Project Report2 PDF

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, people have smartphones with them all the time. So it makes sense to use these to
control appliances. In today's era, technology can enhance human life. Technology is
evolving decade by decade. Automation was a science fiction earlier but not today. By
combining latest technology with home, we can build an awesome home. With the Arduino
uno and Windows 10, we can build a home automation system that is capable of operating
home devices automatically. Presented here is a light automation system using a simple
Android app, which you can use to control classroom lights with clicks. Commands are sent
via Bluetooth to Arduino Uno. So in case the professors want to turn off the lights for some
presentation purpose then it would be easy for them control those lights with smartphones.
CHAPTER 2
AIM & OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this project is to provide a better solution to minimize the electrical
wastage in operating classroom lights. Manual control is prone to errors and leads to energy
wastage and manually dimming during midnight is impracticable. A rapid advancement in
embedded system have paved path for the virtual mechanism based on the microcontrollers.
This project presents an automatic classroom lights using LDR which is also known as
photo-resistor made cadmium sulphide and the lights are controlled by bluetooth, Arduino
which is programmed using C language to act as pulse width modulator. This project also
consists of charging circuit. The light intensity is also monitored using an LDR sensor, the
voltage by voltage divider principle.
● The project uses solar energy to illuminate a classroom if there is enough light present
in the classroom.
● This is an eco-friendly project which will help the night colleges if there is any
electricity cut-off.
● If the light intensity is less and no one is present so the Bluetooth module will help to
turn off the lights.
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE SURVEY
Smart Home Automation System Using Bluetooth Technology
ay 2017
12 M
Deepak Rath
College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneshwar
The proposed method presents the design and implementation of a robust, low cost and
user-friendly home automation system using Bluetooth technology. The design of proposed
method is based on Arduino board, Bluetooth module, sensors and smartphone application.
Bluetooth module HC-06 is interfaced with Arduino board and home appliances relate to
Arduino board via relay. Smartphone application is used for serial communication between
smartphone and Bluetooth module which is further connected with Arduino board. Proposed
method has ability to not only remotely control the appliances, but it also monitors the
sensors. Nowadays most of conventional home automation systems are designed for elderly,
handicapped people or for any special purpose. The proposed method is not only suitable for
elderly and handicapped people, but it also provides a general-purpose home automation
system, which can easily implement in existing home. An ultrasonic sensor is used for water
level detection and soil moisture sensor is used for automatic irrigation system to provide
more ease and facilities to users.
Several remote-controlled home automation systems have been studied. R. Piyare and M.
Tazil research work provided full functionality to remotely control home appliances via
wireless communication between the Arduino BT and cell phone using Bluetooth technology.
Arduino BT board related to home appliance and it was controlled by a Symbian OS cell
phone application. Symbian OS cell phone can only support the python language scripts and
this system failed to support Java based application, nowadays mostly smartphone
applications are developed in Java. Similarly, another study presented home automation
system using Bluetooth and android application. However, this was designed only for 4 lights
and it was not feasible to control more than 4 home appliances. In another research work,
XBee based home automation system introduced for handicapped and elderly people. XBee
transceivers was used for wireless communication between the master control panel board
and the remote-control device.
Fig 3.1: Flow of energy in solar PV system
The above diagram represents the entire energy flow process carried out within a solar light
system. Energy conversion is done by the PV panel. During the day time the solar PV module
absorbs the solar radiation of high intensity to convert it into electrical energy. Energy
inversion and conditioning is done to achieve the requirement of the load.
a. Automatic ON/OFF mechanism:
The lights should be illuminating when there is darkness & in presence of day light these
should remain off. In case of manually operated lights, people can realize easily when to turn
it “ON” as soon as the darkness spreads from the evening, but usually they forget to turn it
“OFF” even if the day light rises sufficiently. No doubt, this is the unnecessary wastage of
power. So, the best solution to this problem is automation.
Fig 3.3: Switching mechanism
A simple home automation project using Arduino UNO, Bluetooth module and a smartphone.
The aim of this project is to control different home appliances using a smartphone. The
working of the project is explained here. When the power is turned on, the connection LED
on the Bluetooth module starts blinking. We need to start the “Bluetooth Controller” app in
our smartphone and get connected to the Bluetooth module. If the pairing is successful, the
LED becomes stable. Now, in the app, we need to set different keys for different loads and
their corresponding value that must be transmitted when that key is pressed. The following
image shows a set of keys to control 4 loads and an additional key to turn off all the loads.
CHAPTER 4
EXISTING SYSTEM
2. In most wireless systems, a

