismarck Sea
Henry Hewitt and his wife Rose Alice, née Harkness.[3][4] He attended Scotch
Awards Commander of the
College, Melbourne, before entering the Royal Australian Naval College at Jervis
Bay in 1915, aged 13.[1] After graduating in 1918, Hewitt was posted to Britain as a Order of the British
midshipmen to serve with the Royal Navy.[3] He rose to lieutenant in the RAN Empire
before volunteering for secondment to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as a Other work Businessman
flight lieutenant in January 1923.[1][5] Hewitt undertook the pilots' course at No. 1 Author
Flying Training School, Point Cook, and graduated at the end of the year.[6] He was
further seconded to the Royal Air Force in May 1925,[7] holding a temporary commission as a flying officer until September.[8] He
married Lorna Bishop inSydney on 10 November; they had three daughters.[3]

In August 1926, Hewitt joined the newly formed No. 101 (Fleet
Cooperation) Flight, operating Seagull III amphibians. Prior to the unit
deploying to Queensland to survey the Great Barrier Reef with HMAS
Moresby, he practiced manoeuvres around the centre of Melbourne, landing
in the Yarra River near Flinders Street station. Media criticism of the
escapade led to him being brought before the Chief of the Air Staff, Group
Captain Richard Williams, who rather than upbraiding Hewitt expressed
himself "reservedly pleased about the publicity". After completing its survey
work in November 1928, the unit served aboard the seaplane carrier HMAS
Albatross.[9]

Seagull III of No. 101 Flight being hoisted Hewitt's transfer to the Air Force was made permanent in April 1928.[3]
aboard the seaplane carrier HMAS Promoted to squadron leader, he became commanding officer of No. 101
Albatross
Flight in February 1931,[3][10] and supervised embarkation of the Seagull
aboard the cruiser HMAS Australia in September–October 1932.[11] Hewitt
finished his tour with No. 101 Flight the following year, and was posted to
Britain in 1934. He attended RAF Staff College, Andover, in his first year abroad, and served as Assistant Liaison Officer at
Australia House, London, in 1935.[4] Although a specialist seaplane pilot, he converted to bombers in England, flying Hawker Hinds
and Bristol Blenheims as commanding officer of No. 104 Squadron RAFfrom 1936.[1][12]

Hewitt was promoted wing commander in January 1938. Returning to Australia, he was appointed senior air staff officer (SASO) at
RAAF Station Richmond, New South Wales, in June.[3] In May 1939, Hewitt was chosen to lead No. 10 Squadron, due to be formed
on 1 July at the recently established RAAF Station Rathmines, near Lake Macquarie. He was preparing to depart for England to take
delivery of the unit's planned complement of Short Sunderland flying boats when he broke his neck riding his motor cycle near
Richmond, and had to forgo the assignment while he recovered. Fit for duty by August, he was given command of the Rathmines
base to manage the deployment of No. 10 Squadron and its aircraft, but this was suspended due to the outbreak of World War II in
September, and the Sunderlands and their RAAF crews remained in Britain for service alongside ethRAF.[13]

World War II

Director of Personal Services to AOC No. 9 Operational Group

[14] which evolved into Southern Area Commandearly in 1940
On 20 November 1939, the RAAF formed No. 1 Group in Melbourne,
with Hewitt as senior administration staff officer.[4][15] Having been promoted group captain in December 1939, Hewitt was made
Director of Personal Services (DPS) at RAAF Headquarters in July 1940.[3] He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British
Empire on 11 July for his performance as SASO at Richmond.[3][16] Described by author Joyce Thompson as having "a Calvinist
background and rigid ideas on women's place in society", as DPS Hewitt opposed the creation of the Women's Auxiliary Australian
Air Force (WAAAF) and later advocated that its members be enrolled on a contractual basis rather than enlisted or commissioned as
Permanent Air Force staff.[17] Promoted acting air commodore, he became Acting Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in October
1941.[3][18] In January 1942, he was posted to the staff of American-British-Dutch-Australian Commandin the Dutch East Indies.[3]
Hewitt served as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff in March and April before being assigned to the newly formed Allied Air Forces
Headquarters (AAF HQ), South West Pacific Area (SWPA), as Director of
Intelligence.[18][19] He established cordial working relations with his
American peers at AAF HQ, becoming a confidant of its commander, Major
General George Kenney.[2]

