Siemens Digital Diff Protection G Ziegler PDF

Digital Differential Protection
G. Ziegler
Differential Protection Symposium Belo Horizonte, 7 to 9 Nov. 2005

No.: 1
Differential Protection: Discussion Subjects
Ø Mode of operation
Ø Measuring technique
Ø Current transformers
Ø Communications
Ø Generator and motor differential protection
Ø Transformer differential protection
Ø Line differential protection
Ø Busbar differential protection
Differential Protection Symposium Belo Horizonte, 7 to 9 Nov. 2005

No.: 2
Digital Differential
Protection
Principles and Application
Gerhard Ziegler
Differential Protection Symposium Belo Horizonte November 2005 G. Ziegler, 10/2005 page 1
Contents
Pages
Mode of operation 3 - 27
Measuring technique 28 - 45
Current transformers 46 - 86
Communications 87 - 115
Generator and motor differential protection 116 - 122
Transformer differential protection 123 - 178
Line differential protection 179 - 216
Busbar differential protection 217 - 247
7UT6 product features 248 - 264
Mode of operation
Gerhard Ziegler
Comparison protection - Principles
Absolute selectivity by using communications
IA IB
A B •Directional comparison
Exchange of YES / NO signals

protection range (fault forward / reverse)
reverse forward forward reverse
• Current comparison
Relay communication Relay | ∆I |
Sampled values
t Phasors IA
Binary decisions IB
•comparison of
momentary values or phasors
B • | ∆I | = | IA - IB | > limiting value
A
Protection Criterion “current difference“
(differential protection)
n Kirchhoff‘s law: II1 + I2 + I3 + ... InI= Idiff = 0;

Current difference indicates fault
n Security by through-current dependent restraint
|I1|+|I2|+ ... |In| = IRes
protection
n Characteristic: object
Idiff
Trip
Ires
n Absolute zone selectivity (limits: CT locations)
No “back-up“ for external faults
n Differential protection: for generators, motors, transformers, lines and busbars
Current differential protection: Basic principle
I1 I2 I1 I2
Protection Protection
object object
i1 i1
i2 i2
i1
∆I> ∆I=I1 + I2 ∆I> ∆I=I1 + I2
=0 i2
external fault or load internal fault
Differential protection: Connection circuit
Traditional technique Digital technique

L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 L3
∆I
∆I ∆I ∆I
Galvanically connected circuits must only be CT circuits of digital relays are

earthed once! segregated and must each be earthed !
Different CT ratios need to be adapted by auxiliary Digital relays have integrated

CTs! numerical ratio adaptation !
Generator and transformer differential protection
Yd5
L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 L3
∆I ∆I ∆I Matching
∆I ∆I ∆I
transformer
Transformer differential protection
Yd5
L1
L2
L3
Matching
∆I ∆I ∆I
transformer
Current transformer:
Principle, transformation ratio, polarity
i1 i2
i1
u1 w1 1 i1 ⋅ w1 = i2 ⋅ w2
u1 u2
i2
Φ u1 u 2
2 =
u2 w2 w1 w2
Polarity marks
Function principle
P1 P2
i1 i2
i1
u1 i2
u2
S1 S2
Equivalent electrical circuit Designation of CT terminals

according to IEC 60044-1
Busbar differential protection
Analog protection 7SS10/11/13 Digital protection 7SS52

7SS600 with digital measuring relay (∆I)
∆I Central Unit
Optic
2 4 3 0 fibres
∆I BU BU BU BU
0
BU: bay unit
G M G M
Grid Grid
infeed Load infeed Load
Line differential protection
50/60 Hz current comparison Phasor with digital communication

through wire connection via OF, microwave or pilot wires
I1 I2 I1 I2
I2
DI
∆I ∆I
∆I ∆I dedicated O.F.
up to about 35 km
Other PCM PCM Other
I1
services MUX MUX services
O.F. or Microwave
Two wire (pilot wire) line differential protection
Voltage comparison principle
I1 I2
G Grid
∆U
∆I ∆I
RS RS
U1 U2
3 3
∆I ∆I
False differential currents during load or external faults
I∆ / In
4
ic
st
ri
te
∆IGF = total false current
ac
3
ar
ch
y
la
re
2
∆IWF = CT false current
1 ∆IAF = Inaccurate adaptation (CT ratios, tap
changer)
∆IWF = Transformer magnetising current
1 10 15 ID / In
Percentage differential relay
A = I1− I2
operate
B
stabilise
S = I1+ I2
I1
Basic-
pick-up value (B)
I2
I1+ I2
Differential protection: analog measuring circuit
Rectifier bridge comparator with moving coil relay
I1 I2
protection Fault characteristic
object (single side infeed)
i1 i2
W2
ΔI =
I1 − I 2
W1 W1 Relay characteristic
W3 W4 I1 + I 2 > k ⋅ I1 − I 2
k1
k=
k1 ⋅ I Re s k 2 ⋅ I Op k2 ⋅ I Op k2
k1 ⋅ I Re s
= k1 ⋅ (I 1 − I 2 ) Σ I = I1 + I 2
= k2 ⋅ (I1 + I 2 )
w1 w3
k1 = k2 =
w2 w4 with digital relays: ΣI = I1 + I 2
Multi-end differential protection:
Analog measuring principle
k ⋅ I Re s I Op
1 2 n
Iop = I1 + I 2 + .... + I n = Σ I I Res = I1 + I 2 + .... + I n = Σ I
Optimised relay characteristic
G
R Load
2000A 300A RL
F
Ideal fault characteristic
∆Ι
IOp =
IOp = 2000 A IS = 2600 A
I1 − I 2 internal relay characteristic
fault I F1 I F2
G G
CT saturation
∆Ι
Healthy
I Re s = 2 ⋅ I F
I Res = I1 + I 2
protection object
δ
δ
I Op = 2 ⋅ I F ⋅ cos
2
Digital differential protection: Relay characteristic
IOp
Positive current polarity
k2
k1
∆I Id >
IR0 IRes
Settings:
I Op = ΣI = I1 + I 2
• Pick-up value Id >
I Res = Σ I = I1 + I 2 • slope k1
• slope k2 with footing point IR0
∆I / ΣI und I1 / I2 diagram
ΔI =
I1 + I 2
I1
Internal
faults
IS0 1+ k
+ ⋅B
2 2⋅k
k [% / 100 ]
B slope
IS0 1− k
+ ⋅B
I2
IS0 Σ I = I1 + I 2 2 2⋅k
IS0
2
1 (
I1 + I 2 > k I1 + I 2 − I S 0 )
2 I1 + I 2 > B
Polar diagram of differential protection
I1 + I 2 > k ⋅ I1 − I 2 β-Plane (remote/local current)
I I  I1 I2
1+ 2 Im  2  Protection
I1 1+β I I1 
> k or >k β= 2 object
I1
1−
I2 1- β
I1 ∆Ι
I
with β = 2
I1
-1 +1 I 
1+ k Re 2 
− 1− k  I1 
1− k (k=0,5) −
1+ k
Restraint area
Polar diagram of digital differential protection:
Basic pick-up value B > 0
90
120 I 2 jϕ 60
e
I1 ϕ
I1 + I 2 > k ⋅ ( I1 + I 2 ) + B 150 30
or
  B
180 0
I2 I2
> k ⋅ 1 + +
5 10
1+
I1  I1  I
  1
210 330
240 300
270
B/I1= 0,3 a1(Φ): k=0,3

a2(Φ): k=0,6
a3(Φ): k=0,8
Mixing transformer of composed current differential protection
IL1 IL2 IL3

IL1 Composed current during
IM symmetrical 3-ph fault or load
2
IL3 7SD503: IM = 100 mA
1 7SS600: IM = 100 mA IL3
7SD502: IM = 20 mA
IE
3 2 ·IL1
1
IM = ⋅ 3 ⋅ I Ph −3
Mixing w
transformer
IL3
IL1
I M = 2 ⋅ I L1 + 1 ⋅ I L3 + 3 ⋅ I E
= 5 ⋅ I L1 + 3 ⋅ I L2 + 4 ⋅ I L3
IL3 IL2
⇒ composed current (vector sum)
Mixing transformer:
Pickup sensitivity of standard connection (IM= 2IL1+IL3+3IE )
Per unit composed current

Fault type Composed current related to 3-phase
symmetrical current
Highest
L1-E IML1-E = 5 IL1 IL2 = IL3 = 0 IML1-E / IM = 5 / √ 3 = 2.9 sensitivity
L2-E IML2-E = 3 IL2 IL1 = IL3 = 0 IML2-E / IM = 3 / √3 = 1.73
L3-E IML3-E = 4 IL3 IL1 = IL2 = 0 IML3-E / IM = 4 / √3 = 2.3
L1-L2 IML12 = 5 I L1 + 3 I L2 IL3 = 0 IML12 / IM = 2 / √3 = 1.15
L1-L2-L3 IML123 = 5 IL1 + 3IL2 + 4IL3 |IL1| = |I L2| = |I L3| IML123 / IM = √3 / √3 = 1
Composed current differential protection
Behaviour during cross country fault (isolated/compensated network)
A ∆I
B
L1
L2
L3
IF
L1 internal und L3 external:

IM-A= 5⋅IF - 4⋅IF = 1⋅IF und IM-B= + 4⋅IF
∆I = |IM-A + IM-B| = 5IF und ΣI = |IM-A| + |IM-B| = 5⋅IF Tripping
∆I/ΣI = 5/5 = 1.0
L2 internal, L3 external
IM-A= - 1⋅IF und IM-B= + 4⋅IF
∆I = |IM-A + IM-B| = 3 ⋅IF und ΣI = |IM-A| + |IM-B| = 5⋅IF Tripping if k-setting < 0.6
∆I/ΣI = 3/5 = 0.6
Composed current differential protection
Through current stabilisation with unsymmetrical earthing conditions
2 1 3 3 1 2
IM1=2·IL1 + 1·IL3 + 3 ·IE IM2=2·IL1 + 1·IL3+ 3 ·IE

=2 ·(–IF) + 1 ·(–IF) + 3·0= –3·IF =2·IF + 1 ·IF+ 3·3IF = +12 ·IF
IOp=| IM1 + IM2 | = 9 ·IF

IRes=|IM1| +|IM2| = 15 ·IF k=9/15 = 0.6 IOp Fault L2-E
k=0.5
Faults in other phases:
Fault L1-E: IOp = (3+12) ·IF = 15 ·IF,
k=1
IRes= (3+12) ·IF = 15 ·IF,
Fault L3-E: IOp = (0+12) ·IF = 12 ·IF,
IRes= (0+12) ·IF = 12 ·IF, k=1 IRes
High impedance differential protection: Principle
Behaviour during external fault

with ideal current transformers with CT saturation
ISC RCT RCT ISC ISC ISC

UR
ECT −1 = 2 ⋅ (RL + RCT ) ⋅ iSC

ECT −1 = (RL + RCT ) ⋅ iSC
UR = 0
U R = (RL + RCT ) ⋅ iSC
ECT −2 = (RL + RCT ) ⋅ iSC
High impedance differential protection:
Calculation example (busbar protection)
Given: n = 8 feeders RL= 3 Ohm (max.)

rCT = 600/1 A IR-pick-up.= 20 mA (fixed value)
UKN = 500 V
RR = 10 kOhm
RCT = 4 Ohm
Ivar = 50 mA (at relay pick-up value)
ImR = 30 mA (at relay pick-up value)
Pick-up sensitivity: Stability:
(
I F −min = rCT ⋅ I R − pick −up + IVar + n ⋅ I mR ) I F −through − max < rCT ⋅
RR
⋅ I R − pick −up
RL + RSW
⋅ (0.02 + 0.05 + 8 ⋅ 0.03)

600
I F − min = 600 10,000
1 I F −throuh − max < ⋅ ⋅ 0.02
1 3+4
I F − min = 186 A ⋅ (31% )
I F −through − max < 17kA = 28 ⋅ I n
Measuring Technique
Gerhard Ziegler
Merz and Price differential protection
Patent dated 1904
a: feeder, b: generator, c: substation, d: primary winding of CT, e: secondary winding of CT, f: earth or
return conductor, g: pilot wire, h: relay windings, i: circuit breakers, k,l: movable and fixed relay
contacts, m: circuit, n: battery, o: electromagnetic device with armature p.
Electro-mechanical differential protection
based on induction relay
I1 I2
Schutzobjekt
i1 ∆i i2
Electro-mechanical differential protection
Rectifier bridge comparator with moving coil relay
I1 I2
Protection
object
i1 i2
I Re s IOp
∆I
I Re s = k ⋅ (I 1 − I 2 ) I Op = I 1 + I 2
+
ΔI = I −I
Op Re s
N S
Differential protection
Analog static measuring circuit
I1 I2
Protection
object
i1
I Re s = k ⋅ (I 1 − I 2 ) i2
I Re s ⋅ R S
RS
V1
RS V3
V2 I Op ⋅ R S
I Op = I 1 + I 2
URef
Digital differential protection
Measuring value acquisition and processing
0.67 ms (18 degr. el.)

1.2 kHz
clock
MI Filter
1 Processor system
IL1
IL2 S&H
IL3
CPU
IE
UL1 A
UL2 RAM
D
UL3
UE MUX
a.s.o. ROM
Digital protection:
Measurement based on momentary values
IRMS I= I
0 n
∆Tsamp. corresponds to ∆ϕ ( 60Hz: 0.67 ms = 18O el.)
I=
Iˆ =
n −1 when n sampled values exceed the
cos ( ⋅ ∆ϕ ) pick-up limit I=
2
Iˆ f
∆ϕ = ω ⋅ ∆Tsamp. = N ⋅ 360O
I RMS = fA
2
Digital differential protection:
Measurement based on momentary values
5 ∆I
5
4 6 trip
3 4 6
7 3
7
2 8 2 restrain
8
∆I>
1 9 1
9
0
0 10
10 ΣI
18O
IA IB
= 1 ms (50 Hz)
= 0.67 ms (60 Hz) ∆I ∆I
Operating quantity : ∆I = I A + I B
Restraining quantity : ΣI = I A + I B
Discrete Fourier-Transformation (Principle)
sin 2π ⋅i
Correlate:
n Multiply samples and
add for one cycle
0 1 2 . . . n
i( k −n+i ) Correlate IS(k)

i
I (k) = I S(k) + j ⋅ I C(k)
k-n k
Correlate IC(k) j I (k )
IC(k)
ϕ
cos 2π ⋅i IS(k)
n
Discrete Fourier-Transformation (calculation formulae)
i1 i2 i
3
i
0
iN
∆t
I = 2  ∑ sin(ω ⋅n⋅ Δt )⋅in

N-1 
S N  n=1 
0 1 2 3 .... N
n
i i N-1 
I = 2  O + N + ∑ cos(ω ⋅n ⋅ Δt)⋅in
C N  2 2 n=1 
0 1 2 3 ... N
Orthogonal components of a current phasor
dependent on the position of the data window
Data window
Φ = ωt
1 Φ
IS = ⋅ ∫ I (ω ⋅ t ) ⋅ sin ωt ⋅ dt
2π Φ −360 O
I Φ = I S + j ⋅ IC
1 Φ
IC = ⋅ ∫ I (ω ⋅ t ) ⋅ cos ωt ⋅ dt
2π Φ −360 O
I0
= 1+ j ⋅ 0
O
I30 3 1
= + j⋅
O
I 2 2
jIC ωt
I
I 60 1 3 t=0
= + j⋅
O
I 2 2
IS
I90
= 0 + j ⋅1
O
Transfer function of a one cycle Fourier-filter
Hrel
1,0
0,75
0,5
0,25
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 f/fn
Digital protection
Fast current phasor estimation
N i(t)
k-N k
Data window
 t
 − 
B ⋅  cos( ωt) - e τ  + C ⋅ cos( ωt)

i(t) = A ⋅ sin( ωt ) +
 
 
 