designer has two overriding
3. constraints: it must operate
over a certain distance (range)
and
4. transfer a certain amount of
information within a time frame
5. (data rate) [7]. Then the
overall costs of the system
must work
6. out (price) along with
acquiring government agency
approvals
7. (regulations and licensing).
Considering existing
technologies,
8. zigbee is one of the most
used wireless systems, which
is an
9. open standardized system.
Basically, zigbee is for
designing
10. network architecture like
point to point, star and mesh
11. networks in a specific
building block within minimum
cost per
12. node [8]. To design a
home automation system
zigbee is used
13. mostly for Ad Hoc
On-demand Distance Vector
(AODV)
14. routing. Information storing
capability and for routing
failure
15. node can also work as
replacement route [9].
16. Wi-Fi is the best for a
specific area. It uses radio
wave to
17. provide high speed
internet for a three-bedroom
wall block
18. radio waves. That is why
to achieve connection for many
19. square kilometres it uses
multiple overlapping access
point. By
20. using multiple overlapping
access point users can easily
21. control a system based on
big area. Omni directional
radio
22. wave can travel through
walls or non-metal barrier [10].
23. Bluetooth technology is the
best and widely used wireless
24. technology for that special
character. Short range radio
25. transmitter is built for
Bluetooth communication. It
has several
26. applications to setup
communication among
devices. The new
27. base in home automation
is an android smart phone.
Home
28. automation equipment
recently use existing home
Wi-Fi
29. networks [11].
30. However, very soon there
will be some gadgets like
google
31. glass. Google Glass is a
very exceptional device which
could
32. be worn like glass but it
will provide a screen over the
right
33. eye. That screen is
controlled by voice command
and by
34. touching an intelligent
touchpad on the right side. It
will
35. connect via Bluetooth or
connect to Wi-Fi to a smart
phone
36. device and plays Google
Glass applications [12]. There
is
37. another project is coming
in the Home Automation
department
38. is named ivee, which looks
like an alarm clock. This alarm
39. clock can talk with the
operator, it can take order, and
it can
40. control some home
appliance. As example, if
anyone asks
41. about the weather to ivee
and if ivee relates to Wi-Fi then
it
42. can tell and show you the
total forecast [13].
In most wireless systems, a
constraints: it must operate over
a certain distance (range) and
transfer a certain amount of
(data rate) [7]. Then the overall
costs of the system must work
out (price) along with acquiring
government agency approvals
(regulations and licensing).
technologies,
zigbee is one of the most used
wireless systems, which is an
open standardized system.
Basically, zigbee is for designing
network architecture like point to
point, star and mesh
networks in a specific building
block within minimum cost per
node [8]. To design a home
automation system zigbee is
used
mostly for Ad Hoc On-demand
Distance Vector (AODV)
routing. Information storing
capability and for routing failure
node can also work as
Wi-Fi is the best for a specific
area. It uses radio wave to
provide high speed internet for a
three-bedroom wall block
radio waves. That is why to
achieve connection for many
square kilometres it uses multiple
overlapping access point. By
using multiple overlapping access
point users can easily
control a system based on big
area. Omni directional radio
wave can travel through walls or
non-metal barrier [10].
Bluetooth technology is the best
and widely used wireless
technology for that special
transmitter is built for Bluetooth
communication. It has several
applications to setup
communication among devices.
The new
base in home automation is an
android smart phone. Home
automation equipment recently
use existing home Wi-Fi
networks [11].
However, very soon there will be
some gadgets like google
glass. Google Glass is a very
exceptional device which could
be worn like glass but it will
provide a screen over the right
eye. That screen is controlled by
voice command and by
touching an intelligent touchpad
on the right side. It will
connect via Bluetooth or connect
to Wi-Fi to a smart phone
device and plays Google Glass
applications [12]. There is
another project is coming in the
Home Automation department
is named ivee, which looks like
an alarm clock. This alarm
clock can talk with the operator, it
can take order, and it can
control some home appliance. As
example, if anyone asks
about the weather to ivee and if
ivee relates to Wi-Fi then it
can tell and show you the total
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
technologies,
used
The new
networks [11].
forecast [13].
The largest challenge for photovoltaic technology is said to be the purchase price per watt of
electricity produced, new materials and manufacturing techniques continue to improve the
price to power performance. The problem resides in the enormous activation energy that must
be overcome for a photon to excite an electron for harvesting purposes. Advancements in
photovoltaic technologies have brought about the process of "doping" the silicon substrate to
lower the activation energy thereby making the panel more efficient in converting photons to
retrievable electrons.
Chemicals such as Boron (p-type) are applied into the semiconductor crystal in order to
create donor and acceptor energy levels substantially closer to the valence and
conductor bands. In doing so, the addition of Boron impurity allows the activation energy to
decrease 20-fold from 1.12 eV to 0.05 eV. Since the potential difference (EB) is so low, the
Boron can thermally ionize at room temperatures. This allows for free energy carriers in the
conduction and valence bands thereby allowing greater conversion of photons to electrons.
CHAPTER 5
PROBLEM STATEMENT & SCOPE
The idea of designing a new system for classroom light that do not consume huge amount of
electricity and illuminate large areas with highest intensity of light is concerning with
engineer working in the field. Inefficient lighting wastes significant financial resources and
poor lighting creates a dull environment in the class. Energy efficient technologies and design
mechanism can reduce cost of class lighting drastically. If these lights could be controlled via
smartphone then the efficiency of this project would increase. The lights could be automated
easily with the help of smartphone.
Automatic switching of LED considering the intensity of sunlight and smartphone control.
● Automate LED based on availability of light intensity.

