You are on page 1of 34

    

     

    

!#"%$&!(' )+*-,/.102435'%68790:,*<;=0:>
?-@A@BDC <* EF7HGJI/G >LKME1N0=*<;=G >PORQTS UAV
@AW U @A? + ) *-,/.10X2P35'%68790:,*<;=0:>YTGI/G[Z
\%$]K_^
.87`7a,b^dc<c4efegeg35>a*<,bhi0:6 C 02+hkj C cmln0:>o7 C 2;pcm,G C >H*-6/61G;pcrq 0s7t2m6bhi'u;v7Hlw26Mcmln*<0(hi.87Hlx;

y{z4|M}~8€‚ }F€„ƒ…|M}A†/‡‰ˆ+Š-‹+ŒR~A}Ž9~m†/~r}‘“’F

”–•p—™˜›š9œ(˜džšdŸ¡ £¢¤¦¥§—„¨ ©oªb«¦¬­¨®(©`¬¯¬p°
±³²w´µ·¶¦¸¹

º„»½¼¿¾ÀtÁÂ+Ã8ĦÅ]ÃÆ¡ÇÈÈɦÅ
Ê ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:љÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ

 Ú Û ÜÞݽ ߑßáàáâ Ú ãä`åæXç è Ûêéuå&uë¦ää§ìn çu


Ü¿ëPé‘íîãgçLgߑç ïðÜÞñ Ú  ò

ó 6ÞI/ôN*<E/,GL7H*-EF79GJ;2¿õM2m61I/GöI/Gj C ô÷øE1G 61NGùG 6ûú >H*-E/>–35õM2m61I/G >4h

YŽ.M2÷…E1Gö>–7¦247H0=*-6ûô lxG¦7·0:61I/ô ,G 61I2mlxlxG 6ø7&I/G >·2EF7 C G >%;=02„0:>H*-6/>4h

YŽ.M2÷…E1Gö>–7¦247H0=*-6ê7HG CoC G >–7 C GN*-68790G 687

\g6lx*…I‰E1;X2479G E C O/E/6Þô lnG¦7o79G E C O

ú C ô ,ô¦7HG E C >POú I/ô lx*üI‰E1;2479G E C >4h

S C *<õ1;ý lnG >ûIðþ›0:6879G C ln*…I‰E1;27H0=*-6bO


÷øE10N C *A0:>a>aG 687 C 2m,10I/G lnG 687 2¦ÿøGN ;2
,/E10:>a>261NGöEF7H0;=GAh

ó 6  
,G EF7æ,G C I C G “E/>H÷øEbþ ;2 ln*<0v7H0=ôxI/G ;2N2,M2N0v7HôDI/G 7 C 26/>`ln0:>a>a0=*-6
,M2 CgC 2m,/,* C 7
/ 
E 6û2NNý >&E/610÷…E1GAh

ó 6 ;2„0:>a>aG&I/G >  7 C *-E/>fG 687 C Gf;=G > õM2m61I/G >‚,*<E C 2lxô;=0* C G C ;(þž247`7Hô 6…EM27H0=*-6
Iðþž2mEF7 C G >&j C ô÷øE1G 61NG >Ph

Sä2>JI/G C ô EF790;=0:>[247H0=*-6 I/G½;2îõM2m61I/G½,M2m>a>2687HGA^ù>H0 E/6 ô lxG¦7`7HG E C G >o7æ>a0s3


;G 61N0G E+ZðO‰>[2
õM261I/Gö,M2m>a>2687HGù6bþ›G >–7·,M2m>&EF7H0=;0>aôGæ,M2 C ð
I þd2mEF7 C G >4h

Sä2>&I/Gö, C *-õ1;ý lnG >]I/Gö> +61N. C *-610>27H0=*-6  7HG lx,{* C G;=;GAh


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
1 ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:љÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ

2436587:95;=<:>8? @BADCEAGF=H>8FJI 5K?LMAON


ú >a*<E C NG >4O
õM2m61I/Gö,M2m>a>[2m6879G QP h
QŽ2m61I/Gö,M2m>a>[2m6879GJ,M2 C >a*<E C NG QPSRPú h
T 20=;;GæI/Gö,M2÷øE1G¦7 wh VU
T 2mE+ZÞIðþd2 `C C s0 ÿøôGæI/Gö,M2„÷øE1G¦7a>4^ h XW
Y [Z \ ^ ]ô;2„0 n ]
l * øG 6,M2 C ,M2÷øE1G¦7h
^ ^[Z T G l _
,/>flx* 8G 6êI/GL7 C 2m6/>aln0:>a>a0=*-6 IðþiE/6,M2÷øE1G¦7h
`ba&c W ^ G >–7·;Îþ¤EF790;=0:>[247H0=*-6bh

dÞ*üI/ý;GSd fc eJchg-O2 CoC 0sÿøôG >ùSb*A0:>a>a*<610G 6/61G >4^


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
i ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:љÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ

j
1

j
2

j
M

_
K{GùI/ô;X20ðlx* 8G 6êIðþiE/6,M2÷øE1G¦7·G >–7^
|z {
Y c ^ k pn orqtW s ^mlW ^vu c ^ wxy q k nporqt` s u }
`
ú U ` z{
c P wxy q k nporqts ` u }


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
~ ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:љÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ

 Ú €
Û Ý  ßáߑà‚â Ú ãæä`åæXç è Ûêéuå]%ëtää§ìx çu
³çu å â O
ï ñ Ú  ò

‚ ƒ
ó 6ÞI/ô 1610 E/6êN FN;GAO1I/ôN*-E/,ôöG 6>H;*7H>Ph
\%26/> N9.M2÷…E1G ƒ
N FN;=GAO N9.M2÷…E1G >H*-E C NG 7 C 2m6/>alnG¦7 ,G 61I2m687 E/6 >a;=*7
, C ôI/ô¦7HG C lx061ôAh

\ 7H0=;0:>HôJ,M2 C =; G >&>[2479G;;=0s7HG >


q ó Ve „T
I/G qá\ uqáKð)ü' öh …T
VZ
\ 6>a;=*7 ? xl >aGNAh

T4\Vd' r† ô 61ô C 2;=0:>HôA^äE/61Gá>H*-E C NG‘,G EF7 7 C 2m6/>alnG¦7o7 C GT,G 61I2m687 ,1;E/>_IðþiE/6


>a;=*7·,M2 C NƒF N;GAh
\ G lî2m61I/GE/61Gö>+ 61N9. C *<610:>[24790*-6 7HG lx,* C G;;GAh
&

\ G lî2m61I/GöI/G >&,/E10:>a>261NG >]06/>–7¦2m687¦2m61ôG >],1;:E/>‡† C 2m61I/G >4h


&

2436587:95;=<:>8? @BADCEAGF=H>8FJI 5K?LMAON


ú >a*<E C NG >4O
T 2mE+ZÞI/GL7 C 26/>`ln0:>a>a0=*-6b^ ˆP õ10s7[c>aGNAh
T 20=;;GæI/Gö,M2÷øE1G¦7 wh VU
^ [^ Z TäG lx,/> ln*]ø
 G 6
I/Gw7 C 26/>`ln0:>a>a0=*-6 IðþiE/6 ,M2„÷øE1G¦7 c URP ‰­I‰E C ôG
Iðþ¤E/6>H;*7ƒ[Š h
^Œ‹ a&c &\ E C ôGùI‰EêNƒFN;=G c ú ^ h

   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
 ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:љÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ

T 2mE+ZÞIðþd2 C`C 0sÿøôGæI/Gö,M2„÷øE1G¦7a>4^ XW h

Y ^[Z ]\ ô;2„0 ln*]øG 6,M2 C ,M2÷øE1G¦7h


`ba&c W ^ G >–7·;Îþ¤EF790;=0:>[247H0=*-6bh
dÞ*üI/ý;GSd fc eJchg-O2
CoC 0sÿøôG >ùSb*A0:>a>a*<610G 6/61G >4h

\ 61G >H*-E C NGû6bþiG >o7 ,M2m>0:6 1E1G 61NôG ,M2 C ;=G >2mEF7 C G >ÞN2 C ;=G >î*-,/,* C 7aE+3

610s7Hô > I/Gx7 C 2m6/>alx0>`>H0*<6 I/G > I/0 Rô C G 6879G > >a*<E C NG > H> *-6ø7 I2m6/> I/G >¿>H;*7H>