Task: Estimation of the coefficients A, B, C on basis of

measured currents and voltages
Method: Gauß‘s Minimization of error squares: Delta = quality value
k = sampling number
( )
k N = length of data window
Delta = ∑ i(n ⋅ ∆T) - f (n)
2
MIN n = variable
n=k-N ∆T = sampling interval
sampled values
Differential protection with phasors (principle)
A B
IAC , IAS ∆I
∆I ∆I trip
IBC , IBS
restraint
∆I>
j·IAS
ΣI
Operating quantity : ∆I = I A + I B
Restrainin g quantity : Σ I = I A + I B
IBC
IAC
j·IBS
Digital line differential protection
Synchronisation of phasors (ping-pong time alignment)
IB( tA3 )
A B
∆I ∆I
IB( tB3 )
curre α
n
phas t
o rs
tA1 ...
tA1
tPT1 tB1
tA2
tBR
tD tB2 t B3 - t A3
tA3
α= ⋅ 360 °
tB3 TP
tA4 tPT2
nt
tAR . . curre tB4
tA5 . rs
tV ph aso
tB3 tA1
Signal transmission time: t PT1 = t PT2 =

1
(t A1 - t AR - t D )
2
Sampling instant: t B3 = t A3 - t PT2
Split path data transmission
Impact of unsymmetrical propagation time
I1 I2
α
∆I ∆I I2
180o
∆T[ms ]⋅
α 10ms
∆I = I ⋅ sin = I ⋅ sin I1 ∆I
2 2
Example: α/2
Transmit channel time 3 ms
180o
Receive channel time 4.2 ms 1.2ms ⋅
→ time difference ∆ = 1.2 ms ∆I = I ⋅ sin 10ms = I ⋅ 0.19 ∆I = 19%!
2
To keep the false differential current below about 2 to 5%, the

propagation time difference should not exceed about 0.1 to 0.25 ms!
Otherwise:
→ more insensitive relay setting
→ or GPS synchronisation
Synchronisation of Differential relays via GPS
Line end 1 Line end 2

GPS-Antenna GPS-Antenna
RS232 GPS UH RS232 GPS UH
GPS-Empfänger DC GPS-Empfänger Hopf DC

supply supply
A B DCF-SIM A B DCF-SIM
LWL LWL IRIG-B 24V LWL LWL IRIG-B 24V
IRIG-B Telegram IRIG-B Telegram
Sec. impulse (highly accurate) Sec. impulse (highly accurate)
LWL LWL BE2 LWL LWL BE2

K1 K2 K2 K1 K2 K2
7XV5654 Sync-Trans. 7XV5654 Sync-Trans.
K1 X1 K2 K2 K1 X1 K2 K2
+ - 24V + - + - 24V + -
1 3 8 4 1 3 8 4
Y-cable 7XV5105 Y-cable 7XV5105
1 3 8 4 1 3 8 4 1 3 8 4 1 3 8 4
V4 V4 V4 V4
SIEMENS SIPROTEC SIEMENS SIPROTEC SIEMENS SIPROTEC SIEMENS SIPROTEC
RUN ERR OR RUN ERR OR RUN ERR OR RUN ERR OR
L1 402,1A Max450.1A L1 402,1A Max450.1A L1 402,1A Max450.1A L1 402,1A Max450.1A

E 00.0A E 00.0A E 00.0A E 00.0A
7SD52 Anr. L1
Anr. L2
Anr. L3
Anr. L1
Anr. L2
Anr. L3
7SD52 Anr. L1
Anr. L2
Anr. L3
Anr. L1
Anr. L2
Anr. L3
Anr. Erde Anr. Erde Anr. Erde Anr. Erde
Automat Automat Automat Automat
1 to max. 6 1 t0 max. 6
Devices for GPS time synchronisation
n GPS receiver with 2 optical outputs

(7XV5664-0AA00).
Output for IRIB-B telegram
and output for second/
minute pulse
n Galvanic separation between the
receiver and the tranceiver
Outdoor antenna
7XV5654
FG4490G10 for GPS
n Optic/electric signal
conversion in the tranceiver
n Distribution of the electrical
signals via Y-bus cable to
port A of the relays (telegram)
n Electronic contact for the GPS receiver
minute pulse in case of 7XV5664
synchronisation through binary
input with battery voltage Tranceiver
7XV5654
Additional components for SICAM SAS
GPS-System
• 24 satellites move in a height of

20 000km on 6 different paths
• Transmission frequency 1,57542GHz
• For a continuous time reception min. 4
satellites is necessary
• High accuracy : 1 usec
Operating characteristic of digital differential relays
I∆ I1 I2
=|I1+ I2|
b%
∆I
I∆> a%
I∑ b I∑ = |I1|+ |I2|
CT saturation with internal and external faults
∆I
Protection object
I1 I2
Internal fault External fault
I1
I2
Σ I= |I1| + |I2|
∆I=|I1 +I2|
t=0 t=10 t=20 ms t=0 t=10 t=20 ms
Saturation detector:
Locus of ∆I/ΣI for external faults without and with CT saturation
i Op( n ) = i1( n ) + i 2( n )
i1( n )
e
6' External fault erat
5' op
7' 4' with CT i 2( n )
in
saturation tra
8' 3' re s
n
i1( n ) + i 2( n )
9' External fault
(ideal CTs)
1 2 3 4 5 i1(n ) + i 2( n )
0
10 9 8 7 6
n=0 n=10 n=20
i Re s ( n ) = i1(n ) + i 2( n )
Differential current caused by transient CT saturation (ext. fault)
with operating and restraint current of busbar protection 7SS5
I1
100
I2
50
50
IRes.= |I1| + |I2|
IOp=|I1 +I2|
Differential current appears only every second half wave!
Tripping logic of digital busbar protection 7SS600/7SS5
with saturation detector (simplified)
> k s [A / ms]
di Re s
A
dt N
3 ms
D A Trip
i Op > iset A
N
D 1-out-of-1
N
A
D
i Op > k ⋅ i Re s N 2 150 ms
D
Saturation Adaptive restraint

O Trip
detected R
Transient
blocking
A
N
D 2-out-of-2
n=2
3 ms
Trip
Transformer differential protection 7UT6:
Saturation detection and automatic increase stabilisation
Trip
Internal
faults
Restrain
Area of
add-on
restraint
Transient CT saturation
causes false differential currents
IF IF
+I1 +I2 IF I1
87 +∆I I2
∆I
Wave shape similar to
transformer inrush current ?
Adaptive restraint against CT errors (7SD52/61)
Detection of CT saturation
(wave shape analysis)
CT Error approximation (no-saturation)
Load range Fault range

Error
% fL fF
10%
ALF‘/ALFN • IN-CT ALF’ •IN-CT
Adaptive 87 restraint (7SD52/61)
considers current CT- errors
External
IDiff I1 I2
Fault
Trip Area Trip level

With
saturation I2
I1
Block-Area
Trip level
Without Max. error (ε)
saturation without
IDiff>
saturation
Max. error (ε)
with
0 saturation.
0 IRest
Current summation: IDiff = │I1+ I2│
Max. error summation: IRestraint = ΣIError = IDiff> + εCT1 ·I1 + fSat· εCT2 ·I2
External fault
Increase of stabilisation after detection of saturation
Begin of saturation
∆Ι
(K1:iE = -K1:iL1)
Increase of
restraint
IRestraint
I∆
ΣΙ
Fast charge comparison supplement
speeds up phasor based line differential protection (7SD52/61)
iL1/kA
20
Q1 Q2
10
0
-0,02 -0,01 -0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08
-10 t/s
-20
-30
-40
iL2/kA
20
10
0
-10 -0,02 -0,01 -0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08
Q3
t/s
-20
-30
-40
iL3/kA
20
10
-10 -0,02 -0,01 -0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08
t/s
-20
-30
Diff G-AUS
-0,02 -0,01 -0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08
t/s
Q
1/4
cycle
1 cycle data windows for phasor
comparison
•Synchronized with fault inception
¼ cycle data windows of fast charge
•Released by Idiff >>
comparison
Generator, Motor and Transformer protection: Adaptive algorithms to
upgrade relay stability and dependability with CT saturation (7UT6)
Measured value Sampled 87 algorithm

processing momentary values Operating characteristic
Mean values
i1L iRes = | i1 | + | i2 | IOp
Side 1 IRes = Mean(iRes)
i2L Fundamental wave
Side 2 iOp = i1 + i2
IDiff>
IOp = RMS(iDiff)60Hz IRes.
Trip
Motor start & IOp>
DC component
Saturation detector
For security: Harmonic Analysis:

-2nd Harmon. Blocking
Adaptive restraint -Cross Blocking
IOp
For dependability: IDiff>

> Trip
Fast tripping using sampled momentary values ≥1
iOp IOp>>
ensures fast operation with very high currents before
IDiff>>>
extreme CT saturation occurs!
Current Transformers for Differential Relaying
Requirements and Dimensioning
Gerhard Ziegler
Equivalent current transformer circuit
N1
I2′ = I1 ⋅
I1 jX1 R1 N2 jX2 R2 I2
P1 Im S1
N1 N2 U2 Zm Zb
P2 S2
Ideal transformer
X1 = Primary leakage reactance

R1 = Primary winding resistance
X2 = Secondary leakage reactance
Z0 = Magnetising impedance
R2 = Secondary winding resistance
Zb = Secondary load
Note: Normally the leakage fluxes X 1 and X2 can be neglected
Current transformer:
Phase displacement (δ) and current ratio error (ε)
w1
.
I1 w
2
w1:w2 j·X2 R2
ε
I1 I2 U2 I2
ZB
I1
δ
w1 Em
I‘1= ·I I2 R2
w2 1
Im U2 RB
Em
Xm Im
Im
Dimensioning of CTs for differential protection
CT classes to IEC 60044-1: 5P or 10P Pi = I sec .2 × R CT
Specification: 300/1 A 5P10, 30 VA RCT ≤ 5 Ohm

Ratio In -Prim / In -Sek. Rated burden
(nominal power) PN
5% accuracy Accuracy
at I= n x In limit factor ALF
Actual accuracy limit factor Dimension criterium:

in operation is higher as the CT P + PN
is normally under-burdened : ALF ' = ALF × i ALF ' ≥ SC − max × KTF
I
Operating ALF: ALF‘
Pi + PB In
KTF (over-dimensioning factor) considers the single sided CT over-magnetising due to the d.c.
component in short circuit current I SC.
KTF values required in practice depend on relay type and design.
Recommendations are provided by manufacturers (see Application Guide)
Current transformer, Standard for steady-state performance
IEC 60044-1 specifies the following classes:
Current error Angle error δ

Accuracy class Total error at n x In
at nominal at rated current
(rated accuracy limit)
current (In) In
5P ±1% ± 60 minutes 5%
10P ± 5% 10 %
Current transformers, Standard for transient performance
IEC 60044-6 specifies four classes:
Class Error at rated current Maximum error at Remanence

rated accuracy limit
Ratio error Angle error
TPX
(closed iron core)
± 0,5 % ± 30 min εˆ ≤ 10 % no limit
TPY
with anti-remanence ± 1,0 % ± 30 min εˆ ≤ 10 % < 10 %
air-gap
εˆ ≤ 10%
TPZ ± 1,0 % ± 180 ± 18 min negligible
linear core (a.c. current only)
TPS Special version for high impedance protection No limit

closed iron core (Knee point voltage, internal secondary resistance)
Definition of the CT knee-point voltage (BS and IEC)
U2 British Standard BS3938: Class X

10 % or
UKN IEC 60044-1 Amendment 2000/07:
Class PX
50 %
Specify:
Knee point voltage
Secondary resistance RCT
Im
I
U KN ≥ K TF ⋅ (R CT + R B − connected ) ⋅ SC − max .
I n − CT
CT specification according to ANSI C57.13
w1 ANSI C57.13 specifies:

I‘1= w ·I1 I2 RCT
2 • Secondary terminal voltage U2
at 20 times rated current (20x5=100 A) and
Im RB rated burden
Em U2
• Error <10%
Example:
800/5 A, C400 (RB= 4 Ω)
U2,
Em
Resulting magnetising voltage:
E al ≈ (U ANSI + 20 ⋅ 5 ⋅ R CT )
= (20 ⋅ 5 ⋅ Z B − rated + 20 ⋅ 5 ⋅ R CT )
Im
Current transformer saturation
Steady-state saturation with a.c. current
Transient saturation with offset current
CT saturation
Currents and magnetising
IP
φ
saturation flux
IS
Transient CT saturation due to DC component
ISC Short circuit current
DC flux non-saturated
ΦS
Φ
AC flux
Im Magnetising current
Course of CT-flux during off-set short-circuit current
- t 
ΙP primary current i p (t) = 2 ⋅ I p ⋅  e Tp − cos( ωt) 
d.c. component  
 
Φ ωTp Ts - t - t
t = (e Tp - e Ts ) - sin ωt
Φ
ˆ
a.c. Tp - Ts
Tp Total flux
Φ
Ktd(t)
Φ max ωTp Ts - t - t
Tp
K td (t) = = (e - e Ts ) + 1
Φ max Φˆ Tp - Ts
transient a.c.
d.c. flux Φˆ
a.c.
a.c. flux
Xp
K td − max = 1 + ωTp = 1 +
t Rp
Φ̂ a.c.
Theoretical CT over-dimensioning factor KTF
KTF
∞ (KTF ≈1+ωTN)
60
5000 Closed iron core
50
1000 TS
40 TS [ms]  T N  TS − TN
KTF = 1+ ωTS 
500  TS 
30
250
20
100 Linear core
10
TN = network time constant

(short-circuit time constant)
50 100 150 200 TN [ms]
TS = CT secondary time constant
CT with closed iron core,
Over-dimensioning factor KTF‘ for specified time to saturation (tM)
20
tM → ∞
15 tM
2.5 cycles
K‘td
2.0 cycles
 −tTM 
Ktd' = 1+ ωTp ⋅ 1− e p 
10
1.5 cycles
8  
1.0 cycles
 
5
0.5 cycles
0 20 40 60 80 100
Tp (ms)
Transient dimensioning factor K’’td for short time to saturation tM
 t   t
− M 
 − M   
T
K td − Envelop = 1 + ωTp ⋅ 1 − e p  K 'td
'
(Θ, t M ) = ω ⋅ Tp ⋅ cos θ ⋅ 1 − e Tp  + sin Θ − sin (ωt M + Θ )
   
   
15 3
15
2.5
Ktd( 0 , tM)
10 2
Ktd( 80 , tM)
1.5
Ktd( 90 , tM)
Ktd_Envelop( tM) 5 1
0.5
0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 tM 100 0 tM 10
CT over-dimensioning factor KTF (tM,TN)
in the case of short time to saturation (tM)
4 tM 180
KTF Θ (tM,TN)
10 ms 160
3.5 (el. degree)
140
3
8 ms 120
2.5
100 tM
2
80 10 ms
6 ms 8 ms
1.5
60 6 ms
1 4 ms
4 ms
40 2 ms
0.5 20
2 ms
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
TN in ms TN in ms
Current transformer
Magnetising and de-magnetising
ΙP
t
BMax
BMax BR
B
BR
Ιm
t Ιm
Current transformer
Course of flux in the case of non-successful auto-reclosure
t F1 = duration of 1st fault

