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 ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2018-2019)
M.P.S.-1
jktuhfrd fl¼kUr
(Political Theory)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the

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Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions given the Assignments. We do not claim 100%

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accuracy of these sample answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample
answers may be seen as the Guide/Help for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the assignment.

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As these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be

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denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample
Answers/Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer and for up-to-date

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and exact information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the
university.
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fdUgha ikap iz'uksa osQ mÙkj yxHkx 500 'kCnksa (izR;sd) esa nhft,A izR;sd Hkkx ls de ls de nks iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,A
izR;sd iz'u 20 vad dk gSA a
Hkkx&I
iz'u 2- dÙkZO;ksa vkSj vfèkdkjksa osQ pquko fl¼kUr dh ppkZ dhft,A m
y e Re

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mÙkjµlkèkkj.kr% dÙkZO; dk vFkZ gSµnwljksa osQ fy, dksbZ dk;Z djuk] tcfd vfèkdkj dk vFkZ ykHk mBkus ls gSA vfèkdkj dk
in ks
vFkZ ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd dksbZ O;fDr fdlh vU; O;fDr dks dksbZ dk;Z djus osQ fy, ckè; dj ldrk gS] tcfd dÙkZO;
nwljs O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, dksbZ dk;Z djus ls lacafèkr gSaA bl n`f"V ls vfèkdkj rFkk dÙkZO; gkfu tSls fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA nksuksa ,d&nwljs
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osQ fojksèkh çrhr gksrs gSa] fdUrq okLro esa ,slk ugha gSA vfèkdkj rFkk dÙkZO; ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd gSaA ,d osQ fcuk nwljs dh dYiuk
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O;FkZ gSA mnkjoknh er esa dÙkZO; ,oa vfèkdkj fudV lacaèkh gSa] pkgs mudh çÑfr ;k ifjek.k esa varj gSA mnkjhdj.k iwoZ osQ lekt
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esa yksx lkekftd Hkwfedkvksa esa i¡Qls gq, vius fy, mfpr fodYiksa dh [kkst djus osQ fy, Lora=k ugha Fks] ysfdu dÙkZO;ksa us muosQ

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thou dks O;ofLFkr fd;k ,oa vfèkdkjksa ij tksj fn;kA bl çdkj dÙkZO; vkSj vfèkdkjksa dk ,d lg&lacaèk gSA ;fn ,d O;fDr
vfèkdkj j[krk Fkk] rks nwljk muosQ laj{k.k ,oa çksRlkgu gsrq dÙkZO;ksa ls c¡èkk FkkA mnkgj.kLo:i ;fn ,d osQ ikl HkkSfrd lqj{kk dk
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vfèkdkj gS] rks nwljs dk dÙkZO; gS fd ml lqj{kk dks {kfr u igq¡pk, vkSj ;fn ;g Hkax gksrh gS ;k bl çdkj HkkSfrd lqj{kk ij dksbZ
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geyk gksrk gS] rks jkT; dk dÙkZO; gS fd ml O;fDr dh j{kk djsA bl çdkj dÙkZO;ksa ,oa vfèkdkjksa esa ,d:irk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA tc
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rd O;fDr vius dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu ugha djsaxs] rc rd jkT; vius ukxfjdksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gksxkA

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vfèkdkj ,oa dÙkZO; ,d&nwljs osQ ik'oZ&Hkkx gSaA ;fn çR;sd O;fDr osQoy vius vfèkdkjksa ij tksj ns] fdUrq nwljs O;fDr;ksa osQ çfr
vius dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu u djs] rks fdlh osQ fy, Hkh dksbZ vfèkdkj ckdh ugha jgsxkA

w mnkjoknh fopkjèkkjk osQ vkèkkj ij dÙkZO;ksa o vfèkdkjksa osQ lacaèk esa fofHk voLFkk,¡ gSa%
(i) LoRo fl¼karµbl fl¼kar dk funsZ'ku tsjSeh cSUFke us fd;k FkkA blesa vfèkdkjksa dks çkÑfrd ;k uSfrd u gksdj dkuwu
dh çLrqfr;ksa osQ :i esa j[kk x;kA cSUFke osQ vuqlkj dkuwu dÙkZO;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k djosQ vfèkdkjksa dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA muosQ vuqlkj
;fn ,d O;fDr osQ }kjk dksbZ dke djus osQ dkj.k vU; dks d"V gks] rks og O;fDr n.M ikus dk vfèkdkjh gSA bls ¶vuqeksnufl¼kar¸
osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ,d O;fDr osQ vfèkdkj dk LoRo nwljs dk dkuwuh dÙkZO; gks tkrk gS vkSj ;g dkuwuh dÙkZO; rHkh
curk gS] tc n.M dk Mj gksA n.MkRed vèkhurk dk vFkZ gS O;fDr osQ dÙkZO; osQ cks> rys ncukA O;fDr osQ bu dÙkZO;ksa dk ykHk
mBkus okys vfèkdkjèkkjd gSaA oLrqr% ,d O;fDr dk vfèkdkj lekt osQ nwljs O;fDr dk dÙkZO; gSA tc dkuwu dgrk gS fd mlosQ
ukxfjdksa dks èkk£ed erksa osQ çpkj] çlkj ,oa muosQ vuq:i vkpj.k dk vfèkdkj gSA ysfdu tc dHkh os ,slk djrs gSa] rks mUgsa fdlh
çdkj èkefd;ksa ;k cy ç;ksx }kjk nck;k tkrk gSA blosQ lkFk gh lekt ,slh dksbZ ifjfLFkfr;k¡ çnku ugha djrk] ftuesa bu dk;ks±

