Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Earthquake Engineering
Lecture 6
Suzhen Li (lszh@tongji.edu.cn)
1
2019-04-01
Acceleration (g)
0.1
1 Td
ò
2 2 2
=s =
0.0
a rms a
a (t )dt -0.1
Td 0 -0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5 Initial stage Strong stage Attenuating stage
-0.6
0 10 20 30
Time (s)
2
2019-04-01
• Fourier spectrum
• Power spectrum
• Response spectrum
3
2019-04-01
4
2019-04-01
Time duration
Park-Ang criterion
5
2019-04-01
Time duration
0.2
Acceleration (g)
ò
d
Td = 2
a 2 (t )dt Time (s)
a rms
0
6
2019-04-01
• Physical expression Y = f (M , R, S )
b b2M +b4Ts
• Equivalent expression: Y = b1(R + R0 ) 3 ⋅ e
¥ 1 ¥
x (t ) = ò F ( f )e i 2 p ftdf = ò F (w )e i wtdw Inverse
-¥ 2p -¥
¥ ¥
F (f ) = ò x (t )e -i (2 p ft )dt = ò x (t )e -i wtdt Forward
-¥ -¥
7
2019-04-01
2 N -1
2pkm N N
Ak =
N
åx m
N
cos k = 0,1, ,
2
- 1,
2
m =0 Discrete
2 N -1
2pkm N
Bk =
N
å xm sin N
m =0
k = 1, 2, , - 1
2
Fourier
transform
pair
A0 N /2-1 é 2pkm 2pkm ùú AN /2 2p(N / 2)m
xm = + å êAk cos + Bk sin + cos
2 k =1 ë
ê N N ú 2 N
û
m = 0,1, , N - 1
k t
fk = ,m =
N Dt Dt
A N /2-1 A
x (t ) = 0 + å éêëAk cos 2p fkt + Bk sin 2p fkt ùúû + N /2 cos 2p fN /2t
2 k =1 2
X k = Ak2 + Bk2
æ B ö Ak cos 2p fkt + Bk sin 2p fkt = X k cos(2p fkt + fk )
fk = arc tan ççç- k ÷÷÷
èç Ak ÷ø
Fourier x m = å C ke i (2 pkm /N ) ìï
ïï cos q = 1 eiq + e-iq
transform k =0
m = 0,1, , N - 1 ï 2
( )
í
ïï 1 iq
pair:
1 N -1 ïïsin q = - (
i e - e-iq )
Complex
expression
Ck =
N
åx
m =0
m
e -i (2 pkm /N )
k = 0,1, , N - 1
î 2
t T
T = N Dt, m = F ( fk ) º TC k = (A - iBk )
Dt 2 k
Fourier ¥ ¥
1
Spectrum x (t ) = å C kei(2pkt /T ) = å (TC )e k
i 2 p (k /T )t
⋅
T
k =-¥ k =-¥
1 k
df , f ¥ 1 ¥
T T
ò F ( f )e i 2 p ftdf = F (w )e iwtdw
2p ò-¥
x (t ) =
-¥
Continuous
Fourier ¥ ¥
transform F (f ) = ò x (t )e -i (2 pft )dt = ò x (t )e -iwtdt
pair -¥ -¥
8
2019-04-01
N -1 N -1 N -1
1 2
x m = å C ke i (2 pkm /N ) å xm2 = å C k
k =0 N m =0 k =0
S ( fk ) º T C k
Power Spectrum 2
N -1 N -1
t 1 æ 2 ö÷ 1
T = N Dt, m =
Dt N
å m å ççèT C k
x 2
= ÷ø T
m =0 k =0
1 N -1
æ ö÷ 1 ¥ 1 ¥
S ( f )df = S (w )d w
2
T
df å ççèT C k ÷ø T ò
-¥ 2p ò-¥
k =0
1 2
S (f ) = F (f )
Fourier F ( fk ) º TC k T
Spectrum 1 2
S (w ) = F (w )
T
• Standardized equation:
• Duhamel integral
t
u(t ) = -ò h(t - t )xg (t )d t
0
-zwt
The unit impulsive response h(t ) = e sin wdt wd = w0 1 - z 2
function: wd
9
2019-04-01
1 t
• Relative u(t ) = -
wd ò 0
xg (t )e -zw(t -t ) sin[wd (t - t )]d t
displacement
w t
• Relative
velocity
u(t ) = -
wd ò 0
xg (t )e -zw(t -t ) cos[wd (t - t ) + a]d t
w2 t
• Absolute
ò xg (t )e -zw(t -t ) sin[wd (t - t ) + 2a]d t
(t)
u (t ) =
acceleration wd 0
1 t
Sd (w, z ) = u(t )
max
=
w ò 0
xg (t )e -zw(t -t ) sin[w(t - t )]d t
max
10
2019-04-01
11
2019-04-01
1976年11月15日宁河地震时天津医院记录的反应谱
• Resonance-like phenomena
12
2019-04-01
relative velocity
