BASIC MATHEMATICS:

A REVIEWER FOR THE CSE

Prepared by Jess Christian D. Ramirez
BASIC MATHEMATICS
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PLACE VALUE AND VALUE
 Place Value refers to the location of the digits in a
number (Ones/Units, Tens, Hundreds, Thousands etc.)
 Value is equal to the digit times the value of its
position
 Example: the value of 6 in 56,378 is equal to 6(the
digit) times 1000(the value of its position). And thus,
the value of 6 in the number above is 6000.
PLACE VALUE AND VALUE
 Comparision of Values:
 For example we have the number
76,233,628
 How many times larger is the 6 from left part to the 6
in the right part?
 Answer: Let’s count their distance from each other and
we will find that it is 4
 Therefore the larger 6 is 10^4(read as 10 to the power
of 4) times the smaller 6 or 10,000 times.
 To make it easier, imagine putting 4 zeroes to the right
of 1, or again 10,000 times.
ROMAN NUMERALS
 Let’s refresh our knowledge with common Roman
Numerals:
M is 1000
 D is 500

 C is 100

 L is 50

 X is 10

 V is 5

 I is 1
ROMAN NUMERALS
 Did you notice that I used RED letters for the
symbols M, C, X and I?
 That is because you can repeat them up to 3 times.
 To get to the 4th number/value you will use the
NEXT(larger) roman numeral but with the smaller
roman numeral before it.
 Example: I(1), II(2), III(3) but 4 is IV.
 Example: C is 100, CCC is 300, but 400 is CD
ROMAN NUMERAL
 Let’s practice:
 What is the Hindu-Arabic numeral(out common
knowledge of numbers) of:
MCDLXXXIV
M is 1000
CD is 500
LXXX(50+3*10=80)
IV is 4
Therefore MCDLXXXIV is 1000+500+80+4 or 1584
GCF and LCM
 GCF stands for GREATEST COMMON FACTOR or
simply put, “which among the factors(numbers that
can divide a given number) of two or more numbers
is the greatest?”.
 LCM stands for LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE, or
basically, which COMMON multiple(number that
results from addition of a number to its original
value, ex. 6,12,18,24…) will be the LEAST?
GCF and LCM (Traditional Technique)

 Find the GCF and LCM of 25 and 35?

 GCF:
 25=1 and 25, 5 and 5
 35=1 and 35, 5 and 7
 The only common factor is 5, thus it is also the
GREATEST.
GCF and LCM (Traditional Technique)

 LCM: (continuous ADDITION)

 25=25,50,75,100,125,150,175, 200, 225
 35=35, 70, 105, 140, 175
 Once you find a common MULTIPLE, you STOP
 But I don’t recommend these due to these reasons:
 You MAY BE ADDING WRONGLY
 You MAY NOT STOP IMMEDIATELY

 Very PRONE to HUMAN ERROR

GCF and LCM (My Technique)
 Finding the GCF for me is the same.
 Once you found out that the GCF of 25 and 35 is 5,
you should proceed to this step
 Divide 25 and 35, both by the GCF
 You will be left with: 25/5=5

 You will be left with 35/5=7

 Multiply these numbers that are left to themselves and

to the GCF, 5*5*7, you will get 175
 And 175 is the LCM  *Plain and Easy*
Fractions, Decimals and Percentages

 Now that we know how to get the GCF and LCM,

we’re ready to solve problems related to fractions,
decimals and percentages.
 We classify fractions as either
 Mixed Number: with whole number for ex. 1 and 2/3
 Improper: with numerator>denominator, ex. 11/7

 Proper: with numerator<denominator, ex. 2/3

FRACTIONS
 HOW TO CONVERT mixed number->(im)proper
and back?
 Mixed Number-> Improper:
 Ex.2 and 1/3
 Multiple the whole number(2) to the denominator(3)

 We get 6, add the 6 to the numerator (1)

 We get 7

 Copy the denominator, we get 7/3

FRACTIONS
 Improper->Mixed Number
 Divide the numerator by the denominator
 Example: 11/7

 We get 1 with remainder of 4

 The answer will be the whole number, and copy the

denominator for the remainder, it will be the new
fraction
 We get 1 and 4/7
FRACTIONS
 Operations with Fractions
 MULTIPLICATION (must be in IMPROPER):
a/b*c/d=(ac)/(bd)
 Example: 2 and 2/3 times 1/7

 Convert 2 and 2/3 first to IMPROPER, we get 8/3

 Multiply it to 1/7

 Top to Top/Bottom to Bottom

 (8*1)/(3*7)

 We get 8/21
FRACTIONS
 Operations with Fractions
 Division (Convert first to IMPROPER)
 It is the opposite of Multiplication

 a/b divided by c/d, c/d is the DIVISOR

 So we can flip the DIVISOR first, making it d/c

 Then multiply it to the DIVIDEND, thus having (ad)/(bc)

 Example: ½ divided by 2/3

 ½ * (3/2) = 3/4
FRACTIONS
 Operations with Fractions
 Addition (convert first to MIXED NUMBER)
 Add 1 and 2/3 + 2 and 5/6

 Add first the whole numbers, 1+2=3(leave it for a

while)
 Add 2/3 and 5/6

 How??