Bmax
t DT dead time
t F2 =duration of 2nd fault
t
tF1 tDT tF2
 tF1 tF1  tDT + tF2  tF2 tF2 

Bmax  ω ⋅ TN ⋅TS − −  −  ω ⋅ TN ⋅ TS − − 
= 1 + (e TN − e TS )  ⋅ e TS + 1 + (e TN − e T S ) 
Bˆ ~  TN − TS   TN − T S 
   
Current transformer
Magnetising curve and point of remanence
I II III
B
up to about 80%
< 10%
negligible
H = im ⋅ w
I: closed iron core (TPX)

II: core with anti-remanence air-gaps (TPY)
III: Linearised core (TPZ)
Current transformers TPX und TPY
Course of the flux with non-successful auto-reclosure
BR closed iron core (TPX)
core with anti-

remanence air-gaps (TPY)
BR
tF1 tDT tF2 t
Current transformer with linear core (TPZ),
Course of the flux with non-successful auto-reclosure
ΙP
ΙS
B
Ιm
t
tF1 tDT tF2 t
Dimensioning of CTs for protection application
Rated CT burden: PN
Pi + P N Ri + RN
ALF' = ALF ⋅ = n⋅ Internal CT burden: Pi=Ri ⋅ I2N2
Pi + PB Ri + RB
Actually connected
burden : PB= RB ⋅ I2N2
P + PB Ri + RB
ALF = ALF' ⋅ i = ALF'⋅
Pi + PN Ri + RN with: RB=RL+RR= total burden resistance
RL= resistance of connecting cable
RR= relay burden resistance
I Theory: No saturation during BMax XN
with ALF ' ≥ K OD ⋅ SC K' TF = = 1 + ω TN = 1 +
IN total fault duration:
Bˆ ~ RN
Where KOD is the total  tM tM 
No saturation for ω ⋅ TN ⋅ TS
− −
K ' 'TF = 1 + (e T N − e T S 
over-dimensioning factor:
the specified time tM:
K OD ≥ KTF ⋅ K Re m  TN − TS 
 
% remanence Practice:
K Re m = 1 + Remanence only considered in extra high
100 voltage systems (EHV)
K OD = KTF
KTF-values acc. to relay manufacturers‘ guides
Practical CT dimensioning
using dimensioning factors Ktd (required minimum time to saturation)
IEC 60044-1 and 60044-6 ANSI C57.13

300/5 A, 5P20, VA (Rb= 1.0 Ω), 300/5 A, C100 (Rb= 1 Ω)
Rct= 0.15 Ω
E al ≈ (U ANSI + 20 ⋅ 5 ⋅ Rct )
ALF' ≥ K SSC ⋅ K td = (20 ⋅ 5 ⋅ Z b − rated + 20 ⋅ 5 ⋅ Rct )
R ct + R b − rated
ALF' = ⋅ ALF I F − max R ct + R b − connected
R ct + R b − connected 20 ≥ K td ⋅ ⋅
I pn R ct + R b − rated
I R + R b − connected
ALF ≥ K td ⋅ F − max ⋅ ct
I pn R ct + R b − rated
Transient dim. factor: Ktd
No saturation: 1+X/R =1+ω·Tp
BS 3839 (IEC: 60044-1 addendum)
Differential relays: 1 (87BB: 0.5)
E al = F − max ⋅ K td ⋅ (R ct + R b − con. ) ⋅ Isn − CT
I
Distance relays: 2 to 4 close-in faults
I pn
5 to 10 zone end
U KN ≈ (0.8...0.85) ⋅ E al faults
O/C relays: I>> ALF‘ > (I>>set / In)
Coordination of CTs and digital relays
Summary
ü Digital relays use intelligent algorithms and are therefore highly

tolerant against CT saturation.
ü In particular differential relays allow short time to saturation
of ¼ cycle and below.
ü Determination of transient dimensioning factors for short time to saturation
must consider the real flux course after fault inception.
ü With time to saturation < 10 ms, the critical point on wave of fault inception
is not close to voltage zero-crossing (fully offset current), but
varies and is closer to voltage maximum (a.c. current).
ü CT dimensioning is normally based on relay specific Ktd factors provided by
manufacturers
ü In practice, fully offset s.c. current has been assumed while remanence has
been widely neglected for CT dimensioning.
ü A new dimensioning factor is discussed in CIGRE WG B5.02,
composed of more probable transient and remanence factors.
CT dimensioning for differential protection (1)
1. Calculation of fault currents

110/20 kV
110 kV, 3 GVA F1 40 MVA F2 F3 OH-line: F4
uT=12% l = 8 km,
zL‘= 0,4 Ω/km
Net
300/1A 1200/1A 200/1A 200/1A
∆ IT ∆ IL ∆ IL
7SD61
7UT61
Impedances related to 110 kV: Impedances related to 20 kV:
U N 2  kV 2  U N 2  kV 2 
  110 2   20 2
ZN = = = 4.03 Ω Net : ZN = = = 0.13 Ω
SSC ' ' [MVA ] 3000
Net :
S SC ' ' [MVA ] 3000
U N 2  kV 2 
U N 2  kV 2    uT [% ] 20 2 12 %
  uT [% ] 110 2 12 % Transf. : ZT= ⋅ = ⋅ = 1.2 Ω
Transf. : ZT = ⋅ = ⋅ = 36.3 Ω PN - T [MVA ] 100 40 100
PN -T [MVA ] 100 40 100
Line : Z L = l[km ] ⋅ z L ' [Ω/km ] = 8 ⋅ 0,4 = 3,2 Ω
1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1.1 ⋅ 110kV/ 3 1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1.1 ⋅ 20kV/ 3

F1 I F1 = =
4.03 Ω
= 17.3 kA F3 I F3 = = = 9.55 kA
ZN Z N + ZT 0.13Ω + 1.2Ω
1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1,1 ⋅ 110kV/ 3 1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1,1 ⋅ 20kV/ 3

F2 I F2 = = = 1.73 kA F4 I F4 = = = 2.8 kA
Z N + ZT 4.03 Ω + 36.3 Ω Z N + Z T + Z L 0.13Ω + 1.2Ω + 3.2Ω
Dimensioning of the 110 kV CTs for the transformer differential protection:

Manufacturer recommends for relay 7UT61: 1) Saturation free time ≥ 4ms for internal faults
2) Over-dimensioning factor KTF ≥ 1,2
for through flowing currents (external faults)
The saturation free time of 3 ms
corresponds to KTF≥ 0,75
See diagram, page 59
Criterion 1) therefore reads: For criterion 2) we get:
I 17300 I 1730
ALF' ≥ K TF ⋅ F1 = 0,75 ⋅ = 43 ALF' ≥ K TF ⋅ F2 = 1,2 ⋅ =7
IN 300 IN 300
The 110 kV CTs must be dimensioned according to criterion 1).
We try to use a CT type: 300/1, 10 VA, 5P?, internal burden 2 VA.
Pi + Poperation 2 + 2.5
ALF ≥ ⋅ ALF ' = ⋅ 43 = 16.1 (Connected burden estimated to about 2.5 VA)
Pi + Prated 2 + 10
Chosen, with a security margin : 300 /1 A, 5P20, 10 VA, R2≤ 2 Ohm (Pi ≤ 2VA)
Specification of the CTs at the 20 kV side of the transformer:
It is good relaying practice to choose the same dimensioning as for the CTs on the 110 kV side:
1200/1, 10 VA, 5P20, R2≤ 2 Ohm (Pi ≤ 2VA)
Dimensioning of the 20 kV CTs for line protection:
For relay 7SD61, it is required: 1‘) Saturation free time ≥ 3ms for internal faults
2‘) Over-dimensioning factor KTF ≥ 1.2
The saturation free time of 3 ms for through flowing currents (external faults)
corresponds to KTF≥ 0.5
See diagram, page 59
Criterion 1‘) therefore reads: For criterion 2‘) we get:
I 9550 I 2800
ALF' ≥ K TF ⋅ F3 = 0.5 ⋅ = 24 ALF' ≥ KTF ⋅ F4 = 1.2 ⋅ = 16 .8
IN 200 IN 200
The 20 kV line CTs must be dimensioned according to criterion 1‘).
For the 20 kV line we have considered the CT type: 200/5 A, 5 VA, 5P?, internal burden ca. 1 VA
Pi + Poperation 1+1
ALF ≥ ⋅ ALF ' = ⋅ 24 = 8 (Connected burden about 1 VA)
Pi + Prated 1+ 5
Specification of line CTs:
We choose the next higher standard accuracy limit factor ALF=10 :

Herewith, we can specify: CT Type TPX, 200/5 A, 5 VA, 5P10, R2≤ 0.04 Ohm ( Pi≤ 1 VA)
Interposing CTs, Basic versions
i1 i2 separate winding connection
w1
w1 w2 Relay i2 = ⋅ i1
w2
i1 wa i2 auto-transformer connection
wb
wb i1 -i2 Relay i2 = ⋅ i1
wa + wb
No galvanic separation!
Interposing CTs, Example
1A 1,5 A
W1= W2=
600/1 A 21 turns 14 turns RB
Wa=16
1A 1A turns 1,5 A
0,5 A Wb=32
600/1 A RB
turns
Interposing CTs in Y-∆-connection
Yd5
-I1c
I2c
I1a I2a-c I2a I1a
I2b 150O
I1b I2b-a
I2b I1b
-I1b
I1c
I1c I2c-b
I2c -I1a
w1 = w2
w1 w2 I2a
1 w
⋅ I 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ e j ⋅( n⋅30 )
o
I1 =
3 w1
False operation during external fault
of transformer differential protection without zero-sequence current filter
L1
L2
L3
∆I ∆ ∆I
I ∆I>0 without delta winding!
Zero-sequence current filter
I1a I2a Relay

I3a
I1b I3b I2b
I1c I3c I2c
w I +I +I I
I 3a = I 3b = I 3c = 1 ⋅ 1a 1b 1c = E
I 1a ⋅ w1 + I 2a ⋅ ww2 + I 3a ⋅ w3 = 0 w3 3 3
I 1b ⋅ w1 + I 2b ⋅ ww2 + I 3b ⋅ w3 = 0 w  I +I +I 
I 2a = 1  I 1a − 1a 1b 1c 
I 1c ⋅ w1 + I 2c ⋅ ww2 + I 3c ⋅ w3 = 0 w2  3 

I 3a = I 3b = I 3c w1  I 1a + I 1b + I 1c 
I 2b = I − 
I 2a + I 2b + I 2c = 0 w2  1b 3 

w  I +I +I 
I 2c = 1  I 1c − 1a 1b 1c 
w2  3 

Biasing of transformer differential protection during external earth fault
with zero-sequence current filter (closed delta winding)
L1
L2
L3
∆I ∆ ∆I
With delta winding: ∆I=0 ! I
Current matching with interposing CTs (1)
Calculation example
110 kV ±16% Yd5 6.3 kV

53.9A 915A
L1 75 / 1 A 1200 / 5 A
L2
L3
0.719A 3.81A
∆I ∆I ∆I
3,81
= 2,20
3
In-Relay = 5A
Current matching with interposing CTs (2)
Calculation example
Current transformation ratio:
We take through flowing rated current as reference:
:
110kV-side:
Mean current value of upper and lower tap changer position:
I1 =
10,000kVA
= 45.2A I1' =
10,000kVA
= 62.5A 45.2 + 62.5
3 ⋅ (110kV + 16% 3 ⋅ (110kV − 16% I1− mean = = 53.9A
2
10.000kVA
6 kV-side: I2 = = 915A
3 ⋅ 6.3kV
The corresponding secondary currents are:
5
i1 = 53 . 9 ⋅
1
= 0 . 719 A i 2 = 915 ⋅ = 3.813
and 1200
75
.
The current in the star connected winding of the interposing transformer is i.1
The current in the delta connected winding is: i2 / 3 .
The ratio of the interposing CT must be :
w1 i 2 / 3 3.813 / 3 2.202
= = = = 3.06
w2 i1 0.719 0.719
Link selectable interposing CT 4AM5170-7AA
P1 S1 P2 S2
i2 i1
A B C DE F G H I K L M N O P Q
1 2 7 16 1 2 7 16 Windings
0,013 0,025 0,08 0,75 0,013 0,025 0,08 0,75 R in Ohm
2 4 14 32 2 4 14 32 U-max. in V
5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 Rated current in A
w1 i2 / 3 3,813 / 3 2, 202 w1 16 + 16 + 2 34
= = = = 3.06 chosen : = = = 3,09
w2 i1 0,719 0,719 w 2 7 + 2 + 1 + 1 11
Connection and links as shown.
Designation of transformer or CT vector groups (1)
Clock-wise notation according to IEC 60076-1
12
0
11 1 0 6 0 6
0 5
10 2
4 1 4 1
4 9
9 3 0 0
8 8 2 8 2
4 8 1 (13)
7 5
6
Designation of transformer or CT vector groups (2)
Clock-wise notation according to IEC 60076-1, examples
12
I II III 12 I II III
I
I III
II
HS III II
I II III 12
I II III 11 12 I
I III
II
III II
NS
I II III 12
Dyn11 III
II
I
5
Yny0d5
Frequently used vector groups (IEC 60076-1)
Finding the vector group by using the clock principle
Proceed in the following steps:

1. Starting on the high voltage winding, the phase connection terminals are
numbered with 0, 4, 8 (always 4 x 30 O= 120O phase shift).
2. The opposite end of each winding is labelled with a number incremented
by +6 relative to the phase connection (6x 30 O =180O).
3. The secondary windings are numbered the same. In this context it is
assumed that the polarity of the windings is the same in the diagram. (If in
doubt, polarity marks may also be applied.)
4. The phase connection is labelled with the average value of the
corresponding terminal designations belonging to the winding terminals
connected to this phase terminal, e.g. (6+4)/2= 5
5. The difference between the high and low voltage side terminal numbers of
same phases corresponds each with the vector group number, being Yd5 in
this case.
Checking the connections of transformer differential protection
using the clock-wise notation method
Yd5
L1 0 6 0 6 5
6 0 5 11
L2 4 10 4 10 9
10 4 1 9 3
L3 8 2 8 2
2 8 1 7
6 12 6 12 11
10 4 10 4 3
2 8 2 8 7
Yd5 ∆I ∆I ∆I
Current distribution in Y-∆-transformer circuits
for different external fault types
3 1 3
G
G
G
3
using the arrow method (two-phase fault)
Yd5 1
3 3
L1
L2
L3
3 = 3
3
3 3
Dy5
∆I ∆I ∆I
using the arrow method (single-phase earth fault)
Yd5 1
L1
L2
L3
∆I ∆I
3
∆I 3 Dy5
Communications
Gerhard Ziegler
Comparison protection
Absolute selectivity by using communication
IA IB • Directial comparison
A B
distance protection
Exchange of YES/NO signals
(e.g. fault forward / reverse)
• Current comparison (phasors)
differential protection
Relay
Protection Communication Relay
Protection | ∆I |
samples, phasors,
binary signals
IA IB
| ∆I | = | IA - IB | > Ipick-up
Signal transmission channels for differential relaying
Pilot wires
- AC (50/60 Hz), voice frequency and digital communication (128 - kbit/s)
- for short distances (< about 20 km)
- influenced by earth short-circuit currents!
Optical fibres
- wide-band communication (n · 64 kbit/s)
- digital signal transmission (PCM)
- up to about 150 km without repeater stations
- noise proof
Digital microwave channels 2 - 10 GHz

- wide-band communication (n · 64 kbit/s)
- digital signal transmission (PCM)
- up to about 50 km (sight connection)
- dependent on weather conditions (fading)
Analog pilot wire differential relaying
3 3
87L 87L
• Pilot wires are normally operated insulated form earth

