Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Full Text 01
Full Text 01
HWAKYUNG KIM
XR-EE-RT 2008:022
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are utilized for ubiquitous and
pervasive computing to detect contextual information as well as
represent a new monitoring and control ability for applications in
industries, transportation and health care. A user is able to gain the
effective use of captured context by the sensor network. The WSN
software application is an important tool to visualize the information for
the different applications. This research provides how to design WSN
software application for visual user interface and how to develop WSN
system in order to use it in practice.
We apply a graphical user interface (GUI) to enhance the
intuitiveness of the interactive system. Activity Theory (AT) helps WSN
software application make user-centered design. WSN GUI application
is implemented with Java Swing on TinyOS, an operating system for
WSNs. Furthermore, Java Web Start and the web database support WSN
system to provide the GUI software applications via the internet.
I
Table of contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
CHAPTER 1. Introduction
1.1 Description of the Research Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Research Purpose and Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
II
CHAPTER 4. Implementation of WSN System
4.1 Hardware Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2 Software Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2.1 Tiny OS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2.2 Protocol Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.3 Java Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.4 Java Web Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.3 Implementation of WSN System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.3.1 Set up for WSN System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3.2 Implementation of functions and screens . . . . . . . . . 44
4.3.3 Implementation on the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusion of the Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.2 Future Work . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Appendix . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
III
List of Codes
Code 1. createAndShowWPanel() method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Code 2. MenuTree shape and mnutreeView() method . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Code 3. The panels of the main (mapPanel), user (UmapPanel) and
administrator (AmapPanel) & MapPanel Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Code 4. Chart shape and ChartPanel class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Code 5. Slider shape and RequestPanel class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Code 6. Run() method of O-WSN GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Code 7. messageReceived() method of O-WSN GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Code 8. waitMutex() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Code 9. DBconnection() method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Code 10. Inserting data into DB & WsnDB class for I-WSN GUI . . 61
Code 11. Showing and Selecting data from DB for S-WSN GUI . . . 63
IV
List of Figures
Figure 1. WSN Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Figure 2. Hardware elements of the wireless sensor node . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 3. Protocol stack of WSNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 4. An Extended model of Activity Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figure 5. Hierarchical structure of activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 6. Activity system model in Activity level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Figure 7. Activity system model in Action level for Monitoring . . . 26
Figure 8. Activity system model in Action level for Colleting
Context Info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 9. Activity system model in Action level for Controlling
devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 10. Sketching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 11. The comparison of Prototyping versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figure 12. Menu buttons VS Hierarchical folder menu . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 13. Prototyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Figure 14. The process of Java Web Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Figure 15. Setup for WSN system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Figure 16. Structure of WSN GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Figure 17. The main screens of WSN GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Figure 18. Class Diagram of Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Figure 19. Class Diagram focused on Scout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Figure 20. Structure of SyncMsg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Figure 21. Structure of I-WSN GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
V
Figure 22. Class Diagram of I-WSN GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Figure 23. Structure of S-WSN GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Figure 24. Class Diagram of S-WSN GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Figure 25. Launching software application on the web browser . . . . 65
VI
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.3 Contribution
The main contributions of this thesis are two:
1.4 Outline
In Chapter 2, we describe general features of WSNs. The
interactive system design process and AT are introduced. In Chapter
3, it is shown how to apply AT and interactive system design process
for designing WSN system. The implementation aspects are
described in Chapter 4. Conclusion and future works are resumed in
Chapter 5.
Chapter 2. Extended Background 5
Chapter 2
Extended Background
which is an area where the sensor nodes are deployed [33]. Numerous
sensor devices are deployed in detecting areas and each clustered
network with sensors connects to the external network through the base
station. In other words, sensor nodes coordinate among themselves to
produce high quality information about the physical environment. The
base station is a fixed or mobile node capable of connecting the sensor
network to an existing communications infrastructure or to the internet
where a user can have access to the reported data [33]. A sensor node
sends data to a close node and aggregated data in the sink node (base
station) send to external network. The base station controls sensor nodes,
collects data from sensor nodes and plays a role as a gateway in WSNs.
WSNs contain hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes, and these
sensors have the ability to communicate either among each other or
directly to an external the base station. A greater number of sensors
allows for sensing over larger geographical regions with greater
accuracy [33]. There are limitations of power, storage capacity and
computing ability in WSNs because of small sensor devices. Therefore,
the main issue is the reliability of the communication from randomness
and time-varying characteristics of wireless channel. Furthermore,
WSNs necessitate energy-efficient communication protocols because of
severe energy constraints [15].
