Analysis of Laminates

Introduction Theory of Laminated Beams Theory of Laminated Plates with Coupling Stiffness Characteristics of Selected Laminate
Analysis of laminates
WWEF
Luis Barreiro1 Emeldo Caballero2 and Jorge Peña 3
1 Facultad de Ingenierı́a
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolı́var

Universidad Libre - Universidad Tecnológica de Bolı́var

Universidad Simón Bolı́var - Universidad Tecnológica de Bolı́var
April, 2018
Luis Barreiro, Emeldo Caballero and Jorge Peña Universidad Tecnológica de Bolı́var
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Theory of Laminated Beams
Flexural Stresses and Deflections
Shear Stresses and Deflections
3 Theory of Laminated Plates with Coupling
4 Stiffness Characteristics of Selected Laminate Configurations
Specially Orthotropic Laminates
Generally Orthotropic Laminates
Symmetric Laminates
Antisymmetric Laminates
Quasi-Isotropic Laminates
5 Derivation and Use of Laminated Compliances
Inversion of Laminate Force-Deformation Equations
Determination
Luis Barreiro, Emeldo Caballero and Jorge of
PeñaLamina Stresses and StrainsUniversidad Tecnológica de Bolı́var
Outline
1 Introduction
Symmetric Laminates
Determination
Outline
1 Introduction
Symmetric Laminates
Determination
Theory of Laminated Plates with Coupling
Classical Lamination Theory (CLT).
We can analyze nonsymmetric laminates whose arbitrarily oriented

plies may have various coupling effects that may lead to complex
combinations of extensional, flexural, and torsional deformations.
This theory allow to include in-plane loading due to shear and axial
forces and both bending and twisting moments.
The most important limitation of the CLT is that each ply is
assumed to be in a state of plane stress and that interlaminar
stresses are neglected.
The major difference between this theory and the classical theory
of homogeneous, isotropic plates [9] is in the form of the lamina
stress–strain relationships.
The deformation hypothesis, the equilibrium equations, and the
strain–displacement relationships are the same as those used in the
classical plate theory.
The laminate is made up of multiple laminae, it is assumed that
the individual laminae are perfectly bonded together so as to
behave as a unitary, nonhomogeneous anisotropic plate.
Interfacial slip is not allowed.
Interfacial bonds are not allowed to deform in shear.
The displacements across lamina interfaces are assumed to be

continuos.
Figura: Coordinate system and stress resultants for laminated plate
The basic assumptions relevant to the present static analysis,

outlined by Whitney, are:
1 The plate consists of orthotropic laminae bonded together,
with the principal material axes of the orthotropic laminae
oriented along arbitrary directions with respect to the xy axes.
2 The thickness of the plate, t, is much smaller than the lengths
along the plate edges, a and b.
3 The displacements u , v and w are small compared with the
plate thickness.
4 The in-plane strains x , y and λxy are small compared with
unity.
5 Transverse shear strains λxz and λyz are negligible.
6 Tangential displacements u and v are linear functions of the z

coordinate.
7 The transverse normal strain z is negligible.
8 Each ply obeys Hooke’s law.
9 The plate thickness t is constant.
10 Transverse shear stresses τxz and τyz vanish on the plate
surfaces defined by z = t/2.
Assumption 5 is a result of the assumed state of plane stress in

each ply.
Assumptions 5 and 6 together define the Kirchhoff deformation

hypothesis.
Assumptions 6 and 7, the displacements can be expressed as:
u = u 0 (x, y ) + zF 1(x, y )
v = v 0 (x, y ) + zF 2(x, y ) (1)
w = w 0 (x, y ) = w (x, y )
Recall of mechanics of materials, of the 2D-displacement

equations:
∂u ∂w
γxy = + (2)
∂z ∂x
and substituting eq (1) in the eq (2):
∂w
γxz = F1 (x, y ) + ∂x =0
(3)
∂w
γyz = F2 (x, y ) + ∂y =0
and that
∂w ∂w
F1 (x, y ) = − , F2 (x, y ) = − (4)
∂x ∂y
Substituting Equations (1) and Equations (4) in the

strain–displacement relations for the in-plane strains, we find that
∂u
x = ∂x = 0x + zκx
∂v
y = ∂y = 0y + zκy (5)
∂u ∂v 0 + zκ
γxy = ∂y + ∂x = γxy xy
where the strains on the middle surface are