• Voltage limiters (glow dischargers) connected to earth ,
as used with telephone lines, are not allowed!
Relay-to-Relay pilot wires communication
New technology on existing (copper-) pilots
Traditional:
Composed current
measurement
Comparison of analogue values
Modern:
Phase
segregated
E
O
O
measurement
E
Digital data transmission

64 kbps bi-directional
4 value digital code (2B1Q)
Amplitude and phase modulation
Spectrum mid frequency: 80 kHz
Wire pilot cables
Longitudinal voltage induced by earth currents
Relay A Relay B
G
IF Φ
A) Symmetrical
coupling along
the pilot cable
F1 E/2
F2
E/2
B) Unsymmetrical
F2 F1 E Coupling along
the pilot cable
Disturbance voltage caused by rise in station potential
RG STP
STP
E Ω = I SC − G ⋅ R G
PGA
RGP
Legend:
RG station grounding resistance
STP station potential
PGA potential gradient area
RGP remote ground potential
E station potential rise against remote ground (ohmic coupled disturbance voltage )
HV insulated protection pilot cable (example)
core dia- pilot pilot

meter resistance capacitance test voltage (r.m.s. value)
Core Loop core- core- triple pair pair to
core shield core to triple
mm Ω/km Ω/km nF/km to pair core
triple
core
kV kV kV kV kV
1,4 11,9 --- --- 2,5 8 8
0,8 --- 73,2 60 2 2 2 8
Symmetry: better 10–3 (60 db) at 800/1000 Hz

better 10–4 (80 db) at 50/60 Hz
(Uq <10–4·Ul)
American practice
Neutralising reactor to compensate potential rise at the station
Gas tube
Relay
neutralising
reactor
Relay
potential
gradient
potential at insulating
transformer and relay
Voltage profile at the potential of the

potential of the
neutralising reactor remote earth
pilot wires
Optic fibre (OF) Cable
Optic fibers and connectors
Multi-mode fiber (IEC 793-2) Mono-mode fiber (IEC 793-2)

Type 62.5 / 125 µm Type 10/125 µm
for 850 and 1300 nm for 1300 and 1550 nm
Cladding Core ST connector
Coating
LC connector
Refractive index
62,5 µm 10 µm
125 µm 125 µm
250 µm 250 µm
Optic fibres: Principle of light wave propagation
n2
r
n1 AE AA
A) Graded index rL
fibre n γA
t
Eingangs-
Input impulse Output
impuls
impulse
Refractive index profile Geometric design Wave propagation
n2
r
n1 r AE AA
L
B) Mono-mode
fibre n
t t
Input impulse
Eingangs- Output
impuls impulse
Optic attenuation of a mono-mode fibre
10,0
5,0
Attenuation
(dB/km) Infrared
absorption
1,0
Rayleigh
dispersion
0,1 0,85 1,3 1,55
0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
Wave length (µm)
Optic fibre connections:
Coarse planning rules
Optic component: Attenuation:
Mono-mode fibre at 1300 nm αOFC = 0.45 dB/km
at 1550 nm αOFC = 0.30 dB/km
Gradient fibre at 850 nm αOFC = 2,5 to 3,5 dB/km
at 1300 nm αOFC = 0.7 to 1.0 dB/km
Per splice αSPL = 0.1 dB
Per connector FSMA αCON = 1.0 dB
FC αCON = 0.5 dB
Reserve αRES = 0.1 to 0.4 dB/km
Total attenuation of the OF cable system:
αTOT = l ⋅ αOFC + n ⋅ αSPL + 2 ⋅ αCON + l ⋅ αRES
Optic Fibre signal transmission system:
Calculation example
Task: Optic fibre signal transmission device 7VR500

Estimation of maximum reach
Given: Device data: Sending power of laser diode: αS= –14 dB

Minimum reception power: αE= -46 dB
Optic wave length: 1300 nm
The optic fibre cable is shipped in sections of each 2 km.
For reserve, 0.2 dB/km have been chosen.
Seached: Maximum distance that can be bridged
Solution: The cable length is: l=x⋅2 km

The number of splices is: n=x-1
The admissible system attenuation: −14− (−46)=32 dB
Therefore:
+ ( x − 1) ⋅ 0,1dB + 2 ⋅ 0,5dB + x ⋅ 2km ⋅ 0,2
dB dB
32dB = x ⋅ 2km ⋅ 0,45
km km
we get: x=22 and l=44 km
Radio (Micro-wave) Signalling
repeater
station
radio-
link
terminal terminal
station station
• Line-of-sight path (up to about 50 km without repeater)

• 150 MHz to 20 GHz, n times 4 kHz channels analog and n times 64 (56) kbit/s digital (PCM)
• Advantage: Independent of line short-circuit and switching disturbances
• Disadvantage: Fading and reflections during bad weather conditions
Additional pilot links necessary to sending/receiver stations
Digital communication
u Wide-band communication via optic fibre or digital microwave

u n times 64 (56) kbit/s channels
u pulse code modulation (PCM)
u transmission via dedicated channels or communication network
u access through time division multiplexers
u interface standard for synchronous data transmission:
CCITT G.703 or X.21 (wired connection)
u interface standard for asynchronous data transmission:
V.24/V.28 to CCITT or RS485 to EIA (wired connection)
Function sequence of message transmission
Sending side
Message
Digital coding
Segmentation into
information blocks wide band
transmission
Error control modulation
Parallel-to-serial block
coding
conversion synchronisation
base band
transmission
Structure of a remote control telegram
Start Control Identification Information Error check End
Start sign Kind of telegram Address User data Checking End sign
Block limit Transmission Origin Measuring Check bits
cause values
Destination
Telegram length Status
etc. Commands
etc.
Information field
Block length
Transmitted frame
Digital communication
Synchronous transmission mode
• all bits follow a fixed time frame
• synchronism between sending and receiving station. (separate
clocking line or signal codes with clock regain)
• block (frame) synchronising by opening and closing flags
• suitable for high data rates
• used protocol: HDLC (high-level data link control)
• cyclic redundancy check (CRC) or frame check sequence (FCS) by
16 or 32 added check-bits (probability of non-detected telegram block
errors: 10–5 (CRC-16) or 10–10 (CRC-32))
• used for high speed teleprotection
HDLC telegram frame Opening Address Control Frame Check Closing

Information Field
format Flag Field Field FCS Flag
to ISO 3309: any length
01111110 8 or more bits 8 or 16 bits 16 or 32 bits 01111110
Multiplexing
Frequency Multiplexing
f1 M FC +f1+f2 M f1
U U
f2 X X f2
Coded voice tones Carrier frequency,

FC e.g. 100 kHz with PLC FC
300 to 4000 Hz
Time Divison Multiplexing (TDM)
125 µs
M M
U U
X X
Clock > 2 Mbit/s Clock

64 kbit/s channels
Communication through transmission networks
M
U
A X Modem
User /
Source Network node
circuit / packet switching
trunk
Station
user terminal point
Modem M
U
X line
Transmission path
B
loop
User /
Destination
Structure of a modern data communication network
ØNetworks are plesiochronous (PDH),

synchronous (SDH) or asynchronous (ATM)
ØData terminal devices (e.g. relays) are
synchronised through the network
ØRings guarantee redundance.
ØData of different services (e.g. telephone and
622 Gbit/s
protection are commonly transmitted
(time multiplexed)
ØProtection relays must be adapted to the given
network conditions (e.g. changing propagation
time due to path witching.
622 Gbit/s
POTS: Plain Old Telephone Services

ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
STM-n: Synchronous Transport Module level n
SMA: Synchronous Module Access
ATM: Asynchronous Transmission Mode
ISP: Internet Service Provider
Comparison of Switching Methods
Circuit Switching Packet switching

The physically assigned channel is Data stream is segmented to packets
established before and disconnected after
Transmission runs connection-oriented or
communication
connection-less
POT (Plain old telephony), ISDN
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), ATM
Digital networks on basis of PCM with Backbone
plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH)
Cannel not occupied during whole connection
Reliable and fast transmission possible time
when connection is established.
Channels can be used quasi-simultaneously
Circuit establishment requires a free
Data transmission by principle time is random.
channel from A to B
SDH and ATM can provide virtual circuit-
Connection occupies channel also when no switched channels. However, split path signal
data is exchanged routing may however result in unsymmetrical
signal transmission times.
Deterministic data transmission (fixed data
transmission time per channel)
SDH network: Split path routing
Node Node
F E
Node Standby Node

A path D
tP2‘
tP1
Node Node
B C tP1‘
tP2
Healthy
Relay Relay
path
End 1 End 2
Digital Transport Systems: Bundling of channels
PCM 7680
PDH Hierarchy
Plesiochronous (almost synchronous) PCM 1920
M
PCM 480 U
M X 565 Mbit/s
PCM 120 U
M X
PCM 30 U 140 Mbit/s
M X
U 32 Mbit/s
M X
U
8 Mbit/s
X 2 Mbit/s
64 kbit/s
SDH Hierarchy
Synchronous
SMT-1 SMT-4 SMT-16 SMT-64
155 Mbit/s 622 Mbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s
1 1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)
Multiplexing structure:
ØBase rate 64 kbit/s (digital equivalent of analogue telephone channel)
ØEquipments may generate slightly different bit rates due to independent internal clocks
ØBit stuffing is used to bring individual signals up to the same rate prior to multiplexing
(Dummy bits are inserted at the sending side and removed at the receiving side)
ØIntermediate inserting and extracting of individual channels is not possible, but the full
multiplexing range has always to be run through.
Hierarchical level Europe USA

0 64 kbit/s 56 kbit/s
1 2‘048 Mbit/s 1‘544 Mbit/s
2 8‘448 Mbit/s 6‘312 Mbit/s
3 34‘368 Mbit/s 44‘736 Mbit/s
4 139‘264 Mbit/s 139‘264 Mbit/s
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
Multiplexing structure
Ø SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) first appeared in USA (1985)
Ø ITU-T (formerly CCITT) issued B-ISDN as world wide standard (1988)
Ø All multiplexing functions operate synchronously using clocks derived from a
common source
Ø Designed to carry also future ATM
SDH SONET
STM level Aggregate Rate OC level STS level Aggregate Rate
OC-1 STS-1 51,840 Mbit/s
STM-1 155,520 Mbit/s OC-3 STS-3 155,520 Mbit/s
STM-4 622,080 Mbit/s OC-12 STS-12 622,080 Mbit/s
SZM-16 2‘488,320 Mbit/s OC-48 STS-48 2‘488,320 Mbit/s
STM-64 9‘953,280 Mbit/s OC-192 STS-192 9‘953,280 Mbit/s
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and Broadband B-ISDN
Features of ATM:
Voice Audio Fax Data Video
Ø Synchronisation individually per packet
Ø Packets carry each complete address of
destination so that each can be separately
delivered (Datagrams, here called Cells)
Ø Information stream is segmented into cells
that are 53 octets long
ISDN
Ø ATM sets up a virtual switched connection
and sends data along a switched path from
source to destination
Ø Requirements on bandwidth, bounded delay
and delay variation can be set by the user
ØSingle cells can be inserted or removed at the
nodes, as required
Ø The predominant use is for net backbones
TDM over optical fiber
Hicom
FO
MUX
>2 Mbit/s
L1-L2
21,3 KA
73,6 kW Optic fibres in the
core of earth wires
I
O x 64 kbit/s
V
Bit error rate (of data channels)
number of faulty bits

Bit error rate: p=
total number of sent bits
Typical bit error rates of public services:

Telephone circuits ca. 10 -5
Digital data networks (Germany) ca. 10 -6 to 10-7
Coaxial cables (LAN) ca. 10 -9
Fiber optic communication ca. 10 -12
Utility conditions (CIGRE SC34 Report 2001):
Fiber optic communication ca. 10 -6
Data networks (PDH, SDH, ATM) ca. 10-6
Microwave ca. 10 -3
Requirements acc. to CIGRE report:

Protection and control
in general: < 10-6
Function guaranteed up to < 10 -3 however downgraded (reduced operating speed)
Line differential protection < 10 -6 and < 10-5 during power system faults
Error detection methods: Cyclic redundancy check
01111110 01111110
Flag Address Control Data field Check field Flag
I(x) I(x) + R(x)

Sender Receiver
Division
Division R(x) = CRC by G(x)
by G(x)
error free
R(x) = 0
CRC 16: G(x) = X16 + X15 + X2 + 1 data block
binary: 1 1000 0000 0000 0101
Reduction of the block failure rate by the factor > 10 -5 against the
bit failure rate! faulty
(CRC 32: > 10-10) data block
Data integrity (line differential protection 7SD52/61)
Received data Block failure rate

P = 10-5
Error detection
e.g. CRC = 32
Block failure rate

Residual data
R = 10-15
Residual error rate
number of not detected faulty telegrams (data blocks)

Residual error rate: R=
total number of sent telegrams (data blocks)
Practical range of protection and control systems: R < 10 -10 to 10-15
n
Time between 2 not detected errors: T= n= length of telegram (data block)
v⋅R
v= transmission speed in bit/s
Example:
Telegrams of n =200 bit are continuously transmitted at 64 kbit/s.
R T typical application
10-7 20 hours cyclic transmission (metering)
10-10 2.3 years
10-15 230000 years remote control and protection
Protection of a short line lines
Differential relay using direct digital relay-to-relay communication
A B
D D
7SA6 7SA6
Communication via direct relay-relay connection

Fibre type optical wave maximum permissible
length attenuation distance
Multi-mode
62.5/125 µm 820 nm 16 dB ca. 3.5 km
Monomode
9/ 125 µm 1300 nm 29 dB ca. 60 km
9/ 125 µm 1500 nm 29 dB ca. 100 km
Line differential relaying using digital communication
A B
D D
7SD52 7SD52
D
Chain topology or 7SD52
redundant ring topology

C typical <1.5 km
multimode fibre
62.5/ 9/ 125 µm
O Communication O
E network E
Communication
converter
X21 or X21 or
G703.1 G703.1
with communication through data net
l Microsecond exact time keeping in the relays

n Each relay has its individual time keeping
n Sent and received telegrams get microsecond accurate time stamps
l Special relay properties for network communication

Measurement of propagation times and automatic correction 0 - 30 ms
Detection of channel switching in the network
Unique address for each relay (1 - 65525)
to detect signal misdirection (channel cross-over of loop-back)
Measurement of channel quality (availability, error rate)
l Change of the network path -> Adaptive add-on stabilisation

Settable time difference to consider given data transmission asymmetry
l Adaptive topology recognition

Automatic recognition of connections and remote end devices
Automatic re-routing from ring to chain topology if one data connection fails
In case of multi-terminal protection, remaining relay system continues operation
if one line end is switched off and the relay is logged out for maintenance
Individual time references by synchro-phasors
Definition of a synchro-
synchro-phasor:
phasor:
Synchro-
Synchro-phasors,
phasors, are phasors,
phasors, which are measured at different network locations by
independent devices and referred to a common time basis
Time reference
iA iB
Ort : A Ort : B
IM
IA
relay A
RE
IB
relay B
Phasor synchronisation between line ends
IB( tA3 )
A B
∆I ∆I
IB( tB3 )
curre
n α
phas t
o rs
tA1 ...
tA1
tPT1 tB1
tA2
tBR
tD tB2 t B3 - t A3
tA3
α= ⋅ 360 °
tB3 TP
tA4 tPT2
nt
tAR curre tB4
tA5 ... rs
tV ph aso
tB3 tA1
Signal transmission time: t PT1 = t PT2 =

1
(t A1 - t AR - t D )
2
Sampling instant: t B3 = t AR - tTP2
Specification of data channel for line differential protection
based on Cigre Report: Protection using Telecommunication *)
Data rate 64 kbit/s (min.)