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dks LohÑfr çkIr gksA ns[kk tk, rks vYila[;d vius èkeZ&O;ogkj osQ dkuwuh vfèkdkj ls oafpr gSaA fey dgrs gSa fd ¶vfèkdkj
j[kuk ,slk oqQN j[kuk gS] ftlosQ LoRo esa lekt dks O;fDr dh j{kk djuh pkfg,A¸
(ii) fodYi fl¼karµ;g fl¼kar Lo;a dks vfHk#fp osQ fojksèk esa vfèkdkjksa rFkk dÙkZO;ksa osQ chp lacaèk dh 'krZ ij vkxs ykrk
gSA ,p-,y-,- gkVZ bl fl¼kar osQ vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ i{kèkj gSaA muosQ vuqlkj vfèkdkj ,d çdkj dh ilan gSaA dÙkZO;&vfèkdkj osQ
chp lacaèk ,d dM+h gS] tks ml dÙkZO;&fo'ks"k dks èkkj.k djus okys O;fDr dks ,d fljs ls ck¡èkrh gS vkSj bldk nwljk fljk] ,d
nwljs O;fDr osQ gkFk esa gksrk gS] tks viuh bPNkuqlkj ml vfèkdkj dk ç;ksx djrk gSA bl rF; osQ vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr lacaèkksa dks
le>k tk ldrk gSµ
(d) ftl O;fDr osQ ikl vfèkdkj gSa] og fdlh dÙkZO; fo'ks"k dks Vky ldrk gS ;k cus jgus ns ldrk gS ;k çHkkoghu dj
ldrk gSA
([k) vfèkdkjèkkjd O;fDr fdlh dÙkZO; osQ mYya?ku osQ ckn ml dÙkZO; fo'ks"k dks viuh bPNk ls NksM+ ldrk gS ;k mlosQ
fy, {kfriw£r dk fuosnu dj ldrk gSA
(x) vfèkdkjèkkjd dÙkZO; osQ mYya?ku osQ dkj.k gksus okys uqdlku dks Hkjus dh vifjgk;Zrk dks Vky Hkh ldrk gSA
fodYi fl¼kar dÙkZO;ksa dk vfèkdkjksa osQ lacaèk esa o.kZu djrk gSA

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(iii) Lok;ÙkrkµLok;Ùkrk dk vFkZ gekjs fopkjksa] çkFkfedrkvksa] ewY;ksa vkfn osQ fo"k; esa lkspus] mudk çfriknu djus rFkk muesa
la'kksèku djus dh {kerk gSA oSQUV us Lok;Ùkrk osQ lacaèk esa dÙkZO; dh ,d fo'ks"k foospuk dh gSA euq"; viuh ço`fÙk;ksa osQ vkèkkj

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ij dkuwuksa osQ vuqlkj çnku fd, x, dk;ks± dks djrs FksA dSUV us dgk fd ¶euq"; dks deZ djuk pkfg, vkSj deZ djus dh bPNk

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j[kuh pkfg,A¸ Lok;Ùkrk osQ fy, viuh ;ksX;rk ls O;fDr dkuwu osQ vuqlkj O;ogkj djrk FkkA og dkuwu ml O;fDr osQ fy, gh

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fuf'pr gksrk FkkA bl Lok;Ùkrk dks c<+kuk rFkk bl {kerk osQ vkèkkj ij nwljs ls O;ogkj djuk gh euq";ksa dk dÙkZO; gSA
euq"; vusd vkUrfjd ewY;ksa dk Lokeh gksrk gS] ftUgsa nwljksa osQ ç;kstuksa dks iwjk djus osQ mi;ksx esa ugha ykuk pkfg,A vfèkdkj
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dÙkZO; osQ vkèkkj ij feys gSa] çÑfr ls ughaA bl lacaèk esa dSUV dk fopkj Fkk fd ¶deZ bl rjhosQ ls djks fd rqe ges'kk ekuork
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dks çLrqr djks] pkgs vius Lo;a esa] ;k vU; fdlh euq"; osQ :i esa] dnkfi egt ,d lkèku osQ :i esa ugha] cfYd loZnk mlosQ
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lkFk&lkFk ,d lkè; osQ :i esa HkhA¸ lelkef;d mnkjokn fdlh mís'; ;k ç;kstu ls lacafèkr ugha gS] pkgs os fdrus Hkh ewY;oku
D;ksa u le>s tk,¡A ;g muosQ çfr fdlh çdkj dk i{kikr ugha djrk] D;ksafd vfèkdkj fgrksa ls igys vkrs gSaA

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tkslsiQ jSt Lok;Ùkrk dks mnkjoknh èkjkry ij LFkkfir djrs gSaA muosQ vuqlkj Lok;Ùk vkpj.k dh ;ksX;rkvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk Lok;Ùk

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thou dh mi;ksfxrk dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A Lok;Ùkrk dk iQk;nk osQoy ilUn Hkj djus esa ugha gS vkSj u gh bldk ykHk

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fdlh ;ksX;rk ;k 'krZ esa gS] ijUrq Lok;Ùkrk dk ykHk Lok;Ùk thou esa gSA ;g rHkh ewY;oku ekuh tk,xh] tc ;g HkykbZ gsrq O;ogkj
esa ykbZ tk,xhA ilan] Lok;Ùkrk dks ewY;oku cukrh gSA ;gh Lok;Ùkrk dks mldk vFkZ çnku djrh gSA og vktknh tks fdlh cy&ç;ksx
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ls çkIr ugha dh xbZ] og ewY;oku gS] D;ksafd ;gh Lok;Ùk thou dks çèkkurk nsrh gSA
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jSt vfèkdkjksa ,oa dÙkZO;ksa osQ chp vUrj Li"V djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd vfèkdkj dÙkZO;ksa osQ vkèkkj gSaA fdlh O;fDr dks dksbZ
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vfèkdkj rHkh feyrk gS] tc og ml vfèkdkj dks èkkj.k dj ldrk gSA ;g ugha fd osQoy vfèkdkj gh dÙkZO;ksa dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA

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dÙkZO;ksa dk nwljs fopkjksa osQ vkèkkj ij Hkh lacaèk gksrk gSA fdlh O;fDr dks vfèkdkj blfy, feyrk gS] D;ksafd mldk fgr nwljs O;fDr
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osQ dÙkZO; osQ vèkhu jgus osQ fy, ,d lgh fLFkfr gSA Lok;Ùkrk vfèkdkjksa }kjk lhfer gS vkSj vfèkdkj dÙkZO;ksa osQ ,d fo'ks"k lewg
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}kjkA bl çdkj osQ dÙkZO; vusd çdkj osQ gSaA jSt osQ vuqlkj ,d Lok;Ùk thou ewY;ksa vkSj voljksa osQ lkFk th;k tk ldrk gSA

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os lkaLÑfrd okrkoj.k dks Lusgiw.kZ rjhosQ ls thus osQ fy, dÙkZO;ksa osQ ikyu ij fo'ks"k cy nsrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd O;fDr dks thou
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osQ fgrksa osQ fy, opuc¼ gksuk pkfg, vkSj mlosQ lafoèkku rFkk dkuwu dks ml fgr osQ laj{k.k vkSj çksRlkgu osQ fy, iz;kljr gksuk
pkfg,A
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(iv) U;k;µU;k;laxr lekt dks crkus osQ fy, tkWu jkWYl ,d fl¼kar lewg dk çfriknu djrs gSa vkSj ;g ekurs gSa fd blls