I/0 Rô C G 687H>Ph

K{GùI/ô;X20ðlx* 8G 6b^ _
Y c nq ‘^ ‹’k “ ”Bk ^ c nq ú ^ k nporq„` s u ú ^ k ^
`
ú z{
c ^ xyw q k nporq•s ` u }

– >8I —5KFJ5K<˜N]>™? 5O3/AOLbšœ› Ÿž

Y¡ 6¢V£¤ c Y¡ 6¢V£h¥ k UP yw ú n s q z§ } ¦ Y¨ ¢V£h¥ª©


Y G¦7o79GuI/0ô C G 61NG%I/G¦ÿF0=G 687 61ô«A
† ;0¬†AG2õ1;G%,*<E C I/G >TI/ô õ10v7a> ô;G¦ÿøô >PO `®­ q h


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
¯ ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:љÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ

 Ú Û ° Ý  ßáߑà‚â Ú ãæä`åæXç è ÛéLå&uë¦ää§ìx ±æç



ßáì ç‚â 8°
ï ñ Ú  ò

Tä*<E/>L;=G >uE/>[2²†AG C >L,G EFÿøG 687LEF7H0=;0>aG C 7H*-EF79G¿;2nõM2m61I/G,M2m>a>2687HG79*-EF7


;=GL7HG lx,/>Ph

†
KGn>H0 A6M2;‚7 C 26/>`ln0:> 2E/61GxõM2m61I/Gn,M2m>a>[2m6879Gx7 C ý >
>aE/,ô C 0=G E C G Þ>2 ³
õM261I/Gö,M2m>a>2687HGæ0:610s7902„;GAh

Kð2 lxô¦7H.1*…I/Gù;2 ,1;:E/>·N*-E C 2m6879GA^ u) ˆ\ ‰µ´f¶·¹¸»º_¼¾½J¸»¿]ÀÁ¸‚™ºÃ¸µŠ


Y .M2÷øE1G%>a*<E C NG2ùE/61G]>aô÷…E1G 61NG·÷øEM2m>H0 3–2„;ô2479*<0 C Gö÷øE10M;2æN2 C 2N¦7Hô C 0:>HGAO
N*<6/6…E1Gö,M2 C ;G C ôNG ,F7HG E C h


K 2J>H*-E C NG%l E1;s790:,1;0=GLN.M2÷øE1G·> +l õ*<;=G%õ10:6M2„0 C Gu,M2 C NG¦7`7HG·>Hô÷øE1G 61NGAh


KG C ôNG ,F7HG E C 2 E/6 ;s7 C Gî2I2m,F79ô Ÿ N.M2÷øE1G >a*<E C NG ,*-E C I/ôN*…I/G C

;=G >f> +l õ*<;=G >]0610s7902mE+Zðh


KG >½> +l õ*<;=G >xIðþd2mEF7 C G >n>a*<E C NG >x>aG, C ô >HG 6879G 687nN*<l lnGîE/6 õ C E10s7
2„;ô27H*<0 C GAh


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
Ä ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:љÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ

šœ›  – 53/AOLb@BAONÅN]ÆOǑ9BAO?ªLÈAON¨É<:?5K<:F=AON

‡Ê Ÿg
KG > Pô C *<>·G¦7]E/6/>]>H*-687 C G , C ô >aG 6879ô >·,M2 C I/G >fÿr2„;G E C >]I/G öG¦7·I/GL3 -O Ãg
C G >`,GN¦790sÿ8G lnG 687h

Kð2ûI‰E C ôG I/Gn7 C 2m6/>alx0>`>H0*<6 Iðþ¤E/6 õ10s7xIðþ›0:6‰j­* C î ‰


l 247H0=*-6 £2m,/,G;ôG E/6
ƒŠ
79G l ,/>fõ10s7 TG >o7·I/0vÿF0:>HôGJG 60:6ø7HG C ÿ82„;;G >%I/GL79G l ,/u
> 2m,/,G;=ô >&N9.10,/>Ph

K{Gæ61*-l õ C  Ë
G I/GJN9.10,/>·,M2 C 7HG lx,/>]õ10s7LG >o7&7 +,10=÷øE1G lxG 6ø7 VÌ c ÍÏÎ *<E
Ì c q_nÏÐhÑ Òg Ãg
;=G > ÿ82„;G E C >·I/GùN9.10,/>f>H*-6ø7]õ106M20 C G >P^ ö*-E 3 -h


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
Ó ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:љÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ

Y *-6/>H0I/ô C *-6/> E/61G >Hô÷øE1G 61NG ÷…EM2m>H0 3–2;=ô2479*<0 C G Ô c o Ô8ÕÃÖ²©J©²©=Ö Ôh× u I/G
N9.10:,/>4h

)+0 ;Göõ10v7·Iðþ›0:6‰j­* C lî24790*-6 ÙØ c q 2;* C >·*-67 C 26/>`lnG¦7 ‡Ô h

)+0 ;Göõ10v7·Iðþ›0:6‰j­* C lî24790*-6 ÙØ c Ú 2;* C >·*-67 C 26/>`lnG¦7 s Ô h

ó 6î7 C 26/>`lnG¦7·I/*<61N §Û a&c ØÝÜ Ô h

Bޟßü;=Gáà 0ý lnG


)+*<0s7 ]â
N9.10:, C G EJ,M2 C ;2 I/G >–790:6M24790*<6bh Y G¦7o79G‚I/G C 610=ý C G‚N2„;N E1;=G
 ;Îþ›0:6/>o7[26874à >a*<6 §Ø o à u
G >o7H0:lî24790*<6 I/G ^

ãØ o à u c q ×åæ ä8Õ Þ’ß ä ç Ô ×êä ç ©


Ì çèé
)+0Ò ;Îþ›0:6/>o7[2m6ø7’à ;GëÌ 0ý lnG ­‰ ;=GêI/G C 610=G C ½ Š N9.10:, I/GDÛ 2 C`C 0vÿ8GAO *-6 2E C 2
N;20 C G lnG 687 Ø ã c -
Ø O„G 6
>aE/,/,{*<>2687 ÷…E1G‘;(þi0:6‰j¯* C lî24790*<6 6bþiG >o7_,M2m>_õ C E10v7HôGAh


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
ì ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:љÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ

– >8I —5KFJ5K<˜N]>™?ªNí@BADš®›  –’î 7 ïš®› ð A;횜› Ÿ  ž


K þi'Ýd³$ŽY 2·;=G >Ž2¦ÿ82m6ø7[2²r
† G >‚>aE10sÿ82m687H> ,M2 C C 2,/,* C 7ˆ%'Ýd³$ñT G¦7 'Ýd³$‡ò‚^
S ;:E/>]I/G C *<õ/E/>–79G >`>HG

ó 2mE+Z,/.1ô 61*-lný 61G >fIðþd247o79ô 6…EM24790*<6/>%,M2 C I/G >fl E1;s790 3“N9.1G ln0:6/>4O

ó 2mE+Zê0:6879G C j­ô C G 61NG >Ph

eæ20:6êI/Göl E1;v7H0:,1;=G[Z2²†rGJ>o7[27H0:>o7H0=÷øE1GA^
\u2m6/>_;Îþ¤'§û
d $ñTöO;X2f÷øEM2m6ø7H0s79ô Iðþi0:6‰j¯* C lî24790*<6 ÷øE1Gá;(þi*-6
,G EF7 7 C 2m6/>alxG¦7o3

7 C GùG >o7·;=0:ln0s79ôGù,M2 C ;G >·N*-687 C 2„0:6879G >&7HG lx,{* C G;=;G > FZ‰ôG >]Iðþž2tÿr261NGAh
\ Ýd ‡ò
u2m6/> ;(þ¤' ³$ ‚OwNG >H*-687 ;G > N*<687 C 20:6ø7HG > I/G j C ô÷øE1G 61NG > FZ‰ôG > 
Iðþd2¦ÿ8261NGAh
!£N0(O‘;2³÷…EM2m68790s7HôIðþ›0:6‰j­* C lî24790*-6 ø
÷ Ebþi*<6 ,{G EF7½7 C 26/>`lnG¦7o7 C GêG >o7x;=0:l 3
†
0v7HôG¿,M2 C ;Îþiô 61G C A0=G I‰E õ C E10s74Ob, C *- , * C 7H0=*-6/61G;=;Gî2mE 61*<l õ C G Iðþd2mEF7 C G >
>H*-E C NG >L2N¦7H0vÿ8G >4h


