Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Communication Satellite
Communication Satellite
!#"%$&!(' )+*-,/.102435'%68790:,*<;=0:>
?-@A@BDC <* EF7HGJI/G>LKME1N0=*<;=G>PORQTS UAV
@AW U @A? + ) *-,/.10X2P35'%68790:,*<;=0:>YTGI/G[Z
\%$]K_^
.87`7a,b^dc<c4efegeg35>a*<,bhi0:6 C 02+hkj C cmln0:>o7 C 2;pcm,G C >H*-6/61G;pcrq 0s7t2m6bhi'u;v7Hlw26Mcmln*<0(hi.87Hlx;
y{z4|M}~8 }F |M}A/+-+R~A}9~m/~r}F
p9(dd¡ £¢¤¦¥§¨©oªb«¦¬¨®(©`¬¯¬p°
±³²w´µ·¶¦¸¹
º»½¼¿¾ÀtÁÂ+Ã8ĦÅ]ÃÆ¡ÇÈÈɦÅ
Ê ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:ÑÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ
ó 6
,GEF7æ,G C I C G E/>H÷øEbþ ;2 ln*<0v7H0=ôxI/G ;2N2,M2N0v7HôDI/G 7 C 26/>`ln0:>a>a0=*-6
,M2 CgC 2m,/,* C 7
/
E 6û2NNý>&E/610÷
E1GAh
ó 6 ;20:>a>aG&I/G> 7 C *-E/>fG687 C Gf;=G> õM2m61I/G>,*<E C 2lxô;=0* C G C ;(þ247`7Hô6
EM27H0=*-6
Iðþ2mEF7 C G>&j C ô÷øE1G61NG>Ph
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
1 ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:ÑÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
i ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:ÑÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ
j
1
j
2
j
M
_
K{GùI/ô;X20ðlx* 8G6êIðþiE/6,M2÷øE1G¦7·G>7^
|z {
Y c ^ k pn orqtW s ^mlW ^vu c ^ wxy q k nporqt` s u }
`
ú U ` z{
c P wxy q k nporqts ` u }
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
~ ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:ÑÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ
Ú
Û Ý ßáßàâ Ú ãæä`åæXç è Ûêéuå]%ëtää§ìx çu
³çu å â O
ï ñ Ú ò
ó 6ÞI/ô 1610 E/6êN FN;GAO1I/ôN*-E/,ôöG6>H;*7H>Ph
\%26/> N9.M2÷
E1G
N FN;=GAO N9.M2÷
E1G >H*-E C NG 7 C 2m6/>alnG¦7 ,G61I2m687 E/6 >a;=*7
, C ôI/ô¦7HG C lx061ôAh
K{GùI/ô;X20ðlx* 8G6b^ _
Y c nq ^ k Bk ^ c nq ú ^ k nporq` s u ú ^ k ^
`
ú z{
c ^ xyw q k nporqs ` u }
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
¯ ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:ÑÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ
KGn>H0 A6M2;7 C 26/>`ln0:> 2E/61GxõM2m61I/Gn,M2m>a>[2m6879Gx7 C ý>
>aE/,ô C 0=GE C G Þ>2 ³
õM261I/Gö,M2m>a>2687HGæ0:610s7902;GAh
K 2J>H*-E C NG%l E1;s790:,1;0=GLN.M2÷øE1G·> +l õ*<;=G%õ10:6M20 C Gu,M2 C NG¦7`7HG·>Hô÷øE1G61NGAh