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le>nkj O;fDr ,der gksaxsA ;s fl¼kar lkewfgd thou osQ fy, ,dleku rFkk fu"i{k vkèkkj cukrs gSaA ;g U;k;&lacaèkh fl¼kar (1)
laLFkkvksa gsrq fl¼kar vkSj (2) O;fDr;ksa gsrq fl¼karµbu nks izdkjksa osQ fl¼karksa dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSaA laLFkkvksa gsrq fl¼kar lekt dh
ekSfyd lajpuk ij ykxw gksrs gSa] tcfd O;fDr;ksa gsrq laLFkkvksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa osQ chp dÙkZO;ksa ,oa lhekvksa dks fuf'pr djrs gSaA
jkWYl osQ erkuqlkj O;fDr çkÑfrd ,oa lhek osQ vkèkkj ij ,d U;k;laxr lekt dh lkekftd izFkkvksa }kjk ekuus dks ckè;
gSA blfy, os dÙkZO; vkSj caèkuksa osQ chp vUrj crkrs gSaA dÙkZO; O;fDr;ksa ij mudh LohÑfr dk [;ky fd, fcuk ykxw fd, tkrs
gSaA D;ksafd caèku uSfrd gksrs gSa] dÙkZO; fdlh laLFkk ;k lkekftd O;oLFkk ls c¡èks gq, ugha gksrsA ;g osQoy O;fDr;ksa ls lacafèkr gksrs
gSaA mnkjoknh ijaijk vfèkdkj rFkk dÙkZO;ksa osQ chp lacaèk osQ fopkj ij vHkh Hkh tfVy gSA vfèkdkj dks izkFkfedrk nsus okys fopkj
dÙkZO;ksa dks vfèkdkjksa osQ çfr enn djus okyk cukus dh Hkkouk j[krs gSaA dÙkZO;ksa ij tksj rc egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS tc mnkjoknh]
nwljh fopkj ijaijk ij viuk è;ku osQfUær yxrs gSaA

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 iz'u 3- ukxfjdrk ij ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k dh tkap dhft,A
mÙkjµukxfjdrk osQ fo"k; esa lS¼kfUrd lansgksa dks ukxfjdrk osQ c<+rs gq, egÙo us fgyk fn;k gSA ukxfjdrk jktuhfrd ewY;ksa
,oa çfØ;kvksa ls tqM+h gSA bl dkj.k bldk vkSj Hkh vfèkd egÙo gSA ukxfjdrk dh O;k[;k esa le;&le; ij vusd cnyko vk,
gSAa
fofHkUu ifjçs{;ksa ls tqM+h ukxfjdrk dh vusd ifjHkk"kk,¡ gSaA tulkekU; eas O;kIr vfèkdkjksa ,oa dÙkZO;ksa okys jktuhfrd leqnk;
dh lnL;rk osQ :i esa ukxfjdrk dks ekuk tk ldrk gSA ;g lnL;rk lfØ; ;k rVLFk nksuksa rjg dh gks ldrh gSA rVLFk lnL;rk
okys ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa ,oa nkf;Roksa osQ fuekZ.k eas dksbZ lfØ; Hkwfedk ugha fuHkkus osQ ckn Hkh muosQ gdnkj gksrs gSaA fdUrq lfØ;
ukxfjdrk esa leqnk;ksa osQ jktuhfrd thou ls lacafèkr vfèkdkjksa ,oa nkf;Roksa eas lfØ; Hkkx ysuk 'kkfey gSA ;|fi jkT; lHkh dks
oqQN vfèkdkj çnku djrk gS] ijUrq ukxfjdksa dks oqQN fo'ks"k vfèkdkj çkIr gksrs gSa] tks xSj&ukxfjdksa dks çkIr ugha gksrsA
ekDlZoknh vuqHko djrs gSa fd iw¡thoknh jkT; dk fl¼kar lkekftd lacaèkksa dks ukxfjdksa osQ chp muosQ oxZ lacaèkksa dh O;k[;k

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djrs gq, lacaèkksa osQ :i esa iqu% vkjksfir djrk gSA ukxfjdrk dks vkxs ys tkus okyh ekuo eè;LFkrk iw¡thokn osQ Hkhrj fojksèkkHkklksa
dks vkSj c<+kok nsrh gSA ekDlZoknh ijEijk ukxfjdrk osQ eqís ls yxkrkj tqM+h gqbZ ugha gS] vfirq bl fo"k; esa xgu }Srokn gSA ekDlZokn

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Li"V :i ls ;g ugha crkrk fd ukxfjdrk dh èkkj.kk iw¡thokn esa dc ls fu;ksftr gqbZ\ fdUrq ;g fuf'pr gS fd ukxfjdrk osQ lkFk

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vfèkdkj] U;k; vkSj Lokèkhurk }Srokn dh èkkj.kk,¡ fudVrk ls tqM+h gSaA ekDlZokfn;ksa osQ fy, lHkh oxks± esa foHkkftr lektksa esa ewyHkwr
lkekftd lacaèk oxZ&lacaèk gSaA ;s oxZ&lacaèk Lo;a dks ekSfyd lacaèk crkrs gSa] rks lkekftd lacaèk mls oxZ&lacaèk osQ nyny eas [khap

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ysaxs] ftlls lkekftd ,drk ladV esa iM+ tk,xhA ekDlZoknh roZQ nsrs gSa fd lkekftd fj'rs vkn'kZokn ls ukxfjdksa osQ chp fj'rksa
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osQ :i esa curs gSaA ukxfjdksa dks Lora=k vkSj leku ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] ftldk cktkj osQ fofue; lacaèkksa esa viuk LFkku gksrk gSA
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bl fofue; O;oLFkk osQ ,tsaV vius mRiknksa osQ fofue; gsrq Lora=k gksrs gSaA ,slh çfØ;k esa lkekftd fj'rs dks oxZ&lacaèk dk uke