It is hardly possible with a single concept and design of the
wireless network to manage a various range of application types in
WSNs. Identified attributes are related to the characteristic requirements
and mechanisms of certain systems. The realization of these
characteristics with new mechanisms can be the major challenge task.
The required important characteristics are [36]:
managing data in a device limits energy efficiency. Ten years ago, there
were satellites, traffic controllers to provide traffic information and
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to supply simple identity
information to aggregate data through sensing. However, there was no
database issues related in such sensing devices because their sensors are
not necessary to make networks. In other words, they did not have an
efficient energy problem that was caused by the radio communication
and the complexity level of collecting information was low. Compared
with them, a recent smart sensor which has the sensor unit to get new
information, computing unit to analyze received data, radio
communication unit to supply analyzed information and power unit can
collect data in real time. Additionally, the wireless communication can
make communication among recent smart sensor nodes which can
analyze collected data by themselves. As the capability of sensor nodes
is improved and the network of them is built up, distributed database has
started to be applied to WSNs. In the sensor network database, it
assumes that each sensor is a tiny database or stream information
collected from each sensor is a table of the database. Sensor network
database, considering limited resource and dealing with the efficient
query process, is called embedded and self organizing database [28].
Making query processor is the main purpose of sensor network
database system not only to maximize accuracy and rapidity of a query
but also to minimize the energy consumption of sensor nodes. Based on
query processor of sensor database, local storage, external storage, and
data-centric storage are divided by where sensing information is stored
[28].
● Personas
Personas provide a powerful tool for understanding user needs,
differentiating between different types of users, and prioritizing which
users are the most important to target in the design of function and
behavior [5]. The process of making personas is given as follows: After
doing interview with people, interviewees are classified by the similarity
of the answers. Through one group having the largest number of people
with similar answers primary persona is created and secondary persona
is made from the second small group. Cooper [4] said that personas
helped us determine what a product should do and how it should behave.
Persona goal and tasks provide the basis for the design effort [5].
Making primary personas and scenario definitely get not only design
concept but also detail functions which is implemented by user’s need
for primary persona. When the time comes to test with users, personas
support a powerful check tool in a stronger design base line because the
practical goal is already recognized for users in persona. They would be
strengths of personas as a design tool. The self-referential design which
occurs designers or developers project their own goals, motivations,
skills and mental models onto the design model of a product should be
avoid [5]. Many designers or developers unconsciously focus on not
designs for users, but designs for easy implementation. The personas
method will be improved by getting exact and impartial information of
the target group and judging practical goals carefully because the aim of
personas is to generate and communicate the requirement of users which
is deeply related to product a usable system or service.
Chapter 2. Extended Background 18
● Sketching
Mark D. Gross [6] said that sketching is commonly used in early
design in both engineering and artistic domains. In these domains,
sketching allows an architect, engineer, or artist to quickly and
approximately specify a design. It is an estimate of appearance and
behavior (‘look & feel’) which are intended and used to elicit,
communicate, and verify requirements on functions and usability. Doing
sketch does not take long time and facilitates to refine, to approach to
specific design before prototyping and to apply a design concept in the
interactive system. However, designers or developers can not verify
about errors, know satisfaction of users, as well as do usability test with
only sketch because they could not see the real action of the artifact
function in the sketch. The sketch, both as activity and as a form of
representation, occupies a definite and well-understood place in the
phrase of a design process because sketching provides a familiar
graphical representation for users [7].
[9]. The role that the informal evaluation of GUI has played in the
design of the prototype is to expose misunderstandings between users
and developers through evaluation. Early evaluation can be based on
faster and cheaper prototypes before starting the final implementation.
The prototypes can be done several times until a better understanding of
the user interface design has been achieved by efforts of both the
designers and the users.
Chapter 3
3.1 Personas
Before sketching, we made primary and secondary persona to
represent classes of users in the context and to justify user models.
Personas are user models as specific, individual humans, not actual
people but they are synthesized from observation of real people. It
provides the requirement of the user to designers and developers for
system concepts. The primary and secondary personas of WSN system
are below:
z Primary Persona
Name: Sandy
Age: 24
Occupation: employee in the Factory
Description Sandy is working in the semiconductor plant. The pure
silicon is made by her department. For making single
crystal, temperature and humidity are very important
conditions in the plant. Temperature should keep
between 20°C and 25°C and humidity needs to be
Chapter 3. Design of WSN System 22
z Secondary Persona
Name: Perry
Age: 27
Occupation: Ph D. student
Description Perry is working in Automatic control Lab, KTH as a Ph
D. student. He researches the protocol design and
implementation for Wireless Sensor Networks.
