dvanced Language Practice MICHAEL VINCE with Key e Proficiendy and CAE grammar explanation and practice exercises i _ Advanced vocabulary and language in context oe eM! _ Focus on problem areas in language and style \ Fa ELTAdvanced Language Practice MICHAEL VINCE Heinemann U ayHeinemann English Language Teaching, Oxford. A division of Macmillian Publishers Led. Companies and representatives throughout the world. ISBN 0 435 241249 wih key 0.435 24125 7 without key © Michael Vince 1994 Heinemann iv a repitered trademark of Reed Edscational & Profenional Publishing Ld First Published 1994 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. ‘The author would like to thank everyone who has made comments on this book, and in particular my editors Xanthe Sturt Taylor and Sue Jones. Many thanks also to colleagues and students in Athens at ‘The British Council Teaching Centre, at CELT Athens, and at Profile, Athens. The publishers would like to thank Tony Triggs Original design by Mike Brain Mlustrated by: Rowan Barnes-Murphy (p18, 127, 129, 133) Ed McLachlan (pS, 11, 16, 22, 52, 68, 70, 99, 103, 112, 134) David Parkins (p3, 10, 12, 37, 45, $1, 73, 123, 140, 148) Bill Stote (p40, 46, 75, 83, 98, 110) Printed and bound in Great Brian by The Bath Press, Bath 98 99 00 01 02 12 111098Contents Introduction viii Grammar Unit 1 Tense consolidation: present time 1 Present simple and present continuous 1 ‘facts, habits, states, temporary actions, actions happening atthe moment of speaking, State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs 1 ‘state verbs normally without a continuous form «difference of meaning ia stative and active Other uses of present continuous 2 ‘temporary of repeated actions + complaints about bad habits « verbs describing change and development Other uses of present simple 2 ‘making declarations, headlines, instructions and itineraries «summaries of events, historic present Unit 2 Tense consolidation: future time 7 Will, Going to, present continuous: basic contrasts 7 + will: predictive wil, assumption, immediate decision «be going to:intentions and plans, present cause « present continuous: fixed arrangements speaker preference Future continuous 7 ‘san eventhappening at future point happen ‘anyway’ ‘eevents which wil politeness + fixed arrangements and plans Future perfect 8 + time which we look back at from a future point «assumption Other ways of referring to the future 8 + is/are tobe, be about to; be on the point of, be due to ‘« present simple in future time clauses « present perfect when the completion of an event is emphasised + present simple for fixed events not simply the wishes of thespeaker Other future references 9 ‘e bope, verbs of thinking, just, shall Unit 3 Tense consolidation: past time 14 Past simple and past continuous 14 « past simple: completed actions, habit, states + past continuous: temporary actions, interrupted actions, background description, changing states, repeated actions: criticism + not used to describe habitual actions Past perfect simple and continuous 14 + past perfect tenses: events in the past before other events in the past « past perfect continuous: contrasts as between past simple and past continuous, indirect speech Used toand would 15 + used 20: contrast with the present, negative forms, no present time reference +# would: repeated actions not states, contrasted with sed to, contexts of use Unfulfilled past events 15 + was going to, was thinking of, was about to, seas ohave done Polite forms 16 with wonder Contrasts with present perfect # (sce Unie4) Unreal time + (sce Units 8 and 9for past tense forms used to express unreal time) Unit 4 Tense consolidation: present perfect 20 Present perfect simple 20 «recent events without a definite time reference, indefinite events, indefinite events with an obvious result in the presenta state lasting up tothe present, a habitual action ina period of time up to the present + contrasts with past simple, speaker choice Present perfect continuous 20 ‘state lasting up tothe present moment, an incomplete 10 emphasise duration, recently finished activity, a repeated activity «contrasts with present perfect simple: choice of verb, completion and incompletion Time expressions with present perfect 21 + contrast with past simple may depend on choice of time expression activi + some time expressions are not associated witha particulartense Unit 5 PROGRESS TEST 25 Unit 6 Passive 1 30 Basic uses 30 + transitive and intransitive, agent and instrument, verbs with owo objects, verbs with object and complement, translation, tenses iiiAdvanced Language Practice Using and not mentioning the agent 31 ‘« change of focus, unknown agent, generalised agent obvious agent ‘* unimportant agent,impersonalty Unit 7 Passive 2 35 Have and get something done, need doing 35 ‘shave something done, get something done, need doing Passive get 35 «forming the passive with get in spoken language Reporting verbs 35 « present reference, past reference, past reporting verbs, passive infinitive, verbs with two objects, continuous infinitive ‘Verbs with prepositions 36 + ending a sentence with a preposition, by and with, be made to «+ verbs followed by with, by or in. Common contexts for the passive 37 «formality, impersonality Unit 8 