In February 1943, Hewitt was appointed Air Officer Commanding (AOC)

No. 9 Operational Group (No. 9 OG).[20] The RAAF's main mobile strike
force, No. 9 OG initially comprised seven Australian combat squadrons and
came under the control of the US Fifth Air Force.[20][21] The month he took
over, Hewitt's squadrons were reorganised into two wings based in New
Guinea: No. 71 Wing, comprising units at Milne Bay, New Guinea, and
Hewitt (second right) and Group Captains
No. 73 Wing, comprising those at Port Moresby.[22] In March, No. 9 OG led Allan Walters (second left) and Val Hancock
the RAAF's contribution to the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, "the decisive (centre) of Allied Air Forces HQ, with the
aerial engagement" in the SWPA according to General Douglas MacArthur, Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal
resulting in 12 Japanese ships being sunk.[23] Hewitt occasionally flew with George Jones (right), 1942
his crews on operations, contrary to General Kenney's policy against
commanders taking such risks.[24]

By April 1943, Hewitt had been dragged into the divisive personal conflict between the Chief
of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal George Jones, and the AOC of RAAF Command, Air Vice
Marshal Bill Bostock. RAAF Command was the Air Force's main operational formation in the
Pacific, controlling 24 Australian squadrons. Jones, administrative and de jure head of the
RAAF, sought to extend his authority into the sphere of operations by posting a "more
accountable" officer into Bostock's position, namely Hewitt.[20][25] The Minister for Air,
Arthur Drakeford, backed Jones' manoeuvre but was informed by Prime Minister John Curtin
that MacArthur, as Supreme Commander SWPA, "would insist on the replacement of AVM
Bostock by an equally able officer", and that "Air Commodore Hewitt ... was not considered
an adequate replacement."[26] Hewitt recognised qualities in both Jones and Bostock, and
tried not to take sides in their feud.[27]
Hewitt (right) with the
No changes were made to command arrangements in the South West Pacific following this
USAAF's Major General
Ennis Whitehead, New episode, and Hewitt continued to lead No. 9 OG in its bombing and strafing campaign against
Guinea, 1943 Japanese airfields and lines of communication in New Britain, north-east of New Guinea. By
mid-June 1943, he had set up Group Headquarters at Milne Bay, and No. 73 Wing HQ at
Goodenough Island. On 22 July, he mounted an operation against Gasmata airfield using
62 aircraft from five of his squadrons, the largest strike undertaken by the Australians to that date.[28] No. 9 OG would take most of
the credit for the RAAF reaching a peak of 254 tons of bombs dropped in October, as against 137 tons delivered the previous
month.[29] On 8 November, Hewitt sent out a formation of three Bristol Beauforts in a severe electrical storm to attack the heavily
defended harbour at Rabaul. This was conceived as a "make or break" effort to prove the worth or otherwise of the Beaufort as a
torpedo bomber, in which role it had so far been a disappointment; in what theofficial history of the RAAF in World War II described
as "an heroic attack", at least one enemy tanker was struck, for the loss of one Beaufort.[30] The planning and execution of the raid
led to conflict between Hewitt and the commanding officer of the Beaufort squadron, Wing Commander G. D. Nicoll, and Hewitt
V Marshal Jones.[3]
dismissed Nicoll shortly afterwards; the decision was swiftly reversed by Air ice

AOC No. 9 Operational Group to Air Member for Personnel

Although Hewitt was performing an "excellent job" according to Fifth Air Force commander Major General Ennis Whitehead, he
was controversially removed from his post in mid-November 1943 by Jones, over accusations of poor discipline and morale within
No. 9 OG.[20][31] RAAF historian Alan Stephens later described the circumstances of Hewitt's dismissal as "murky", and the
allegations leading to it as unofficial.[20] Drakeford defended Hewitt's service record, informing the Prime Minister that "the present
position may be largely, if not entirely, due to some temporary physical stress brought about by the strain of his important duties as
A.O.C. of No. 9 Group."[31] Hewitt himself believed that he had been smeared by a
disgruntled former staff officer;[2] historian Kristen Alexander identified Wing Commander
Kenneth Ranger, who would play a leading part in the "Morotai Mutiny" of 1945, as having
made allegations regarding Hewitt's supposed "lack of balance, vanity and lack of purpose in
the prosecution of the war".[32] Hewitt returned to his previous position as Director of
Intelligence at Allied Air Headquarters, and the Air Member of Personnel, Air Commodore
Frank Lukis, took over as AOC No. 9 OG in December.[33] General Kenney considered
Hewitt's removal "bad news".[20]

After completing his tour as Director of Intelligence at AAF HQ at the end of 1944, Hewitt
became acting Air Member for Personnel (AMP) in 1945.[34] As AMP, Hewitt sat on the Air
Board, the RAAF's controlling body that consisted of its most senior officers and was chaired
by the Chief of the Air Staff.[35] Along with the other members of the board, he reviewed the Hewitt as AOC No. 9
findings of the inquiry by Justice John Vincent Barry into the "Morotai Mutiny", which had Operational Group in New
involved senior pilots of the Australian First Tactical Air Force (No. 1 TAF) attempting to Guinea, casting his vote in
resign their commissions to protest the relegation of RAAF fighter squadrons to strategically the 1943 Federal election

unimportant ground attack missions. Hewitt recommended that the AOC No. 1 TAF, Air
Commodore Harry Cobby, be removed from command, along with his two senior staff
officers. The majority of the Air Board saw no reason to take such action, leaving Hewitt to append a dissenting note to its decision.
Drakeford supported Hewitt's position, and the three senior No. 1 TAF officers were later dismissed from their posts by Air Vice
Marshal Jones.[32]

Post-war career

Demobilisation and rationalisation

Hewitt's appointment as Air Member for Personnel was made permanent following the end of World War II in August 1945.[34] In
this role he was directly responsible for the demobilisation of what had become the world's fourth largest air force, and its transition
to a much smaller peacetime service.[34][36] Hewitt considered that the RAAF was in danger of losing some of its best staff through
rapid, unplanned demobilisation, and recommended that its workforce be stabilised for two years at a strength of 20,000 while it
reviewed its post-war requirements. Although the Air Board supported Hewitt's proposal, government cost-cutting resulted in the
strength of the so-called Interim Air Force remaining lower than planned, being reduced to some 13,000 by October 1946 and under
8,000 by the end of 1948.[37] Despite claiming that employing women in the Air Force was an important factor in reducing
"antagonism and prejudice" against them in the work force in general, Hewitt also recommended that the WAAAF be disbanded after
the war.[38]

As AMP, Hewitt was responsible for reviewing the potential employment of senior officers in the post-war Air Force. This review led
to the early retirement of such figures as Air Marshal Richard Williams and Air Vice Marshals Stanley Goble, Bill Bostock, Frank
McNamara, Bill Anderson, Henry Wrigley and Adrian Cole, ostensibly to make way for the advancement of younger and equally
capable officers.[39][40] Hewitt helped draft the letters to each of the retirees, explaining the reasons for the decision and redundancy
payments involved.[40] He was also responsible for rationalising the Air Force List of officers and their seniority that had become a
source of numerous irregularities due to the temporary and acting promotions granted during wartime. This resulted in many officers
of senior rank being demoted as many as three levels, such as group captain to flight lieutenant, in the first post-war List released in
June 1947.[41]