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fn;k tkrk gSA ekDlZokfn;ksa osQ fy, jkT; fl¼kUrokn dk iw¡thokn lfgr lHkh lektksa esa okLrfod vkèkkj gS] tks lkekftd okLrfodrk
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dk vuU; o ,di{kh; çLrqrhdj.k gSA lkekftd dk;ZdÙkkZ blosQ ekè;e ls lekt esa viuh Hkwfedk ryk'krs gSaA iw¡thoknh lekt esa

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fl¼karokn dh çcyrk jkT; dh laLFkkxr vkSj fopkjijd ifjLrjksa osQ dkj.k çHkkoh cuh jgrh gSA ;s laLFkk,¡ lkoZtfud f'k{kk] ehfM;k]
ukxfjd ny] Jfed la?k] U;kf;d laxBu] èkkfeZd laxBu vkfn gksrs gSaA bldh 'krks± osQ rgr lkekftd dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dh ltxrk
ukxfjdksa dh ltxrk gksrh gS] tc rd bls iw¡thoknh rFkk oxZ&la?k"kZ osQ fooknksa }kjk mu ij dkcw ikus dh pqukSrh ugha nh tkrhA

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ekDlZoknh mnkjoknh yksdra=k }kjk leku rFkk Lora=k ukxfjdrk dh èkkj.kk dh nksgjh lekykspuk dh ek¡x djrs gSaµ
(1) ;g O;kikjh oxZ dh Lora=krk ls lacafèkr cktkj osQ Åijh eq[kkSVs dks n'kkZrh gSA

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(2) ukxfjdrk ls tqM+s vfèkdkj ,oa dÙkZO; egÙoiw.kZ gSaA

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lekftd oxZ lkekftd dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dks ukxfjdrk ls tqM+h Lora=krk osQ fcuk Lo;a dks laxfBr ugha dj ldrsA

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iz'u 5- jkT; vkSj ukxfjd lekt osQ eè; foHksn dhft;sA

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mÙkjµeuq"; ,d lkekftd çk.kh gS ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ dkj.k ,d jktuhfrd çk.kh Hkh cu x;k gSA bl çdkj mlosQ thou esa
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jkT; ,oa ukxfjd lekt nksuksa dk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA jkT; o ukxfjd lekt osQ chp lacaèk rqyukRed gSA IysVks rFkk vjLrw jkT; o lekt

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esa vUrj ugha djrs FksA mudk fopkj Fkk fd jkT; gh lekt gS vkSj lekt gh jkT;A ml le; jkT; us osQoy ,d jktuhfrd laxBu
n
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cfYd ,d èkk£ed] vk£Fkd ,oa lkaLÑfrd leqnk; Hkh FkkA vr% ml le; lekt o jkT; esa varj u ekuuk furkUr LokHkkfod FkkA

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eqlksfyuh us Hkh dgk gS] ¶lHkh oqQN jkT; osQ vUrxZr gSA jkT; osQ fo#¼ ;k ckgj oqQN Hkh ugha gSA¸ ysfdu eSdkboj jkT; o lekt

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dks ,d ugha ekursA muosQ vuqlkj jkT; ,oa lekt osQ chp Li"V Hksn gSA jktuhfr dks lkekftdrk osQ lkFk feykuk Hkzked gS] D;kasfd
bl çdkj u rks jkT; dks le>k tk losQxk vkSj u gh lekt dksA oqQN fo'ys"k.kksa osQ vkèkkj ij jkT; ftruk l'kDr gksxk] ukxfjd

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lekt mruk gh l'kDr gksxkA jkT; osQ dk;Z{ks=k esa foLrkj ukxfjd lekt osQ dk;Z{ks=k dks lhfer djsxkA ukxfjd lekt dk {ks=k
jktuhfrd {ks=k ls vfèkd cM+k gSA
jkT; vkSj lekt % la?kVudkjh lacaèk
euq"; osQ ikjLifjd lacaèkksa ls lekt dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA jkbV osQ vuqlkj] ¶lekt O;fDr;ksa dk ,d lewg gh ugha gS] vfirq
fofHkUu lewgksa osQ O;fDr;ksa osQ chp lacaèkksa dh O;k[;k gSA¸ jkT; rFkk ukxfjd lekt vkil esa fojksèkh laLFkk,¡ ugha gSaA nksuksa ,d&nwljs
osQ dk;Z{ks=k dk vfrØe.k Hkh ugha djrhaA ;fn jkT; l'kDr gks] rc Hkh ukxfjd lekt osQ çHkko dks de ugha djrkA bl çdkj jkT;
rFkk ukxfjd lekt osQ chp ikjLifjd lacaèk gSa] tks ,d&nwljs dks etcwrh çnku djrs gSaA jkT; osQ fcuk ukxfjd lekt liQyrkiwoZd
dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA jkT; gh og <k¡pk çnku djrk gS] tks ukxfjd lekt lapkfyr djrk gSA blh çdkj ukxfjd lekt Hkh jkT;
osQ fy, vR;ar egÙo dk gSA jkT; çnÙk <k¡ps osQ fcuk lkeatL;iw.kZ thou dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrhA ukxfjd lekt dks

4
loZ'kfDr'kkyh jkT; osQ ckotwn eq[kj gksuk iM+rk gS] ojuk og nc tk,xkA jkT; ,oa ukxfjd lekt dk ijLij lacaèk vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ
gSA jkT;&lÙkk dk ç;ksx ukxfjd lekt osQ O;kid {ks=k esa gksrk gS ,oa ukxfjd lekt jkT;&lÙkk osQ çfr ltx jgrk gSA lekt osQ
vUrxZr tks fofHkUu leqnk; gksrs gSa] muesa jkT; ,d fo'ks"k fLFkfrçkIr jktuhfrd leqnk; gSA
jkT; rFkk ukxfjd lekt osQ chp lacaèk vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSA fofHkUu fopkjdksa us le;&le; ij buosQ lacaèk osQ fo"k; esa vius
fopkj O;Dr fd, gSaA nksuksa dh rqyukRed fLFkfr ns[kus ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd jkT; ftruk l'kDr gksxk] ukxfjd lekt mruk detksj
gksxk ;k jkT; ftruk detksj gksxk] ukxfjd lekt mruk gh etcwr gksxkA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd jkT; dh xfrfofèk dk {ks=k foLrkj ukxfjd
lekt dh Hkwfedk dks de djrk gSA mnkjoknh lektksa esa ukxfjd lekt dk nk;jk jkT; {ks=k ls cM+k gS] tcfd rkuk'kkgh lektksa eas
jkT; dk nk;jk ukxfjd lekt osQ nk;js ls cM+k gksrk gSA
mi;qZDr rqyuk ns[kus ij jkT; rFkk ukxfjd nks ijLij fojksèkh ladYiuk,¡ çrhr gksrh gSa] ijUrq ;g lR; ugha gSA bu nkssuksa osQ chp
dksbZ 'kwU; jkf'k ØhM+k lacaèk ugha gSA l'kDr jkT; fdlh Hkh çdkj ukxfjd lekt osQ çHkko dks de ugha djrkA buosQ chp ikjLifjd
v[k.M lacaèk gS] tks ,d&nwljs osQ egÙo dks cy çnku djrs gSaA jkT; osQ fcuk ukxfjd lekt liQyrkiwoZd dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA
jkT; gh og <k¡pk çnku djrk gS] tks ukxfjd lekt lapkfyr djrk gSA vr,o ukxfjd lekt jkT; osQ fcuk Bhd ls dke ugha dj
m
ldrkA ge bl <k¡ps osQ fcuk lkeatL;iw.kZ thou osQ ckjs eas ugha lksp ldrsA jkT; lÙkk dk ç;ksx ukxfjd lekt osQ O;kid {ks=k
esa fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA lkFk gh ukxfjd lekt dks jkT; lÙkk osQ çfr ltx jguk gksrk gS] ftlls og fujaoqQ'k u gks tk,A
o
iz'u 6- (d) iQklhokn
Hkkx&II