KG C ôNG,F7HGE C 2 E/6 ;s7 C Gî2I2m,F79ô N.M2÷øE1G >a*<E C NG ,*-E C I/ôN*
I/G C
;=G>f> +l õ*<;=G>]0610s7902mE+Zðh
KG>½> +l õ*<;=G>xIðþd2mEF7 C G>n>a*<E C NG>x>aG, C ô>HG6879G687nN*<l lnGîE/6 õ C E10s7
2;ô27H*<0 C GAh
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
Ä ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:ÑÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ
53/AOLb@BAONÅN]ÆOÇ9BAO?ªLÈAON¨É<:?5K<:F=AON
Ê g
KG> Pô C *<>·G¦7]E/6/>]>H*-687 C G, C ô>aG6879ô>·,M2 C I/G>fÿr2;GE C >]I/G öG¦7·I/GL3 -O Ãg
C G>`,GN¦790sÿ8GlnG687h
K{Gæ61*-l õ C Ë
G I/GJN9.10,/>·,M2 C 7HGlx,/>]õ10s7LG>o7&7 +,10=÷øE1GlxG6ø7 VÌ c ÍÏÎ *<E
Ì c q_nÏÐhÑ Òg Ãg
;=G> ÿ82;GE C >·I/GùN9.10,/>f>H*-6ø7]õ106M20 C G>P^ ö*-E 3 -h
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
Ó ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:ÑÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ
Y *-6/>H0I/ô C *-6/> E/61G >Hô÷øE1G61NG ÷
EM2m>H0 32;=ô2479*<0 C G Ô c o Ô8ÕÃÖ²©J©²©=ÖÔh× u I/G
N9.10:,/>4h
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
ì ËXÌÎÍ<Ï:Ð:ÑÒÎÓ¯Ô:ÕÓ5Ö ×ØØ=Ù:Õ
ó 2mE+Z,/.1ô61*-lný61G>fIðþd247o79ô6 EM24790*<6/>%,M2 C I/G>fl E1;s790 3N9.1Gln0:6/>4O
eæ20:6êI/Göl E1;v7H0:,1;=G[Z2²rGJ>o7[27H0:>o7H0=÷øE1GA^
\u2m6/>_;Îþ¤'§û
d $ñTöO;X2f÷øEM2m6ø7H0s79ô Iðþi0:6j¯* C lî24790*<6 ÷øE1Gá;(þi*-6
,GEF7 7 C 2m6/>alxG¦7o3
t
7 C GùG>o7·;=0:ln0s79ôGù,M2 C ;G>·N*-687 C 20:6879G>&7HGlx,{* C G;=;G> FZôG>]Iðþ2tÿr261NGAh
\ Ýd ò
u2m6/> ;(þ¤' ³$ OwNG >H*-687 ;G> N*<687 C 20:6ø7HG> I/G j C ô÷øE1G61NG> FZôG>
Iðþd2¦ÿ8261NGAh
!£N0(O;2³÷
EM2m68790s7HôIðþ0:6j* C lî24790*-6 ø
÷ Ebþi*<6 ,{GEF7½7 C 26/>`lnG¦7o7 C GêG>o7x;=0:l 3
0v7HôG¿,M2 C ;Îþiô61G C A0=G IE õ C E10s74Ob, C *- , * C 7H0=*-6/61G;=;Gî2mE 61*<l õ C G Iðþd2mEF7 C G>
>H*-E C NG>L2N¦7H0vÿ8G>4h
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
õô
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
Ê5Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
\%26/>N9.M2÷øE1Gj(20>aNG2E *-6 Ýd tò
EF790;=0:>HG ;Îþi' ³$ á^{0=; ñ
2 û @ N2m6M2mE+Z §>H*-E/>3
j C ô÷øE1G61NG>Ã
,M2 C j£20:>HNG2mEbh
Ýd ÿT I26/>gN9.M2÷
E1GLN26M2;Îh T C 2lxG>&I/GU
' ³$ \
@ lx>Ph %26/>gN9.M2÷
E1G%7 C 2lxGAO
B E/>[2²A
G C >],{GEFÿøG687·EF7H0;=0:>HG C ý @ õMcm>4h
8e
q_NN*O ;*<õM2;>7¦2 C ^á' û$YLh §d