∂u 0 0 ∂v 0 ∂u 0 ∂v 0
0x = , y = 0
, γxy = + (6)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
and the curvatures of the middle surface are

∂2w ∂2w ∂2w
κx = − , κy = − , κxy = −2 (7)
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x∂y
Since equation (5) give the strain at any distances z from the
middle surface, the stresses along arbitrary xy axes in the kth
lamina of the laminate may be found by substituting eq (5) into th
lamina stress - strain relationships as follows:
     0 
 σx  Q̄ 11 Q̄ 12 Q̄ 16  x + zκx 
σy =  Q̄ 12 Q̄ 22 Q̄ 26  0 + zκy (8)
 y0
τxy k Q̄ 16 Q̄ 26 Q̄ 66 k γxy + zκxy
  
In the laminated plate analysis, the midplane strains and curvatures

in Equations 8 must be related to applied forces and moments by
static equilibrium equations to make these equations more useful.
In the laminated plate analysis, however, it is convenient to use

forces and moments per unit length rather than forces and
moments.
The forces and moments per unit length shown in Figure 1 are also
referred to as stress resultants.
For example, the force per unit length, Nx, is given by

N
Z t/2 (Z )
X zk
Nx = σx dz = (σx )k dz (9)
−t/2 k=1 zk−1
and the moment per unit length, Mx, is given by

N
Z t/2 (Z )
X zk
Mx = σx z dz = (σx )k z dz (10)
−t/2 k=1 zk−1
Figura: Laminated plate geometry and ply numbering system
Substituting the lamina stress–strain relationships from Equations

7.34 into Equations 7.35 and 7.36, respectively, we find that
N Z
X zk
(Q̄ 11 )k (0x + zκx ) + (Q̄ 12 )k (0Y + zκY ) +

Nx =
k=1 zk−1
0
(Q̄ 16 )k (γxy + zκxy )dz
(11)
and
N Z
X zk
(Q̄ 11 )k (0x + zκx ) + (Q̄ 12 )k (0Y + zκY ) +

Nx =
k=1 zk−1
0
(Q̄ 16 )k (γxy + zκxy ) z dz
(12)
Combining terms and rearranging Equation 11 and Equation 12,

we find that
Nx = A11 0x + A12 0y + A16 γxy

0
+ B11 κx + B12 κy + B16 κxy (13)
and
Mx = B11 0x + B12 0y + B16 γxy

0
+ D11 κx + D12 κy + D16 κxy (14)
where the laminate extensional stiffnesses are given by

Z t/2 N
X
Aij = (Q̄ ij )k dz = (Q̄ ij )k (zk − zk−1 ) (15)
−t/2 k=1
The laminate-coupling stiffnesses are given by

Z t/2 N
1X
Bij = (Q̄ ij )k z dz = (Q̄ ij )k (zk2 − zk−1
2
) (16)
−t/2 2
k=1
and the laminate-bending stiffnesses are given by

Z t/2 N
1X 2
Dij = (Q̄ ij )k z dz = (Q̄ ij )k (zk3 − zk−1
3
) (17)
−t/2 3
k=1
0x
    
 Nx  A11 A12 A16 B11 B12 B16  
0y
   


 Ny 

  A12 A22 A26 B12 B22 B26 

 


0
    
Nxy A16 A26 A66 B16 B22 B26 γxy
    
= 
 Mx
 


 B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 D16 
 κx 

M B12 B22 B26 D12 D22 D26 κy
   
 y

 
  
 

   
Mxy

B16 B26 B66 D16 D26 D66
 
κxy
(18)