Channel delay time: < 5 ms
Channel delay time unsymmetry: < 0.2 ms
Bit error rate normal: < 10 -6
during power system fault < 10-5 *)
Availability: > 99.99 %
*) Report of WG34/35.11, Brochure REF. 192, Cigre Central Office, Paris, 2001,
*) It is suggested that for a BER of less than 10-6 the dependability shall not suffer a noticeable deterioration . For a
BER of 10-6 to 10-3 the teleprotection may still able to perform its function although a loss in dependability is to be
expected.
Digital Protection
of
Generators and Motors
Gerhard Ziegler
Differential Protection Symposium Belo Horizonte November 2005 G. Ziegler, 10/2005 Seite 116
Generator differential protection
a
a IA/In
c
3
S S 2
S S 1
S S
A A A 1 2 3 4 5 6 IS/In
Connection circuit Operating characteristic
Generator HI differential protection
a
b
c
A A A
Transverse differential protection
S S
S S
S S
A A A
HI earth current differential protection
L1
L2
L3
∆IE>
Earth current differential protection for generators
L1
L2
L3
U0>
∆IE>
Tripping
Motor starting current
20
TRush
15
IRush /IN Tst
10
Ist/IN 5
5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
tst (ms)
Transformer
Differential Protection
Gerhard Ziegler
Transformer: Function principle and equivalent circuits
w1 w2
I1 I2
R1 Xσ1 X σ 2' R2 '
Φ
U1 U2
Φ σ1 Φ σ2 U1 I1 Iµ Xµ I2' U 2'
Equivalent electromagnetic circuit Equivalent electric circuit
I ⋅ w + I ⋅ w = I µ ⋅ w1
1 1 2 2
RTK X TK
I1 ⋅ w1 = I 2 ⋅ w 2
At load and short-circuit: I µ << I 1, 2 ' X TK = X σ 1 + X σ 2 '
U1 I1 = I 2 ' U 2'
RTK = R1 + R 2 '
Typical Transformer data
Rated power Ratio Short-circuit No-load magnetizing

voltage current
MVA kV/kV % UN % In
850 850/21 17 0.2
600 400/230 18.5 0.25
300 400/120 19 0.1
300 230/120 24 0.1
40 110/11 17 0.1
16 30/10.5 8.0 0.2
6.3 30/10.5 7.5 0.2
0.63 10/0.4 4.0 0.15
Transformer Inrush current
IRush
Flux
φ φ
φRem Inrush-current of a single

U phase transformer
Im t
Source: Sonnemann, et al.: Magnetizing Inrush phenomena in transformer banks, AIEE Trans., 77, P. III, 1958, pp. 884-892
Inrush currents of a Y-∆-transformer
Neutral of Y-winding earthed
ΦC
IA
ΦB
ΦA ID
IB
I mC
IC
I mA
Oscillogram:
IA 5 1
I A = ⋅ I mA − ⋅ I mC
6 6 IA
1 1
IB I B = − ⋅ I mA − ⋅ I mC
6 6 IB
5 1
IC IC = ⋅ I mC − ⋅ I mA IC
6 6
Source: Sonnemann et al. : Magnetizing Inrush phenomena in transformer banks, AIEE Trans., 77, P. III, 1958, pp. 884-892
Inrush current : Content of 2nd und 3rd harmonic
I m (ν )
%
I m (1)
100
80 B B
360O
60
I m (2)
40 I m (1)
I m (3)
20 I m (1) 17,5%
90O 180O 270O 360O Width of base B

240O
Inrush currents of a three-phase transformer
recorded with relay 7UT51
Transformer Inrush current:
Amplitude and time constant
Î Rush 12
Î N 10 Rated power time constant

in MVA in seconds
8
0,5....1,0 0,16....0,2
6 1,0 10 0,2 .....1,2
>10 1,2 ....720
4
5 10 50 100 500
Rated transformer power in MVA
Sympathetic Inrush
Wave form: Transient currents:
I1
I
I1 Current circulating
I2 between transformers
I2
IT
IT t
I1 RS XS
Transformer
IT being closed
G T1 IT
G I1
resistance I2 I2
Transformer
already closed
T1 T2
T2
Transformer overfluxing
Deduction of wave form Harmonic content

%
Im 100 I150/I50 I50/InTr
B 80
× 10 4 Gauß U
1,5 60 I250/I50
40 I350/I50
1,0
20
0,5 0
100 120 140 % 160
U/Un
5 10 15 A 0 10 20 ms
Im t
Vector group adaptation with matching CTs
Current distribution with external ph-ph fault
IR Ir
I1 r
R
3 1
IS I2 Is s
S G
IT It
I3 t
T
3 /1
87T 87T 87T
Vector group adaptation and I0-elimination with matching CTs
Current distribution with external ph-E fault
IA Yd1 Ia r
A
IB Ib s
B G
IC Ic
t
C
cp Ic
= 3
IT=3 cn
3 /1 ap
87T 87T 87T Ia
= 3 an
Cp Cn A0 B0 C0 30O cp 30O
cn
bp bn
Bp Ap An Bn ap an
Traditional I0-elimination with matching CTs
Current distribution in case of an external earth fault
a
A
b
B G
c
C
87T 87T 87T
Traditional I0-elimination with matching CTs
Current distribution in case of an internal earth fault
a
A
b
B G
c
C
!
Ø Sensitivity only 2/3 I F!
87T 87T 87T
Ø Non-selective fault
indication!
Traditional I0-correction with matching CTs
Current distribution with external ph-E fault
a
A
b
B G
c
C
3/1
87T 87T 87T
Traditional I0-correction with matching CTs
Current distribution with internal ph-E fault
a
A
b
B G
c
C
3/1
87T 87T 87T
Transformer differential protection, connection
L1 IA1 IB1
UA UB
L2 IA2 IB2
(110 kV) L3 IA3 IB3 (20 kV)
Digital protection
contains:
Adaptation to
7UT6 ∆I ∆I ∆I
• Ratio UA / UB
• Vector group
Software replica of matching transformers
Digital transformer protection
Adaptation of currents for comparison (1)
CT 1 W1 W2 CT 2
JR-prim Jr-prim
JS-prim Js-prim
JT-prim Jt-prim
N Ir N Jr-sec
JR-sec IR IR* Com- Ir** Vector Ir*
o I0- Is* I0- o
JS-sec IS parison Is** group Is Js-sec
r elim. IS* elim. r
JT-sec IT IT* ∆I It** adapt. It* It Jt-sec
m m
SN SN
I N − Transf − W1 = I N − Transf − W2 =
3 ⋅ U N -1 3 ⋅ U N -2
IR J R −sec J R −sec Ir J r − sec J r − sec

I N − Prim − CT 1 I N − Prim − CT 2
IS = ⋅ J S −sec = kCT −1 ⋅ J S −sec Is = ⋅ J s − sec = k CT − 2 ⋅ J s − sec
I N − Transf - W1 I N − Transf -W2
IT JT −sec JT −sec It J t − sec J t − sec
Adaptation of currents for comparison (2)
CT 1 W1 W2 CT 2
JR-prim Jr-prim
JS-prim Js-prim
JT-prim Jt-prim
N Ir N Jr-sec
JR-sec IR IR* Com_ Ir** Vector Ir*
o I0- Is* I0- o
JS-sec IS parison Is** group Is Js-sec
r elim. IS* elim. r
JT-sec IT IT* ∆I It** adapt. It* It Jt-sec
m m
⋅ (I R + I S + I T )
1
⋅ (I r + I s + I t )
1
I0 = Example Yd5: I0 =
3 3
IR * = IR − I0 I∆−R IR * Ir ** Ir ** −1 0 1 Ir * Ir * = Ir − I0
1
IS * = IS − I0 I∆−S = IS * + Is ** Is ** = 1 −1 0 ⋅ Is * I s * = Is − I 0
3
IT * = IT − I0 I ∆ −T IT * It ** It * * 0 1 −1 It * I t * = I t − I0
Adaptation of currents for comparison
Relay input data
Input data:
•n times 30O vector group number
(only for 2nd and 3rd winding, Winding 1 (reference) is normally:
1st winding is reference)
•High voltage side
•UN (kV) Rated winding voltage
•SN (MVA) rated winding power At windings with tap
•INW (A) Primary rated CT current changer:
U max ⋅ U min
•Line or BB direction of CT neutral UN = 2⋅
U max + U min
•Elimination / I0-treatment
Correction /
without
•Side XX Assignment input for REF
•INW S (A) Primary rated current of neutral CT
•Neutral CT Earth side connection to relay: Q7 or Q8?
Current adaptation, Example (1)
SN = 100 MVA
UN1= 20 kV Yd5 UN2= 110 kV
3000/5 A W2 W1 600/1 A
7621 A 2.400 A
1A
5A
∆I
Current adaptation, Example (2)
20-kV-side 110-kV-side
100MVA 100MVA
I N − Trafo − W2 = = 2887A I N − Trafo − W1 = = 525A
3 ⋅ 20kV 3 ⋅ 110kV
1 1
J r,s, t - sek = ⋅ 13200 3 = 4,4 3 A J R, S, T -sek = ⋅ 2400 = 4,0 A
3000 600
3000 600
I Norm = ⋅ 4,4 3 = 4,57 3A I Norm = ⋅ 4 = 4,57A
2887 525
I0-elimination: Vector group adaptation: Yd5

Ir ** −1 0 1 4,57 3 − 4,57 / 3 Ir * 2 −1 −1 0 4 ,57 3
1 1
Is ** = 1 − 1 0 ⋅ − 4,57 3 = 2 ⋅ 4,57 / 3 I s * = ⋅ − 1 2 − 1 ⋅ − 4,57 = − 2 ⋅ 4 ,57 3
3 3
It ** 0 1 −1 0 − 4,57 / 3 It * −1 −1 2 0 4 ,57 3
IA −R = IR * + I r * * = 4,57 3 − 4,57 3 =0
I A − S = I S * + I s * * = − 2 ⋅ 4,57 3 + 2 ⋅ 4,57 3=0
I A −T = IT * + I t * * = 4,57 3 − 4,57 3 =0
Current adaptation (1)
Practical example for the need of matching CTs
*) To keep the specified measuring accuracy of 7UT51. For protectio n only
Matching CTs recommended, if necessary if 8 <k_Wan_n <1/8
k_Wan_n > 4 or k_Wan_n < 1/4: *)
345 kV, 1050 MVA

2000/5 A
500 kV,
1050 MVA
1500/5 A
1213 A
(1050
MVA) 1000/1 A
43.930 A
(1050 MVA)
4,04 A
13,8 kV, 43,43 A
30 MVA
1/0.2A
8,786
7UT513 (5A Relay) 8,786

k CT _ 3* = = 1,76 < 4!
5
Current adaptation (2)
Practical example for the need of matching CTs
1050 ⋅103 Relay Transformer Transformer

I n −Tr −W 1 = = 1213A winding 1 winding 3
3 ⋅ 500
I 1213A 40·In= 15 Bit +sign
n −Tr −W 1−sec = = 4,04 A
1500 / 5
4.04 = 215 = 32.768
kCT −1 = = 0,809
5 32.768 15 40·In 32.36 351,44
1050 ⋅ 103
I n −Tr −W 2 = = 1757 A
3 ⋅ 345
I 1757 A
n −Tr −W 2− sek = = 4,39 A
2000 / 5
4,39
kCT − 2 = = 0,878
5
1050 ⋅103
I n −Tr −W 3 = = 43.930 A
3 ⋅13,8
I 43.930 A
n −Tr −W 3 _ sek = = 43,93 A
1000 / 1
43,93
kCT −3 = = 8,786 > 4! 1 0,122%In 0,099% 1,072%
5
7UT6
Operating characteristic
I1 I2
9
IDiff/ In
8 I DIFF >>
AB
ST
I
F =
7UT6
7
IF
ID
IDIFF = |I1+ I2|
6
IStab = |I1| + |I2| Tripping area
5
4 2
e Stable operation
op
3 Sl
1 Additional stabilisation
Slope
1
I DIFF > for high Is.c.
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Istab / In
I0-elimination / correction: Summary
è I0- elimination necessary at all windings with earthed neutral or

with grounding transformer in the protection range
Earth fault sensitivity reduced to 2/3 !
Incorrect fault type indication!
è I0- correction provides full earth current sensitivity and correct
phase selective fault type indication, however requires CT in the
neutral-to-earth connection of the transformer.
è As an alternative, earth differential protection can be used to
enhance earth fault sensitivity.
Transformer winding to earth fault
Solid earthed neutral
IF
per unit
10
UR 8
IF
h⋅UR 6
Infeed side
4
IF IK
2
IK
0 20 40 60 80 100
Short-circuited winding part h in %
Source: P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection, McGraw-Hill and IEEE Press (Book)
Transformer winding to earth fault
Resistance or reactance earthed neutral
UR
%
h⋅UR 100
I
Infeed side I Max IF
50 IK
IF
IK RE
0
20 40 60 80 100
h ⋅U R Short-circuited winding part h in %
IF =
RE
h ⋅ w2 1 U 2n U R
=
U 2n I K = h2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
IK ⋅ IF = h ⋅ ⋅ IF 3 U 1n R E
w1 U 1n ⋅ 3
Source: P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection, McGraw-Hill and IEEE Press (Book)
Transformer winding short-circuit
100 10
IF , I K
IK IP
x In 80 8 x In
60 6
IF
40 4
IK
20 2
IF
0
5 10 15 20 25
Short-circuited winding part h in %
Source: Protective Relays, Application Guide, GEC Alstom T&D, 1995
Restricted earth fault protection of relay 7UT6
IR
IS
IT
K0= 4
K0= 2 100
2
80
120 60
I0 * IN I>
⋅ e ϕ (I 0 * /I 0 * *)
1.6
K0= 1.4 140
I 0 * *40
1.2
160 0.8 20
0.4
∆ IE
K0= 1
ϕ I0* I0**
180
Blocking 0
+ 0
1
Tripping
200 340
220 320
Polarised earth current
240 300
260 280
differential protection
3.14
Restricted earth fault protection 87N (7UT6)
Application aspects
n Increased sensitivity with earth faults near winding neutral

Preferably used in case of resistance or reactance neutral earthing
n Sensitive to turns short-circuit
n I0 / IN amplitude and angle comparison
n 2nd harmonic stabilised
n Can protect a separate shunt reactor or neutral earthing transformer in
addition to the two winding transformer differential protection
n Not applicable with autotransformers! (as only one stabilising input at transformer
terminal side, -- high impedance principle to be used in this case.
Transformer HI-earth fault protection
IR
Ir
IS Is
IT It
ZE
∆IE>
IN ∆IE>
HI differential protection of an autotransformer
Ir
IR
Is
IS
It
IT
87 87 87
HI earth fault protection of an autotransformer
Ir
IR
Is
IS
It
IT
IN
∆I>
Transformer tank protection 64T: Principle
IE>
Insulated
Transformer protection, Relay design
7UT6 differential protection

for
•Transformers
•Generators
• Motors
•Busbars
7UT612: for protection objects with 2 ends (1/3 x 19’’ case 7XP20)
7UT6
Integrated protection functions
Function ANSI No. Function ANSI No.
Differential 87T Overfluxing V/Hz 24