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
1
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
ð ÷X÷ ÷ ðº
dëòR3ËT4\VdÞ' d ò Z l
E1;v7H0s3 j C G÷øE1G61NK ,*-E C ;Gù;=0G6³2>aNG61I26874O
'
T4\Vd' Z '%>+61N9. C *-61*-E/>ÒTE\mÞ d ' ,{*<E C ;=GJ;0=G6êI/G>aNG61I26874h
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
õi
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
³
°
ñ ¯ ° °
tÛ
\ 61G
N*<;=;0>a0=*-6 G>o7L, C *ÿø*
÷øE1ôG¿÷øEM261I 1
, ;E/>LIðþiE/61G>H*-E C NG7 C m
2 6/>alxG¦7
íö
G6Dl lnGT79Gl ,/>4OøG¦7TNG;2JN2mE/>HG·;2ù,G C 7H· G I/G>,M2÷
E1G¦7a>TG¦7 ;X2 C ¦G 7 C 26/>#3
ln0:>a>H0*-6 E1;s7Hô C 0GE C GAh
KG I/ôõ10s7Þlw24Z ÷øE1G ;Îþ*-6 ,GEF7ÞG>a,ô C G C G>o7 gûE/610s79ôAO·NAh ühiIðh E/61G
7 C
2 6/>`ln0:>a>a0=*-6ûN*-68790:6
E1GAh
q Z ^ q 7a.1G C 61G¦74h
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
~
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
d0:>HG G6 öEFÿ C G
,*-E C E/6 C ô>HG2mE C 2I/0=*îI/G I/0
E/>H0*-6 I/G
,M2÷øE1G¦7a> C G;0X2m687
;G>"X! ;=G>·I/G$#]2¦e&20=0ÎOªgPU&% @ h
\ 790;0>aô I2m6/>
!Y'J$ ó )O, C * G¦7æI/G¿N*<l l E/610N27H0=*-6
>[2479G;;=0s7HG ;2 C AG½õM2m6+3
I/G> Ñ
I/ô¦ÿ8G;=*-,/,GlnG687,M2 C )øe·0:>a> S TTùO T ñT
G;Gtj*<610N2üO äG;0X2$TG>HG2 C N9. 'JQ&Oäq E+3
7HG;>274h
Kð2 7 C m
2 6/>aln0:>a>a0=*-6 G>o7 N*-lx,1;ý¦7HGlnG687 I/ôNG687 C 2;0>aôGAh ' ;X2 16 I/G ;X2
7 C 2m6/>alx0>`>H0*<6 I/GûN9.M2÷øE1G³,M2÷øE1G¦7I/G³N9.M2÷øE1Gû>a*<E C NGAO];X2 >H*-E C NG ]â
C G *<0v7
;Îþ0:6j* C lî24790*-6û>H0
3;Gö,M2÷øE1G¦7]G>o7·õ10G6 C G Eê*<E ]â
/ \
3>Pþ0; Þ2
GEE/61GN*<;;=0:>H0*<6bh u2m6/>&NGLN2>f0=; 2mE C 2E/61G C ¦G 7 C 2m6/>alx0>`>H0*<6
E/6ê0:6/>o7[2687·E1;s7Hô C 0GE C h
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
Ê
7:>8ù5 OA ? ;_FJ58?ªL ùBAON¨>89 7:>Á;];_AO@ 7:>8ùª5
S C 0:61N0,{G>4^
;Gæ79Gl ,/>uG>o7öI/0>aN C ô¦7H0>aô¿NAh ühiIðhLI/ôN*<E/,ôG6 7 C 2m61N9.1G>öI/Gæ7HGlx,/>ö2m,/,G;=ô>
>H;*7H>Ph
3fKG>f>o7[27H0=*-6/>·>H*-687·> F61N9. C *<610:>HôG>
3f\ 61G>o7[24790*<67 C 2m6/>alxG¦7·E/6,M2÷
E1G¦7u2mE I/ôõ/EF7&Iðþ¤E/6>H;*7
2mlnô;0=* C 4
2 7H0=*-6 ,M2 CöC 2,/,* C 7 2E 'u;=*-.M2w61*-6+35>H;*7o7Hô½,/E10:>H÷øE1G ? 7 C 2mlnG>ù÷øE10
>HGJ>aE/,{G C , *->HG687%61Gæ;Gæj*<687L÷øE1GJ>aE C E/6 >H;*7ù2mE lî2PZ/0:l E/lêO{2Eû;=0GE I/G ?
S
>H;*7H> N2 C 0;>·N*-lxlxG61NG687u2mEêI/ôõ/EF7]IEl lnGu>H;*7 [h íö Ã
\]ôõ10s7&lî2PZð^ @ h¡V W Ñ lî2mEFÿ820:>HGùEF7H0=;0:>[24790*<6ûIEN2m6M2;Îh
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
õ¯
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
Ê Ä ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
ó ?B>8?,+» AGFJN=<:N«;=58? ;- ;* C >H÷øE1G ;X2 >o7[27H0=*-6 I/ô¦79GN¦7HG E/6 >H03
6M2;ÎOFG;=;GJ247`7HG61IE/6 I/ô;X20ð2;=ô2479*<0 C G2¦ÿ82687&I/G C ô0s79ô C G C ;X2æ, C *
NôIE C G
¯ ôN*-EF79GJI/Gù;2 ,{* C 79GE/>aGAO=hhh Ñ
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
õÓ
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
' ;ÎþiôN*<EF7HGû, C
ô 2;2õ1;G³IE C ô>aG2E >4þ2 < ²
* EF7HG³;ÎþôN*-EF79G ,G61I2687 ;2 7 C 2m6/>3
ln0:>a>a0=*-6b^îE/61G > 7¦247H0=*-6 , C ¦7HG ûôlnG¦7o7 C A ö
G O 2 +2m687DI/ô¦7HGN¦7HôÞ;=GN26M2; ;=0:õ C GAO
v
7 C 2m6/>alxG¦7fG¦7gN*<687H06
E1G æôN*<EF7HG C ;GLN2m6M2;(h)þ0;{>HG·, C *üIE10s7gE/61GuN*A;;=0:>H0*-6bO
3G;;=Gù0:6879G oC C *-lx,F7%0l lnôI/027HGlnG687&>[2æ7 C 26/>`ln0:>a>a0=*-6
Ï J
3gG;;G¿G6øÿ8*<0=G I/G>u>H0 <6M2E+Zû>a,{ôN0X2mE+Z 2,/,{G;=ô>uõ10v7a>LI/G
õ*-E `C C 2 AG 2 16³÷øE1G
7H*<E/>·;G>]N*-E/,1;GE C >]>a*A0G687·, C ô¦ÿøG6
E/>·I/G;X2¿N*A;;=0:>H0*-6
3G;;=GL7HG6879G C 2½;2 C ôôln0:>a>a0=*-6êE1;v7Hô C 0GE C GlnG687
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
õì
Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
1ô ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
G §
) +>79ýlxG
7HGlx,/>fI/0>aN C G¦7 m?> @6 öE1I>4h
BA >K;=ùBúON]AON
ó -g h)G+>o7HýlnG æ79Gl ,/>]I/0:>HN C G¦7^ äT *-E/>æ;=G>ù,M2÷øE1G¦7H>ö7 C 2m6/>alx0>*<687;2
