Section 8.

4 Trigonometric Substitutions 577

2 2 2 cos 2 x 1 2 2
1
2
x3 1
2
x sin x cos x 0
1
2 2
dx 2
3
0 1
2
cos 2 x dx 1
2
dx
12 0 2 4 0 8 0 8 0
2 2 2 2 8 2 3 4 2

3
1
2
sin 2 x 0
1
2
x 0 3
0 4
1
12
The centroid is 3
, 812 3 .
16 8

3 2 3
74. V sin x sec x dx sin 2 x 2sin x sec x sec2 x dx
0 0
3 3 3 3 1 cos 2 x 3 3
sin 2 x dx 2 tan x dx sec 2 x dx 2
dx 2 ln |sec x | 0 tan x 0
0 0 0 0
3 3
2 0
dx 2 0
cos 2 x dx 2 ln sec 3 ln sec 0 tan 3
tan 0
3 3
2
x 0 4
sin 2 x 0
2 ln 2 3 2 3
0 4
sin 2 3
sin 2(0) 2 ln 2 3

2
3 4 21 3 48 ln 2
6 8
2 ln 2 3 24

8.4 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS

3d |cos | cos
1. x 3 tan , 2 2
, dx , 9 x2 9 1 tan 2 9 sec2 1 1
3|sec | 3 3
;
cos2 9 x2
because cos 0 when 2 2
;
cos d 9 x2
dx 3 2
d
cos
ln | sec tan | C ln 3
x
3
C ln 9 x 2 x C
9 x2 3cos

3 dx
2. ; [3 x u,3 dx du ] du ;u tan t , 2
t 2
, du dt , 1 u 2 | sec t | sec t ;
1 9 x2 1 u2 cos2 t

du dt sec t dt ln | sec t tan t | C ln u 2 1 u C ln 1 9 x 2 3x C

1 u2 cos2 t (sec t )

2 dx 1 1x 2 1 tan 1 1 1 tan 1 ( 1 1
3. 2
tan 2 2 2 2
1) 2 4 2 4 4
2 4 x2

2 1 2 dx 1x 2
4. dx
2 0 4 x2
1 1
2 2
tan 2 0
1 1
2 2
tan 1 1 1
2
tan 1
0 1
2
1
2 4
0 16
0 8 2 x2

32 dx 1x 32 11 1
5. sin 3 0
sin 2
sin 0 6
0 6
0 9 x2

12 2 2 dx 1 2 1 1/ 2 1 1 1
6. ; t 2 x, dt 2 dx dt sin t sin sin 0 0
0 1 4x 2 0 1 t 2 0 2 4 4

7. t 5sin , 2 2
, dt 5 cos d , 25 t 2 5 cos ;
1 cos 2 sin 2
25 t 2 dt 5 cos 5 cos d 25 cos 2 d 25 2
d 25 2 4
C

25 25 1 t t 25 t 2 25 sin 1 t t 25 t 2
2
sin cos C 2
sin 5 5 5
C 2 5 2
C

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578 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

8. t 1
3
sin , 2 2
, dt 1
3
cos d , 1 9t 2 cos ;

1 9t 2 dt 1
3
cos cos d 1
3
cos2 d 1
6
sin cos C 1
6
sin 1 (3t ) 3t 1 9t 2 C

9. x 7
2
sec , 0 2
, dx 7
2
sec tan d , 4 x 2 49 49 sec2 49 7 tan ;
7 sec tan d
dx 4 x 2 49
2
2
7 tan
1
2
sec d 1 ln |sec
2
tan | C 1
2
ln 27x 7
C
4x 49

10. x 3
5
sec , 0 2
, dx 3
5
sec tan d , 25 x 2 9 9 sec 2 9 3 tan ;
5 3 sec tan d
5 dx 5 5x 25 x 2 9
2 3 tan
sec d ln |sec tan | C ln 3 3
C
25 x 9

11. y 7 sec , 0 2
, dy 7 sec tan d , y2 49 7 tan ;
y 2 49 7 tan 7 sec tan d
y
dy 7 sec
7 tan 2 d 7 sec2 1 d 7 tan C

y 2 49 1 y
7 7
sec 7
C

12. y 5 sec , 0 2
, dy 5 sec tan d , y2 25 5 tan ;
y 2 25 5 tan 5 sec tan d
dy 1
5
tan 2 cos 2 d 1
5
sin 2 d 1
10
1 cos 2 d
y3 125 sec3
1 y
y 2 25 sec y 2 25
1 1 1 y 5 5
10
sin cos C 10
sec 5 y y
C 10
C
2 y2

13. x sec , 0 2
, dx sec tan d , x2 1 tan ;

dx sec tan d d x2 1
2 2 2 sec
sin C x
C
x x 1 sec tan

14. x sec , 0 2
, dx sec tan d , x2 1 tan ;
2 dx 2 tan sec d 1 cos 2
2 cos2 d 2 2
d sin cos C
x3 x 2 1 sec3 tan
2 x2 1
tan cos 2 C sec 1
x x2 1 1
x
C sec 1
x C
x2

15. u 9 x2 du 2 x dx 1 du
2
x dx;
x dx 1
2
1 du u C 9 x2 C
9 x2 u

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 Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitutions 579

16. x 2 tan , 2 2
, dx 2 sec 2 d , 4 x2 4sec2 ;
4 tan 2 2sec2 d
x 2 dx 2 tan 2 d 2 sec 2 1 d 2 sec 2 d 2 d
4 x2 4 sec2
1 x
2 tan 2 C x 2 tan 2
C

2d
17. x 2 tan , 2 2
, dx , x2 4 2
cos
;
cos2
8 tan 3 cos d sin 3 d cos 2 1 sin d
x3 dx 8 8 ; [t cos , dt sin d ]
x 2
4 cos2 cos4 cos 4
32
x2 4
2 3 x2 4
8 t 4 1 dt 8 1 1 dt 8 1
t
1 C 8 sec sec
3
C 8 2 83
C
t t2 t4 3t 3

32
1
3
x2 4 4 x2 4 C 1
3
x2 8 x2 4 C

18. x tan , 2 2
, dx sec2 d , x2 1 sec ;
2
dx sec d cos d 1 x2 1
sin
C x
C
x 2
x 2
1 tan 2 sec sin 2

19. w 2 sin , 2 2
, dw 2 cos d , 4 w2 2 cos ;
8 dw 8 2 cos d d 2 4 w2
2
2 2 cot C w
C
w 2
4 w 2 4 sin 2 cos sin 2

20. w 3 sin , 2 2
, dw 3 cos d , 9 w2 3 cos ;
9 w2 3cos 3cos d 1 sin 2
dw cot 2 d d csc2 1 d
w2 9 sin 2
sin 2

9 w2
cot C w
sin 1 w3 C

x 1 1 x
21. dx Multiply the integrand by .
1 x 1 x

x 1 x 1
dx dx where 1 x 1
1 x 1 x2

x sin , dx cos d , so that cos 0 and 1 x 2 cos .

2 2

x 1 sin 1
dx cos d
1 x 2 cos
sin 1 d cos C

sin 1 x 1 x2 C

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