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
õô
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

ó 6³,G EF7%7 C m 2 6/>alxG¦7`7 C G 1


, ;:E/>öIðþi0:6‰j¯* C î ¡ö
l 24790*<6 ¦2 ÿøGN¿;2nl lnGô 61G C A0=G †
N2 C 2E N*-E C >wð I þ¤E/61G,M2 C 790G I‰E 79G l / , >4O NG C 7[„
2 0:61G >w>H*-E C N G > C G >–79G 687
>H0;=G 61N0G E/>HG >Ph

\&*<61NAOlî2;† C ô ;G j(2„0s7û÷…Ebþ¤E/61G C G >a>a*<E C NG ‰¯G 6/>aG l õ1;G I/G Š


N*…I/G > ÞG >–7
,M2 C 7¦2²r
† ôGTIðþ¤E/61G‘lw2610ý C GåFZ‰G ;Îþi'Ýd³$ŽY 2&I/G >ä, C *-, C 0ô¦7Hô > 0:6ø7Hô C G >a>[2m6879G >
I/Gölxô¦7H.1*…I/G >fIðþd2NNý >L2I2,F7HôG >E¿ ;X2 I/G lî2m61I/GAh


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
Ê5Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

÷Òø 5KI —7:AONÅ@ªADI Æ;=ùB>Œ@BAONí@Xï5KLLÈúON


! C`C 0=I/0:E/l ^‘YT*-l õ10:6M2„0:>H*-6 Ýd ‡ò
I/Gö' ³$ Ýd ñT
G¦7&' ³$ ö^

YŽ.M2÷…E1Gj C ô÷øE1G 61NGùG >o7 C ô EF7H0=;0>aôG íg_û @ j­*A0:>4^


ü ? g=ý @ j(2„0:>HNG2mE+Z Ž^ þ ü g ? j(20>aNG2E+ZÞ,M2 C N*<66Á†<E C 27H0=*-6hþ¾Z g]û @ h

\%26/>N9.M2„÷øE1Gj(20>aNG2E *-6 Ýd tò
EF790;=0:>HG ;Îþi' ³$ á^{0=; ñ ’
2 û @ N2m6M2mE+Z ‰§>H*-E/>–3
j C ô÷øE1G 61NG >Î
Š ,M2 C j£20:>HNG2mEbh
Ýd ÿT I26/>gN9.M2÷…E1GLN26M2;Îh T C 2lxG >&I/GU
' ³$ ˆ\
@ lx>Ph %26/>gN9.M2÷…E1G%7 C 2lxGAO
B E/>[2²A
† G C >],{G EFÿøG 687·EF7H0;=0:>HG C ý @  õMcm>4h

8e
q_NN*‰O ;*<õM2;>–7¦2 C ^á' û$ŽYLh §d


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
1
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

ð ÷X÷  ÷ 𺠖
dëòR3ËT4\VdÞ' ‰d ò Z l
E1;v7H0s3 j C G÷øE1G 61NƒKŠ ,*-E C ;Gù;=0G 6³2>aNG 61I26874O
'…T4\Vd' ‰ Z '%>+61N9. C *-61*-E/>ÒTE\mÞ d 'Š ,{*<E C ;=GJ;0=G 6êI/G >aNG 61I26874h


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
õi
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

 ³
 °  

 ñ ¯ ° °       tÛ 


\g6êN2m6M2;ðN*-lxl E/6Þ÷…E10 C G;0Gö7H*-EF79G >·;G >&>a*<E C NG >4h

\ 61G
N*<;=;0>a0=*-6 G >o7L, C *ÿø*…÷øE1ôG¿÷øEM261I 1
, ;E/>LIðþiE/61G>H*-E C NG7 C m
2 6/>alxG¦7
íö
G 6Dl lnGT79G l ,/>4OøG¦7TNG;2JN2mE/>HG·;2ù,G C 7H· G I/G >Ž,M2÷…E1G¦7a>TG¦7 ;X2 C ¦G 7 C 26/>#3
ln0:>a>H0*-6 E1;s7Hô C 0G E C GAh

KG I/ô õ10s7Þlw24Z ÷øE1G ;Îþ›*-6 ,G EF7ÞG >a,ô C G C G >o7 gûE/610s79ôAO·NAh ühiIðh E/61G
7 C 
2 6/>`ln0:>a>a0=*-6ûN*-68790:6…E1GAh

q Z ^ q 7a.1G C 61G¦74h


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
˜~
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

»  ï5K?ªL;_F=Aݚ  š

d0:>HG G 6 öEFÿ C G
,*-E C E/6 C ô >HG2mE C 2I/0=*îI/G I/0
 E/>H0*-6 I/G
,M2„÷øE1G¦7a> C G;0X2m687
;G >"X! ;=G >·I/G$#]2¦e&20=0ÎOªgPU&% @ h

\ 790;0>aô I2m6/>
!“YŽ'J$ ó )O, C * G¦7æI/G¿N*<l l E/610N27H0=*-6 †
>[2479G;;=0s7HG ;2 C AG½õM2m6+3
I/G > Ñ
I/ô¦ÿ8G;=*-,/,G lnG 687,M2 C )øe·0:>a> S T„TùO T ñT
G;Gtj­*<610N2üO äG;0X2$TG >HG2 C N9. 'JQ&Oäq E+3
7HG;>274h

Kð2 7 C m
2 6/>aln0:>a>a0=*-6 G >o7 N*-lx,1;ý¦7HG lnG 687 I/ôNG 687 C 2;0>aôGAh ' ;X2 16 I/G ;X2
7 C 2m6/>alx0>`>H0*<6 I/GûN9.M2÷øE1G³,M2„÷øE1G¦7I/G³N9.M2„÷øE1Gû>a*<E C NGAO];X2 >H*-E C NG ]â
C G *<0v7
;Îþ›0:6‰j­* C lî24790*-6û>H0
3Ž;Gö,M2„÷øE1G¦7]G >o7·õ10G 6 C G Eê*<E ]â
/ \ ™
3‚>Pþ›0; Þ2
G EE/61GN*<;;=0:>H0*<6bh u2m6/>&NGLN2>f0=; 2mE C 2E/61G C ¦G 7 C 2m6/>alx0>`>H0*<6 
E/6ê0:6/>o7[2687·E1;s7Hô C 0G E C h

S C *-õ1;=ý lxG >4^


3 S_;E/>&0=;
f  
2 I/GL7 C 2m6/>alx0>`>H0*<6/>PO1,1;E/>&0=; ê2¿I/GùN*<;=;0:>H0*<6/>Ph
Ǡ
3ö$Tô r0:lnG½0:6/>o7[2õ1;GA^JI/G 79G l ,/>JG 6 7HG lx,/>J;G½I/ô õ10v7æõM20>`>HG N*<6/>a0=I/ô C 2õ1;G[3
lnG 6874O+7H*-EF7%;Göln*-61I/GùG >o7]G 67 C 2„0:6 I/G C G¦7 C 26/>`lnG¦7o7 C GAh
3 KGŽI/ô õ10v7 lî2PZ Z @ h g]û Ñ
7 C ý >_lî2mEFÿ820>aG EF790;=0:>[247H0=*-6xI‰E  å\
N 26M2;(h &ô õ10v7 @ h +^ g]û
7 C 2m6/>alx0>`>H0*<6 I/G¿79*-EF7HG >;G >J>H*-E C NG >J,G 61I2m687 ’g_û&'
I‰E 7HG lx,/>PhD)þ›0; 2 
W<@ >H*-E C NG >POFN.M2÷øE1Gu>a*<E C NGL,{G EF7 7 C 2m6/>alnG¦7o7 C Gu,G 61I2687 @ h¡V ' I‰En79G l ,/>4h


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
 ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ
Ê
šœ7:>8ù5 OA ? ;_FJ58?ªL ùBAON¨>89  7:>Á;];_AO@ šœ7:>8ùª5
S C 0:61N0,{G >4^

;Gæ79G l ,/>uG >o7öI/0>aN C ô¦7H0>aô¿NAh ühiIðhLI/ôN*<E/,ôG 6 7 C 2m61N9.1G >öI/Gæ7HG lx,/>ö2m,/,G;=ô >
>H;*7H>Ph

E/6>H;*7 VZ 7HG lx,/>fI/Gö, C *-,M2 ø24790*<6φ 2„;;G C 3 C G¦79*-E C lw24Z‰0:l E/l


3fKG >f>o7[27H0=*-6/>·>H*-687·> F61N9. C *<610:>HôG >
3f\ 61G>o7[24790*<67 C 2m6/>alxG¦7·E/6,M2÷…E1G¦7u2mE I/ô õ/EF7&Iðþ¤E/6>H;*„7

2mlnô;0=* C 4
2 7H0=*-6 ,M2 CöC 2,/,* C 7 2E 'u;=*-.M2w61*-6+35>H;*„7o7Hô½,/E10:>H÷øE1G ? 7 C 2mlnG >ù÷øE10
>HGJ>aE/,{G C  , *->HG 687%61Gæ;Gæj­*<687L÷øE1GJ>aE C E/6 >H;*„7ù2mE lî2PZ/0:l E/lêO{2Eû;=0G E I/G ?