líölxG¿;=*-6<E1GE C Ob;2n7 C 2m6/>aln0:>a>a0=*-6 I/G N9.M2÷
E1G¿,M2÷øE1G¦7J, C G61I E/61G
7 C 2m61N9.1GuI/Gf7HGlx,/>IðþiE/61GfE/610v7Hô ¯ 0:6/>o7[2687æh)G+61N. C *-610>27H0=*-6ÞG687 C G
;G>]6@ö E1I>4h
ó ? h ' C`C 0sÿøôG>ùSb*A0:>a>a*<6/610G6/61G> N.M2NE/6êI/G>C> 6@ö E1I>4h
T 2E+ZIðþ2 CoC 0sÿ8ôG>Òr ;*<õM2;Z äW h
T 2E+ZIðþ2 CoC 0sÿ8ôG>·,M2 C 6@ö E1Ið^åZ WRD> h
ó V+hY *A;;=0:>H0*-6³*-E $TôNG,F790*-6
,M2 C £j 20s79GA^ )+0
E/6>HGE1;ø,M2÷
E1G¦7 G>7 7 C 26/>#3
]â
ln0:>4O/0=; G>o7 C G E>26/>&G C`C GE C h
)+08,1;:E/>_Iðþ¤E/6
,M2÷øE1G¦7_G>o7 7 C 2m6/>alx0>PO7H*<EF7 G>o7 ,{G C IEbh 'uE1NE/61Gá0:6j¯* C 3
lî247H0=*-6ê>aE C ;=GJN*-6ø7HG6
EêG¦7%;2 >a*<E C NGJI/G>&,M2÷øE1G¦7H>f6bþG>7%*-õF79G6
E1GAh
ó ò
B h +GGIõM2N 0 l lnôI/027]I/G @ O -OGA^ ' g ;2 16 I/G N9.M2÷øE1G 06/>7¦2m687O
7H*<EF7HG> ;G>ä>H*-E C NG>ä>2tÿ8G6ø7 >a0 @ O á*<E hg FE g ,M2÷øE1G¦7H> *-6ø7_ô¦7Hô7 C 26/>`ln0:>4h
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
1#Ê ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
ó W õbhT"g*<l
õ C ù 6
G 0:6 1610ðI/Gö6 öE1I>P^@ > c G OG¦7öN9.M2÷øE1G
61*<EFÿ8G2mE³,M243
Q
÷øE1G¦72 C`C 0sÿøG ¿E/6 2EF7 C Gù6 öE1Iðh @
K þi. +,*7H.1ý>aG W õ 61*-E/>I/*<6/61G E/61GTõ* C 61G >aE/,ô C 0GE C G >aE C I/G> > +>o7HýlnG>
H> I G h
@
KG>á6 öE1I>á>a*<687> +61N9. C *-610:>Hô>4h!£;:>N*-lxlxG61NG687 u7 C 26/>`lnG¦7o7 C GL2E
I/ôõ/EF7·I/G> 7 C 261N9.1G>·I/G%79Gl ,/>4h
' S
;2 16êI/GùN9.M2÷
E1G7 C m @
2 61N9.1GJI/Gö7HGlx,/>PO+7H*-E/>%;=G>f6 öE1I>·I/ô¦79GN¦7HG687
;=G>N*A;;=0:>H0*-6/>f÷øE10>HG]>H*-687T, C *
IE10v7HG>TI2m6/>TNG¦7`7HGf7 C 2m61N9.1GuI/Gf7HGlx,/>%h
M$O äQP Ö
÷øE10bG>7·I/*-61Nù;=GS\SR Q !TùhñU o Þ c T u c MUDO äVP R TXW h[
ó Y *<61I/0s790*-6ûIðþiô÷øE10=;0õ C GA^