Earth differential 87 N Breaker failure 50BF
Phase overcurrent, 50/51 Temperature monitoring 38
Neutral overcurrent IN>, t 50N/51N
Hand reset trip 86
Ground overcurrent (IE, t) 50G/51G
Trip circuit supervision 74TC
Unbalanced current I2>, t 46
Binary inputs for tripping commands
Thermal overload IEC 60255-8 49
Therm. OL IEC 60354 (hot spot) 49
Application range (7UT6)
∆I
∆I ∆I ∆I
Shunt Reactor Two winding Three winding Transformer bank

transformer transformer (1-1/2-LS)
G ∆I ∆I ∆I
Generator / Motor
Busbars
Digital transformer protection relay 7UT613:
Current inputs and integrated protective functions
YN yn0 d5
R
S
T
ϑ> ϑ> I>>,

∆IT
∆ITE
(2) (1) I>t
Operating characteristic (7UT6)
Idiff >>
7
Locus of
6 internal faults
I 2
Op 45°
lo pe
In 5 S
operate restrain
4
2 supplementary
e1 restraint
1 S lo p
Idiff >
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 IRes
In
7SA6: Temperature monitoring
RS485 Interface
7XV5662-(x)AD10 7XV5662-(x)AD10
Two thermo-devices can be connected to the serial service interface (RS485)

Monitoring of up to 12 measuring points (6 per thermo-device)
- each with two pick-up levels
Display of the measured temperatures
- directly at the thermo-device (which can also be used stand alone)
- at the relay
One input is reserved for hot spot monitoring (measurement of oil temperature)
Thermistors: Pt100, Ni100 or Ni120
7UT6: Temperature monitoring with hot spot calculation (1)
Example: Natural cooling

Θh= hot spot temperature
Θ h = Θ O + H gr ⋅ k Y
ΘO= oil temperature
Hgr=hot-spot-to-oil temperature gradient
k= load factor I/In
Y= winding exponent
Aging rate:
98O is reference for
Oil - Aging at Θh
Temp. V= = 2(Θ h −98)/6 the aging of
Aging at 98°C Cellulose insulation
HV
LV Mean value of aging during a fixed time interval:
2 T
1
L= ⋅ ∫ V ⋅ dt
T2 − T1 T1
Θ h = Θ o + H gr ⋅ k Y ≈ 73 + 23 ⋅1.151.6 = 102°C
(L)
V = 2(Θ h −98)/6 = 2(102−98)/6 ≈ 1.6

108°C
[°C]
k, 98°C
V,
102°C Θh
L
Θo
73°C
Θh Hot spot
temp.
1.6
Θo oil temp.
V (relative 1.15
(from thermo-
aging)
device) L (mean
k (I/In)
value of V)
7UT6: Commissioning und service tool (1)
WEB-Technology
Access to WEB Browser
Help system in the
INTRANET / INTERNET Relay homepage address of :
http://www.siprotec.com http://141.141.255.160
IP-address can be set with
program DIGSI 4 at the front or
service interface of the relay
1. Serial connection WEB server

Directy or with modem in relay firmware
to standard DIAL-UP
Server sends HTML pages and
network JAVA code to WEB Browser via
2. HTM L page view DIAL-UP connection
at IP-address of the relay
http://141.141.255.160
7UT6: Commissioning and service tool (2)
Display of current phasors of all terminals
Transformer YNd11d11, 110/11/11kV, 38.1MVA,

IL2S2à wrong polarity
Display of operating/restraint state
Transformer YNd11d11, 110/11/11kV, 38.1MVA, IL2S2à wrong polarity
Application examples
Protection of a two winding transformer
7SJ600
7UT512
50 51
W1 49
52
Bu 87T
W1 (OS)
W2 (US)
W2 51
52 52 52
Protection of a three winding transformer
7SJ600
50 51 7UT513
52 W1 49-1
Bu
W1 87T
W2 W3 W2 49-2
W3 51
52
Load
Restricted earth fault protection
for a two winding transformer
7SJ600
7UT513
50 51
52 W1 49-1
W1 (OS) Bu
87T
W2 (US)
ZE
51
W2
87TE
52 52 52
Protection of an autotransformer
7SJ600 52
50
51N 51BF
51
7UT513 87
TH 7VH600
87
TL 49
Load 52 3Y
52
Bu 50
51 51
59 50 50
BF BF 7SJ600
7RW600
7SJ600
51
N
Protection of a large transformer bank
52 52
7SA6
50
21 49
BF
87 7VH6 (3)
7UT513
TH
87
TL 49
3
Load 52
52
51
7SA6
59N 50
51
BF 51N 21 49
7RW6 BF
7SJ6 7SJ6
Protection of a phase regulating transformers
Phase regulator
Bu
50/50N 50/50N
Exciting
51/51N Bu transformer 51/51N
87 87
TP TS
51N
50N 51N
Protection of a compensation reactor
No phase CTs at neutral side
52
49-1
50
51
87N 7UT613
Protection of a compensation reactor
with phase CTs at neutral side
7SJ600
3 50 51
7UT613
52 49
87
87N
Differential protection of generation units (1)
a) c) d) e)
52 52 52 52
∆IT ∆IT ∆IT

∆IT
G 52
G ∆IG
G ∆IG
G ∆IG
Differential protection of generation units (2)
52
∆IT
52
*)
∆IT
G ∆IG
*) same ratio as generator CTs
52 Auxiliaries
Dimensioning of CTs at the station service transformer
250 MVA
220 /10 kV T1 ∆IT
Fault F1:
IK-T
High fault currents in relation to the rated current
of the station-service transformer T2 (>100xIN)
and long DC time constants (>100 ms) require
IK-G Œ considerable over-dimensioning of CT cores Œ
250 MVA
G • and • .
10 kV
F1
7UT61
25 MVA
T2 ∆IT
10,5 / 5 kV
Ž Fault F2:
EB uncritical as current is limited by short-circuit
F2 impedance of station-service transformer T2.
CT Ž can have normal dimensions
Digital Transformer Differential
Protection
I0-correction
+ vector group adaptation
PTD Service Nürnberg 2005

Differential Protection Course Power Training Center
G. Ziegler, 5/2005 page 1
Copyright © SIEMENS AG PTD SE 2002. All rights reserved.

Transformer differential protection with I0-correction
External fault
L1 L3
L2
L3 L2
L1
3 Yd5 3 3
L1
L2
L3
1
1:3 3
Vector group adaptation
1 3
3 1 2
2
∆ ∆ ∆ 3
I0-correction


Internal fault
L1 L3
L2
L3 L2
L1
3 Yd5 3 3
L1
L2
L3
1
1:3 3
1 3
1 1
2
∆ ∆ ∆ 3
I0-correction


Digital Line Differential Protection
Gerhard Ziegler
Line differential protection, Versions
Line differential protection with wire connection

I1 I2 I1 I2
current comparison voltage comparison
I2
Three-wire ∆U Two-wire
∆Ι ∆I ∆I
(control cables) (telefon pilots)
up to ∆I ∆I
U1 U2 up to about 25 km
about 15 km
I1
7SD503 7SD502/
Line differential protection with digital communication 7SD600
I I I1 I2
1 2
7SD61 ∆I ∆I ∆I Up to ca. 200 km ∆I 7SD61

dedicated optic line length
fibres up to ca. 35 km
Other PCM PCM PCM
PCM
services MUX Data net MUX
OF or microwave MUX MUX
Digital pilot wire relay 7SD600
Combines
ØTraditional pilot wire protection principle
with
ØModern digital relay technology
Novel features:
§ Self-monitoring and pilot wire supervision
§ Saturation detector
§ Measurement of pilot loop resistance
§ Add-on functions
Relay to Relay pilot wires communication
New technology on existing (copper-) pilots
Traditional:
Composed current
measurement
Comparison of analogue values
Modern:
Phase
segregated
E
O
O
measurement
E
Digital data transmission

64 kbps bi-directional
4 value digital code (2B1Q)
Amplitude and phase modulation
Spectrum mid frequency: 80 kHz
Digital Relay to Relay Communication (Overview)
Dedicated Optic Fiber
or
E O
O Data Comms net E
87L 87L
or
E O
O ISDN E
E
or
O
O E
Pilot wires
Communication according to given possibilities
Converter for digital communication via pilot wire
5 kV
7SD52/61 insulated
7XV5662-0AC00
Wire
7XR9516 connection
OF-cable up to ca. 8 km
mutli-mode fibre Barrier
max. 1,5 km transformer
20 kV (optional)
Line differential protection
with converter for digital communication
7SD52/61 7XV56
Digital
data
network
OF Interface to data network:

Multi-mode fibre X.21 or G.703.1
max. 1.5 km (wired connection)
Relay to Relay Communication:
Two terminal configuration with hot standby connection
Comms- Loss of main

converter Comms-
connection converter
O O
FO 820 nm FO 820 nm
E E
X21 or X21 or
G703.1 G703.1
I2 Main I2 (64 kBit/s)
connection
Direct FO- Hot standby interrupted Hot standby
connection. connection connection
Main Data Data
active Comms
connection Permanent Comms
512 kBit/s network network
supervision. Switchover
for the 87L takes 20 ms
function
I1 I1
O O
E E
Main connection
re-established
Closed ring
Relay to Relay Communication:
Ring- and Chain topology, loss of one data connection tolerated
Closed ring Chain
side 2 side 2
I2 I2 side 3
side 3
I3 I3+ I1 I2 I3
I1+ I2
I3
I1 I3+ I1 I1
I1+ I2
side 1 side 1
Partial current sums
Line differential relay with digital communication (7SD52)
Application to 3-terminal line
5P20
1600:1
Cable tab 110 kV

8 km, 0.25 µF/km
IC=40 A
10P10 OH-line A-B

110 kV, 60 km 5P20
A 400:1 1600:1 B
8 nF/km, IC=10 A
O Digital O
PCM communication PCM
E E
network
OF: 820 nm Wired interface:

X.21 or G701.1
Application to tapped line
87L 7SA52 7SA52 87L
Net Net
7SA52
87L
7SA52
87L
Transformer-line protection
20 MVA, 110 kV / 20 kV,

Yd5
10P10, 10 VA, 200:1 10P10, 10 VA, 600:5
8 km
50/51
LWL
87T 87T
50/51 50/51
7SD61 7SD61
50 BF 50 BF
7SD52/61: Bias for CT errors
I1
Error i1
%
10%
fL fF
Load range Fault range
I1
ALF‘/ALFN • IN-CT ALF’ •IN-CT
f : relay setting parameters Example: 10P10, fL < 3%, fF = 10% at ALF‘•IN-CT
Relays 7SD52/61: Operating characteristic
IDiff Tripping I2 I3
area I1 I2
Restraint I3
IDiff> area I1
Operation External fCT

fault
IStab
IDiff = I1 + I2 + I3 (Calculated differential current)
IStab = IDiff> + Σ Sync.error + |I1| •fCT1 +|I2| • fCT2 + |I3| • fCT3
7SD52/61: Impact of line charging current
I1 I2
E1 U1 IC U2 E2
IDiff = I1 + I2 + IC (currents I1 and I2 counted positive in line direction!)
Without charge current compensation:

Pick-up value: IDiff> > 2,5.. 4 • I C è Senstive setting only for short cables or lines
With charge current compensation:

Pick-up value: IDiff> > 0,2 • IN
7SD52/61: High resistance fault sensitivity
230 kV IL= 1000 A

A B
1000/1 A 1000/1 A
Infeed
Load
7SD52 IF RF 7SD52
lline = 120 km
Ic = 72 A
Channel unsymmetry: 0.2 ms = 4.32 O ≈ 5O (60 Hz)
5P type CT, i.e. 1% error in the load area, set: f CD= 2%
Relay pick-up setting about 4xIC: IDiff> = 30% In = 300 A
I Op = I A + I B = 1000 A + I F − 1000 A = I F
∆ϕ ∆ϕ
I Re s = I Diff > + Fsync + f CTA ⋅ I A + f CTB ⋅ I B = I Diff > + ( I L + I F ) ⋅ sin + I L ⋅ sin + f CTA ⋅ ( I L + I F ) + f CTB ⋅ I L
2 2
I Diff > + (2 ⋅ sin (∆ϕ / 2 ) + f CTA + f CTB ) ⋅ I L 300 A + (2 ⋅ sin 5o / 2) + 0.02 + 0.02) ⋅1000 A
IF > = = 457 A
1 − (sin (∆ϕ / 2 ) + f CTA ) o
1 − (sin(5 / 2) + 0.02)
230 kV 230 kV
R F− max . = = = 290 Ohm
3 ⋅ I F− min . 3 ⋅ 457A
7SD52/7SD61: Charge comparison protection supplement
Q1 Q2
Q
1/4 cycle Q3
n+4 Calculation of the charge

n+3
t +T 4 QDiff =
n+2 n+5 n+4
n+1 Q=
∫ I(t) ⋅ dt ≈ ( n + n + 5 +
i
2
i
2 ∑ In ) ⋅ ΔT │Q1+Q2+Q3│
Trip
Area
n t n +1
n-1 with ∆T= 1 ms (18O el.)
Restrain
Area
QDiff>>
speed 2 relays 3 relays 6 relays
64 kbit/s 21 ms 21 ms 41 ms Settable pick-up value
0
128 kbit/s 16 ms 16 ms 24 ms 0
Qrest= Σ Q errors
512 kbit/s (FO) 14 ms 14 ms 17 ms
Development of IED processing and communication power
Year Memory Processing Bus width Communication

power
1986 192 kB 0.5 MIPS 16 bit 19.2 kbps
1992 768 kB 1.0 MIPS 16 bit 115.2 kbps
1998 8.5 MB 35 MIPS 32 bit 1.5 Mbps (LAN)
2004 28 MB 80 MIPS 32 bit 100 Mbps (LAN)
21 & 87 Relay
United full scheme distance and differential protection
Copy of well proven

21 features
21, 21N 85 - 21
67N 85 - 67N
68, 68T 27 WI 21 & 87
79 25 2 in 1
59 27
49 81
51/51N 50 BF
87
87
∆I
IRest
Universal line protection relay
87 Differential
21 Distance line protection
67 DEF
For all kind of lines

Short to long lines For all kind of communication:
Parallel lines Traditional : PLC, Pilot wires, Microwave
Multi-terminal lines Dedicated OF
Tapped lines Digital microwave
For all kind of operation
Transformer lines Single and/or three-pole ARC
Comms networks
Series comp. lines
Line with larger transformer taps
Release of 87 by 21 distance overreaching zone
87 87
21 21
Net Net
87
& Permissive Allows low setting of 87 pick-up!

tripping
21
Application to tapped line, Example
400/1 A ∆I ∆I 400/1 A
Net Net
l1= 8 km l2= 10 km l3= 5 km l4= 4 km