>H;*7H> ­N2 C 0;>·N*-lxlxG 61NG 687u2mEêI/ô õ/EF7]I‰El lnGu>H;*„7 [h íö Ê
\]ô õ10s7&lî2PZð^ @ h¡V W Ñ lî2mEFÿ82„0:>HGùEF7H0=;0:>[24790*<6ûI‰EN2m6M2„;Îh


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
õ¯
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

( » š )  š 5O3/AOL F=ÆON]>™7:9B;=< >™? @ªADLÈ>87˜7:<˜N_<:>8?ªN


\]G >x2;†r* C 0s7a./lnG >½I/0>–7 C 0:õ/E1ô > ,G C lnG¦7o7HG 6ø7 Iðþd2 C`C ¦ö 7HG C ;X27 C 2m6/>alx0>`>H0*<6 I/G
61*-EFÿøG;;=G >I/*<6/61ôG >·7[2687ö÷…E1G
;=G >u,M2„÷øE1G¦7a>ö0:lx,1;0=÷øE1ô >LI26/>uE/61G N*<;=;0:>H0*<6

61GJ>H*-6ø7u,M2m>&7 C 2m6/>alx0>Ph·YTG;2½,G C lnG¦7uIðþž2E <lnG 687HG C ;=GI/ô õ10v74h%q Z ^Ž'u; r*m3 †
C 0v7a./lnGùI/GYg2,10s7[26M2 0>PO PU üh  ªg &%&%


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
Ê Ä ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

* » š¡LÈL » 587 » 5O3/AOL ÆOLÈ>89ñ;_A @BA 7˜5 — >KF=;_AO9ªN]A –  › š


‰(Yf2 C`C 0G C )+G 6/>HGbdÞE1;s790:,1;=GD'fNNG >a> Š¦h E/61Gn>o7[24790*<6 ÷øE10ŽI/ô >H0 C Gîô lxG¦7`7 C Gw>aG
lnG¦7Ò
;Îþ›ôN*-EF7HGùI‰EÞN2m6M2„; Ñ >a0 G;;GöI/ô¦79GN¦7HGE/6 >H0†A6M2;ðG 6Þ;=0†A61GAO‰G;;=GöI/0Rý C G
;Îþ›ô lx0>`>H0*<6 I/Gö>[2æ7 C 2mlnGAh

 AON 365KFJ<˜5K? ;_AON >aG;=*-6 ;=G 


7 +,G I/G³I/ôN0:>H0*<6 , C 0>;=* C >a÷øE1G ;G³N2m6M2„;LG >o7
I/ô¦7HGN¦79ôù*…NN E/,ôA^

ó –  › š ?B>8?,+»— AGFJN=<:N«;=58? ;- ;* C >H÷øE1G ;X2 >o7[27H0=*-6 I/ô¦79GN¦7HG E/6 >H0†„3
6M2„;ÎOFG;=;GJ247`7HG 61IE/6 I/ô;X20ð2;=ô2479*<0 C G2¦ÿ82687&I/G C ô0s79ô C G C ;X2æ, C *…NôI‰E C G
¯‰ ôN*-EF79GJI/Gù;2 ,{* C 79G E/>aGAO=hhhŠ Ñ

ó –  › š — AGFJN_<˜N«;=58? ; X‰ ÿ82 C 02m6ø7HG C G¦7HG 6üE1GJŠ ;2 >–7¦24790*-6 “,G C >H0:>o7HG/.€


ôN*<EF7HG C ;GTN26M2;² E/>a÷øEbþ·  NG ÷øE1GTNG;E10 3“N0+I/G¦ÿF0G 6/61G ;0õ C GAOA,/E10>_ô lnG¦7 Ñ
ó –  › š —,+¹— AGFJN_<˜N«;=5K? ;- ;* C >H÷øE1Gu;=G·N2m6M2„;I/G¦ÿF0=G 687 ;0:õ C GAOü;2ù>–7¦247H0=*-6
ô lnG¦7w2tÿ8GNE/61G , C *-õM2õ10;=0s7Hô ,bOáG¦7xI/0R  ý C G>H*-6 ô ln0:>a>a0=*-6 2¦ÿøGNÞE/61G
, C *-õM2õ10;0v7Hô ‰9g 35,™[Š h YTGN0f,G C lxG¦7îI/GêI/0lx06…E1G C ;2 , C *<õM2mõ10=;0s79ô I/G
N*A;;=0:>H0*-6û,M2 CfC 2,/,{* C 7ö2mEûYf)KÞ d ' ,G C >H0:>o7[2m6ø74h
C4ÆGF²< >‘@BA @BA 3ñ9ª7:?ªÆGFJ5ÁÉ <:7˜<;_Æ ²†
;Gu79G l ,/>gI/GL, C *<,M2 …247H0=*-6 G 6ø7 C Gù;=G >fI/G E+Z
>o7[24790*<6/>%;G >&,1;:E/>·ô;*A0<
† 61ôG >4h
)+0ä;X2xI‰E C ôG I/G >]7 C 2mlnG >öG >–7N*<6/>a0=I/ô C 2õ1;G lnG 687>aE/,ô C 0G E C G x;2 ,ô C 0*…I/G Å
I/GLÿ+E1;61ô C 2mõ10=;0v7Hô 2„; * C >%;GùI/ô õ10v7&,G EF7&>4þž2,/, C *…N.1G C I/GE/6bh


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
õÓ
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

0 » –  › š21 –   –  › š 53™AOLb@BÆ;_AOLM;=<:>8? @BAON¨LM>™7:7˜<˜N_< >™?ªN


‰(Y‡\ Z Y *A;;0>a0=*-í
6 \]G¦7HGN¦7H0=*-™
6 ŠäKð2‘79GN9./610÷…E1Gá;2T,1;:E/> EF790;0>aôG‘,M2 C lx0r;G > I/0>#3
N0:,1;=0:61G > Iðþž2„NNý >_2;ô27H*A0 C GŽI2m6/> ;G > C ô >aG2E+ZL7HG C`C G >o7 C G >Ph Yuþ›G >–7 ;X2 lnô¦7a.1*…I/G
61* C lw2„;0>aôGù,M2 C ;(þd!“) ó h

' ;ÎþiôN*<EF7HGû, C 
ô 2„;2õ1;G³I‰E C ô >aG2E >4þž2 < ²
* EF7HG³;Îþ›ôN*-EF79G ,G 61I2687 ;2 7 C 2m6/>–3
ln0:>a>a0=*-6b^îE/61G –> 7¦247H0=*-6 , C ¦7HG ûô lnG¦7o7 C A ö  ƒ
G O 2 +2m687DI/ô¦7HGN¦7HôÞ;=GN26M2; ;=0:õ C GAO
v
7 C 2m6/>alxG¦7fG¦7gN*<687H06…E1G æôN*<EF7HG C ;GLN2m6M2;(h‘)þ›0;{>HG·, C *üI‰E10s7gE/61GuN*A;;=0:>H0*-6bO
3ŽG;;=Gù0:6879G oC C *-lx,F7%0l lnôI/027HG lnG 687&>[2æ7 C 26/>`ln0:>a>a0=*-6
† φ J
3gG;;G¿G 6øÿ8*<0=G I/G >u>H0 <6M2E+Zû>a,{ôN0X2mE+Z 2,/,{G;=ô >uõ10v7a>LI/G
õ*-E `C C 2 AG 2 16³÷øE1G
7H*<E/>·;G >]N*-E/,1;G E C >]>a*A0G 687·, C ô¦ÿøG 6…E/>·I/G;X2¿N*A;;=0:>H0*-6
3ŽG;;=GL7HG 6879G C 2½;2 C ôô ln0:>a>a0=*-6êE1;v7Hô C 0G E C G lnG 687

q Zð^Žq 7H.1G C 61G¦7


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
õì
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

