Adam S.

Bolton May 1, 2002

boltonmit.edu

MIT 8.02 Spring 2002

Assignment #9 Solutions

Problem 9.1
Wavelength of radio waves. (Gian oli 32-37.)
Channel 2:
3:00  108
2 = = = 5:56 m :
f2 54:0  106
Channel 69:
69 =

= 3:00  108 = 0:372 m :
f69 806  106

Problem 9.2
Traveling ele tromagneti waves.

The given ele tri eld is in all three ases of the form
E(x; t) = E0 sin(kx  !t + ) ;
with E0 perpendi ular to the dire tion of propagation (the x-dire tion) and  = 0 or =2
(re all that sin( + =2) = os ). For su h a wave, the propagation dire tion is +^x if the
argument is (kx !t + ) and x^ if the argument is (kx + !t + ). k is the wavenumber,
 = 2=k is the wavelength, f = !=2 is the frequen y in Hertz, v = !=k is the speed, and
n = =v is the index of refra tion. From the given expressions and these denitions, we an
read o the answers to (a){(e):
prop. dire t.  (m) k (m 1 ) f (Hz) v (m/s) n
ase (1) x^ 4.00 1.57 7:50  10 3:00  108 1.0
7

ase (2) +^x 2.00 3.14 1:50  108 3:00  108 1.0
ase (3) x^ 1.00 6.28 2:13  108 2:13  108 1.4
(f ) In order to onstru t the orresponding equations for B, we must remember two features
of a traveling EM plane wave: (i) B is in phase with E, and (ii) B is perpendi ular to both
E and the propagation dire tion su h that E  B points in the dire tion of propagation.
If the ve tor k indi ates the dire tion of propagation, then our three ases must have the
following orientations:
MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 { Assignment #9 Solutions 2
z z z

B k B E k

k E B
x E y x y x y
(1) (2) (3)
As for magnitudes: B = E=v = nE= . The full expressions for the magneti elds of our
three ases are thus (with B in Tesla)

ase (1): By = ( 8:33  10 8) sin(1:57x + 4:71  108t) ; Bx = Bz = 0

ase (2): Bz = (1:67  10 7) os(3:14x 9:42  108t) ; Bx = By = 0
ase (3): By = (1:87  10 7) os(6:28x + 1:34  109t) ; Bx = Bz = 0
(g) The instantaneous Poynting ve tor for ase (3) is (Gian oli Equation (32-18), p. 801):

S =
1 (E  B) = 1 E B x^
z y
0 0
= (40)(1:87  10 7) os2(6:28x + 1:34  109t)^x
(4  10 7)
= ( 6:0) os2 (6:28x + 1:34  109t)^x :
The time average of os2(A + Bt) is 21 for any A and B , so the time-averaged Poynting ve tor
for all positions (in luding the two spe ied) is
S = ( 3:0)^x (units: Joules per square meter per se ond).
Thus we nd that this traveling ele tromagneti wave transmits energy in the x^ dire tion
through spa e.

Problem 9.3
EM waves { Maxwell's equations and the \speed of light".
We want to apply Faraday's law to the given plane surfa e x
(area A1) and the re tangular loop that bounds it. For def- λ/4
initeness, we'll take the normal to the surfa e to be in the
+^y dire tion. To al ulate B , we divide the surfa e up into
many strips of thi kness dz as shown in the diagram. Ea h l
strip will make a dierential ontribution to the ux of
dB = By dA = B0 os(kz !t) l dz :
y z
dz
MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 { Assignment #9 Solutions 3

The total ux will then be given by

Z Z =4
B = dB = B0l os(kz !t) dz = Bk0 l [sin(k=4 !t) sin( !t)℄ :
0

Sin e k=4 = k(2=k)=4 = =2, this be omes

db B0 l!
B = Bk0 l [ os(!t) + sin(!t)℄ =) dt
= k [sin(!t) os(!t)℄ :
H
Now to al ulate E
dl. Our hoi e of +^y (as opposed to y^) for the normal to our surfa e
di tates that our line integral be taken ounter lo kwise when viewed as in the diagram.
Sin e E is purely in the x^ dire tion, E
dl = 0 along the top and bottom edges of the
integration urve. This leaves us with
I Zl Z0
E
dl = Ex (z = =4; t) dx +
l
Ex (z = 0; t) dx
0
Zl Z0
= E0 sin(!t) dx + E0 os(!t) dx
0 l
= E0 l[sin(!t) os(!t)℄ :
H
Faraday's law asserts that E
dl = dB =dt. For the ase under onsideration, this gives
B0 l!
E0 l[sin(!t) os(!t)℄ = [sin(!t) os(!t)℄ :
k
This will be satised for all time only if E0 = B0!=k. Given that = !=k is the wave
speed, we have the result B0 = E0 = as a onsequen e of Faraday's law. Combiningp this
with B0 = 0 0 E0 as obtained in le ture from Ampere's law, we on lude that = 1= 0 0
is the speed of light in va uum.

Problem 9.4
A standing ele tromagneti wave.

(a) Any standing wave of the form os(pkz) os(!t) has a wavelength of 2=k and a frequen y
in Hertz of !=2. For our wave, k = 2 3 m 1 and ! = 7:0  1010 rad=s, so
 = 1:814 m ; f = 1:114  1010 Hz :
(b) The index of refra tion of the medium is

n= =

= (3:00  1010 m
p =s)
= 1:48
v !=k (7:0  1010 s 1 )=(2 3 m 1 )
( ) To nd B, we pi ture our E-eld as the linear superposition of two traveling waves, one
traveling in the +^z dire tion and one in the z^ dire tion. Using the trigonometri identity
2 os  os  = os( +  ) + os(  ) ;
MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 { Assignment #9 Solutions 4

we an rewrite our E-eld as

1 ^[ os(2p3z 7:0  1010t) + os(2p3z + 7:0  1010t)℄ :
E = E0 x
2
Now, using the rule dis ussed in problem 9.2(f), the B-eld asso iated with the traveling
wave propagating in the +^z dire tion must point in the +^y dire tion (assuming E0 is positive)
so that E  B points in the +^z dire tion. Similarly, for the wave propagating in the z^
dire tion, B must point in the y^ dire tion. Thus our total B-eld must be
1 p p
B = B0 y^[ os(2 3z 7:0  1010 t) os(2 3z + 7:0  1010 t)℄ :
2
Using the identity
2 sin  sin  = os(  ) os( +  ) ;
we an write this as p
B = B0 y^ sin(2 3z ) sin(7:0  1010 t) :
We see that in a standing wave, B is 90Æ out of phase relative to E both in spa e and in
time. The value of B0 is related to E0 by
k E nE
B0 = E 0 = 0 = 0 :
! v
(d) The instantaneous Poynting ve tor S = (E  B)=0 for this wave at any point in spa e
will have a time dependen e of the form S / sin(!t) os(!t). The average of sin(!t) os(!t)
over one full period in time is zero, so S  0 at all points. This result tells us that standing
ele romagneti waves do not transmit energy through spa e. Compare this with the result
of 9.2(g), where we found that a traveling ele tromagneti wave does transmit energy.

Problem 9.5
Polarization of ele tromagneti radiation.

(a) If we let x = 0, our ele tri elds vary with time as

(1) : Ey = E0 sin(!t) Ez = 4E0 sin(!t)
(2) : Ey = E0 os(!t) Ez = E0 sin(!t)
(3) : Ey = 2E0 sin(!t) Ez = 2E0 sin(!t)
We an now plot a tra e of E as a fun tion of time at x = 0 and see the polarization easily
(note: plots axes not to s ale from one to the next):
MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 { Assignment #9 Solutions 5

Ez Ez Ez

Ey Ey Ey

(1): linear (2): circular (3): linear

(b) The amplitude of B is given by the ele tri eld amplitude divided by , sin e we are in a
va uum. We obtain the dire tion by requiring that E  B be in the dire tion of propagation.
(It is helpful to note that, for E and B purely in the y-z dire tion, E  B = x^(Ey Bz Ez By ).)
Using these pres riptions, we nd
(1) : By = ( 4E0 = ) sin(kx !t) Bz = (E0= ) sin(kx !t)
(2) : By = (E0 = ) sin(kx + !t) Bz = (E0 = ) os(kx + !t)
(3) : By = (2E0= ) sin(kx !t) Bz = (2E0= ) os(kx !t + =2)
(Bx = 0 for all ases.)