Conditionals and if sentences 41 Basic contrasts 41 ‘what is always true: present + present ‘what was always true: past + past «real situations: present + will «hypothetical situations: past + would « hypothetical past situations: past perfect + would have ‘with modals sifonly unless, and other alternatives to if as long as, so long as, provided only if, even if « past events with results in the present + colloquial past situations Other tenses in conditional sentences 42 # going to «= present perfect «doubt and uncertainty should swereto «happen to «fit were not for, ifit hadn't been for « will and would: politeness and emphasis Other ways of making a conditional sentence 43 « supposing, otherwise but for + ifso,ifnot + colloquial omission of if ‘ifand adjectives ‘if meaning although Unit 9 Unreai tenses and subjunctives 48 It’stime 48 it's time, it's high time, was and were Wishes 48 + present, would and could, past, wish and hope rather 49 ‘© 'drather and I'd sooner, 'd prefer Asif, asthough 49 ‘real and unreal, present and past Suppose and imagine 49 ‘understood conditions, present or past Formal subjunctives 50 insist, demand, suggest, require eit isnecessary, essential, important ‘less formal usage with should, past tense, or infinitive Formulaic subjunctive 50 «God Save the Queen, be that as it may, come what may r Unit 10 PROGRESS TEST 54 Unit 11 Modal auxiliaries 1: present/future 59 Don'thave to and must not 59 + absence of obligation, obligation not todo something Should 59 + expectation, recommendation, criticism of an action, uncertainty ‘« with verbs of thinking, with be and adjectives describing chance «+ after incase to emphasise unlikelihood Could 59 «+ possiblity or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives to express possibility or impossibility, suggestions, unwillingness Can 60 « criticism, capability Mustand can’t 60 «certainty, present time reference only May and might 60 + although clauses, may/might as well, possiblity oruncertainty + with ery Shall 60 « certainty, what the speaker wants to happen Will 61 « assumption, intention, refuse and insist Would 61 « annoying habits, certainty, with adjectives to express a Need 61 # need 10 not a modal, need partly a modalRelated non-modal expressions 61 whad better, be bound to Unit 12 Modal auxiliaries 2: past 65. Had to and must have 65 ‘past obligation, past certaincy Should have and ought to have 65 ‘expectation, criticism of an action, should have and verbs of thinking ‘swith be and adjectives describing chance, polite expressions Could have 65 + past possibility or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives, + unwillingness Could 66 + past permission or ability, compared with could have May have and might have 66 * past possibility, uncertainty, annoyance, irony Must have and can'thave 66 certainty, with serely Would not 66 unwillingness Would have 66 « eventsin the past which did not happen, assumptions Needn't have and didn't need to 66 ‘unnecessary actions done and not done Adverbs and modals 67 « well, easily, obvionsly, realy, just Unit 13 Inversion 71 Inversion 71 ‘using a question form of the main verb, changing the normal position of verb and subject Inversion after negative adverbials 71 ‘context of use: never, rarely, seldom; hardly, barely, scarcely, no sooner, phrases containing no/not, little Inversion after so that, such that 72 _-=s context of use, 50, such, inversion rules Inverted conditional sentences without if 72 ‘esentences beginning Were... Should..., Had..., inversion after as, formal uses + inversion afters, neither, norechoing statements Unit 14 Emphasis 77 ‘Changing word order to change focus 77 « passive, fronting and inversion, may clauses, cleft and pseudo clef sentences beginning I... or with what clauses, or with all Contents Adding words for emphasis 78 + oun, very and indeed, negatives, the, question words endiag-ever 1 ausiliary do, adverbs and adjectives, echoing phrases with so Other means 79 ‘¢ time phrases, repetition of main verb, starting a sentence with a possessive pronoun Unit 15 PROGRESS TEST 84 Unit 16 Indirect speech and reporting 89 Problems 89 iret speech with modals, with conditionals, don’t think, pastenses Reporting verbs 90 ‘followed by that + clause, followed by person +0, followed by subjunctive or should, other types, that + clause containing would + verbs used impersonally with it Functions 91 1 verbs that describe «function, verbs that describe actions Changes of viewpoint :this and that 91 ‘time, place, person Unit 17 Articles 95 Definitearticle 95 «classes, national groups, other groups, unique objects, titles + other titles, musical instruments, emphatic use, geographical names 1 place names, most and the most, importance of context Indefinite article 97 + obs, measuring, unknown people Zero article 97 ‘« names, unique organisations, streets Translation problems 97 « problems with use ofthe article Unit 18 Relative/non-inite clauses 101 Defining and non-defining 101 + defining, non-defining Which and that 101 + which in defining clauses, which in non-defining clauses, which after prepositions, hat instead of who Who and whom 101 + formal use of whom, whom after prepositions Whose 102 sof whom When and where 102 ‘snon-defining, defining