2019

STUDY THE EFFECT OF ACIDS AND

BASES ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH
OF A FIBRE.

ABHISHEK.M
A Project Report Submitted by
In partial fulfillment of the
CBSE GRADE XI – D IN Chemistry.
DPS BN

1/12/2019
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that M.Abhsihek of Grade XI-D, with roll no.

09 has compiled this Chemistry project in partial fulfillment of

the requirements as prescribed by CBSE in the year 2018-19.

Signature of the

Teacher in-charge

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement
and timely suggestions offered by our dear Principal
____________________. I extend my hearty thanks for
giving me the opportunity to make use of the facilities
available in the campus to carry out the project
successfully.
I am highly indebted to _______________& my lab
teacher_________________________ for the constant
supervision, providing necessary information and
supporting in completing the project. I would like to
express my gratitude towards them for their kind co-
operation and encouragement.
Finally I extend my gratefulness to one and all who are
directly or indirectly involved in the successful
completion of this project work.

Signature of the
Candidate

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INDEX

S.NO NAME REMARK Pg No.

1. BONAFIDECARTIFICATE. 2

2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 3

3. INTRODUCTION. 5-6

4. THEORY 7-8

5. AIM 9

6. APPARATUS REQUIRED 10

7. PROCEDURE. 11

8. OBSERVATIONS 12

9. RESULT. 13

10. PRECAUTIONS 14

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 15

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INTRODUCTION

Fibre is a class of materials that are continuous filaments

or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of
thread. A fiber is an elongated tapering thick-walled
plant cell that imparts elasticity, flexibility, and tensile
strength. Tensile strength of fibres can be determined by
hanging weights tied to it and comparing the weight a
string can hold. Traditionally, natural fibers have been
used in all cultures for making utilitarian products.
Different parts of the plant are used. Fibers can be
extracted from the bark (banana, jute, hemp, and ramie),
stem (banana, palm, and bamboo), leaf (palm, screw
pine, sisal, agave), husk (coir), seeds (cotton), and grass
(sikki, madhurkati, benakati, munj). Animal fibers are
obtained from a variety of animal coats, and insect fibers
from cocoons.
Even before the arrival of man-made fibers,
manufacturers could create hundreds of different kinds
of fabrics, differing mainly by fiber content, weight, style
of weave, or sheen. Here are just a few of these historic
fabrics, along with the natural fiber from which they were
originally made (nearly all can be made now with other
fibers, either natural or synthetic).They

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are very important in the biology of both plants and
animals, for holding tissues together.
Human uses for fibers are diverse. They can be spun into
filaments, string, or rope, used as a component of
composite

materials, or matted into sheets to make products such as

paper or felt. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of
other materials. The strongest engineering materials are
generally made as fibers, for example carbon fiber and
Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. The history of
man-made fibers is less than a century old; until 1910,
there were no synthetic or chemical fibers. Today, by
mixing different components, manufacturers can take the
basic fibers listed below and make them more waterproof
or more absorbent, warmer or cooler, thicker or thinner,
stiffer or more supple. Some, like polyester and spandex,
combine well with natural fibers, making fabrics that
wrinkle less or are more form-fitting.
Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and
in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for
clothing natural fibres can give some benefits ,such as
comfort ,over their synthetic counterparts.

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THEORY
Depending upon the source, various fibres can be categorized
as:
1. Animal fibre(e.g., silk and wool)
2. Vegetable fibre(e.g., cotton and linen)
3. Synthetic fibre(e.g., nylon and rayon)

Natural fibres can be classified according to their origin. The

vegetable, or cellulose-base, class includes such important
fibres as cotton, flax, and jute; the animal, or protein-base,
fibres include wool,mohair, and silk; an important fibre in the
mineral class is asbestos.

The vegetable fibres can be divided into smaller groups, based

on their origin within the plant. Cotton, kapok, and coir are
examples of fibres originating as hairs borne on the seeds or
inner walls of the fruit, where each fibre consists of a single,
long, narrow cell. Flax, hemp, jute, and ramie are
bastfibres, occurring in the inner bast tissue of certain plant
stems and made up of overlapping cells. Abaca, henequen,
and sisal are fibres occurring as part of the fibro vascular
system of the leaves. Chemically, all vegetable fibres consist
mainly of cellulose, although they also contain varying
amounts of such substances as hemicellulose, lignin, pectins,
and waxes that must be removed or reduced by processing.
The animal fibres consist exclusively of proteins and, with the
exception of silk, constitute the furor hair that serves as the
protective epidermal covering of animals. Silk filaments are

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extruded by the larvae of moths and are used to spin their
cocoons.

With the exception of mineral fibres, all natural fibres have an

affinity for water in both liquid and vapour form. This strong
affinity produces swelling of the fibres connected with the
uptake of water, which facilitates dyeing in watery solutions.

Unlike most synthetic fibres, all natural fibres are

nonthermoplastic—that is, they do not soften when heat is
applied. At temperatures below the point at which they will
decompose, they show little sensitivity to dry heat, and there
is no shrinkage or high extensibility upon heating, nor do they
[15
become brittle if cooled to below freezing. Natural fibres tend
to yellow upon exposure to sunlight and moisture, and
extended exposure results in loss of strength.

All natural fibres are particularly susceptible to microbial

decomposition, including mildew and rot. Cellulosic fibres
are decomposed by aerobic bacteria (those that live only in
oxygen) and fungi. Cellulose mildews and decomposes
rapidly at high humidity and high temperatures, especially in
the absence of light. Wool and silk are also subject to
microbial decomposition by bacteria and molds. Animal fibres
are also subject to damage by moths and carpet beetles;
termites and silverfish attack cellulose fibres. Protection
against both microbial damage and insect attacks can be
obtained by chemical modification of the fibre substrate;
modern developments allow treatment of natural fibres to
make them essentially immune to such damage.

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AIM

To find the effect of acids and alkalies on tensile strength

of cotton, silk and wool fibres.

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Apparatus Requirements:-
Cotton, wool, silk, polyester, hook, weight hanger, weights.

Chemical Requirement:-
Hydrochloric acid( M/10) and sodium hydroxide(M/10 ).

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Procedure:-

1. Cut out equal length of cotton, wool and silk threads from
given samples. The threads should be nearly the same
thickness.
2. Determine the tensile strength of each fibre as explained
in experiment 1.
3. Soak a given thread into a dilute solution of sodium
hydroxide for about 5 minutes.
4. Take it out of NaOH solution and wash it thoroughly with
water and dry it in sun or oven at 40°C.
5. Determine again the tensile strength of woolen thread as
explained in experiment 1
6. Now take another piece of wool thread and soak it in
hydrochloric acid for about 5 minutes. Take it out and wash
thoroughly with water. Dry it and again determine its tensile
strength.
7. Repeat the above procedure for the sample of cotton and
nylon fibres.

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Observations:-

SI.NO Type of Tensile strength of fibre(N)

fibre. Before after soaking after soaking
Soaking. in NaOH. HCL.
1. cotton
2. wool
3. silk
4. polyester

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RESULT:-

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PRECAUTIONS: -

1. Thread must be of identical diameters.

2. Always take the same length of threads.
3. Add the weights in small amount very slowly.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Wikipedia
 Encyclopedia - Britannica Online
Encyclopedia
 www.textileschool.com
 www.meritnation.com.
 http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/

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