EZ 7[2E+ZIðþd2 CoC 0sÿøôGZ I/ôõ10v7Ã
7[2mE+ZêI/GùI/ô,M2 C 7
/W c M Y[ZV\ ro s M u h
YuþG>7 ¿I/0 C GAO
!#"$"$%& ' )Ì (*,+-/.0
1~ ËpÌÎÍAÏvÐ:ÑÒÎÓÔÕtÓÖ ×Ø=ØÙÕ
lambda
1/e
G=0
G=1
Taux de depart
Taux d’arrivee
Gexp(-G)
G
`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~di
|&md8 d=
)4 ¡)¢H¢¤£
¥§¦Q¨ª©¬«K]®°¯@±D¯³²r´¨¶µ¸·¹®º©S»$¼ ¯@½¾@²¿¨ÁÀ
B¡ÃÅÄ@ÆÁÇÉÈËʸÌËÊ-Í
Î Ï XÀ ¥§¦V¨Ð©[«K®¯@±Ñ¯4²r´¨¬µ¸·ª®º©ÁÒ ÓÔ±D¾r¨)Õ=®K¨"Ö× ÷ ¾@®º©¶¨Ø©[·¬×Ù¯r¨¹]´¨C±D¯-©ÕÚ×:ÛK]®
Õ=±D¯rÜ&¾@®K¾@·KÝÞÕd×:©¬·¬×Ù¯r¨¹]´¨¶¨¬´±D¯N²r®ßµ[à× ÷ ¾@®Ö× ÷ ¾@®º©áÖ@·ª®K¯@²B¾r¯@®°¾r¯@´w©[â²r®
©[®KÖr¨ÁÀäãå×H©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶´¨¹¨¬´±Ñ¯ç²r®K¨CÖ× ÷ ¾@®º©¬¨¯¡èz®K¨Ð©éÖ×æ¨C¨Ð¦V¯@µ[à@·ª±Ñ¯@´¨¬â¸®&À
Îëê ÀíìS·ª·ª´mî-⸮K¨ßï,±Ñ´¨¹¨¬±D¯r¯@´=®K¯r¯@®K¨ »?µ[à×ÙµK¾r¯4²r®K¨C¼ ¯@½¾@²¿¨ðÀ
Óí×æ¾Qñ2²åèò×Ù·¹·ª´wî§â¸®K¨éÜ&Õ=±Dó×ÙÕõô öõÀ
Óí×æ¾Qñ2²åèò×Ù·¹·ª´wî§â¸®K¨éÖ×Ù·¯@½¾@²åÒ÷ô öùøD¼ À
Î ú ÀXûرÑÕ=Õ´¨¬´±Ñ¯N±Ñ¾ëüØ⸵¸®KÖV©¬´±Ñ¯4Ö×Ù·Ðýo×Ù´m©¬®&Ò ¥Q´¤¾r¯ Ö× ÷ ¾@®º© ®K¨Ð©N©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶´¨
×8î-×æ¯-© ÷ ¾@®2ÕÚ׳©[·¬×æ¯r¨¶]´¨¶¨¶´=±D¯ ²åèþ¾r¯ ×æ¾V©[·ª®2¯@®B¨¬±Ñ´m©ÿ@¯@´=®&Ýä´Õ"¦ × µ¸±ÑÕ
Õ=´¨¬´±Ñ¯¡À
Î À V®¸®¸²¿ó×Ùµ ´®¸²r´Ú×Á©á²r® VÝ Ï Ýu®&Ò ûäà× ÷ ¾@® ¨¬±D¾@·¹µ¸®
·ª® ¸±&´w©
Î ó¡À ±D$ó@·ª®ß´¯¿ÿ@¯@´ù²r®¯@½¾@²¿¨ÁÒ ¼
Ý ®º©µ[à× ÷ ¾@® ¯@±Ñ¾Vî-® ×æ¾ Ö×
² ×Ù¯r¨éÕd×H¨¶¾@´w©[®&À
`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~di
|&md8 d=
¯ ¨¶¾rÖrÖ ±D¨¬® ÷ ¾@® ®K¨ª©:® ñVÖ ±D¯@®K¯-©[´®¸ÕŲr®Ö×Ù·¬×Ù«º©[·ª® Ý,²r±Ñ¯@µ¨ ײr®K¯r¨¶´m©¬â
®K¨ª©!#"%$'&)(!*,+ bÀ
¥ èu´=Õ¦2× ¯@½¾@²¿¨·¹®º©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶®º©¹© ×毧©¶¨ÁÝ× Õ±&·Ð¨éÕ®°Ö@·ª±/µ¸®K¨¹¨¶¾r¨C²r® ©¬·[×æ¯r¨¶´¨¹¨¬´±Ñ¯
-