Therefore, he is very good at using computer application
and already has background of WSNs. He gets the results
as text data after testing his design and implementation
but he also wants to get the results as graphical data.
Chapter 3. Design of WSN System 23
menu is clicked, menu side is not shifted screens of the right side are
changed like showing one card at a time in the stack of card. That is why
CardLayout component is selected as the method of changing page.
Accordingly, we believe that prototyping makes not only detailed idea
to the process of implementation but also possible to test trying out
various ways before starting implementation.
Chapter 4
Implementation of
WSN System
z Swing includes that all the features of AWT which stands for
Abstract Window ToolKit to support GUI Java programming
and provides a high level of abstraction for the Java program.
Indeed, implementing a set of Swing GUI components builds
on AWT technology and it extensively depends on the event
handling mechanism of AWT in spite of defining a lot of
events for itself comparatively.
clicks on a link that points to a special launch file (JNLP file), it lets the
browser to launch Java Web Start, which then automatically downloads,
caches, and runs the given Java Technology-based application. The
entire process is typically completed without requiring any user
interaction except for the initial single click [20].
z I-WSN GUI: This also shows data from sensor nodes but stores
data in the database of a web server.
data through the base station as well as stores data in the database of a
web server through an internet. S-WSN GUI connects to only internet to
displays data from the database of a web server. Web Server is
necessary to launch the web browser of S-WSN GUI through the
internet and to save the data that I-WSN GUI receives from the base
station. For the architecture of Web Server, MS-SQL Server 2005, Java,
Apache HTTP Server 2.2 and Tomacat 5.5 are installed on Window
server 2005 that supports a web server as an operating system. MS-SQL
is a relational database management (RDBMS) to store data. Apache
HTTP web server makes an environment to activate web server for users
using the web browser. Apache Tomcat is an implementation of the Java
Servlet and JavaServer Pages technologies whose specifications are
developed under the Java Process [32]. Tomcat makes a useful platform
for developing and deploying web applications and web services across
a diverse range of industries and organizations.
● Panels Classes
used to display data and status of sensor nodes as well as to get actions
from the user through the mouse events. The different screen style and
faculty distinguishes WholePanel, MapPanel, ChartPanel and
RequestPanel class. In Figure 18, a box represents one class. It is
comprised of the name of class, attributes of class and methods of class.
All panel classes create by WholePanel class. The dot arrows mean that
MapPanel implements MouseListner interface and RequestPanel
implements ChangeListner interface. WholePanel takes the
responsibility for how to organize each screen and manage display
information of all screens. It also decides the position of components
such as button, menu, text and panels. MapPanel draws the topology of
sensor nodes with received data on the map. ChartPanel is responsible
for draw chart with sensor value. Changing values of sensor nodes are
performed by RequestPanel.
We explain the important method in panel classes considering the
Figure 18 and screens from Code 1 to Code 5.
layerpanel = createSeranUsrPanel();
"panel1");.
… mnutreeView(0); …}
… mnutreeView(3); …}
root.add(node1);
Chapter 4. Implementation of WSN System 50
node2.add(node3);
node2.add(node3);
node1.add(node2);
node1.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("TDMA"));
root.add(node1);
……
DefaultMutableTreeNode n =
(DefaultMutableTreeNode)(e.getPath().getLastPathComponent());
if(nodestr.equals("WSN"))
((CardLayout)panel.getLayout()).show(panel, "panel1");
……
else if(nodestr.equals("USER"))
((CardLayout)panel.getLayout()).show(panel, "panel4");
else if(nodestr.equals("ADMIN"))
((CardLayout)panel.getLayout()).show(panel, "panel5");
else
((CardLayout)panel.getLayout()).show(panel, "panel1");}
{……}
}
Code 3. The panels of the main (mapPanel), user (UmapPanel) and
administrator (AmapPanel) & MapPanel Class
Chapter 4. Implementation of WSN System 52
ReadingRecordList readingRecordList;
it.hasNext(); ) {
readingRecordList =
(ReadingRecordList)it.next();
drawLine(readingRecordList, g2);
drawLine(ReadingRecordList list,
……
Util.dutyCycleToPercent(Constants.DEFAULT_SLEEP_D
UTY_CYCLE));
sleepSlider.addChangeListener(this);
sleepSlider.setMajorTickSpacing(10);
sleepSlider.setMinorTickSpacing(2);
