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© Typotex Kiadó

Contents

1 Preliminaries 1
1.1 Categories and Functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Linear Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Linear Spaces and Linear Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Determinant of Matrices and Linear Endomorphisms . 7
1.2.3 Orientation of a Linear Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.4 Tensor Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.5 Exterior Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.6 Euclidean Linear Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2.7 Hodge Star Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.3 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.3.1 Affine Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.3.2 Euclidean Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.4 Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.4.1 Separation and Countability Axioms . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.4.2 Compactness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.4.3 Fundamental Group and Covering Spaces . . . . . . . 60
1.5 Multivariable Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
1.6 Measure and Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.7 Ordinary Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

2 Curves in En 81
2.1 The Notion of a Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.2 The Length of a Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.3 Crofton’s Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.4 The Osculating k-planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.5 Frenet Frames and Curvatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.6 Limits of Some Geometrical Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
2.7 Osculating Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.8 Plane Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

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2.8.1 Evolute, Involute, Parallel Curves . . . . . . . . . . . 118


2.8.2 The Rotation Number Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.8.3 Convex Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
2.8.4 The Four Vertex Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
2.9 Curves in R3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
2.9.1 Orthogonal Projections onto Planes Spanned by Frenet
Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
2.9.2 Fenchel’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2.9.3 The Fáry-Milnor Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

3 Hypersurfaces in Rn 141
3.1 General Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.1.1 Definition of a Parameterized Hypersurface . . . . . . 141
3.1.2 Curvature of Curves on a Hypersurface . . . . . . . . 143
3.1.3 The Weingarten Map and the Fundamental Forms . . 145
3.1.4 Umbilical Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.1.5 The Fundamental Equations of Hypersurface Theory 152
3.1.6 Surface Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
3.2 Surfaces in R3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.2.1 Surfaces of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.2.2 Lines of Curvature, Triply Orthogonal Systems . . . . 166
3.2.3 Ruled and Developable Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.2.4 Asymptotic Curves on Negatively Curved Surfaces . . 179
3.2.5 Surfaces of Constant Negative Curvature . . . . . . . 183
3.2.6 Minimal Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

4 Manifolds 201
4.1 Topological and Differentiable Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
4.1.1 Basic Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
4.1.2 Configuration Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
4.1.3 Submanifolds of Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
4.1.4 Remarks on the Classification of Manifolds . . . . . . 209
4.2 The Tangent Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
4.2.1 The Tangent Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
4.2.2 The Derivative of a Smooth Map . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
4.3 The Lie Algebra of Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.3.1 The Lie Algebra of Lie Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
4.3.2 Subspace Distributions and the Frobenius Theorem . 229
4.4 Tensor Bundles and Tensor Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
4.5 The Lie Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.6 Differential Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
4.6.1 Interior Product by a Vector Field . . . . . . . . . . . 243

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4.6.2 Exterior Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245


4.6.3 De Rham Cohomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
4.7 Integration of Differential Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
4.7.1 Integration on Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
4.7.2 Integration on Regular Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
4.7.3 Integration on Riemannian Manifolds . . . . . . . . . 265
4.8 Differentiation of Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
4.9 Curvature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
4.10 Decomposition of Algebraic Curvature Tensors . . . . . . . . 290
4.11 Conformal Invariance of the Weyl Tensor . . . . . . . . . . . 298
4.12 Geodesics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
4.13 Applications to Hypersurface Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
4.13.1 Geodesic Curves on Hypersurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . 311
4.13.2 Clairaut’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
4.13.3 Moving Orthonormal Frames Along a Hypersurface . . 317
4.13.4 Relation to Earlier Formulae for Parameterized Hyper-
surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
4.13.5 The Gauss–Bonnet Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
4.13.6 Steiner’s Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
4.13.7 Minkowski’s Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
4.13.8 Rigidity of Convex Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Bibliography 336

Index 338

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