`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~di
VU |&md8 d=
lambda
1/2e
G=lambda
Equilibre
G=1/ 2
Taux de depart
G=lambda+nx
G exp(-2 G)
Taux d’arrivee
Equilibre
n
`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~di
W |&md8 d=
ã èþìÕ=±Dàׯ@±Ñ¯²r´¨¬µ¸·ª®º© ×°×æ¾r¨¶¨¶´¿²r®K¾Qñ$Ö ±&´¯-©¬¨÷²åèuâ ÷ ¾@´=Õ´ó@·¹®&Ý-®º©÷´ÕÞ×Õ®Ø]ÛK]®
©¦V߲֮r®Ö@·¹±Dó@Õ=«K®K¨á²r®¨Ð©º×æó@´=Õ´w©[â ÷ ¾@®ßÕoèþìÕ=±Dàײr´¨¬µ¸·ª®º© À
¥Q±D¯4²râKó@´m©C ×ðñB®K¨ª©áÕÚ×$]±Ñ´m©¬´â¤²r®ßµ¸®¸Õ¾@´ù²¿¾2ìSÕ±Dà× ²r´¨¬µ¸·ª®º© À
`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~di
X |&md8 d=
Y Z [ Z
'b X $Í dcfe
ü 8® ýÐÒ
]B´¨¹à× Q¥ µbà × ·© Ý kj #l mn
oqp=rPst=uOvOpwn%x uOrytwn%z{s|v}zz{v~p=nx spawt=uOvOpwn t=n
ºÝ ú «K]
np=v}za
®ß⸲r´w©¬´=±D¯¡À
Q æ× ¯r¨ o¯-©¬®¸Õ¨b× ©
h h~ ¾r¯4²r®K¨ Ïðê ©¬·[×æ¯r¨ÁÀ ¾¡èu´Õ6¦ ®K¯N×$¾V©¬´Õ=´¨¬®$¥Þï@ì
g Q^ À
ã ´=®K¯N×樬µ¸®K¯@² ×æ¯-© Ò À ú ê À ú&ú
À l
ú
]l
`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~di
V |&md8 d=
ãùש¬·[×æ¯r¨¶´¨¹¨¬´±Ñ¯ ®K¨ª©ß¯Ë¾r⸷¹´ ¾@®]׺¸µ ¾r¯ ²râKó@´m©ß²r®
g /ó@´w© Ù¨ðÝÉ®K¯
E
`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~di
|&md8 d=
3/~ Ê rÆ Ä Ì-Æ ËʸÌ
a¡ ¢ ?£¤rÆ Ä
µ[à× ¾@®ß¨Ð©º×Á©[´±D¯ë×$¾r¯B¨¬Õ±Ù©´¯@²r´wîV´=²¿¾@®¸Õ À
g ¦
¾@´å¨¶±Ñ¯-©á¨¬±D¾VK¯-©é¨¶´=Õ®K¯@µ¸´®K¾r¨¬®K¨ À
g E
¾r¯@® ý·¹â ¾@®K¯@µ¸® ×ÙÕ=â ×Á©¬±&´·¹® Ö×Ù·ª´ µ¸®¸ÕÕ®K¨ ²r´¨¶Ö ±D¯@´ó@Õ®K¨ ² ×æ¯r¨ ¨¶±Ñ¯
g
©º×æó@Õ=® ×澡À
^ÕÕ=®é©[·¬×æ¯r¨¶]®º©Cµ¸®º©ª©[® ý·¹â ¾@®K¯@µ¸®®º©Õoè × ²r·ª®K¨¶¨¶®ß²r®SÕd×:¨ª© × ©¬´±Ñ¯2²r®S²r®K¨ª©¬´
g
¯× ©¬´=±D¯¡À
Óõ±D¾V©¬®K¨éÕ=®K¨¨ª© × ©¬´±Ñ¯r¨ ⸵¸±D¾V©[®K¯-©éµ¸®ßµ ×Ù¯×ÙÕoÀ
ã ®K¨á©º×æó@Õ=® ×æ¾Qñ ²r®¤ý·ªâ ¾@®K¯@µ¸®K¨ ¨¶±Ñ¯-©°]´¨ß» ±D¾@·®K¯³ý±Ñ¯@µº©¬´=±D¯ë²r®K¨¨¬´Ü
g ©` §
`badc-c/egfihkjmlonkhpadfrqslsnutwvxvxhynzt {&|[}/~di