sleepSlider.setPaintTicks(true);
sleepSlider.setPaintLabels(true);
sleepSlider.setBorder(BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("
……
requestpanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createTitledBorder
("Control"));
requestpanel.setBounds(0, 0, 150,300);
rightPanel.add(requestpanel);
…}
……
sender.add(MoteIF.TOS_BCAST_ADDR,
(int)Constants.SET_SLEEP_DUTY_CYCLE_REQUEST,
Util.dutyCycleToInt((int)source.getValue()),
……
● Scout Class
mapPanel.repaint();
this); }
while(true) { // 10 secs
try { chartPanel.repaint();
Thread.sleep(Util.SCOUT_SLEEP_PERIOD); chartPanelCounter=0;
} catch (Exception e) }
{ e.printStackTrace();} }
mapPanelCounter++; }
Code 6. Run() method of O-WSN GUI
localMote = moteDatabase.getMote(message.get_sourceid());
if(localMote != null) {
localMote.setReading(message.get_temperatre());
localMote.setQuality(message.get_humidity());
Chapter 4. Implementation of WSN System 57
} else{
moteDatabase.addMote(new Mote(¡¦))
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
seqnum
sourceid forwardid
destgroupid temperature
humidity slots
dutyCycle
delay
while(!moteDatabase.getMutex())
Thread.sleep(Util.MUTEX_WAIT_TIME_MS);
Code 8. waitMutex()
nodes but stores data in the database of a web server. S-WSN GUI
displays data from the database of a web server for the purpose of
monitoring on internet. They need to communicate with the database of
web server in WSN system to insert or select data. Therefore,
DBconnection() method and WsnDB class are added as well as Scout
class is modified. DBconnection() is method to access the database and
WsnDB class is responsible for inserting and selecting data in the
database.
● I-WSN GUI
//for jtds
Class.forName("net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.Driver");
process, but the routine of inserting received data into the web database
is interposed before showing received data on the screen.
SyncMsg message = (SyncMsg) msg; int _src_idxx, int _grp_idxx, int _fwd_idxx,
… int _tmp_read ) {
… pstmt.setInt(4, _fwd_idxx) ;
} pstmt.setInt(5, _ tmp_read) ;
nResult = pstmt.executeUpdate();
Code 10. Inserting data into DB & WsnDB class for I-WSN GUI
● S-WSN GUI
The web application, S-WSN GUI, via an internet makes it
possible to monitor WSNs anywhere, one of characteristics in WSN
system. However, developing JSP or Servlet Pages is more complex
work because it needs to design HTML and implement JSP. It could
take much longer period of developing WSN system compared with
using Java Web Start. Therefore, the modification of source code in
WSN GUI application and using Java Web Start is decided for keeping
same usage and the design of WSN GUI application. Java Web Start is a
framework to be started directly from the web browser unlike Java
Applet. Additionally applying Java Web Start is feasible to distribute
over and control a new version or revisions.
Figure 23 displays that Scout class gets data from the web database
to show data on the screen instead of directly receiving data from sensor
nodes. Due to the internet speed or SQL transaction time, the delay of
displaying can exist in comparison with other applications such as O-
WSN GUI and I-WSN GUI, but the screen composition is same to
others.
mapPanelCounter++;
showData();
mapPanel.repaint();
Chapter 4. Implementation of WSN System 64
mapPanelCounter=0;
chartPanelCounter++;
showData();
chartPanel.repaint();
chartPanelCounter=0;
… …
((Integer)ht1.get("seq_numb")).intValue(); while(rs.next()) {
… ht.put("grp_idxx", rs.getInt("grp_idxx"));
} ht.put("fwd_idxx", rs.getInt("fwd_idxx"));
} ht.put("trf_rate", rs.getInt("tmp_read"));
vec.addElement(ht);}
Code 11. Showing and Selecting data from DB for S-WSN GUI
Chapter 4. Implementation of WSN System 65
Code 11 describes how to read, bring and show data from the
database. Run() method in Scout class is the thread that does a loop,
sleeping and incrementing a counter with a defined frequency. It calls
showData() to read data in the database through selectTbl_Data()
method of WsnDB class. Subsequently, it repaints the map panel and the
chart panel with the data put in hashtable as a vector type.
Lastly, it is necessary that some files related to Java web start are
set up to launch S-WSN GUI on the web. All class files and images of
S-WSN GUI were bound as wsnclient.jar and then it was signed with
keytool and jarsigner command because of security and sharing
environment. The wsnclient.jnlp contains explanation of this application
and how to deploy this application. Note that it is made by XML. After
starting Apache Tomcat (web server) and click the link to call
wsnclient.jnlp in the HTML page, “Java Starting” appears and S-WSN
GUI application is started if JRE is already installed on the web browser.