. c
r t
mÙkjµiQklhokn dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkus okys lqO;fLFkr ugha gSaA blfy, bldk vFkZ le>us esa dfBukbZ vkrh gSA iQklhokn osQ fopkjksa
g
dk tUe dbZ Ïksrksa o lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd ijaijkvksa ls gqvkA blosQ fopkjksa dks Hkyh izdkj le>us osQ fy, dksbZ çfrf"Br
in
ikB~;&xazFk ugha feyrkA oqQN fopkjksa tSls jkT;okn] uLyokn] lSU;okn] lkezkT;okn] fof'k"V oxZokn dh vk'kadk] iQklhoknh n`f"Vdks.k

a d
ij osQfUær djosQ dh tk ldrh gSA 19oha 'krh osQ var esa iQklhokn ;wjksi dh Økafr osQ ewM ls cgqr çHkkfor gqvkA Økafr osQ bl
a
ewM us mnkjoknh fopkjksa dks iqjkuk crk;kA lkekftd Mkjfouokn }kjk O;Dr ¶ek¡lyn'kZu¸ ls ckSf¼d okrkoj.k dks çksRlkgu feykA

m
y e Re
iQklhokn dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks Li"V djus okys fopkj vO;ofLFkr rFkk vifjiDo gSaA oqQN fopkjksa dh vk'kadk iQklhoknh fo'o
n`f"Vdks.k dh ckSf¼d fojklr ij osQfUær djosQ dh tk ldrh gSA iQklhokn dk dksbZ çfrf"Br xazFk ugha feyrk] tks blosQ fopkjksa
dks le>k losQA fiQj Hkh iQklhoknh çeq[k fopkjksa osQ vkèkkj ij muosQ fo'o n`f"Vdks.k dh jpuk dh tk ldrh gSA iQklhoknh fo'o
n`f"Vdks.k osQ çeq[k fopkj bl çdkj gSaµ
l
u d
in ks
iQklhokn roZQ rFkk O;fDrijd foKku dks udkjrk gSA blosQ vuqlkj thou dh tfVyrkvksa dks lkekU; fnekx xzg.k ugha dj
n oo
s t
ldrkA bl çdkj vckSf¼dokn rFkk iQklhokn fo'o n`f"Vdks.k dh ekSfyd ijr gSA eqlksfyuh] fgVyj vkfn dk vkns'k Fkk ¶eglwl

r
O b
djks]lkspkserA¸ vckSf¼dokn dks vkxs teZu nk'kZfud ijEijk esa fodflr fd;k x;kA xksfcuks (Úkal osQ ,d owQVuhfrK) dh jpukvksa

-
dk teZuh osQ bfrgkl ij çHkko iM+k vkSj mUgksaus tkrh; loksZPprk dk fl¼kar fodflr fd;kA psEcjysu us teZu lkekftd 'kq¼rk

.e o E
dks lqjf{kr j[kus osQ fy, ,d etcwr usrk dh vko';drk ij cy fn;kA fgVyj us ;gwfn;ksa dks mudh nq"Vrk osQ fy, fu'kkuk cuk;k
,oa muls ?k`.kk dhA f
b d
ghxy dh jpukvksa us iQklhoknh jkT;oknh dks vkxs c<+k fn;kA ghxy osQ fopkjksa esa vkxs c<+rs gq, rFkk ukxfjd lekt dh ijLij

we u an
fuHkZjrk dks foÑr djrs gq, eqlksfyuh us ?kks"k.kk dh fd ¶lc&oqQN jkT; osQ fy, gS] jkT; osQ ckgj oqQN ughaA¸ iQklhoknh jkT;okn
H
us lokZfèkdkjokn ls cgqr vfèkd çkIr fd;kA jkT; lÙkk dh iQklhoknh voèkkj.kk us ,d fuxeukRed jkT; lajpuk dh uhao j[k nhA

w Th
bVyh osQ iQklhokn rFkk teZuh osQ ukthokn dks ^nf{k.k dk lokZfèkdkjokn* dgk tkrk gSA bVyh rFkk teZuh] nksuksa esa mPpre ljdkjh
vaxksa us jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk osQUæhdj.k dj fn;kA bVyh dh laln~ us rks Lo;a dk gh mUewyu dj fy;kA bVyh esa iQklh ny rFkk