S v (w, z ) = ò 0
xg (t )e -zw(t -t ) cos[w(t - t )]d t
max
• Response Spectrum t
ò
-zw (t - t )
S v (w, z ) = xg (t )e sin[ w(t - t )]d t
of pseudo velocity 0
max
13
2019-04-01
• The relationship
log w
14
2019-04-01
velocity for : v ò 0
xg ( t ) cos[ w(t - t )]d t
max
2 2
é t ù é t ù
= ê ò xg (t ) cos wtd t ú + ê ò xg (t ) sin wtd t ú cos (wt + j )
êë 0 úû êë 0 úû
max
therefore:
Sv (w) ³ F (w)
Sv (w) ³ F (w)
15
2019-04-01
1 2
S (f ) = F (f )
T
1 2
S (w ) = F (w )
T
Characteristics of RS
• Resonance-like phenomena
16
2019-04-01
Characteristics of RS
Characteristics of RS
不同场地条件的地震反应谱
17
2019-04-01
18
2019-04-01
2S (wi )Dw
Xi =
p
Improvement: randomization of frequencies.
N
2S (wi )Dw
where: X (wi ) =
p
Problems in Chapter 3
1. What is the principle of the seismograph and accelerograph?
2. How to characterize the probability information of a stochastic process?
3. What is the auto‐correlation function of a stochastic process?
4. What is the power spectral density function of a stochastic process?
5. How to characterize the frequency domain feature of a ground motion
acceleration process?
6. What are the 3 characteristics of ground motion acceleration?
7. What is the basic feature of peak value of earthquake ground motion?
8. What is the property of frequency domain characteristics of ground motion?
9. Why the time duration of a ground motion is important?
10. What are the major factors that affect the decaying of earthquake ground motion?
11. What is Penzien’s hypothesis?
12. What is earthquake response spectrum?
13. What is tripartite response spectrum?
14. What are the features of response spectrum of earthquake?
15. What is design spectrum? What is the difference between design spectrum and
response spectrum?
16. What is the relationship between the response spectrum, the power spectral
density and the Fourier spectrum?
17. How to generate a sample of time history of earthquake ground motion?
19
2019-04-01
Project 1: Computation of Earthquake Response Spectrum
1. Compute the displacement, velocity and acceleration response spectra of 4
different accelerograms (including the El Centro wave N‐S component). According
to Chinese code for site classifications, for each class of site at least two
accelerograms are adopted.
2. For each accelerogram five damping ratios, i.e. 0, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10% should be
considered. The abscissa adopts the fundamental period T (s) over the interval 0‐
10s.
3. In the report the time history and Fourier amplitudes of the 4 accelerograms
should be given.
4. In the report your name, number of academic management, your advisor’s name
and corresponding information should be indicated.
5. The report should be sent to chenjb@tongji.edu.cn by 24:00, May 1, 2019.
Project 1: Computation of Earthquake Response Spectrum
20