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INVISIBILITY AND METAMATERIAL:-A

Technology of Human Future

the University of California at

ABSTRACT Berkeley, whose work is funded by
the American military, have
“Invisiblity” has not remained a engineered materials that can
thing of science fiction movie or control
story. Imagine when one will be
able to disappear in the air and no
one is able to see him like the
light’s direction of travel. The
Harry Potter invisibility Cloak.
world’s two leading scientific
Scientist has discovered the
journals, Science and Nature, are
devices which are able to bend the
expected to report the results in
light around three dimensional
near future. . The concept of
objects making them to
invisibility would involve
“disappear”. The materials used for
surrounding the object by a
the invisibility devices are
"metamaterial" . Meta-material is
artificially designed and research
a type of composite material that
are being carried out since than the
has unusual electromagnetic
idea strike the mind of thinkers of
properties. According to the
invisibility. The breakthrough
researchers, light rays incident on
could lead to systems for rendering
the material would be bent around
anything from people to large
the object, only to emerge on the
objects, such as tanks and ships,
other side in exactly the same
invisible to the eye – although this
direction as they began. Although
is still years off. The day is not for
the work is only theoretical, the
away when we have invisibility
researchers reckon that materials
cloak large enough to hide us.
invisible to radio waves could be
1. INTRODUCTION produced within five years.

The things which our eyes are not 2. META-MATERIAL

able to see are considered as “
The new "meta-materials," whose
Invisible”. Light is neither
physical structure bends visible
absorbed nor reflected by the
light in a way that ordinary
objects, passing like water flowing
materials don't, may help efforts to
around a rock. As a result, only the
make an invisibility cloak that
light from behind the objects can
could guide light around an object
be seen. The devices which are
so that neither a reflection nor a
going to make us hide are
shadow would be created.
invisibility devices. Researchers at
Researchers have developed meta-
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materials that show these unusual
light-bending abilities for other
parts of the electromagnetic
spectrum, notably for microwaves,
but efforts to do this with visible
light have been limited to flat, two-
dimensional systems because the
shorter the wavelength, as in
visible light, the smaller the
features of the man made
metamaterial.
Figure 1. Bending of light in
meta-material
There are some scientific catches
that the tale-tellers never had to
worry about:
 For a total invisibility
effect, the waves passing
closest to the cloaked
object would have to be
bent in such a way that they
would appear to exceed
relativity's light speed limit.
Fortunately, there's
loophole in Albert
Einstein's rules of the road
that allows smooth pulses
of light to undergo just
such a phase shift.
 The invisibility effect
would work only for a
specific range of
wavelengths. "There is a
price to be paid if you want
a thin cloak, in that it
operates only over a narrow
range of frequencies,"
Pendry said.
 The cloak could be made to
cover a volume of any
shape, but "you can't flap
your cloak," Pendry said.
Moving the material around
would spoil the effect.
 The tiny structures
embedded in the
metamaterial would have to
be smaller than the
wavelength of the
electromagnetic rays you
wanted to bend. That's a
tall order for optical
invisibility, because the
structures would have to be
on the scale of nanometers,
or billionths of a meter. It's
far easier to create radar
invisibility, Pendry said:
"You're talking
millimeters" — that is,
thousandths of a meter.
3.RESEARCH WORKS
IN FIELD OF
a
INVISIBILITY
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3.1 Xiang Zhang
Xiang Zhang the leader of the
researchers, said: “In the case
of invisibility cloaks or shields,
the material would need to
curve light waves completely
around the object like a river
flowing around a rock.”
Figure 2. Meta-material
An observer looking at the
cloaked object would then see
light from behind it – making it
seem to disappear. Substances
capable of achieving such feats
are known as “meta-materials”
and have the power to “grab”
electromagnetic radiation and
deflect it smoothly. No such
material occurs naturally and it
is only in the past few years
that nano-scale engineering,
manipulating matter at the
level of atoms and molecules,
has advanced sufficiently to
give scientists the chance to
create them. The tiny scale at
which such researchers must
operate is astonishing in itself.
Zhang’s researchers had to
construct a material whose
elements were engineered to
within about 0.00000066 of a
meter. The military funding
that Zhang has won for his
research shows what kind of
applications it might be used
for, ushering in a new age of
stealth technology.
3.2 Researchers at the
University of California
Researchers at the University
of California at Berkeley,
whose work is funded by the
American military, have
engineered materials that can
control light’s direction of
travel. The world’s two leading
scientific journals, Science and
Nature, are expected to report
the results in near future.
3.3 Imperial College London
It follows earlier work at
Imperial College London that
achieved similar results with
microwaves. Like light, these
are a form of electromagnetic
radiation but their longer wave-
length makes them far easier to
manipulate. Achieving the
same effect with visible light is
a big advance.
4. Cloak and shadow
4.1Professor Ortwin Hess
Advanced Technology
Institute at the
University of Surrey.
This is a huge step forward, a
tremendous achievement. It's a
careful choice of the right
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materials and the right meta-materials into

structuring to get this effect for cylindrical cloaking
the first time at these devices. The method
wavelengths.There could be could also work to
more immediate applications block sound waves —
for the devices in like the cone of silence
telecommunications. What's on the "Get Smart" TV
more, they could be used to show, but not as
make better microscopes, impractical.
allowing images of far smaller
objects than conventional 6. Barrier in
microscopes can see. And a development of
genuine cloaking effect isn't far Invisibility devices:
around the corner. "In order to
have the 'Harry Potter' effect,  Although we have
you just need to find the right thorough
materials for the visible knowledge of
wavelengths," says Prof Hess, theoretical concept
"and it's absolutely thrilling to of invisibility but
see we're on the right track." we have not eough
5. APPLICATIONS AND practical
FUTURE PROSPECTS: implementation of
these concepts.
 There'd be plenty of
applications in the  Meta-material still
civilian world as well , needs more
even for rudimentary consideration and a
cloaking devices. For lot has remained
example, you could undiscovered and
create receptacles to
shield sensitive medical
needs thorough
devices from disruption study.
by MRI scanners, or
 Security concern is
build cloaks to route
cellphone signals another serious
around obstacles. issue.
 Pendry's team proposed 7.
constructing all-over ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
cloaking devices, the T
other research paper
describes a simpler The paper is result of support,
method that would motivation and guidance of Mr.
involve shaping the Manoj Gupta, Vice Principal,
Poornima Institute of Engg.
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And Technolgy, Jaipur , Mr

Hari singh Parihar, Mr Gourav
Sharma, Mrs Gitika Bhati,
HOD, Electronics and
Comm., , Mr. S.K Bairwa and
my friends and family..

8. REFERENCES
 Electronics for You,
April, 2007Business
week, August 5, 1996.
 The New York times
magazine, June, 2000.
 Researchers from Duke
University, USA
 Researchers from
mperial College
London Findings of
Xiang Zhang
 Researchers at the
University of California
Imperial College
London
 www.Physicsworld.co
m
 www.Sciencedaily.com
 Science
Reporter,april,2005