110 kV XL1= XL2= XL3 = XL4= 110 kV
SSC1‘‘=2000 MVA 3.2 Ω 4.0 Ω 2.0 Ω 1.6 Ω SSC2‘‘=1000 MVA
ZS1 = 6.05 Ω ZS2= 12.1 Ω
20 MVA 5 MVA 10 MVA
uT=12 % uK=8 % uK=10 %
XSC-T= 73 Ω XSC-T= 194 Ω XSC-T= 121 Ω
ISC ≈
1.1 ⋅ U N / 3 1.1 ⋅ 110/ 3 kV
= = 957 A ΣI Rush ≈ 5 ⋅
∑ S N −T
= 5⋅
35 MVA
= 918 A
X SC − T 73 Ω 3 ⋅U N 3 ⋅110 kV
u Setting pick-up value ∆I > 1.3·957 A
u or blocking ∆I via remote signalling when tap protection operates
u or release of ∆I by an overreaching distance zone
Fully redundant line protection
using dissimilar protection and comms principles
87 MUX comms net MUX 87
21 21
87 87
PLC PLC
21 21
Fully redundant 87 and 21 teleprotection remains in operation

in each combination of relay and communication failure!
Phase segregated 87 differential and 21 distance pilot protection:
Enhanced selectivity with multiple faults
87 differential
and
21 pilot protection
Ph a - E
Ph b - E
Phase selective fault clearance and auto-reclosing also with multiple-faults
Phase segregated 87 differential and 21 distance pilot protection:
Enhanced selectivity with multiple faults
87 differential
and
21 pilot protection
Ph a - E
Ph b - E
Phase selective fault clearance and auto-reclosing also with multiple-faults
Two-sided fault locator using 87&21 relay
communication
I1 I2
Grid 1 Grid 2
U1 U2
Digital comms
XL•I1 XL•I2
U2
U1
(I1+I2)•RF
Distance
Conclusions
ü Combined distance and differential protection relays , together with

modern comms, allow to enhance line protection in a cost saving way.
üThe dissimilar protection principles complement each other perfectly.
üDistance and differential protection can both be configured as phase
segregated teleprotection schemes allowing absolute phase selective fault
clearance and autoreclosure even with complex cross county and inter-
circuit faults.
üDigital relay to relay comms allows to exchange data for upgraded two
sided fault locating.
üUsing a single relay type for distance and/or differential protection also
saves on cost in investment and operation.
7SD51: Phase comparison,
Dynamic supplement based on delta-quantities
I1 I2
PCP PCP
7SD512 7SD512
i1(t) i2(t)
∆ i1(t) = i1(t) -i1(t -2T) ∆ i1(t) = i1(t) -i1(t -2T)
Sign.{ ∆i1 } Sign.{ ∆i2 } + +

+ + − −
− −
7SD51: Phase comparison
I1 I2 I1 I2
PVS PVS PVS PVS

7SD512 7SD512 7SD512 7SD512
i1(t) i2(t) i1(t) i2(t)
+ + + + + +
+ +
− − − − − − − −
+
+ +
+
+ + + +
− −
− −
− − − −
Full coincidence Full coincidence
no coincidence no coincidence
Tripping Tripping
External fault Internal fault,
7SD51: Phase comparison: Impact of charging current
I1=IL+IC -I2= IL
I1
E1 IC IL E2 ϕ
ϕKO -I2
IC
undefined
I1 -I2 range
Tripping
ϕ I2 range
undefined range due to

discrete sampling :
Phase shift ϕ caused by
±1/2∆T = ± 1,66/2 ms= ± 15O
charging current IC
Phase comparison protection 7SD51:
Sampling of the rectangular sign wave and data transmission telegram
i(t)
Sampling interval (1,66 ms)

01
Sign.{ i(t) } 00
11
−+++
Telegram acc. to IEC 60870-5

START 1 1 ··· 1 0 1 CHECK END Hamming distance d= 4
4 directional signs per phase = 12 binary digits
Measurement based on delta quantities, Principle
∆I1, ∆I2: DELTA-quantities

Total situation after fault inception:
I1 I2
ZV1 ZV2
E1 ∼ RF ∼ E2
Load before fault inception:

I1L I2L ZV2
ZV1
E1 ∼ UFL ∼ E2
Pure fault part : ZV1 ∆I1=I1F ∆I2=I2F

ZV2
RF
∼ UFL
Digital Busbar Protection
Gerhard Ziegler
Busbar differential protection, Principle
(Analog technique)
Busbar
k ⋅ I Res IOp
1 2 n
Measuring
circuit
Iop
Tripping
area Operating
k%
characteristic
Iop>
IRes
Part-digital Busbar protection 7SS6
4AM
ΣI
3 3 3 100mA∼ /IN
1 2 n 7SD601
= ΣI
=
7TM70 1,9 mA= /IN
7SS6: Operating characteristic
Internal faults (k=1)

IA
Relay characteristic
k= 0.25 to 0.8
Id >
IS
Isolator replica, Principle, (stabilising circuit not shown)
BB 1
BB 2
+ + + +
1 2 k
_ _ _ _
_ _
+ +
∆I1
∆I2
Decentralised BB-protection 7SS52, Structure
Optic fibre-communication
- HDLC protocol
- 1,2 MBaud
Wired
connections
7SS50/52: Maximum configuration
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Transfer bus
7SS50 7SS52
centralised decentralised
Bays 32 48
BB-zones 8 12
couplings 4 16
7SS50/52: Acquisition and supervision of isolator positions
Connection to
central unit
OF
Operating characteristic of BB protection 7SS52
Internal faults (k=1)

IOp
Relay characteristic
(k =0.1 - 0.8)
k Optional extension
for networks with limited earth
∆I > current (impedance earthing)
(release by U0>)
∆IE >
IRes
IRes<
BB-Protection 7SS52
Performance in networks with earth current limitation
110 /10 kV 35MVA
40 MVA IL = = 2 kA
10kV ⋅ 3
I F = I E = 10/ 3kV/6Ω ≈ 1 kA
RE= 6 Ohm (IE = 1 kA)
Restraint current: I Res = Σ I = (2 + 1) + 2 kA
Operating current: I Op = ΣI = I E = 1 kA
I Op 1
k= = = 0.2
35 MW I Re s 5
k
IOp Relay operating characteristic
(k =0.1 - 0.8)
Additional, for earth faults

(release by U0>)
∆I>
Iop-E= IE = 1kA
∆IE>= 500 A
IRes-L= 4kA Ihres-E= 1kA

IRes
IRes<= 7kA
Check zone of busbar protection
∆ISS1
∆ISS2
∆ICheck
Check zone:
Ø in the past used with HI protection on EHV level (needs separate CT cores)
Ø in general not used with traditional low impedance busbar protection (too expensive)
Ø However, now integrated as software function in full scheme versions 7SS51 and 7SS52
7SS52: special restraint algorithm avoids over-stabilisation
Check zone
I1 I2 I3 I4 I3 + I4
IOp IOp
I1 +I2
I1 +I2
2·(|I3| +|I4| ) I1 +I2 IRes |I3 + I4| IRes
Normal restraint: Special restraint algorithm:

Sum of all current magnitudes Positive and negative currents are added separately.
Σ I p = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 Σ I n = I3 + I 4
I Res = Σ I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I 4 + I3 + I4
Smaller value is then taken:
I Res = Σ I n = I3 + I 4
7SS52: Special treatment of dead zone faults (1)
BB-A Bus coupler CB aux. contacts not connected:

• 87-A trips bus coupler
BB-B • Current inverted in 87-B after T-BF.
Subsequently 87-B trips BB-B
Coupler CB auxiliary contacts connected:
• 87-B trips immediately after opening of bus
coupler CB because coupler current is
removed from bus protection.
→ time reduction (T-BF saved)
BB-A
A) Bus coupler CB aux. contacts not connected:
BB-B • 87-A overfunctions and trips unnecessarily.
• 87-B „sees“ an external fault and only trips finally
through BF function (delay T-BF!)
B) Bus coupler CB aux. contacts connected:
• 87-A remains stable („sees“ no fault current)
• 87-B trips immediately
Coupler CB auxiliary contacts connected to 7SS52:

Coupler current is removed from 87-A and 87-B current
comparison with open coupler CB.
Two CTs in coupling bay, overlapping protection zones
BB-A
BB-B
Coupler CB auxiliary contacts
connected:
• 87-A „sees“ external fault and
remains stable
• 67-B correctly trips BB-B
87 A
87 B
Coupler CB auxiliary contacts connected to 7SS52:

Coupler currents are removed from 87-A and 87-B current
comparison with open coupler CB.
7SS52: Treatment of switch onto a faulted (earthed) bus
BB-A
Coupler CB close command is detected by
BB-B bus protection (change of biary input
signal):
• Coupler current is immediately re-
included in the 87 current comparison
before CB contacts close.
• Selective tripping of BB-B by 87-B.
7SS52 : Integral breaker fail protection
Bay Busbar
protection protection7
& SS52
Fault
detection
T-BF Current ∆I
& 87 Trip
Trip reversal
With line fault and CB failure:

• Trip command of bay protection hangs on at BB protection
• Forced current reversal of the current of concerned bay after T-BF
• Zone selective tripping only of the concerned busbar
• Advantage: Reset time (overtravel time) of bay protection does not matter
External bay dedicated BF protection
Zone selective tripping via isolator replica of 7SS52 busbar protection
Bay (feeder) protection
T-BF 7SS52
trip
& Isolator Selective
I> & replica
bus
trip
Fault
detection
• BF trip command to busbar protection binary input

(for security: fault detection signal as second criterion)
• Distribution of trip commands via isolator replica to breakers of concerned
busbar
• èzone selective tripping of concerned busbar
Fail safe design: 3-out-of-3 decision per bay
∆I of check zone ∆I of discriminative ∆I of discriminative

calculated zones, calculated from zones, calculated from
from all samples even samples odd samples
Trip- relay
(per bay)
L– L+
Adaptive measurement (Booster circuit) (7SS5)
Odd dI S
Samples
dt
Even dI S
Samples
dt
dI S
1 ms Check zone
dt
Digital busbar protection 7SS5, Measuring technique
External fault, symmetrical fault current
I1 I2
1
I1 IOp= |I1+I2|
0 10 20 0 10 20
1 0 t 20
2
1.5 1.5
1
0.5
I2 k·IRes = k·(|I1|+|I2|) 1
0 10 20
0.5 0.5
1
1.5
0 10 20
1.5
1
1 1
IRes=|I1|+|I2| 0.5
0.5 ∆I = IOp - IRes 0 10 20
0.5
0 10 20
1
1.5
Internal fault, symmetrical fault current
I1 I2
2
1 1
I1 IOp= |I1+I2|
0 10 20
1 0 10 20
1.5
1
) 0.5 1.5
I2
0.5
0 10 20 k·IRes =k·(|I1|+|I2|) 1
1
1.5 0.5
2
0 10 20
1
1 1
0.5
IRes=|I1|+|I2| ∆I=IOp - IRes 0 10 20
0.5
0 10 20 ) 1
1.5
Tripping!
7SS5/6: Admissible over-burdening - Necessary dimensioning of
CTs with regard to symmetrical fault currents
I1 Ri
IM E2 I2 RB
∫ ∫
Φ = e2(t ) =(Ri + RB ) i 2(t )
φ 1
2
φmax
90O 54O
180O
Im
180O 180O 180O
Φ max ≅
∫ ALF'⋅u 2N (t) ⋅dt = (Ri + R B ) ∫ ALF'⋅i2N (t) ⋅ dt = (R i + R B )⋅ ALF'⋅Î2 ⋅ ∫ sinx ⋅ dt = (Ri + R B )⋅ ALF'⋅Î2N ⋅ 2
0 o o
I I 2
x 180 O I 2F
= ALF'⋅
2 k OB = 2F 2N =
x ALF' x
∫ ∫ sinx ⋅ dt = ALF'⋅Î2N ⋅ 2
I 2N
Î 2F sinx ⋅ dt = ALF'⋅Î 2N ⋅
o o
∫
sinx sinx
∫
o o
Required restraining factor k dependent on over-burdening
factor KOB (over-dimensioning factor KTF)
1.5
1
1
0.5
IRes= |I1|+|I2| IOp= |I1+I2|
IK
0 10 20 0 10 20
2 ⋅ I F ⋅ sin x
0 t 20
x
I F < k ⋅ 2 ⋅ I F ⋅ sin x
Condition for stability: IOp < k·IRes 1
1
1‘ sinx >
2⋅k
K OB 1
I I 2 2 k> or k>
2 ü = 2K 2N = = 4 ⋅ K OB − 1 4 ⋅ K TF − K 2 TF
n' x 1 − cosx
(from previous transparency) sinx
∫ KOB= CT over-burdening factor
o
KTF= 1/KOB = CT over-dimensioning factor
External fault, fault current with DC offset
I1 I2
2
2
1
I1 IOp= |I1+I2|
0 20 40 60
0 20 40 60
2
I2 1
0 20 40 60 k·IRes =k·(|I1|+|I2|)
2 0 20 40 60
t
2
1
IRes=|I1|+|I2|
1
∆I=IOp - IRes 0 20 40 60
0 20 40 60 2
Internal fault, fault current with DC offset
I1 I2
3
2
1
2
IOp= |I1+I2|
I1 0 20 40 60
1
2 t
0 20 40 60
3
2 t 2
I2
k·IRes =k·(|I1|+|I2|) 1
0 20 40 60
0 20 40 60 1
t
2
2
2 0.75
∆I=IOp - IRes 0.5 0 20 40 60
IRes=|I1|+|I2|
1.75
0 20 40 60
3
Tripping!
CT dimensioning for busbar protection 7SS5, Example (1)
110kV 25 ⋅ 106
I N −T = = 1440A
SSC‘‘= 4 GVA 10 ⋅103 ⋅ 3
110/10 kV 10 kV
10 ⋅10 6
25 MVA 10 MVA I N −G = = 577A
uT= 14% G Xd‘‘= 15% 3
10 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 3
TT= 60 ms TG= 100 ms
5 ⋅10 6
1500/1 600/1 ΣI N − M -HV = 2 ⋅ = 577A
3
10 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 3
150/1 300/1 300/1 300/1 1.1 ⋅ 1440

IF−T = = 11.3 kA
0.14
ISt= 6·IN
M Xd‘‘= 17% 1.1 ⋅ 577
M TM= 35 ms IF−G = = 4.2 kA
0.15
2MW 5MW 5MW 5MW
1.1 ⋅ 577
ΣI F − M = = 3.7 kA
0.17
CT dimensioning for busbar protection 7SS5 and 7SS6, Example (2)
As worst case, the CT 150/1 A in bay 1 is considered.