Figure 25 shows that S-WSN GUI operates on the internet in the real.
Chapter 5
Conclusion
were converted into visual data through WSN GUI application. It was
implemented with Java Swing on TinyOS for visual UI of screens and
functions. WSN system was build up by three versions of WSN GUI
applications. On the web, it was implemented to monitor context status
and store the context information anywhere
References
Press(2000)145-154, 2000.
[8] J. Preece, "Human-Computer Interaction," Extract-Chapter 22:
Envisioning Design p.451-465; Extract-Chapter 27: Prototyping p.537-
565, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Reading, MA, 1994.
[9] J. Rudd, K. Stern, and S. Isensee, "Low vs. high fidelity
prototyping debate",Interactions 3(1), p.76-85, ACM Press, 1996.
[10] David H. Jonassen, "Revisiting activity theory as a framework for
designing student-centered learning environments," In D.H. Jonassen, &
S.M. Land(Eds.), Theoritical foundations of learning environments
PP.89-121, 2000.
[11] Rodriguez, H., "Activity theory and cognitive sciences," 1998
[online].available:http://www.nada.kth.se/henrry/papers/ActivityTheory.
html
[12] Z. Gregory Bedny, H. Mark Seglin, and David Meister, "Activity
theory: history, research and application," TheorETICAL Issues In
ErgonOMICS sCIENCE, vol. 1, no. 2, 2000.
[13] J. A Stankovic, "Wireless Sensor Networks for In-Home Health-
care: Potential and Challenges", in High Confidence Medical Device
Software and Systems (HCMDSS) Workshop, Philadelphia, PA, June 2-
3, 2005.
[14] Tmote Sky Data Sheet, Moteiv, Sanfrancisco, CA, 2006. [Online].
Available:http://www.moteiv.com/products/docs/tmote-sky-
datasheet.pdf
[15] Pangun Park, "Protocol design of sensor networks for wireless
automation", MSc Thesis, KTH Stockholm, 2007.
[16] B. Bougard, F. Catthor, D.C. Daly, A. Chandrakasan, W. Dehaene,
"Energy Efficiency of the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard in Dense Wireless
Microsensor Networks:Modeling and Improvement Perspectives,"
IMEC, Leuven, Belgium, March 2005.
[17] D. Gay, P. Levis, and D. Culler, "Software design patterns for
References 70
tinyos," in Proc LCTES '05, vol. 31, no. 15. New York, NY, USA:
ACM Press, 2005, pp.40-49, 2005.
[18] Robert Eckstein, Marc Loy,and Dave Wood, "Java Swing,"
O'Reilly, 1998.
[19] Josh Fletcher, "AWT vs Swing, Abstract:A brief comparison of
Swing and the AWT when used for GUI developement," 2008, [Online].
Available; http://dn.codegear.com/article/26970.
[20] JavaTM Web Start, Sun, 2004, [Online].Available;
http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/javaws/
[21] Java Web Start Guide, Overview: Java Web Start Technology, Sun,
[Online].Available;http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/ja
vaws/developersguide/overview.html#jws
[22] The tinyos community forum. UC Berkeley, 2004 [online].
Available: http://www.tinyos.net
[23] K. Anind Dey and D. Gregory Abowd, "Towards a better
understanding of context and context awareness," 1st International
Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC '99), June
1999.
[24] Sajid Hussain, Nick Schofield, W. Abdul Matin, "Design of a Web-
Based Application for Wireless Sensor Networks," dexa, pp. 319-326,
17th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems
Applications (DEXA'06), 2006.
[25] D. Estrin, D. Culler, K. Pister, and G. Sukhatme, "Connecting the
physical world with pervasive networks," IEEE Pervaisive Computing,
PP.59-69, 2002.
[26] D. Estrin, R. Govindan, J. Heidemann, and S. Kumar, "Next
century challenges: Scalble coordination in sensor networks,", In
Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Computing and
Networks(Mobicom), 1999.
[27] Barton Friedland, "Applying Activity Theory In the Design of
References 71
Appendix A
● Properties Description
seq_indx Sequence number created by the database
seq_numb Data Sequence number from the node
src_idxx Software ID of the node
grp_idxx Software ID of the destination node
fwd_idxx Software ID of the node that forwards the packet
tmp_read Sensed temperature value from the node
hum_read Sensed humidity value from the node
tim_date Time-stamp of inserting each data.