Nx
=[] (19)
Ny
Figura: Illustration of decomposition of coupling effects in a general

laminate loaded by a single force per unit length Nx.
Figura: Illustration of decomposition of coupling effects in a general

laminate loaded by a single bending moment per unit length Mx
Figura: Illustration of the difference between lamina level coupling and

laminate level coupling in a general laminate loaded by a single force per
unit length Nx.
Stiffness Characteristics of Selected Laminate

Configurations
Factors that govern the form of the laminate stiffness matrices:
Symmetry or antisymmetry of geometric and material

properties about the middle surface.
Ply orientations.
Ply-stacking sequences.
Outline
1 Introduction
Symmetric Laminates
Determination
Figura: Specially Orthotropic Laminates
A11 = Q11 t; A12 = Q12 t; A22 = Q22 t; A66 = Q66 t; A16 = A26 = 0;
Q11 t3 Q12 t3 Q22 t3 Q66 t3
D11 = ; D12 = ; D22 = ; D66 = ;
12 12 12 12
D16 = D26 = 0; all Bij = 0 (20)
Outline
1 Introduction
Symmetric Laminates
Determination
Figura: Generally Orthotropic Laminates
A11 = Q̄11 t; A12 = Q̄12 t; A22 = Q̄22 t; A66 = Q̄66 t; A16 = Q̄16 t;
Q̄11 t3 Q̄12 t3 Q̄22 t3 Q̄66 t3
A26 = Q̄26 t; D11 = ; D12 = ; D22 = ; D66 = ;
12 12 12 12
Q̄16 t3 Q̄26 t3
D16 = ; D26 = ; all Bij = 0 (21)
12 12
Figura: Components of the transformed lamina stiffness matrix
Symmetric Laminates
Outline
1 Introduction
Symmetric Laminates
Determination
Symmetric Laminates
Symmetric Laminates
A symmetric laminate has both geometric and material

property symmetry about the middle surface.
The ply material, ply orientation, and ply thickness at a
positive distance z from the middle surface are identical to the
corresponding values at an equal negative distance z from the
middle surface.
N
1X
Bij = (Q̄ ij )k (zk2 − zk−1
2
)=0 (22)
2
k=1
Symmetric Laminates
Figura: Exploded View of [+45/-45/-45/+45] Symmetric Laminate
Symmetric Laminates
Figura: Examples of symmetric laminates. Ply orientations and material

properties are symmetric about middle surface. (a) Symmetric angle-ply
and (b) symmetric cross-ply.
Symmetric Laminates
Such a symmetry condition when substituted in Equation (16)

leads to the major simplification that all Bij = 0.
Bending–stretching coupling will not be present in such laminates.
In-plane loads will not generate bending and twisting curvatures

that cause out-of-plane warping, and bending or twisting moments
will not produce an extension of the middle surface.
Outline
1 Introduction
Symmetric Laminates
Determination
Figura: Exploded View of [-45/+45/-45/+45] Antisymmetric Laminate
Figura: Examples of antisymmetric angle-ply laminates. Although ply

orientations are antisymmetric about middle surface, the material
distribution is symmetric.
From equations (15) y (17), the coupling terms

A16 = A26 = D16 = D26 = 0.
From equation (16), it can also be shown that
B11 = B12 = B22 = B66 = 0
Outline
1 Introduction
Symmetric Laminates
Determination
Consists of 3 or more identical orthotropic laminae oriented at the

same angle relative to the adjacent laminae. For N total laminae,
the angle between the adjacent laminae must be π/N.
Examples:
3 ply: [60/0/-60]
4 ply: [90/45/0/-45].
Quasi – isotropic laminate is isotropic only with respect to

extensional stiffness, Aij, not the bending stiffness, Dij, or the
coupling stiffness Bij .
Quasi – isotropic laminate concept is useful for predicting the
properties of randomly oriented fiber composites which are
planar isotropic.
Quasi – isotropic laminate represents a good compromise for
those who may be uncomfortable with directional properties in
other types of laminates.
Outline
1 Introduction
Symmetric Laminates
Determination
Determination of Lamina Stresses and Strains
Outline
1 Introduction
Symmetric Laminates
Determination
Determination of Laminate Engineering Constants
Outline
1 Introduction
Symmetric Laminates
Determination
Comparison of Measured and Predicted Compliances
Outline
1 Introduction
Symmetric Laminates
Determination
Appendix
For Further Reading
For Further Reading I
“Failure criteria for composite laminates.”