w
teZuh esa NASDP us Hkkjh ,d=khdj.k }kjk lgefr çkIr dhA teZuh dks usrk dh 'kfDr osQ dkj.k ¶Ý;wjjjkT;¸ ;k ¶usrkjkT;¸ dgk
tkrk FkkA bVyh esa M~;w'k jkT; rFkk ny nksuksa dk çfrfufèkRo djrk FkkA eqlksfyuh us jktra=k rFkk lsuk esa dksbZ gLr{ksi ugha fd;kA
iQklhokn osQ çfr ;qodksa esa tcjnLr vkd"kZ.k FkkA
([k) ukjhokn
mÙkjµukjhokn 'kCn dh mRifÙk oSQls gqbZ] bl fo"k; eas oqQN Li"V Kkr ugha gSA vusd er blosQ fofHkUu dkj.k crkrs gSa] ijUrq
vkerkSj ij ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd dkYifud lektoknh pkYlZ iQksfj;j us 19oha 'krkCnh esa bl 'kCn dk igyh ckj mi;ksx efgykvksa
osQ fy, leku vfèkdkj dk mYys[k djus osQ fy, fd;k FkkA 17oha rFkk 18oha 'krkCnh dh iw¡thoknh yksdrkfU=kd Økafr }kjk fn, x,
lekurk osQ opu ls efgykvksa dks vyx j[kk x;k FkkA vkS|ksfxd Økafr osQ ifj.kkeLo:i efgykvksa dh lkoZtfud jkstxkjksa esa mifLFkfr
c<+rh tk jgh FkkA blh le; efgykvksa osQ ckjs esa lkspk tkus yxk vkSj çkjafHkd 19oha 'krkCnh esa efgykvksa dk ,d i`Fkd~ fgr xqV

5
osQ :i esa mn; gqvkA mÙkj&vkSifuosf'kd lektksa esa ukjhoknh gLr{ksi dks ijaijkvksa osQ neu rFkk mifuos'kokn osQ neu] bu nksuksa ls
tw>uk iM+kA lekt esa efgykvksa dh fuEu Js.kh mldh Lora=krk efgykvksa osQ çfr ;kSu ,oa fyax osQ vkèkkj ij Hksn bR;kfn leL;kvksa
ij fopkj fd;k tkus yxk vkSj ;g lc ukjhoknh fl¼kar osQ varxZr vkrk gSA
ukjhoknh fopkj ,oa jktuhfr eas vkarfjd okn&fookn py jgs gSaA buosQ okn&fooknksa us ,d le`¼ lkfgR; cuk fn;k gSA ukjhoknh
fopkj osQ varxZr ukjhokn osQ rhu :i ekus tkrs gSa%
(1) mnkj ukjhokn
(2) lektoknh ukjhokn
(3) vkewy ukjhokn
(1) mnkj ukjhoknµmnkj ukjhokn dks mnkjoknh jkT; dh :ijs[kk osQ varxZr le>k tkrk gSA blesa lekurk] Lora=krk rFkk U;k;
dks mnkjoknh n'kZu osQ lanHkZ esa mudk fl¼kafrdj.k djrs gq, ;g Li"V fd;k tkrk gS fd ;s voèkkj.kk,¡ rc rd vi;kZIr gSa tc
rd fd ySafxd vk;ke dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrkA
m
(2) lektoknh ukjhoknµlektoknh ukjhokn ukjh osQ neu dks oxZ lekt osQ lkFk tksM+rs gSaA os ekDlZoknh oxhZdj.k dk lgkjk
ysrs gSa vkSj bl ckr dh vkykspuk djrs gSa fd ekDlZoknh fl¼kar esa ySafxd vaèkkiu gSA
o
. c
(3) vkewy ukjhoknµvkewy ukjhokn fir`ra=k dk iq#"k osQ vkfèkiR; dks ,d O;oLFkk osQ :i esa fl¼kafrdj.k djrs gSa] tks
vkfèkiR; dh vU; ç.kkfy;ksa ls Lora=k gS rFkk igys vkrk gSA vkewy ukjhokn esa 'kks"k.k rFkk neu osQ lHkh Lo:i ;kSu ij vkèkkfjr

ukjhoknh fopkjksa dk fujh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS%

(1) fir`r=a k
r t
neu ls curs gSaA ;|fi ;g :ijs[kk ukjhokn esa okn&fookn dh tfVyrk dks ugha idM+ ikrh vr% rhu fof'k"V fo"k;ksa osQ varxZr

ing
(2) ;kSu&fyax foHksn
(3) lkoZtfud@futh f}foHkktu a ad
iz'u 9- (d) mnkjokn dh vkykspuk
m
y e Re
mÙkjµmnkjokn dk jktuhfrd n'kZu lnk ls vkykspdksa dh leh{kk dh fo"k;&oLrq jgk gSA çoDrkvksa us fooknkRed O;k[;k,¡ çLrqr
dh gSa rFkk vkykspdksa us O;fDrokn ij ç'ufpÉ yxk, gSaA ykLdh bls iw¡thoknh oxZ osQ ewY;ksa dh vkykspuk dgrs gSa] ysfdu Lora=krk

l
u d
in ks
rFkk lgu'khyrk dh ç'kalk Hkh djrs gSaA ekbdy vkWclsV us dgk gS] ¶v'kksfèkr rFkk vleh{kkRed O;fDrokn dk n'kZu okLro esa
lkekftd yksdra=k ls ugha feyrk gSA¸ Dykfldh mnkjokn dh dqN vkykspuk,¡ fuEu çdkj gSa%
n oo
t
(1) ,d jokghu (Amorphous) fopkjèkkjkµDykfldh mnkjokn dks ,d jokghu (Amorphous) fopkjèkkjk dgk x;kA

O b
ckV~Veksj osQ vuqlkj] ¶,d O;fDr mnkjokn gsrq ,d mnkjoknh gks ldrk gS] tcfd ,d nwljk O;fDr mnkjokn osQ fo#¼ gksrs gq,

s r -
Hkh ,d mnkjoknh gks ldrk gSµ;s nksuksa jktuhfrd n`f"V ls ijLij fojksèkh fLFkfr;k¡ gSaA¸ mnkjokn osQ vuqlkj O;kikjh] Jfed la?k