Total fault current with a fault at the transformer HV terminals:
ΣI F = I F − T + I F − G + ΣI F − M = 11,3 + 4,2 + 3,7 = 19,2 kA

Equivalent time constant:
⋅ T + I F − G ⋅ TG + ΣI F − M ⋅ TM 11.3 ⋅ 60 + 4.2 ⋅ 100 + 3.7 ⋅ 35
TEquiv. = F − T T
I
= = 64 ms
I F − T + I F − G + ΣI F − M 11.3 + 4.2 + 3.7
We consider a CT type 5P?, 30 VA, internal burden Pi= 15% (4.5 VA):
Connected burden Pa= 1 VA
CT over-dimensioning factor for 3ms saturation free time: KTF ca. 0.45
Corresponding to an overburdening factor of kOB= 1/KTF = 2.2
Checking of the k-setting k OB 2,2
k> = = 0 .5 (chosen: k=0.6)
(Stability with symmetrical fault currents):
4 ⋅ kOB − 1 4 ⋅ (2 .2 − 1)
ΣI F 19 .200
ALF ' = ⋅ K TF = ⋅ 0 . 45 = 58 Pa + Pi 1 + 4.5
I N − CT 150 ALF = ⋅ ALF ' = ⋅ 58 = 9.3
PN + Pi 30 + 4.5
We finally choose: CT 5P10, 150/1, 30 VA, R2≤ 4.5 Ohm
Transient performance of iron closed CT cores (type TPX)
Over-dimensioning factor KTF for short time to saturation
1.5 1.5
KTF 1.4 KTF 1.4

1.3
TM 1.3 TM
1.2 1.2
1.1
5 ms 1.1
1 1 5 ms
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
4 ms 0.7 4 ms
0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 3 ms 0.4 3 ms
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TN TN
High impedance busbar protection
RCT: Resistance of CT secondary

RCT RCT RCT RCT winding
RL RL RL RL: Connection cable resistance

RL
RRV: Relay series resistance
RRS: Relay shunt resistance
RRS RRV
Varistor
IV IS ∆I IR
HI busbar protection, calculation example
Given: :n = 8 feeders RL= 3 Ohm (max.)

rCT = 600/1 A IR=20 mA (fixed value)
UKN = 500 V RRV = 10 kOhm
RCT = 4 Ohm RRS = 250 Ohm
ImR = 30 mA (at relay pick-up voltage) Iv = 50 mA (at relay pick-up voltage)
Primary pick-up current: Stability with external faults:
I F − min = rCT ⋅ (I R + IS + I V + n ⋅ I mR ) RR
I F − through − max < rCT ⋅ ⋅ IR
R L + R CT
⋅ (0.02 + 0.89 + 0.05 + 8 ⋅ 0.03 )

600
I F − min = I F − through − max <
600 10.000
⋅ ⋅ 0.02
1 1 3+ 4
I F − min = 666A ⋅ (111%I N − CT ) I F − through − max < 17 kA = 28 ⋅ I n
Busbar protection, Composite current type (7SS600):
Performance under unfavourable system earthing conditions
Busbar
2 1 3 3 1 2
IM=2·IL1 + 1·IL3 + 3 ·IE IM=2·IL1 + 1·IL3+ 3 ·IE

=2 ·(–IF) + 1 ·(–IF) + 3·0= –3·IF =2·IF + 1 ·IF+ 3·3IF = +12 ·IF
IOp=| IM1 + IM2 | = 9 ·IF

IRes=|IM1| +|IM2| = 15 ·IF k=9/15 = 0.6 IOp Fault L2-E
k=0.5
Faults in other phases:
Fault L1-E: IOp = (3+12) ·IF = 15 ·IF,
k=1
IRes= (3+12) ·IF = 15 ·IF,
Fault L3-E: IOp = (0+12) ·IF = 12 ·IF,
IRes= (0+12) ·IF = 12 ·IF, k=1 IRes
Busbar protection, Composite current type (7SS600):
Performance in networks with earth current limitation
35MVA
110/10 kV IL = = 2 kA
40 MVA 10kV ⋅ 3
I F = I E = 10/ 3 kV/6Ω ≈ 1 kA
RE= 6 Ohm (IE = 1 kA) Worst case: Fault in phase L2
Restraint current: I Res = 3 ⋅ 3 kA

Operating current: I Op = 3 ⋅ I KE = 3 kA
I Op 3
Ph-E 35 MW k= = = 0,57
I Re s 3⋅ 3
Fault L2-E
IOp
2·IL1 k=0.5
IL3
IL1 |IM-L|
IM-L
IRes
IL3 IE IL2
Load IRes
Differential Protection 7UT6
Remarkable Features
The 7UT6 Family
7UT6 differential protection

for
•Transformers
•Generators
• Motors
•Busbars
7UT6: Hardware options
Relay version 7UT612 7UT613 7UT633 7UT635
current inputs (normal) 7 (7)1) 11 (6) 1) 11 (6) 1) 14 (12 1)

(sensitive) 1 1 2) 1 2) 2 2)
voltage inputs (Uph / UE) --- 3/1 3/1 ---
Binary inputs 3 5 21 29
Output contacts 4 8 24 24
Life contact 1 1 1 1
LC Display 4 rows3) 4 rows3) Graphic Graphic
1) 1A, 5A, (1A, 5A, 0.1A)

2) link selectable normal/sensitive
3) alpha-numeric
7UT6: Scope of functions
Function ANSI No. Function ANSI No.
Differential 87T/G/M/L Overfluxing V/Hz 24

Earth differential 87 N Breaker failure 50BF
Phase overcurrent, 50/51 Temperature monitoring 38
Neutral overcurrent IN>, t 50N/51N
Hand reset trip 86
Ground overcurrent (IE, t) 50G/51G
Trip circuit supervision 74TC
Unbalanced current I2>, t 46
Binary inputs for tripping commands
Thermal overload IEC 60255-8 49
Therm. OL IEC 60354 (hot spot) 49
7UT6: Application (1)
∆I
∆I ∆I ∆I
Shunt Reactor Two winding Three winding Transformer bank

transformer transformer (1-1/2-LS)
G ∆I ∆I ∆I
Generator / Motor
Busbars
7UT6: Application (2)
Generation Unit
protection HI restricted earth fault protection
(overall differential)
Y 7UT6xx
7UT635
∆
G
3~
7UT6:
selectable: I0-correction or restricted earth fault protection
YN yn0 d5
R
S
T
49 49 50
∆ITE ∆IT
(1) (2) 51
7UT613
7UT6: operating characteristic
Idiff >> 7
Locus of
6 internal faults
I Op 45° pe2
5 S lo
In operate restrain
4
3 *)
2
supplementary
l o pe1 restraint
1 S
Idiff > 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
IRes
*) Slope of add on characteristic: In
7UT6 à as slope 1 (7UT5 à ½ of slope 1)
7UT6: Effect of supplementary restraint in case of CT saturation
Restrain
45°
Trip
Area of
add-on
restraint
Differential protection functions IDiff> and IDiff>>
Sampled Operating characteristic,

Measuring value
processing momentary values Saturation detector
Average value IDiff
i1L iRes = |i1|+ |i2|
Side 1 IStab = iRest
i2L Fundamental wave: Trip
Side 2 iOp = i1 + i2
IDiff = Eff(iDiff)50Hz
IDiff>
IStab & IDiff>
Motor start,
DCcomonent
Harmonic Analysis:
-2nd Harmon. Blocking
-Cross Blocking
iDiff iRes IRes IDiff

IDiff
IDiff>>
Trip
≥1
I / InO
I / InO
iDiff IDiff>>
2·IDiff>>
ms ms
Fast tripping using sampled momentary values

ensures dependable operation in case of extreme CT saturation!
7SA6: Temperature monitoring
RS485 Interface
7XV5662-(x)AD10 7XV5662-(x)AD10
Two thermo-devices can be connected to the serial service interface (RS485)

Monitoring of up to 12 measuring points (6 per thermo-device)
- each with two pick-up levels
Display of the measured temperatures
- directly at the thermo-device (which can also be used stand alone)
- at the relay
One input is reserved for hot spot monitoring (measurement of oil temperature)
Thermistors: Pt100, Ni100 or Ni120
Θh= hot spot temperature

Θ h = Θ O + H gr ⋅ k Y
Θh= oil temperature
Hgr=hot-spot-to-oil temperature gradient
k= load factor I/In
Y= winding exponent
Aging rate:
98O is reference for
Oil - Aging at Θh
Temp. V= = 2(Θ h −98)/6 the aging of
Aging at 98°C Cellulose insulation
HV
LV Mean value of aging during a fixed time interval:
2 T
1
L= ⋅ ∫ V ⋅ dt
T2 − T1 T1
Θ h = Θ o + H gr ⋅ k Y ≈ 73 + 23 ⋅1.151.6 = 102°C
(L)
V = 2(Θ h −98)/6 = 2(102−98)/6 ≈ 1.6

108°C [°C]
k, 98°C
V,
102°C Θh
L
Θo
73°C
Θh Hot spot
temp.
1.6
Θo oil temp.
V (relative 1.15
(from thermo-
aging)
device) L (mean
k (I/In)
value of V)
7UT6: Commissioning und service tool (1)
WEB-Technology
Access to WEB Browser
Help system in the
INTRANET / INTERNET Relay homepage address of :
http://www.siprotec.com http://141.141.255.160
IP-address can be set with
program DIGSI 4 at the front or
service interface of the relay
1. Serial connection WEB server

Directy or with modem in relay firmware
to standard DIAL-UP
Server sends HTML pages and
network JAVA code to WEB Browser via
2. HTM L page view DIAL-UP connection
at IP-address of the relay
http://141.141.255.160
Current phasors of all terminals can be displayed
Transformer YNd11d11, 110/11/11kV, 38.1MVA,

IL2S2à wrong polarity
Operating/restraint position can be displayed
Transformer YNd11d11, 110/11/11kV, 38.1MVA, IL2S2à wrong Polarität
Power Transmission and Distribution
Differential Protection (7UT)

Determination of the Transformer Vector Group
Transformer with Vector Group Yy0
7UT612
80 MVA
Yy0
20 kV 110 kV
2500A/1A 500A/1A
PTD PA13 N. M Tests 7UT 05/03 No. 2

Method of Vector Group Determination (ExampleYy0)
IL1,S2 Side 2: Side 1:

2L1
1L1
2L2 IL1,S1
1L2
2L3
1L3
UL1,S2 UL1,S1
IL1,S2 = IL1 IL1,S1
UL2,S2 UL3,S1 UL2,S1

UL3,S2
0°
Vector group is
Yy0

Transformer Protection
7UT612
80 MVA
Yd11
20 kV 110 kV
2500A/1A 500A/1A

Method of Vector Group Determination (ExampleYd11)

2L1
1L1
2L2 IL1,S1
1L2
2L3
1L3
IL1,S2 = IL1 - IL2 IL1,S1 UL1,S2 UL1,S1
UL2,S2
UL3,S1 UL2,S1
UL3,S2
Vector group is 330°

(n * 30°)
Y d 11

Definitions in SIPROTEC 4 Relays
Vector definition to a node is positive

The shown vectors or phase angles are transformed in
this positive definition
The phase angle is displayed mathematics positive.
The reference phase is always phase L1 on side 1
How to see the vector group Yd11?
Original Siprotec 4 (Browser) Phase angles
Side 1: 0°
(reference phase)
Side 2: 210°
Please subtract 180°,

than you get 30°
(360° - 30° = 330°)

Web Tool (Browser) Vector group YNd11

Vector Group Determination via Fault Record
IL1;Side 2 lags 150° or leads 210° Star point is towards the protected object
IL1;Side 1
Way 1: Way 2:
IL1 Side: 150° + 180° = 330° IL1 Side: 210° - 180° = 30°
leads 30° or lags 330°
Phase shift is according the vector group definition 330° → 11 * 30°

Digital Transformer Differential
Protection
I0-correction
+ vector group adaptation
External fault
L1 L3
L2
L3 L2
L1
3 Yd5 3 3
L1
L2
L3
1
1:3 3
1 3
3 1 2
2
∆ ∆ ∆ 3
I0-correction
Internal fault
L1 L3
L2
L3 L2
L1
3 Yd5 3 3
L1
L2
L3
1
1:3 3
1 3
1 1
2
∆ ∆ ∆ 3
I0-correction
Power Transmission and Distribution
Differential Protection (7UT)

Determination of the Transformer Vector Group
Transformer with Vector Group Yy0
7UT612
80 MVA
Yy0
20 kV 110 kV
2500A/1A 500A/1A

Method of Vector Group Determination (ExampleYy0)

2L1
1L1
2L2 IL1,S1
1L2
2L3
1L3
UL1,S2 UL1,S1
IL1,S2 = IL1 IL1,S1
UL2,S2 UL3,S1 UL2,S1

UL3,S2
0°
Vector group is
Yy0

Transformer Protection
7UT612
80 MVA
Yd11
20 kV 110 kV
2500A/1A 500A/1A

Method of Vector Group Determination (ExampleYd11)

2L1
1L1
2L2 IL1,S1
1L2
2L3
1L3
IL1,S2 = IL1 - IL2 IL1,S1 UL1,S2 UL1,S1
UL2,S2
UL3,S1 UL2,S1
UL3,S2
Vector group is 330°

(n * 30°)
Y d 11

Definitions in SIPROTEC 4 Relays
Vector definition to a node is positive

The shown vectors or phase angles are transformed in
this positive definition
The phase angle is displayed mathematics positive.
The reference phase is always phase L1 on side 1
How to see the vector group Yd11?
Original Siprotec 4 (Browser) Phase angles
Side 1: 0°
(reference phase)
Side 2: 210°
Please subtract 180°,

than you get 30°
(360° - 30° = 330°)

Web Tool (Browser) Vector group YNd11

Vector Group Determination via Fault Record
IL1;Side 2 lags 150° or leads 210° Star point is towards the protected object
IL1;Side 1
Way 1: Way 2:
IL1 Side: 150° + 180° = 330° IL1 Side: 210° - 180° = 30°
leads 30° or lags 330°
Phase shift is according the vector group definition 330° → 11 * 30°

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Digital Differential Protection

Differential Protection Symposium Belo Horizonte, 7 to 9 Nov. 2005

Differential Protection Symposium Belo Horizonte, 7 to 9 Nov. 2005

Exchange of YES / NO signals

Relay communication Relay | ∆I |

n Kirchhoff‘s law: II1 + I2 + I3 + ... InI= Idiff = 0;

external fault or load internal fault

Traditional technique Digital technique

Galvanically connected circuits must only be CT circuits of digital relays are

Different CT ratios need to be adapted by auxiliary Digital relays have integrated

Equivalent electrical circuit Designation of CT terminals

Analog protection 7SS10/11/13 Digital protection 7SS52

50/60 Hz current comparison Phasor with digital communication

Iop = I1 + I 2 + .... + I n = Σ I I Res = I1 + I 2 + .... + I n = Σ I

I1 + I 2 > k ⋅ I1 − I 2 β-Plane (remote/local current)

B/I1= 0,3 a1(Φ): k=0,3

IL1 IL2 IL3

Per unit composed current

L1 internal und L3 external:

IM1=2·IL1 + 1·IL3 + 3 ·IE IM2=2·IL1 + 1·IL3+ 3 ·IE

IOp=| IM1 + IM2 | = 9 ·IF

Behaviour during external fault

ISC RCT RCT ISC ISC ISC

ECT −1 = 2 ⋅ (RL + RCT ) ⋅ iSC

Given: n = 8 feeders RL= 3 Ohm (max.)

Pick-up sensitivity: Stability:

⋅ (0.02 + 0.05 + 8 ⋅ 0.03)

0.67 ms (18 degr. el.)

∆Tsamp. corresponds to ∆ϕ ( 60Hz: 0.67 ms = 18O el.)

i( k −n+i ) Correlate IS(k)

I = 2  ∑ sin(ω ⋅n⋅ Δt )⋅in

Task: Estimation of the coefficients A, B, C on basis of

Signal transmission time: t PT1 = t PT2 =

To keep the false differential current below about 2 to 5%, the

Line end 1 Line end 2

RS232 GPS UH RS232 GPS UH

GPS-Empfänger DC GPS-Empfänger Hopf DC

LWL LWL BE2 LWL LWL BE2

L1 402,1A Max450.1A L1 402,1A Max450.1A L1 402,1A Max450.1A L1 402,1A Max450.1A

n GPS receiver with 2 optical outputs

• 24 satellites move in a height of

Internal fault External fault

t=0 t=10 t=20 ms t=0 t=10 t=20 ms

IRes.= |I1| + |I2|

Differential current appears only every second half wave!

Saturation Adaptive restraint

CT Error approximation (no-saturation)

Load range Fault range

ALF‘/ALFN • IN-CT ALF’ •IN-CT

Trip Area Trip level

Measured value Sampled 87 algorithm

For security: Harmonic Analysis:

For dependability: IDiff>

X1 = Primary leakage reactance

CT classes to IEC 60044-1: 5P or 10P Pi = I sec .2 × R CT

Specification: 300/1 A 5P10, 30 VA RCT ≤ 5 Ohm

Actual accuracy limit factor Dimension criterium:

IEC 60044-1 specifies the following classes:

Current error Angle error δ

IEC 60044-6 specifies four classes:

Class Error at rated current Maximum error at Remanence

TPS Special version for high impedance protection No limit

U2 British Standard BS3938: Class X