3 » –  › 4 š 1 –  5O3/AOL F=ÆON]>™7:9B;=< >™? @ªAON¨LÈ>87˜7˜<:N_<:>8?N


‰(Yg)KdÞ' e·0s7a. YT*<;;=0:>H0*<6½' ÿø*<0I261NGAO82m61I½Yg)KdÞ' e]0v7a. Y *A;;=0:>H0*-6 $TG >a*3
;:EF7H0=*-6™Š65T2 C 0X2m6879GTI/G Yg)KÞ
d 'öcAYt\ ÷…E10ø,G C lnG¦7äIðþd2mE†AlxG 6879G C ;Îþ›G87xN2N0v7Hô
I‰E C ô >HG2mE G 6 C ô >H*<;vÿ82m687 X; 2 N*<687HG 6ø7H0*<6 2¦ÿ82m6ø7 ÷øE1G ; G >êI/*<6/61ôG >61G
>a*A0G 687&7 C 2m6/>alx0>aG >4h ó ,ý C GöM , 2 C ;=Göõ102„0:>·Iðþž2„NN E/>aô >]I/G C ôNG ,F7H0=*-6 G¦7·I/G
7HG lx,{* C 0>27HG E C >4h )+0:lx,1;GG¦7xôN*<61*-ln0÷øE1GAO C G l ,1;X2NGÞ;G >xN0 C N E10v7a>nI/G
I/ô¦7HGN¦7H0=*-6 I/GùN*A;;=0:>H0*-6bh


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
1ô ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

:9%#ã& ä§ìx ±ç 8;


åLçLë „ìë… gߑç‚â ±ç‚â  S±
ì àuXçáâ
 =<
ãä 1gߑßáàáâ

G §
) +>–79ý lxG
7HG lx,/>fI/0>aN C G¦7 m?> @6 öE1I‰>4h
BA — >K;=ùBúON]AON
ó -g hŽ)G+>o7Hý lnG æ79G l ,/>]I/0:>HN C G¦7^ äT *-E/>æ;=G >ù,M2÷øE1G¦7H>ö7 C 2m6/>alx0>*<687;2
líö lxG¿;=*-6†<E1G E C Ob;2n7 C 2m6/>aln0:>a>a0=*-6 I/G N9.M2÷…E1G¿,M2÷øE1G¦7J, C G 61I E/61G
7 C 2m61N9.1GuI/Gf7HG lx,/>ŽIðþiE/61GfE/610v7Hô ¯‰ 0:6/>o7[2687ʦh‘)G+61N. C *-610>27H0=*-6ÞG 687 C G
;G >]6@ö E1I‰>4h
ó ? h ' C`C 0sÿøôG >ùSb*A0:>a>a*<6/610G 6/61G >  N.M2N E/6êI/G >C> 6@ö E1I‰>4h
T 2E+ZIðþž2 CoC 0sÿ8ôG >Òr† ;*<õM2;Z äW h
T 2E+ZIðþž2 CoC 0sÿ8ôG >·,M2 C 6@ö E1Ið^åZ WŒRD> h
ó V+hŽY *A;;=0:>H0*-6³*-E $TôNG ,F790*-6
,M2 C £j 20s79GA^ )+0…E/6>HG E1;ø,M2÷…E1G¦7 G >–7 7 C 26/>#3

ln0:>4O/0=; G >o7 C G E>26/>&G C`C G E C h
)+08,1;:E/>_Iðþ¤E/6
,M2÷øE1G¦7_G >o7 7 C 2m6/>alx0>PO7H*<EF7 G >o7 ,{G C I‰Ebh 'uE1N E/61Gá0:6‰j¯* C 3
lî247H0=*-6ê>aE C ;=GJN*-6ø7HG 6…EêG¦7%;2 >a*<E C NGJI/G >&,M2÷øE1G¦7H>f6bþ›G >–7%*-õF79G 6…E1GAh

ó ò 
B h +GGI‰õM2„N 0 l lnôI/027]I/G @ O -O›GA^ ' g ;2 16 I/G N9.M2÷øE1G 06/>–7¦2m687O
7H*<EF7HG > ;G >ä>H*-E C NG >ä>2tÿ8G 6ø7 >a0 @ O á*<E hg FE ‚g ,M2÷øE1G¦7H> *-6ø7_ô¦7Hô‚7 C 26/>`ln0:>4h

ó ýühT$TG¦7 C 2m6/>alx0>`>H0*<6 I/GùN*<;=;0>a0=*-6/>4^ Y .M2÷øE1G%,M2÷øE1G¦7T0:lx,1;0÷…E1ô·I2m6/>


E/61GùN*<;=;0>a0=*-6 ö
I/G¦ÿ C 2 ¦7 C G C G¦7 C 2m6/>alx0>·E1;s7Hô C 0G E C G lxG 687h


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
1#Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

ó W 2+h S 2m>·I/GL7¦2mlx,{*<6/>P^ + ) 0 E/6 ,M2„÷øE1G¦7xG >o7 G 6 N*<E C > I/Gw7 C 2m6/>alx0>#3


>H0*-6bO*<E >4þi0=;ä27o79G 61I ;2 C G¦7 C 26/>`ln0:>a>H0*-6³E1;v7Hô C 0=G E C GAOI/G >·61*<EFÿ8G2mE+Z
 G
,M2÷…E1G¦7a>Ž6bþž2 C`C 0vÿ8G 687 ,1;:E/> ;2ö>a*<E C NGAh‘\g61Gf. +,*7a.1ý >HGu2;v7HG C 6M27H0vÿ8G
G >o74^

ó W õbhT"g*<l
õ C ù 6
G 0:6 1610ðI/Gö6 öE1I‰>P^@ > c G OG¦7öN9.M2÷øE1G
61*<EFÿ8G2mE³,M243
Q
÷øE1G¦72 C`C 0sÿøG ¿E/6 2EF7 C Gù6 öE1Iðh @

K þi. +,*7H.1ý >aG W õ 61*-E/>‚I/*<6/61G E/61GTõ* C 61G >aE/,ô C 0G E C G >aE C I/G > > +>o7Hý lnG > 
H> I G h

   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0


11 ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

:9%#ã& ä§ìx ±ç JxçuëK;ì


ë… gßáçáâ‘Ý  L
ì ] ûì%/Mé

@  
KG >á6 öE1I‰>á>a*<687Ž> +61N9. C *-610:>Hô >4h‘!£;:>ŽN*-lxlxG 61NG 687 u7 C 26/>`lnG¦7o7 C GL2E
I/ô õ/EF7·I/G > 7 C 261N9.1G >·I/G%79G l ,/>4h

' S
;2 16êI/GùN9.M2÷…E1G7 C m @
2 61N9.1GJI/Gö7HG lx,/>PO+7H*-E/>%;=G >f6 öE1I‰>·I/ô¦79GN¦7HG 687
;=G >ŽN*A;;=0:>H0*-6/>f÷øE10>HG]>H*-687T, C *…I‰E10v7HG >TI2m6/>TNG¦7`7HGf7 C 2m61N9.1GuI/Gf7HG lx,/>%h

\ 6û,M2÷øE1G¦7ulî2;ð7 C 2m6/>aln0:>LG >o7 C G¦7 C 26/>`ln0:>J2m, C ý >uE/6 61*<l


õ C G 2„;ô2P3
79*<0 C GJI/GL7 C 2m61N.1G >]I/GL79G l ,/>4h

   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0


1i ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ
šœ?5K7 A N]A 5K—ª—ªFJ>ŒL ùBÆGA

ó ó 6EF7H0=;0>aG #ˆ+ ,*7H.1ý >aG W õ ‰­0:661610v7HôJI/Gö6@ö


 E1I‰>Ê[h
ó "g*<l
õ C G%Iðþž2 CoC 0sÿ8ôG >g,M2 C E/610s7HôuI/G&7HG lx,/>ŽG >o7·Sb*A0:>a>a*<6/610G 6 I/G]7[2mE+Z
W
äh

ó ó 6>`E/,/,*->HG÷øE1Gu;=GLN9.1*A0 ZI/G >g06/>–7¦2m687H>&I/G C G¦7 C 2m6/>aln0:>a>a0=*-6êG >o7 7HG;


Ÿ‰
÷øE1G ;G 61*-l õ C G I/G ,M2÷…E1G¦7a> X7 C 26/>`ln0:>
G¦7 C G¦7 C m Š
2 6/>alx0> L,M2 C E/610s79ô
NM E W
I/GL7HG lx,/>]G >–7öSb*A0:>a>a*<6/610G 6 I/GL7¦2mE+Z h

ó Kð2, C *<õM2üh Iðþ¤E/61G%7 C 26/>`ln0:>a>H0*-6 ‰ C ô E/>a>a0=GJŠ‘,M2 C E/610s7HôI/G]79G l ,/>fG >–7

M$O äQP Ö
÷øE10bG >–7·I/*-61Nù;=GS\S‘R Q !Tùhñ‰U o Þ c T u c MUDO äVP R TXW h[Š
ó Y *<61I/0s790*-6ûIðþiô÷øE10=;0õ C GA^
EZ 7[2E+ZIðþd2 CoC 0sÿøôG’‰Z I/ô õ10v7Ê
7[2mE+ZêI/GùI/ô ,M2 C 7
 /W c M Y[ZV\ ro s M u h
Yuþ›G >–7 ¿I/0 C GAO

ó 'T7`7HG0687u;Gölî2PZ ]M c qfÑ ;GæI/ô õ10s7&lî2PZG >–7 q RO c Ú _© ^ Ð Í h


ó 6Þ*<õ/>aG C ÿ8GJI/G E+ZÞ,{*A0:687%Iðþiô÷…E10;0õ C GAh


   !#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
1~ ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓ­ÔÕtÓ“Ö ×Ø=ØÙÕ

lambda

1/e
G=0
G=1

Taux de depart
Taux d’arrivee
Gexp(-G)
G

`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~€dƒ‚i„
…‡† ˆ |Š‰&‹mŒŽdŠ’‘”“8–• —d˜=˜”™”“
š ›)ž4š Ÿ Ÿ  ¡›)¢H¢¤£
œ
¥§¦Q¨ª©¬«K­]®°¯@±D¯³²r´”¨¶µ¸·¹®º©S»$¼ ¯@½¾@²¿¨ÁÀ
žB¡ÃÅÄ@ÆÁÇÉÈËʸÌËÊ-Í
Î Ï XÀ ¥§¦V¨Ð©[«K­®¯@±Ñ¯4²r´Ž¨¬µ¸·ª®º©ÁÒ ÓÔ±D¾r¨)Õ=®K¨"Ö× ÷ ¾@®º©¶¨Ø©[·¬×Ù¯r¨¹­]´Ž¨C±D¯-©ÕÚ×:­ÛK­]®
Õ=±D¯rÜ&¾@®K¾@·KÝÞÕd×:©¬·¬×Ù¯r¨¹­]´Ž¨¶¨¬´”±D¯N²r®ßµ[à× ÷ ¾@®Ö× ÷ ¾@®º©áÖ@·ª®K¯@²B¾r¯@®°¾r¯@´w©[â²r®
©[®K­Ör¨ÁÀäãå×H©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶­´”¨¹¨¬´”±Ñ¯ç²r®K¨CÖ× ÷ ¾@®º©¬¨¯¡èz®K¨Ð©éÖ×æ¨C¨Ð¦V¯@µ[à@·ª±Ñ¯@´Ž¨¬â¸®&À
Îëê ÀíìS·ª·ª´mî-⸮K¨ßï,±Ñ´”¨¹¨¬±D¯r¯@´=®K¯r¯@®K¨ »?µ[à×ÙµK¾r¯4²r®K¨C¼ ¯@½¾@²¿¨ðÀ
Óí×æ¾Qñ2²åèò×Ù·¹·ª´wî§â¸®K¨éÜ&Õ=±Dó×ÙÕõô öõÀ
Óí×æ¾Qñ2²åèò×Ù·¹·ª´wî§â¸®K¨éÖ×Ù·¯@½¾@²åÒ÷ô öùøD¼ À
Î ú ÀXûرÑÕ=Ք´Ž¨¬´”±Ñ¯N±Ñ¾ëüØ⸵¸®KÖV©¬´”±Ñ¯4Ö×Ù·Ðýo×Ù´m©¬®&Ò ¥Q´¤¾r¯ Ö× ÷ ¾@®º© ®K¨Ð©N©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶­´”¨
×8î-×æ¯-© ÷ ¾@®2ÕÚ׳©[·¬×æ¯r¨¶­]´Ž¨¶¨¶´=±D¯ ²åèþ¾r¯ ×æ¾V©[·ª®2¯@®B¨¬±Ñ´m©ÿ@¯@´=®&Ý䴔Õ"¦ × µ¸±ÑÕ 

Õ=´Ž¨¬´”±Ñ¯¡À
Î À V®¸®¸²¿ó×Ùµ œ´Ž­­®¸²r´Ú×Á©á²r® VÝ Ï Ýu®&Ò ûäà× ÷ ¾@® ¨¬±D¾@·¹µ¸®
    ·ª® ¸±&´w©

Õoèu´”¯¿ý’±Ñ·ª­ × ©¬´”±Ñ¯ç¨¶¾@·C²r®K¨µ¸±ÑÕ=Ք´”¨¶´=±D¯r¨×8î-®¸µÕ=®Ö× ÷ ¾@®º©©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶­´”¨ðÀ


Î À üØ®º©[·¬×æ¯r¨¶­]´Ž¨¶¨¶´=±D¯ç²r®ßµ¸±&ՔÕ=´Ž¨¬´”±D¯r¨ÁÒ ûäà× ÷ ¾@®2Ö× ÷ ¾@®º©F´”­Ö@Õ=´ ÷ ¾@â³² ×æ¯r¨
¾r¯@® µ¸±ÑՔÕ=´Ž¨¬´”±Ñ¯ ²r®ºîV·[× Ûº©¬·ª® ·ª®º©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶­´”¨ë¾@Õw©[⸷ª´”®K¾@·¹®K­®K¯§© o×æÖ@·¹«K¨ë¾r¯

©[®K­Ör¨×ÙÕ=â ×Á©[±Ñ´”·¹® À 

Î ×/ÀØïÔ×Ù¨é²r®S© ×æ­Ö ±D¯r¨ÁÒ ¥Q´Þ¾r¯ Ö× ÷ ¾@®º©Ø®K¨ª© ®K¯ µ¸±Ñ¾@·Ð¨Ø²r®©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶­´”¨¹¨¬´”±Ñ¯¡Ý


±Ñ¾$¨ðèz´”Õ¿× ©ª©[®K¯@²HÕÚ×C·ª®º©[·¬×Ù¯r¨¹­]´Ž¨¶¨¶´=±D¯ ¾@Õm©¬â¸·¹´”®K¾@·ª®&Ý&²r®K¨õ¯@±D¾Vî-® ×Ù¾QñHÖ× ÷ ¾@®º©¶¨


¯¡èò×Ù·¹·ª´wK¯-©Ö@Վ¾r¨» Õd×H¨¬±D¾@·¹µ¸®&À )¯@®à-¦QÖ ±Ù©¬à@«K¨¶®:× Õw©¬®¸·ª¯×Á©[´wî-®H®K¨ª©ÁÒ




Î ó¡À ±D­$ó@·ª®ß´”¯¿ÿ@¯@´ù²r®¯@½¾@²¿¨ÁÒ ¼
   Ý ®º©µ[à× ÷ ¾@® ¯@±Ñ¾Vî-® ×æ¾ Ö× 

÷ ¾@®º©ç× ·ª·ª´mî-® » ¾r¯ ×æ¾V©[·ª®ë¯@½¾@²åÀ ¯ ·ª®º©[´”®K¯@²r·¬× µ¸®º©ª©[®ëà-¦QÖ ± ©¶à@«K¨¬®