 Get the LCM of the DENOMINATORS, we call it LCD

 LCM of 3 and 6 is equal to 6

FRACTIONS
 Operations with Fractions:
 Addition (continued…)
 To convert 2/3 divide the LCD(6) by the denominator(3)

 We get 2

 Multiply the 2 that we get to the numerator(2)

 We get 4, then use the LCD as NEW DENOMINATOR

 We do the same for 5/6

 4/6+5/6=9/6 ooppss but that’s 1 and 3/6 or 1 and

½ right?
FRACTIONS
 Operations with Fractions
 Addition(continued…)
 Add the 1 and ½ to the 3

 We get 4 and ½

 PS: we transformed 3/6 to ½ because we can cancel

the GCF of 3 and 6 which is 3
 So 3/3 is 1, and 6/3 is 2

 So we get the 1/2

FRACTIONS
 Operation with Fractions
 Subtraction
 We do the same conversion LIKE IN ADDITION.
 But if the value of the numerator of the MINUEND(first
fraction) is less than that of the SUBTRAHEND(second
fraction), WE BORROW(just like normal subtraction).
 Example: 5 and 1/8 – 2 and 3/8
 We borrow from the 5, so we have 4 and we borrowed
1
 Transform the 1 to 8/8
FRACTIONS
 Operations with Fractions
 Subtraction

 Now we have 4 + 8/8 + 1/8 or 4 and 9/8

 And for the subtrahend we have 2 and 3/8

 4-2 is 2

 9/8 – 3/8 is 5/8

 The answer is 2 and 5/8

DECIMALS
 Operations with Decimals
 Addition and Subtraction
 Same with whole numbers

 Just ALIGN not the numbers BUT the DECIMAL POINTS

1.234
+ 2.5221
3.7561
DECIMALS
 Operations on Decimals
 Multiplication

 Remove the DECIMAL POINT FIRST by moving it to the

RIGHT
 Take NOTE of the NUMBER OF PLACES you have
moved
 You have to BRING IT BACK LATER
DECIMALS
 Operations on Decimals
 Multiplication (continued)
 1.23*2.2

 123 (2 placed moved)

 22 (2 places moved)

 123*22=2706

 Bring the decimal place BACK by moving 4(2+2) places

 0.2706(4 movements to the LEFT)

DECIMALS
 Operations on Decimals
 Division
 Move EQUAL NUMBER of PLACES UNTIL BOTH DECIMAL
POINTS are REMOVED.
 If either the DIVIDEND or the DIVISOR still has DECIMAL
POINT, move more PLACES, but ADD EQUAL NUMBER OF
ZEROES(0) to the other value.
 Example: 1.34 divided by 2.2
 After moving 1 place: 13.4/22
 Move another place: 134/220(note one 0 is added)
 Go on with the DIVISION
PERCENTAGES
 PERCENT means PER HUNDRED
 So 1% is 1/100
 Addition and Subtraction: (just like whole numbers),
15%+27%=42%
 Multiplication and Division: convert first to fraction,
5%*12%, is (5/100)*(12/100)
PERCENTAGES
 The P-R-B Triangle
 P-ercentage(value of the part)
 R-ate(its value in %)
 B-ase(the whole)
P=R*B
R=P/B
B=P/R
PERCENTAGES
 Applications of the PRB Triangle
 What is 20% of 100?
 Obviously 20% is the RATE

 And 100 is the WHOLE, because you want to find its

20% and 20% is just a PART of the WHOLE
 P is missing, P=R*B, we will use the fraction equivalent
of R
 P=(20/100)*100=20
PERCENTAGES
 Applications of the PRB Triangle
 50 is 25% of what number?
 Again 25% is the RATE

 50 is just 25% of the UNKNOWN, therefore its just the

PART(PERCENTAGE)
 BASE is missing

 B=P/R, we always use the fraction equivalent of R

 B=50/(25/100) = 200
PERCENTAGES
 Applications of the PRB Triangle
 What percent of 120 is 30
 OBVIOUSLY we don’t see the % symbol so what’s
missing is the RATE
 120 is the WHOLE not because it is bigger, but rather
because it where 30 was compared from.
 R=P/B
 R=30/120
 To get the % equivalent, multiply the fraction by 100
 R=(30/120)*100=25 then add the %, thus 25%.
SIMPLE INTEREST
 INTEREST=(No. of Times Interest will happen)*(Rate of
Interest)*(Value of Initial Money)
 FINAL AMOUNT OF THE MONEY=(INITIAL
MONEY)+(INTEREST)
 Example: How much money do I have if I invest
P20,000 to a bank that pays 3% per annum(year) for
5 years?
 Interest=(5years)(3/100 per year)(20,000)
 Interest=P3000
 Final Money=20,000+3000=P23,000
DISCOUNTS
 New Price=Old Price-Discount
 Discount=Discount Rate*Old Price
 Example: How much should you pay for a shoe
initially priced at P500 and was given a discount of
20%?
 Discount=(20/100)*500=100
 New Price=500-100=P400