.e o
dk usrk] tujy] flikgh] dkexkj] iw¡thoknh lHkh vius fgrksa dh ek¡x dj ldrs gSa rFkk lHkh O;fDrxr Lora=krk j[krs gSa] ysfdu
f E
lS¼kafrd :i ls ns[kk tk,] rks buesa vusd erHksn gks ldrs gSa] D;ksafd lHkh çdkj osQ O;fDr bls ç;ksx esa ykrs gSa] ftlosQ dkj.k

b d
mnkjokn viuh jktuhfrd] uSfrd rFkk ckSf¼d Li"Vrk cjdjkj ugha j[k ikrkA blosQ erHksn vusd fl¼karksa ij gSa] tSls vgLr{ksiokn]
n
jkT; dh Hkwfedk vkfnA
we H
u a
mnkjokn osQ y{; }kjk dksbZ Hkh Li"V vkSj uSfrd çfreku ugha cuk ikus osQ dkj.k ;g yksduhfr osQ :i esa lqlaxr uhfr ugha

w Th
gSA vusd vkykspd mnkjokn dh vLi"Vrk dh vkykspuk djrs gSa] ysfdu mnkjokn viuh vfuok;Zrk dks uSfrd ekinaM osQ vHkko
dh lfg".kqrk dgrk gSA

w (2) O;fDr rFkk lekt dh xyr èkkj.kkµ20oha 'krkCnh esa euq"; osQ mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu vk pqdk gS] ysfdu rc
Hkh ;g O;fDr dks vgadkjh] ,dkdh] lekt ls nwj rFkk jpukRed ekurk gS tks fd vius LokFkZiw.kZ fgrksa dh çkfIr esa yxs jgrs gSaA
,sls esa lekt ,d taxy dh rjg gks tkrk gS] tgk¡ yksx i'kqvksa osQ Hks"k esa jgrs gSaA lektoknh fopkjèkkjk O;fDr rFkk bl lekt dk
[kaMu djrs gSaA O;fDr dks lg;ksxh rFkk lkekftd çk.kh ekurh gSA dgrk gS fd O;fDr dh çd`fr dk vè;;u lekt ls vyx j[kdj
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lekt osQ fcuk vksou osQ vuqlkj O;fDr xSj&uSfrd gSA cSDl osQ vuqlkj ;g vçkd`frd gS] ekDlZ osQ fy,
i'kqor~] rks ekvks bls fo"k o ekjsl ujd dgrs gSaA
(3) iw¡thokn oxZZ dk n'kZuµmnkjokn iw¡thokn dk gh n'kZu Fkk] D;ksafd mnkjoknh vk£Fkd {ks=k esa jkT; osQ gLr{ksi dks ilan
ugha djrsA blhfy, fopkjdksa dk dguk Fkk fd ;g iw¡thokn dk vk£Fkd n'kZu gS] ftldk mís'; vk£Fkd lacaèkksa osQ fy,
lkekftd&jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks le>uk FkkA vkykspdksa osQ erkuqlkj mlosQ dY;k.kdkjh ç;kl iw¡thoknh oxZ osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk
o çksRlkgu lacaèkh mís'; osQ eq[; çlax FksA ykLdh osQ vuqlkj mnkjokn fuèkZuksa dks rqPN n`f"V ls ns[krk gSA mnkjokn lEifÙk osQ

6
vfèkdkj dks lkoZtfudrk çnku djrk gS] ijarq O;ogkj esa ns[kk tk,] rks osQoy vehj yksx gh lEifÙk osQ vfèkdkj dk lgh vkuan
mBkrs gSaA vFkZO;oLFkk mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa osQ Lokfe;ksa dks feyus okys ykHk osQ fy, dk;Zjr gks tkrh gS] pkgs jkT; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ
fu;a=k.k o funsZ'ku dh fdruh gh ckrsa D;ksa u djrk gksA
(4) jkT; dh udkjkRed ladYiukµmnkjokn dh lkekftd fgr dh dksbZ ldkjkRed èkkj.kk ugha Fkh] oju~ blosQ vgadkjh
O;fDrokn us lkekftd fgr dks ges'kk lansg dh n`f"V ls ns[kkA ,d fopkjèkkjk osQ :i esa ljdkj ls lacafèkr bldh èkkj.kk iw.kZ:is.k
udkjkRed FkhA dkyZ ekDlZ us crk;k fd iw¡thokfn;ksa rFkk Jfedksa osQ fgrksa esa Hkh ijLij fojksèk gksrk gSA iw¡thokfn;ksa osQ ikl mRiknksa
osQ ykHk dk tks va'k tkrk gS] og etnwjksa dh etnwjh esa ls gh fudkyk tkrk gSA udkjkRed mnkjokn us ekDlZ dks Jfedksa osQ 'kks"k.k
dh ,d vkSj rLohj fn[kkbZA mnkjoknh vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ vuqlkj muosQ }kjk o£.kr O;oLFkk LokHkkfod FkhA ysfdu ekDlZ us ;g le>kus
dh dksf'k'k dh fd O;oLFkk LokHkkfod ugha gS] cfYd ,sfrgkfld gS ,oa 'kks"k.k iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dk iQy gSA 19oha 'krkCnh osQ chp
rd vkrs&vkrs mnkjokn osQ lkeus pqukSfr;k¡ [kM+h gksus yxhaA mldh os èkkj.kk,¡] tks ekuo Lo:i lekt] vUrO;ZoLFkk vkfn ls jkT;
ls lacafèkr Fkha] mu ij ç'ufpÉ yxus yxs vkSj buosQ var esa Dykfldh mnkjokn yksdfgrdkjh mnkjokn esa ifjo£rr gksus yxkA
fdlh Hkh fopkjèkkjk dh vkykspuk dk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd mldh mi;ksfxrk lekIr gks tkrh gSA blh çdkj mnkjokn dh
vkykspuk djus dk vFkZ blosQ ,sfrgkfld egÙo o ;ksxnku dks de djuk ugha gSA mnkjokn us lalkj osQ bfrgkl ij viuk Li"V çHkko

o m
NksM+k FkkA mnkjokn osQ dkj.k vkS|ksxhdj.k dks çksRlkgu feykA Lora=k O;kikj dh uhfr osQ dkj.k fofHkUu ns'kksa dh HkkSxksfyd] jktuhfrd]
lkekftd] çtkrh; ,oa vk£Fkd i`Fkd~rk nwj gks xbZ vkSj lalkj osQ yksx ,d&nwljs osQ lehi vk x,A mnkjokn us Lora=krk] lekurk]