RAAF education and other work

Hewitt was responsible for initiating major improvements in Air Force education that took place between 1945 and 1953, playing a
key role in the establishment of RAAF College and the introduction of an apprenticeship training programme. The purpose of the
College was, in Hewitt's words, to "sow the seeds of service" for future leaders, helping create a special RAAF esprit de corps. He
 added that it was "almost a truism that the future RAAF can be no better than
the Air Force College".[42] Founded at Point Cook in January 1948, RAAF
College's inaugural commandant was Air Commodore Val Hancock, who
also drafted its first charter.[43] With the support of the Air Member for
Engineering and Maintenance, Air Vice Marshal Ellis Wackett, Hewitt
developed the Apprenticeship Training Scheme to raise the standard of
technical roles in the Air Force, introducing it with a nationwide publicity
campaign to attract recruits. Its base was the Ground Training School, which
opened at Wagga, New South Wales, in early 1948 to provide education and
technical training for youths aged 15 to 17. It was renamed RAAF Technical
Hewitt (centre) inspecting a USAFF-86 echnical Training in 1952.[44]
College in 1950 and the RAAF School of T
Sabre in Korea during a visit toNo. 77
Squadron, 1952 Parallel to his initiatives in Air Force education and training, Hewitt
introduced a revised aircrew ranking scheme that consisted of skill
categories with various levels, such as navigator level 4 or pilot level 1,
rather than the regular military ranks such as sergeant or flight lieutenant. This was abandoned in 1950 due to dissatisfaction caused
by the lack of obvious equivalence between these specialist "ranks" and the traditional ranking system common to the rest of the
RAAF and other defence forces.[45] After completing his term as Air Member for Personnel in 1948, he was posted to London as the
Australian Defence Representative.[4] By now promoted air vice marshal, Hewitt was appointed a Commander of the Order of the
British Empire in the 1951 New Year Honours, in part for his leadership of No. 9 OG during the war.[3][46] Returning from Britain
the same year, he took over as Air Member for Supply and Equipment (AMSE) from Air Vice Marshal George Mackinolty, who had
died suddenly of cancer.[47][48] Hewitt served as AMSE until his retirement from the RAAF in April 1956.[1][48] In this role, he
again cooperated with Air Vice Marshal Wackett—now the Air Member for Technical Services—to introduce the concept of
acquiring spare parts based on "life-of-type", whereby the forecast number and type of spares necessary for an aircraft's projected
, to reduce support costs and delivery times.[49]
service life would be ordered when it was first deployed operationally

Later life and legacy

Following his retirement from the Air Force in 1956, Hewitt joined International Harvester Co. Australia as Manager of Education
and Training. He became a trustee of the Services Canteen Trust the same year, serving in this position until 1977. Having retired
from International Harvester in 1966, Hewitt became an author in later life and wrote two books on his experiences in the military.[4]
The first, Adversity in Success, was published in 1980 and gave his account of the air war in the South West Pacific. He followed it in
1984 with The Black One. Hewitt also acted as chairman and managing director of his own publishing house, Langate
Publishing.[1][4] Predeceased by his wife Lorna, he died in Melbourne on 1 November 1985, and was survived by his daughters.
[3]

Historian Alan Stephens credits Hewitt with being primarily responsible for the "education revolution" that took place in the RAAF
between 1945 and 1953, noting that Hewitt's initiatives while Air Member for Personnel were carried on by his successor in the
position, Air Vice Marshal Frank Bladin.[50] According to Stephens and Jeff Isaacs, the importance of RAAF College and the
Apprenticeship Training Scheme in contributing to the professionalism of the post-war service "cannot be over-stated".[1] Air Vice
Marshal Ernie Hey, the Air Member for Technical Services from 1960 through 1972, declared that the apprenticeship programme
was "one of the best things" the RAAF ever established and that its graduates—numbering some 5,500 from 1952 to 1993—were
"absolutely outstanding".[51] Joe Hewitt is commemorated by Hewitt Reef in Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, named in his honour
by the survey team on HMAS Moresby, with whom he worked as a member of No. 101 Flight in 1926–1928.[9] Hewitt also founded
an eponymous trophy forsmall arms proficiency in the Air Force.[52][53]