² ×Ù¯r¨éÕd×H¨¶¾@´w©[®&À
`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~€dƒ‚i„
…
 ˆ |Š‰&‹mŒŽdŠ’‘”“8–• —d˜=˜”™”“
 ¯ ¨¶¾rÖrÖ ±D¨¬® ÷ ¾@® ®K¨ª©:® ñVÖ ±D¯@®K¯-©[´”®¸ÕŲr®Ö×Ù·¬×Ù­«º©[·ª® Ý,²r±Ñ¯@µ¨ ל²r®K¯r¨¶´m©¬â
 

®K¨ª©!#"%$'&)(!*,+ bÀ
¥ èu´=Ճ¦2× ¯@½¾@²¿¨·¹®º©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶­®º©¹© ×毧©¶¨ÁÝ× Õ”±&·Ð¨éՔ®°Ö@·ª±/µ¸®K¨¹¨¶¾r¨C²r® ©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶­´”¨¹¨¬´”±Ñ¯
-

®º©á·¹®º©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶­´”¨¹¨¬´”±Ñ¯ç®K¨ª©ï,±Ñ´”¨¹¨¬±D¯r¯@´=®K¯ ׺¸µß¾r¯œ© ×Ù¾Qñ


. ö &/-0+1 2 -354

¥/¾rÖrÖ ±D¨¬±D¯r¨ ÷ ¾¡èu¾r¯ Ö× ÷ ¾@®º©®K¨ª©S©[·¬×æ¯r¨¶­]´Ž¨H» Պèu´”¯r¨Ð©º×æ¯-© ¸À ï¡â¸·¹´”±Ë²r®²r®:îQ¾@Õ 6 7

¯@⸷¬×Ùó@´”Õ=´w©¬â&Ò 8&96:( bÀ÷¥Q´ƒ¾r¯4×æ¾V©¬·¹®°Ö× ÷ ¾@®º©®K¨ª©Ø©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶­´”¨)Ö ®K¯@² ×æ¯-©µ¸®


;=<>6*2 ;?+

©¬®K­Ör¨ÁÝ¿´”Õ6¦4×Ù¾@·¬× µ¸±ÑՔÕ=´Ž¨¬´”±Ñ¯¡ÀØïõ×Ù·Cµ¸±D¯r¨¬â ÷ ¾@®K¯-© Ò


@5ACBED/D  F=G%HJI'KML
N)4

ã ® ²râKó@´w©Hô ©º×æ¾Qñ Ü&Ք±Ñó×ÙÕí²r®H©[·¬×æ¯r¨¶­]´Ž¨¶¨¶´=±D¯ ®º©ß·¹®º©¬·¬×Ù¯r¨¹­]´Ž¨¶¨¬´”±D¯ . &/-0+)ý ±Ñ´Ž¨


@ Ò
AOBPD/D

âKó@´w© Q R&/-0+S . &/-0+)F G%HJI3KTL


N 4

`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~€dƒ‚i„
…
VU ˆ |Š‰&‹mŒŽdŠ’‘”“8–• —d˜=˜”™”“

lambda

1/2e
G=lambda

Equilibre
G=1/ 2

Taux de depart
G=lambda+nx

G exp(-2 G)

Taux d’arrivee

Equilibre
n

`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~€dƒ‚i„
…
W ˆ |Š‰&‹mŒŽdŠ’‘”“8–• —d˜=˜”™”“
ã èþìÕ=±Dàׯ@±Ñ¯²r´Ž¨¬µ¸·ª®º© ×°×æ¾r¨¶¨¶´¿²r®K¾Qñ$Ö ±&´Ž¯-©¬¨÷²åèuâ ÷ ¾@´=Ք´Žó@·¹®&Ý-®º©÷´”ÕÞ×Ք®Ø­]ÛK­]®
©‡¦Vփ®ß²r®Ö@·¹±Dó@Õ=«K­®K¨á²r®¨Ð©º×æó@´=Ք´w©[â ÷ ¾@®ßÕoèþìÕ=±Dàײr´Ž¨¬µ¸·ª®º© À
¥Q±D¯4²râKó@´m©C­ ×ðñB®K¨ª©áÕÚ×$­]±Ñ´m©¬´”⤲r®ßµ¸®¸ÕŽ¾@´ù²¿¾2ìSՔ±Dà× ²r´Ž¨¬µ¸·ª®º© À

`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~€dƒ‚i„
…
X ˆ |Š‰&‹mŒŽdŠ’‘”“8–• —d˜=˜”™”“

Y Z [ Z

Q ®K­ ×Ù¯@² ‡ì ¨¹¨¬´ŽÜ&¯@®¸² B¾@Õw©¬´”Ö@Ք®ßìCµ¸µ¸®K¨¹¨


\ ] E

^ ñùÀŲr®­±Ë²r´ŽÿÞµ ×Á©[´”±D¯ç²r®  Q ] ì փ±Ñ¾@·)Ûº©[·ª® Þ® ñ¿´”ó@Ք®&Ò !_

× ±D¾V© ²r®ß·ªâK¨¬®¸· î-×Á©[´”±D¯¡À


a`

'b  Xš $Í dcfe

¥Q´Ž¯rÜ&Õ=® –µ[à×æ¯r¯@®¸Õ ‡Ö ¸® · µ ×Ù·¹·ª´=®¸·KÝ õï ¾@Ք¨¶® –µ¸±/²r® ‡­±Ë²¿¾@ÕÚ×Á©[´”±D¯¡Ý ­$¾@Õw©[´ŽÖ@Õ=®


E  E E E

쵸µ¸®K¨¶¨ðÝ ®K­ ×æ¯@² Ð×Ù¨¹¨¬´ŽÜ&¯r­®K¯-© Ý @¾ ´ŽÖr­]®K¯-© À


Q \ ^5g

¾V©¬´”Õ=´Ž¨¬âßÖ×Ù· o¯-©¬®¸Õ”¨b× ©ÁÀ


ih

ü 8® ýÐÒ
]B´”¨¹à× Q¥ µbà × · © Ý kj #l mn
oqp=rPst=uOvOpwn%x uOrytwn%z{s|v}zz{v~p=nx spa€w‚ƒt=uOvOpwn t=n„€

ºÝ ú «K]
n„p=v}za… ­ ®ß⸲r´w©¬´=±D¯¡À

† ‡µ ×æ¯×Ù¾Qñ ´”¯@²râKÖ ®K¯@² ×æ¯-©¬¨ µ¸±D¾VîV·[×æ¯-©Õ=®K¨ ú r² ® ó×æ¯@²r® Ö×æ¨ ]ˆ‰l Š

¨ ×毧©¬®ßÖ ±D¾@·)¾r¯@®¾r¯@´w©[âß²r®S©¬·¬×Ù¯r¨¹­]´Ž¨¶¨¬´”±D¯ ·ªâ¸µ¸®KÖV©[´”±D¯ Ú©[¬· ×Ù¯r¨¹Ö ±D¯@²r®¸· À


=
„‹ 

Q æ× ¯r¨ o¯-©¬®¸Õ”¨b× ©
Œh h~Ž ¾r¯4²r®K¨ Ïðê ©¬·[×æ¯r¨ÁÀ ¾¡èu´”Õ6¦ ®K¯N×$¾V©¬´”Õ=´Ž¨¬®$¥Þï@ì
g QŒ^ À
ã ´=®K¯N×樬µ¸®K¯@² ×æ¯-© Ò À ú ê À ú&ú
 À † ˆ‰l

ã ´=®K¯4²r®K¨¶µ¸®K¯@² ×Ù¯-©ÁÒ À À ÏÑϸú À


 
 M‡‘=‘   ˆ‰l

ã ®K¨)µ ×æ¯×Ù¾Qñ ¨¬±D¯§©C²r® ú † ’ˆ‰l µ[à× ¾@®&Ý¿®º©®K¨¹Ö× µ¸âK¨"²r®


g  ’ˆ‰l°¨¶¾@·ØՔ®K¨

ú
‡
]ˆ‰l

`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~€dƒ‚i„
“V” ˆ |Š‰&‹mŒŽdŠ’‘”“8–• —d˜=˜”™”“
ãùש¬·[×æ¯r¨¶­´”¨¹¨¬´”±Ñ¯ ®K¨ª©ß¯Ë¾r­⸷¹´ ¾@®]׺¸µ ¾r¯ ²râKó@´m©ß²r®
g  /ó@´w© Ù¨ðÝÉ®K¯
 E‹