. c
cUèkqRo] yksdra=k vkfn çxfr'khy ukjs fn, ,oa :f<+okfnrk osQ fo#¼ l'kDr yM+kbZ dh gSA vk£Fkd fopkjèkkjk us vkS|ksfxd fodkl

r t
esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] rks lkekftd fopkjèkkjk us eqDr cktk: lekt dh LFkkiuk dhA jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk us mnkjoknh yksdra=k
g
osQ fy, txg cukbZ] rks uSfrdoknh fopkjèkkjk us O;fDrokn dks fot; fnykbZA bl rjg ls mnkjokn dk çR;sd y{k.k vkykspuk osQ
n
ckotwn cgqr ykHkdkjh jgkA 19oha 'krkCnh esa ekDlZoknh pqukSfr;ksa osQ dkj.k mnkjokn esa dqN fojksèkkHkkl [kM+s gksus yxs] ftlosQ dkj.k
i
a
;g Dykfldh mnkjokn dY;k.kdkjh mnkjokn esa cnyus yxkA mnkjokfn;ksa us ppZ ,oa lkeUrksa osQ fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa ij vkèkkfjr

ad
eè;dkyhu lkekftd] vk£Fkd rFkk èkk£ed O;oLFkk dk ?kksj fojksèk djosQ muosQ LFkku ij Lora=krk] lekurk] caèkqRo ,oa yksdra=k

o"kks± dh vesfjdh lH;rk okLro esa mnkjoknh vkn'kZ dh gh iw.kZrk gSA¸ m

y e Re
dks çfrf"Br fd;kA dqN ifjorZuksa us mnkjokn osQ ikjaifjd {ks=k esa mldh miyfCèk;ksa dks detksj cuk;k] ysfdu fiQj Hkh mPpre
mnkjoknh ewY;ksa rFkk laLFkkvksa dh çfrc¼rk us mnkjokn dh vfuok;Zrk dks de ugha gksus fn;kA ykLdh us fy[kk gS] ¶fiNys Ms<+

iz'u 9- ([k) dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ij ledkyhu ifjppkZ

l
u d
in ks
mÙkjµdY;k.kdkjh jkT; ifjorZu ij ugha] vfirq la'kksèku ij fo'okl djrk gSA yksxksa dks muosQ d"V osQ fy, ftEesnkj ugha
Bgjk;k tk ldrkA dY;k.kdkfjrk dk vkèkqfud fl¼kar Lora=krk] lekurk] U;k; vkfn ewy jktuhfrd voèkkj.kkvksa dh iquO;ZoLFkk
n oo
s t
ij fuHkZj djrk FkkA fofHkUu fo}kuksa us fofHkUu rjhdksa ls dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dks mfpr Bgjk;k gSA fdlh us dgk fd ;g Lora=k O;kikfjd
O b
iw¡thokn osQ oqQçHkkoksa dks nwj djrk gS] fdlh us dgk ;g Lora=krk dks c<+krk gS] fdlh us dgk ;g U;k; (lkekftd U;k; lfgr)
r -
dh O;oLFkk djrk gS] rks fdlh us dgk fd ;g ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dks dk;Z:i çnku djrk gSA oqQN vU; vkèkkjksa ij Hkh dY;k.kdkjh

.e o E
jkT; dks mfpr Bgjk;k x;k gS_ tSls
f
(1) jkT; vkSj cktkjµdY;k.kdkjh jkT; ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djrk gS tks O;kikfjd la?kksa] cgqjk"Vªh; rFkk ijjk"Vªh;

b d
fuxeksa dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ çHkqRo dks lhfer dj nsrh gSA jkT; yksxksa dhs n'kkvksa esa lqèkkj dj ldrk gSA mUgsa lkekftd rFkk vk£Fkd lqj{kk

we u an
çnku dj ldrk gSA lekt esa jgus okys lHkh ukxfjdksa dks fcuk fdlh oxhZ; vkèkkj osQ lkekftd thou dk ,d U;wure Lrj miyCèk
djok ldrk gSA
H
w Th
(2) O;fDroknhµdY;k.kdkfjrk O;fDr dh Lok;Ùkrk esa fufgr ,d rF; gSA ;fn dY;k.kdkfjrk u gks] rks yksxksa dh çkFkfedrk,¡
lhfer gks tk,¡xhA

w (3) oS;fDrd Lora=krk dh lao`f¼µmnkjoknh jkT; dk dk;Z Lora=k lekt osQ vfLrRo dks cy nsuk rFkk uSfrdrk dks cuk,
j[kuk gSA bldk eq[; dk;Z fuj{krk] fuèkZurk] xanxh vkfn dks nwj djosQ ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh LFkkiuk djuk gS] tgk¡ ukxfjd viuh
{kerkvksa dks fcuk ckèkk osQ fu[kkj losaQA bl çdkj jkT; Lora=krk dk Ïksr ,oa dY;k.kdkfjrk dh 'krZ gksA
(4) lekurkµlHkh lektksa esa mifLFkr vlekurk dks jktuhfrd rjhdksa ls 'kq¼ djuk vko';d gksrk gSA mnkjoknh dY;k.kdkjh
jkT; ,sls lerkokn dk roZQ nsrk gS] tks iw¡thoknh cktk: lekt esa vk£Fkd o lkekftd lekurkvksa dks vius esa LFkku ns losQA lerkoknh
ç;klksa ls dY;k.kdkfjrk esa o`f¼ djuk jkT; dk uSfrd nkf;Ro gSA
(5) vfèkdkjµdY;k.kdkjh jkT; dks vfèkdkjksa osQ lanHkZ eas mfpr ekuk tkrk gSA dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ls tqM+s vfèkdkj ,sls
vfèkdkj gks ldrs gSa] tc lalkèkuksa osQ LokfeRo dh vis{kk mlosQ iqu% forj.k gsrq mRihM+u dh vkSfpR;rk lgh ekuh tk,A ;s vfèkdkj
nwljksa ls vkØed xfrfofèk;ksa ls cpko osQ vfèkdkj rFkk nwljksa osQ vius O;ogkj dks vuqowQy cukus osQ vfèkdkj gksaxsA

7
 (6) ukxfjdrkµdY;k.kdkjh jkT; osQ ekè;e ls ukxfjdrk us lekt esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks ,dhÑr dj fn;k gSA ukxfjdrk oxZ
ij ifjorZu vkjksfir djrh gSA Lora=k Hkk"k.k ,oa vfèkdkj (dkuwu)] jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd lacaèkh vfèkdkjksa dh rhu Jsf.k;ksa dh
igpku ukxfjdrk osQ fl¼kar osQ vUrxZr dh tkrh gSA
(7) U;k;µdY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh U;k; dh voèkkj.kk lalkèkuksa osQ oSèkiw.kZ forj.k ls yksxksa osQ fgr&Lrjksa ls lacafèkr gSA blosQ
varxZr oafprksa dks vfèkdre ykHk gksuk pkfg, rFkk çR;sd dks mfpr volj dh lekurk dh fLFkfr esa in o çfr"Bk dh çkfIr lqyHk
gksA

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