Notes
1. Stephens & Isaacs, High Fliers, pp. 97–99
2. Dennis et al., Oxford Military History of Australia, p. 259
 3. Funnell, Ray. "Hewitt, Joseph Eric (1901–1985)"(http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hewitt-joseph-eric-12628/text2275
1). Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 8 April
2019.
4. Draper, Who's Who in Australia 1985, p. 409
5. Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 23–24
6. Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 34
7. "No. 33048" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33048/page/3382). The London Gazette. 19 May 1925.
p. 3382.
8. "No. 33087" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33087/page/6206). The London Gazette. 25 September
1925. p. 6206.
9. Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 408–411
10. Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 218
11. Wilson, The Eagle and the Albatross, p. 27
12. Wilson, The Eagle and the Albatross, p. 51
13. Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 150
14. Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 67
15. Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 92
16. "No. 34893" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34893/supplement/4254). The London Gazette
(Supplement). 9 July 1940. p. 4254.
17. Thomson, The WAAAF in Wartime Australia, pp. 58–59
18. Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, p. 295
19. Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 473
20. Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 122–123
21. Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 6
22. Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 23–24
23. Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 160–165
24. Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, p. 211
25. Helson, Ten Years at the Top, pp. 122–126
26. Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 16–18
27. Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, pp. 210–211
28. Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 33–35
29. Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 93–95
30. Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 100–102
31. Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 102–103
32. Alexander, "Cleaning the Augean stables"
33. Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, pp. 210–211
34. Helson, Ten Years at the Top, p. 224
35. Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 112
36. Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 170–171
37. Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 176–179
38. Stephens, Going Solo, p. 335
39. Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 22–24
40. Helson, Ten Years at the Top, pp. 234–239
41. Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 24–25
42. Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 186
43. Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 120–123
44. Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 129–131
45. Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 92–95
46. "No. 39105" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39105/supplement/36). The London Gazette (Supplement).
29 December 1950. p. 36.
47. Stephens & Isaacs, High Fliers, pp. 104–107
48. Stephens, Going Solo, p. 500
49. Stephens, Going Solo, p. 182
50. Stephens, Going Solo, p. 118
51. Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 191–192
52. "Air weapons contest at Canberra"(http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2902051). The Canberra Times. Canberra. 4
December 1953. p. 2. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
53. "RAAF holds trophy shoot"(https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bp5V
AAAAIBAJ&sjid=s60DAAAAIBAJ&pg=53
72%2C5147815). The Age. Melbourne. 28 November 1960. p. 5. Retrieved 7 January 2016.

References
Alexander, Kristen (2004). " 'Cleaning the augean stables'. The Morotai Mutiny?". Sabretache. Military Historical
Society of Australia.
Ashworth, Norman (2000).How Not to Run an Air Force! Volume 1 – Narrative (PDF). Canberra: RAAF Air Power
Studies Centre. ISBN 978-0-642-26550-0.
Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1991).The Third Brother (PDF). North Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0-04-442307-2.
Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (2008) [1995]. The Oxford Companion to Australian Military
History. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-551784-2.
Draper, W. J. (ed.) (1985). Who's Who in Australia 1985. Melbourne: The Herald and Weekly Times. ISSN 0810-
8226.
Gillison, Douglas (1962).Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume I – Royal Australian Air
Force 1939–1942. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 2000369.
Helson, Peter (2006). Ten Years at the Top (Ph.D. thesis). Sydney: University of New South W ales.
OCLC 225531223.
Odgers, George (1968) [1957].Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume II – Air War Against
Japan 1943–45. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 1990609.
Stephens, Alan (1995).Going Solo: The Royal Australian Air Force 1946–1971(PDF). Canberra: Australian
Government Publishing Service. ISBN 978-0-644-42803-3.
Stephens, Alan (2006) [2001].The Royal Australian Air Force: A History. London: Oxford University Press.
ISBN 978-0-19-555541-7.
Stephens, Alan; Isaacs, Jeff (1996). High Fliers: Leaders of the Royal Australian Air Force
. Canberra: Australian
Government Publishing Service.ISBN 978-0-644-45682-1.
Thomson, Joyce (1991).The WAAAF in Wartime Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-
522-84525-9.
Wilson, David (2003). The Eagle and the Albatross: Australian Aerial Maritime Operations 1921–1971 (Ph.D. thesis).
Sydney: University of New South Wales.

Further reading
Hewitt, J. E. (1980). Adversity in Success. South Yarra, Victoria: Langate Publishing.ISBN 978-0-9594622-0-3.
Hewitt, J. E. (1984). The Black One. South Yarra, Victoria: Langate Publishing.ISBN 978-0-9594622-1-0.

Military offices
Preceded by Air Member for Personnel Succeeded by
Frederick Scherger 1945–1948 Frank Bladin

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