¾V©[´”Õ=´Ž¨ ×æ¯-© ¤ïÅ¥ HÀ



!• —–

ìÖrÖ@Ք´”µ × ©¬´=±D¯r¨ÁÒ î§±Ñ´wñ  ’ˆ‰lR"±D¾4²r±Ñ¯r¯@⸮K¨ðÀ

`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~€dƒ‚i„
“Š˜ ˆ |Š‰&‹mŒŽdŠ’‘”“8–• —d˜=˜”™”“

 
3™/š„›œ—ž~™ œ ’Ê rÆ ’Ä™ Ÿ› Ì-Æ ËʸÌ
 a¡ ¢ ?£¤œrÆ ’Ä
™ Ÿ›

)¯4µ ×æ¯×ÙÕå²r®¨¶´”Üѯ× Õ”´Ž¨ ×Á©[´”±Ñ¯¡À




Q ®K¨)©¬·¬×Ù­®K¨á²r® ­¨¬®¸µ&Ý¿²r´mîV´Ž¨¬âK¨é®K¯2¨¶Õ=±Ù©¬¨ ²r® Ï ­¨¬®¸µ&Ý




²r±Ñ¯-© ¨¬±D¯§©á¾V©[´”Õ”´”¨¶âK¨éÖ× ·Õ=®K¨¨ª© × ©¬´=±D¯r¨



k¥

µ[à× ¾@®ß¨Ð©º×Á©[´”±D¯ë×$¾r¯B¨¬Õ”±Ù©´”¯@²r´wîV´=²¿¾@®¸Õ À
g ¦

û à× ¾@®¨¬Õ”± ©µ¸±D¯-©[´”®K¯-© Ïðê ó@´m©¶¨ÁÀ


g †

㠮߲râKó@´m©á²¿¾4µ ×æ¯× Õå²r®¨¬´ŽÜ&¯×ÙÕ=´Ž¨ ×Á©¬´=±D¯ ®K¨Ð© ²r±D¯@µ ÏÁê Ëó@´w© æ¨ÁÀ †  P‹

ãå×F©[·¬×æ¯r¨¶­]´Ž¨¶¨¶´=±D¯ ²r® µ¸®µ ×Ù¯×ÙÕí¨¬® ýs×Ù´w©¤¨¶¾@·¾r¯ µ ×Ù¯×ÙÕŲr® Ï §’ˆ‰lF²r®


ó×Ù¯@²r®Ö×樶¨b×Ù¯-©¬®&Ý@®K¯2¾V©¬´=Ք´”¨b×Ù¯-©¤ïÅ¥ HÀ
?
—–

¥Þï@ì ®K¨ª©H¾V©[´”Õ”´”¨¶â]Ö ±Ñ¾@·¤Õ”®K¨:¨Ð©º×Á©[´”±D¯r¨ ¾@´÷±D¯-©$¾r¯@®]µ[à×Ù·ªÜ&®ýo× ´Žó@Ք®


QŒ^ g

¾@´å¨¶±Ñ¯-©á¨¬±D¾VK¯-©é¨¶´=Ք®K¯@µ¸´”®K¾r¨¬®K¨ À
g E

ãå׳µ¸±D­­$¾r¯@´”µ × ©¬´”±Ñ¯ ­]±D¯@²r´Ú×ÙՔ® Ö×Ù· o¯-©¬®¸Õ”¨b× ©¨¶®Fýo×Ù´m©®K¯ µ¸±D­$ó@´Ž¯×Ù¯-© h

²r®K¨é­]⺩¶à@±/²r®K¨á²åèò×Ùµ¸µ¸«K¨éÿVñr®K¨°×ºî§®¸µ:²r®ßÖ× · ©º×æÜ&®$²r®ý’·ªâ ¾@®K¯@µ¸®?» ó×樬® g

²r®ß²r®K­ ×æ¯@²r® s¥Þï@ì À


¨ Q^ 

"¯@®ß¨ª© ×Á©[´”±Ñ¯N¨¬±D¾rà× ´w©º×æ¯-©°µ¸±Ñ­­]®K¯@µ¸®¸·"¾r¯@®¤µ¸±D­­H¾r¯@´=µ ×Á©[´”±D¯ µ[à@±&´Ž¨¬´w©




¾r¯@® ý’·¹â ¾@®K¯@µ¸® ×ÙÕ=â ×Á©¬±&´”·¹® Ö×Ù·ª­´ µ¸®¸Õ”Õ”®K¨ ²r´Ž¨¶Ö ±D¯@´”ó@Ք®K¨ ² ×æ¯r¨ ¨¶±Ñ¯
g

©º×æó@Õ=® ×澡À
^ՔÕ=®é©[·¬×æ¯r¨¶­]®º©Cµ¸®º©ª©[® ý’·¹â ¾@®K¯@µ¸®®º©Õoè × ²r·ª®K¨¶¨¶®ß²r®SÕd×:¨ª© × ©¬´”±Ñ¯2²r®S²r®K¨ª©¬´
g 

¯× ©¬´=±D¯¡À
Óõ±D¾V©¬®K¨éÕ=®K¨¨ª© × ©¬´”±Ñ¯r¨ ⸵¸±D¾V©[®K¯-©éµ¸®ßµ ×Ù¯×ÙÕoÀ
ã ®K¨á©º×æó@Õ=® ×æ¾Qñ ²r®¤ý’·ªâ ¾@®K¯@µ¸®K¨ ¨¶±Ñ¯-©°­]´Ž¨ß» ±D¾@·®K¯³ý’±Ñ¯@µº©¬´=±D¯ë²r®K¨¨¬´ŽÜ
g ©` §

¯×Ù¾QñB²r®ßµ¸±D¯r¯@® ñr´”±D¯r¨é®º©é²r®ß²r⸵¸±D¯r¯@® ñ¿´=±D¯r¨ÁÀ


`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~€dƒ‚i„
–…
“ ˆ |Š‰&‹mŒŽdŠ’‘”“8–• —d˜=˜”™”“
¥Q´ù¾r¯@®¤×æ¾V©¬·¹®ß¨ª© ×Á©[´”±Ñ¯ë×H¾V©[´”Õ=´Ž¨¬â¤Õd×?­]ÛK­®ý’·ªâ ¾@®K¯@µ¸®&Ý¿Õd×?¨ª© ×Á©[´”±Ñ¯ @¾ ´
g g

×ÙÖrÖ ®¸Õ”Õ”®ß®º© Õd×$¨Ð©º×Á©[´”±D¯N²r®ß²r®K¨Ð©[´Ž¯× ©¬´”±Ñ¯ç·¹®¸µ¸®ºîV·ª±Ñ¯-©á¾r¯2¨¬´ŽÜ&¯×ÙÕ,±Ëµ¸µK¾rÖ â&À


ãå×$¨Ð©º×Á©¬´=±D¯ ¾@´É×ÙÖrÖ ®¸Õ”Õ”®ßµbà@±Ñ´Ž¨¬´w©× Õ”±Ñ·ª¨é¾r¯@®¤×æ¾V©¬·¹®ý’·¹â ¾@®K¯@µ¸®&À
g g

¥ èu´=ÕQ¯¡èy¦]×éÖ×Ù¨÷²r®)µ¸±Ñ¯ Þ´w©ÁÝ-Õd×S²r®K¨ª©¬´Ž¯× ©¬´=±D¯FՔ´”¨b×Ù¯-© ¨¶±Ñ¯Ö@·¹±DÖ@·¹®á×Ù²r·¹®K¨¹¨¬®&Ý


ª_

©[·¬×Ù¯r¨¹­]®º©"¾r¯B×Ùµ »¨¶±Ñ¯]©¬±Ñ¾@·KÝV®º©Ø¨¶® Ö@·ªâKÖ×Ù·¹® Ö ±D¾@·ä⺩ ×Ùó@Ք´=· ¾r¯@® µ¸±D­


 «

­$¾r¯@´=µ ×Á©¬´=±D¯ »?Õd×$ý’·ªâ ¾@®K¯@µ¸® ¾@´,× âº©¬â¨¶Ö ⸵¸´mÿÞ⸮&À


g g

ãù×ߨ¬®K¨¹¨¬´”±Ñ¯œµ¸±D­­]®K¯@µ¸® ¾×æ¯@² Õ=®×Ùµ ·ª®ºî¿´”®K¯-© ÝQµ&À »/Àz²åÀ ×ÙÖ@·ª«K¨ QÀ ¨¶®¸µ&À


g ¬ ­


`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~€dƒ‚i„

You might also like