● Use of Arduino UNO as gateway.
● Manual and automatic powering.
● Controlling the light using smartphone.
CHAPTER 6
PROPOSED SYSTEM
NO
YES
MONITOR CONTROL
The above figure gives the flow diagram of the proposed system.
● The whole day, sun light falls on the solar panel which consists of PV modules.
● The solar panel converts it into electrical energy which is stored in the battery. The
current produced by the PV module flows through a charge controller circuit before
charging the battery. The charge controller is used to prevent overcharging and to protect
the battery from overvoltage which could reduce the battery life. The lights are equipped
with a light sensor. The light/dark sensor is used to detect the surrounding light intensity
and send the information to the microcontroller, so that it can decide whether the lights
should be turned “ON” or “OFF”.
● On the other side, the circuit is connected to the Arduino UNO. The energy stored in the
battery is then provided to the Arduino UNO.
● The light intensity is checked with help of LDR (Light Dependent Resistor).
● If the light intensity is more than the threshold intensity, then it checks if the LED strip is
glowing or not and if the strip is glowing then it is switched OFF.
● Also if there is no one in the class the light can be automatically turned off using smart
technology.
● Whereas, if the intensity is less than threshold intensity then the LED strip will glow.
● At the same time the intensity is being checked.
CHAPTER 7
MATERIALS AND COMPONENT
7.1. SOLAR PANEL

7.1.1. Solar cell working principle
Fig 7.1: Solar Panel

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through
the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells
or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top
layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture.
Most modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The
cells must be connected electrically in series, one to another.
A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and it is its output interface.
Externally, most of photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors type to facilitate easy
weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Also, USB power interface can be used.
Module electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage or in
parallel to provide a desired current capability (amperes). The conducting wires that take the
current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive
transition metals. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial
module shading, to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated.
Some special solar PV modules include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or
mirrors onto smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such
as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.
Solar panels also use metal frames consisting of racking components, brackets, reflector
shapes, and troughs to better support the panel structure.
7.1.2. Performance and Degradation
Module performance is generally rated under standard test conditions (STC): irradiance of
1,000 W/m2, solar spectrum of AM 1.5 and module temperature at 25°C.
Electrical characteristics include nominal power (PMAX, measured in W), open circuit
voltage (VOC), short circuit current (ISC, measured in amperes), maximum power voltage
(VMPP), maximum power current (IMPP), peak power, (watt-peak, Wp), and module efficiency
(%).
Nominal voltage refers to the voltage of the battery that the module is best suited to charge;
this is a leftover term from the days when solar modules were only used to charge batteries.
The actual voltage output of the module changes as lighting, temperature and load conditions
change, so there is never one specific voltage at which the module operates. Nominal voltage
allows users, at a glance, to make sure the module is compatible with a given system.
Open circuit voltage or VOC is the maximum voltage that the module can produce when not
connected to an electrical circuit or system. VOC can be measured with a voltmeter directly on
an illuminated module's terminals or on its disconnected cable.
7.1.4 Standards
Standards generally used in photovoltaic modules:
● IEC 61215 (crystalline silicon performance), 61646 (thin film performance) and 61730
(all modules, safety)
● ISO 9488 Solar energy—Vocabulary.
● UL 1703 from Underwriters Laboratories
● CE mark
● Electrical Safety Tester (EST) Series (EST-460, EST-22V, EST-22H, EST-110).
7.2. ARDUINO UNO
7.2.1. Introduction
Fig 7.2: Arduino UNO