Problem 9.6
Radiation pressure due to the sun. (Gian oli 32-29.)
Let P = 3:8  1026 W be the Sun's total power output. Assuming negligible absorption in
the intervening spa e, the amount of energy per unit time rossing a spheri al surfa e of
radius r entered on the Sun will also be P . The time-averaged Poynting ux (energy per
unit area per unit time) at a distan e r from the enter of the Sun will therefore be
P
S (r ) =
4r2 :
Assuming full absorption, the dust parti les will feel a radiation pressure of prad = S= (see
Gian oli se tion 32-8, pp. 802-803). If the parti les have a radius a, they will feel an outward
(i.e. away from the Sun) for e given by
a2 P
Frad = a2 prad = a2 S= =
4r 2 :
The parti les also feel a gravitational for e dire ted towards the Sun. If  is the mass density
of the dust and M is the Sun's mass, the magnitude of this for e is
G( 43 a3 )M
F =
G :
r2
MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 { Assignment #9 Solutions 6

The magnitude of the radiation pressure for e grows as a2 , while the magnitude of the
gravitational for e grows as a3 . So for very small parti les, the outward radiation for e
should dominate, while for larger parti les, the inward gravitational for e will dominate.
The s ale is set by the parti le size a0 for whi h the two for es exa tly balan e one another:
a20 P G( 34 a30 )M 3P
4r 2
= r 2
=) a0 =
16GM :
Plugging in the (many!) numbers, we get
3(3:8  1026 )
a0 =
16(6:67  10 11)(2:0  103)(1:99  1030)(3:00  108) = 2:85  10 m :
7

Dust parti les with a radius smaller than this would have been eje ted by radiation pressure.

Problem 9.7
Snell's law in a tion ) dispersion! (Gian oli 33-46.)
From Gian oli Figure 33-26 (p. 825), we an obtain approximate values for the index of
refra tion of sili ate int glass for the two wavelengths of interest:
1 = 450 nm : n1 ' 1:64
2 = 650 nm : n2 ' 1:62 : 60

Now, onsider either of the two rays. Dene the β

angles ,  , , and Æ as shown in the diagram at 45 γ
right. Let n be either n1 or n2 and  be either 1 or α δ θ
2 . We'll take the refra tive index of the surround-
ing medium to be 1. Snell's law (Gian oli Equation n
(33-5), p. 823) tells us that
p
sin(45Æ) = 1= 2 = n sin  and n sin Æ = sin  :
Also,  = 90Æ  and Æ = 90Æ , so sin  = os  and sin Æ = os . Thus
p
1= 2 = n os  and n os = sin  :
Finally, we have  + + 60Æ = 180Æ ) = 120Æ  . Solving for  now gives
 = ar sin(n os ) = ar sin[n os(120Æ !#)
 )℄
( "
= ar sin n os 120Æ ar os p1 :
2n
For our two refra tive indi es of interest, this gives
1 = 68:1Æ ; 2 = 65:3Æ :
MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 { Assignment #9 Solutions 7

Problem 9.8
Snell's law in a tion ) ber opti s! (Gian oli 33-53.)

aθ
γ
β
α
(almost
90 degrees)

The greatest test of our opti ber's ability to guarantee total internal re e tion will o ur
when the beam entran e angle  ! 90Æ. So, let's onsider that ase in parti ular. Snell's
law gives
sin  = sin 90Æ = 1 = n sin  = n os :
Now suppose that total internal re e tion does not ne essarily o ur at point \a". The angle
 that the emerging beam makes with the normal to the ber's surfa e will be given by
Snell's law: q
sin  = n sin = n 1 os2 :
Using n os = 1 from above, this be omes
q p
sin  = n 1 1=n2 = n2 1 :
So sin  in reases as n gets bigger. sin  = 1 ( orresponding to  = 90Æ) is the riti al value
for the onset of total internal re e tion at point \a". The ondition on n for total internal
re e tion of all beams entering the ber is therefore
p p
n2 1 > 1 =) n > 2 ' 1:42 ;
where we have rounded up just to be safe.

END