Analysis of Laminates

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Analysis of Laminates

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Introduction Theory of Laminated Beams Theory of Laminated Plates with Coupling Stiffness Characteristics of Selected Laminate

Luis Barreiro1 Emeldo Caballero2 and Jorge Peña 3

Universidad Tecnológica de Bolı́var

Universidad Libre - Universidad Tecnológica de Bolı́var

Universidad Simón Bolı́var - Universidad Tecnológica de Bolı́var

Flexural Stresses and Deflections

Flexural Stresses and Deflections

Shear Stresses and Deflections

Theory of Laminated Plates with Coupling

Classical Lamination Theory (CLT).

We can analyze nonsymmetric laminates whose arbitrarily oriented

Interfacial slip is not allowed.

Interfacial bonds are not allowed to deform in shear.

The displacements across lamina interfaces are assumed to be

Figura: Coordinate system and stress resultants for laminated plate

The basic assumptions relevant to the present static analysis,

6 Tangential displacements u and v are linear functions of the z

Assumption 5 is a result of the assumed state of plane stress in

Assumptions 5 and 6 together define the Kirchhoff deformation

Assumptions 6 and 7, the displacements can be expressed as:

Recall of mechanics of materials, of the 2D-displacement

Substituting Equations (1) and Equations (4) in the

where the strains on the middle surface are

and the curvatures of the middle surface are

In the laminated plate analysis, the midplane strains and curvatures

In the laminated plate analysis, however, it is convenient to use

For example, the force per unit length, Nx, is given by

and the moment per unit length, Mx, is given by

Figura: Laminated plate geometry and ply numbering system

Substituting the lamina stress–strain relationships from Equations

Combining terms and rearranging Equation 11 and Equation 12,

Nx = A11 0x + A12 0y + A16 γxy

Mx = B11 0x + B12 0y + B16 γxy

where the laminate extensional stiffnesses are given by

The laminate-coupling stiffnesses are given by

and the laminate-bending stiffnesses are given by

Figura: Illustration of decomposition of coupling effects in a general

Figura: Illustration of decomposition of coupling effects in a general

Figura: Illustration of the difference between lamina level coupling and

Stiffness Characteristics of Selected Laminate

Factors that govern the form of the laminate stiffness matrices:

Symmetry or antisymmetry of geometric and material

Specially Orthotropic Laminates

Specially Orthotropic Laminates

Specially Orthotropic Laminates

Figura: Specially Orthotropic Laminates

Generally Orthotropic Laminates

Generally Orthotropic Laminates

Generally Orthotropic Laminates

Figura: Generally Orthotropic Laminates

Generally Orthotropic Laminates

Figura: Components of the transformed lamina stiffness matrix

A symmetric laminate has both geometric and material

Figura: Exploded View of [+45/-45/-45/+45] Symmetric Laminate

Figura: Examples of symmetric laminates. Ply orientations and material

Such a symmetry condition when substituted in Equation (16)

Bending–stretching coupling will not be present in such laminates.

In-plane loads will not generate bending and twisting curvatures

Figura: Exploded View of [-45/+45/-45/+45] Antisymmetric Laminate

Figura: Examples of antisymmetric angle-ply laminates. Although ply

From equations (15) y (17), the coupling terms

Consists of 3 or more identical orthotropic laminae oriented at the

Quasi – isotropic laminate is isotropic only with respect to

Nx = A11 0x + A12 0y + A16 γxy

Mx = B11 0x + B12 0y + B16 γxy