The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on
the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog
pins, and programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a
type B USB cable. It can be powered by a USB cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though
it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and
Leonardo. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino
Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the
reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a
series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform. The
ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes pre-programmed with a bootloader that allows
uploading new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol. The Uno also differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it uses the
Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
7.2.2. Technical Specifications
● Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P

● Operating Voltage: 5 Volt
● Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts
● Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
● Analog Input Pins: 6
● DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
● DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
● Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
● SRAM: 2 KB
● EEPROM: 1 KB
● Clock Speed: 16 MHz
● Length: 68.6 mm
● Width: 53.4 mm
7.3. BREADBOARD
Fig 7.3: Breadboard
To provide power to the electronic components. A bus strip usually contains two rows: one
for ground and one for a supply voltage. However, some breadboards only provide a
single-row power distributions bus strip on each long side. Typically, the row intended for a
supply voltage is marked in red, while the row for ground is marked in blue or black. Some
manufacturers connect all terminals in a column. Others just connect groups of, for example,
25 consecutive terminals in a column. The latter design provides a circuit designer with some
more control over crosstalk (inductively coupled noise) on the power supply bus. Often the
groups in a bus strip are indicated by gaps in the colour marking.
7.4. JUMPER WIRES
Fig 7.4: Jumper wires

Jump wires (also called jumper wires) for solderless breadboarding can be obtained in
ready-to-use jump wire sets or can be manually manufactured. The latter can become tedious
work for larger circuits. Ready-to-use jump wires come in different qualities, some even with
tiny plugs attached to the wire ends. Jump wire material for ready-made or homemade wires
should usually be 22 AWG (0.33 mm2) solid copper, tin-plated wire - assuming no tiny plugs
are to be attached to the wire ends.
7.5. RELAY SWITCH

Fig 7.5: Relay Switch
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or
where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit
and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges
and early computers to perform logical operations.
7.6. BATTERY
Fig 7.6: Battery
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones,
and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is
the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source
of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an
external device.
7.8 BLUETOOTH MODULE HC-05
HC-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module, designed for
transparent wireless serial connection setup. The HC-05 Bluetooth Module can be used in a
Master or Slave configuration, making it a great solution for wireless communication. This
serial port bluetooth module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data
Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR
Bluecore 04-External single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with AFH
(Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). The Bluetooth module HC-05 is a
MASTER/SLAVE module. By default, the factory setting is SLAVE. The Role of the module
(Master or Slave) can be configured only by AT COMMANDS. The slave modules cannot
initiate a connection to another Bluetooth device, but can accept connections. Master module
can initiate a connection to other devices.
CHAPTER
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
A simple home automation project using Arduino UNO, Bluetooth module and a smartphone.
The aim of this project is to control different home appliances using a smartphone. The
working of the project is explained here. When the power is turned on, the connection LED
on the Bluetooth module starts blinking. We need to start the “Bluetooth Controller” app in
our smartphone and get connected to the Bluetooth module. If the pairing is successful, the
LED becomes stable. Now, in the app, we need to set different keys for different loads and
their corresponding value that must be transmitted when that key is pressed. The following
image shows a set of keys to control 4 loads and an additional key to turn off all the loads.
CHAPTER
REFERENCES
[1]file:///C:/Users/Mrunal/Documents/sensor%20mini%20project/STREET%20LIGHT%20G
LOW%20ON%20DETECTING%20VECHILE%20MOVEMENT%20USING%20SENSOR.
pdf
[2]file:///C:/Users/Mrunal/Documents/sensor%20mini%20project/AS4971404607365121495
538930834_content_1-min.pdf
[3] https://microcontrollerslab.com/bluetooth-home-automation-system-android/

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CHAPTER 1

AIM & OBJECTIVES

College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneshwar

Fig 3.1: Flow of energy in solar PV system

a. Automatic ON/OFF mechanism:

2. In most wireless systems, a

PROBLEM STATEMENT & SCOPE

● Automate LED based on availability of light intensity.

MATERIALS AND COMPONENT

7.1. SOLAR PANEL

Fig 7.1: Solar Panel

7.1.2. Performance and Degradation

Standards generally used in photovoltaic modules:

7.2. ARDUINO UNO

Fig 7.2: Arduino UNO

7.2.2. Technical Specifications

● Microcontroller​: ​Microchip​ ​ATmega328P​

7.4. JUMPER WIRES

Fig 7.4: Jumper wires

7.5. RELAY SWITCH

A relay is an ​electrically​ operated ​switch​. Many relays use an ​electromagnet​ to mechanically

Fig 7.6: Battery

7.8 BLUETOOTH MODULE HC-05

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● Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically