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1
General Comparison between
AISC LRFD and ASD
2
AISC ASD and LRFD
• AISC = American Institute of Steel
Construction
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
6
ASD Load Combinations
Or you can use following load combinations with the
parameter ALSTRINC to account for the 1/3 allowable
increase for the wind and seismic load
1. 1.0D + 1.0L
2. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
3. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E
8
Deflection Load Combinations
for ASD and LRFD
• 1.0D + 1.0L
• 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
• 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
9
Forces and Stresses
• ASD = actual stress values are
compared to the AISC
allowable stress values
10
ASTM Steel Grade
• Comparison is between Table 1 of the AISC ASD 9th Edition
on Page 1-7 versus Table 2-1 of the AISC LRFD 3rd Edition on
Page 2-24
• A529 Gr. 42 of ASD, not available in LRFD
• A529 Gr. 50 and 55 are new in LRFD
• A441 not available in LRFD
• A572 Gr. 55 is new in LRFD
• A618 Gr. I, II, & III are new in LRFD
• A913 Gr. 50, 60, 65, & 70 are new in LRFD
• A992 (Fy = 50, Fu = 65) is new in LRFD (new standard)
• A847 is new in LRFD
11
Slenderness Ratio
• Compression
KL/r ≤ 200
• Tension
L/r ≤ 300
12
Tension Members
• Check L/r ratio
• Check Tensile Strength based on the cross-
section’s Gross Area
• Check Tensile Strength based on the cross-
section’s Net Area
13
Tension Members
ASD
ft = FX/Ag ≤ Ft Gross Area
ft = FX/Ae ≤ Ft Net Area
LRFD
Pu = FX ≤ ϕt Pn = ϕt Ag Fy ϕt = 0.9 for Gross Area
14
Tension Members
ASD (ASD Section D1)
15
Compare ASD to LRFD
ASD 1.0D + 1.0L
LRFD 1.2D + 1.6L
Z X o
-400.
17
Tension Members
• Member is 15 feet long
• Fixed at the top of the member and free at the bottom
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 400 kips tension force at the free end
• Load combinations based on the ASD and
LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes
18
Tension Members
ASD
LRFD
19
Tension Members
ASD
W18x46 Area = 13.5 in.2
FX = 400.688 kips Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2
FX = 640.881 kips Ratio = 0.989
20
Tension Members
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
640.881 / 400.688 = 1.599
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (1.5) × ASD
22
Tension Members
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 400 kips
W18x46 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 400 kips
W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989
Example # 2
Dead Load = 200 kips
Live Load = 200 kips
W14x43 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989
Code check W14x43 based on the ASD9
W14x43 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 1.06
23
Compression Members
• Check KL/r ratio
• Compute Flexural-Torsional Buckling and
Equivalent (KL/r)e
• Find Maximum of KL/r and (KL/r)e
• Compute Qs and Qa based on the b/t and h/tw
ratios
• Based on the KL/r ratio, compute allowable
stress in ASD or limiting force in LRFD
24
Compression Members
ASD
fa = FX/Ag ≤ Fa
LRFD
Pu = FX ≤ ϕc Pn = ϕc Ag Fcr
Where ϕc = 0.85
25
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
ASD
LRFD
26
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD
LRFD
KL / r 2
Q 1 Fy
2Cc
2
2 2 E
Fa Where Cc
5 3 KL / r KL / r
3
QFy
3 8Cc 8Cc 3
LRFD c Q 15
. (LRFD A-E3-2)
F
Qc 2 KL Fy
Fcr Q 0.658 Where c
y r E
28
Compression Members
ASD KL/r > C′c (ASD E2-2)
12 2 E 2 2 E
Fa Where Cc
23 KL / r
2
QFy
LRFD c Q 15
. (LRFD A-E3-3)
0.877 KL Fy
Fcr 2 Fy Where c
r
c E
29
Compression Members
LRFD
0.877 Fy
Fcr 2 Fy Where c
KL
c r E
0.877
Fcr Fy
2
KL Fy
r E
0.877 2 E . 2E
20171
Fcr Fcr
KL / r 23 KL / r
2 2
30
Compression Members
ASD LRFD
12 2 E . 2E
20171
Fa Fcr
23 KL / r 23 KL / r
2 2
Fcr / Fa = 1.681
31
Compression Members
ASD K y LY K z Lz KL
KL / r , ,
ry rz r e
KL E (ASD C-E2-2)
Where
r e Fe
LRFD
32
Compression Members
LRFD
Where:
K y Ly Fy
cy
ry E
K z Lz Fy
cz
rz E
Fy
e
Fe
33
Compression Members
Flexural-Torsional Buckling
2 EC 10 .
Fe w
GJ
K x Lx I y I z
2
34
Qs Computation
ASD
When 95 / Fy / k c b / t 195 / Fy / k c
Qs 1293
. 0.00309(b / t ) Fy / k c
4.05
kc if h / t 70, otherwise k c 10
.
h / t 0.46
LRFD
When 056
. E / Fy b / t 103
. E / Fy
Qs 1415
. 0.74(b / t ) Fy / E
35
Qs Computation
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD
When 95 / Fy / k c b / t 195 / Fy / k c
Qs 1293
. 0.00309(b / t ) Fy / k c
LRFD
. / Fy b / t 1754
When 9536 . / Fy
Qs 1415
. 0.004345(b / t ) Fy
36
Qs Computation
ASD
When b / t 195 / Fy / k c
Qs 26200k c / Fy b / t
2
LRFD
When b / t 103
. E / Fy
Qs 0.69 E / Fy b / t
2
37
Qs Computation
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD When b / t 195 / Fy / k c
Qs 26200k c / Fy b / t
2
LRFD When b / t 1754
. / Fy
Qs 20010 / Fy b / t
2
38
Qa Computation
ASD
253t 44.3
be 1 b
f (b / t ) f
LRFD
E 0.34 E
be 191
. t 1 b
f (b / t ) f
325.26t 57.9
Assume E 29000 ksi, be 1
f (b / t ) f
39
Compression Members
o -100.
Z X FIXED JOINT
40
Compression Members
• Member is 15 feet long
• Fixed at the bottom of the column and free at the top
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 100 kips compression force at the free end
• Load combinations based on the ASD and
LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes
41
Compression Members
ASD
LRFD
42
Compression Members
ASD
W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2
FX = 100.734 kips Ratio = 0.941
LRFD
W10x54 Area = 15.8 in.2
FX = 160.967 kips Ratio = 0.944
43
Compression Members
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
160.967 / 100.734 = 1.598
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD Fcr = (1.681) × ASD Fa
44
Compression Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and use W10x54
FX = 100.806 kips Ratio = 0.845
45
Compression Members
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 100 kips
W10x49 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 100 kips
W10x54 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.944
Example # 2
Dead Load = 50 kips
Live Load = 50 kips
W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.921
Code check W10x49 based on the ASD9
W10x49 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941
46
Flexural Members
• Based on the b/t and h/tw ratios determine the compactness of
the cross-section
• Classify flexural members as Compact, Noncompact, or
Slender
• When noncompact section in ASD, allowable stress Fb is
computed based on the l/rt ratio. l is the laterally unbraced
length of the compression flange. Also, Cb has to be computed
• When noncompact or slender section in LRFD, LTB, FLB, and
WLB are checked
• LTB for noncompact or slender sections is computed using Lb
and Cb. Lb is the laterally unbraced length of the compression
flange
47
Flexural Members
ASD
fb = MZ/SZ ≤ Fb
LRFD
Mu = MZ ≤ ϕb Mn
Where ϕb = 0.9
48
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
ASD
b / t 65 / Fy d / t w 640 / Fy
LRFD
b / t 0.38 E / Fy h / t w 376
. E / Fy
b / t 64.7 / Fy h / t w 640.3 / Fy
49
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD (ASD F1-1)
Fb = 0.66Fy
ϕb Mn = ϕb Mp = ϕb Fy ZZ ≤ 1.5Fy SZ
Where ϕb = 0.9
50
-15.00
Flexural Members
Compact Section
o
FIXED JOINT
Z X
-15.00
FIXED JOINT 51
Flexural Members
Compact Section
• Member is 12 feet long
• Fixed at both ends of the member
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 15 kips/ft uniform load
• Load combinations based on the ASD and
LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Braced at the 1/3 Points
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes
52
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
LRFD
53
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
W18x40 Sz = 68.4 in.3
MZ = 2165.777 inch-kips Ratio = 0.959
LRFD
W18x40 Zz = 78.4 in.3
MZ = 3462.933 inch-kips Ratio = 0.982
54
Flexural Members
Compact Section
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (0.66Sz)(1.5989) / (0.9Zz) × ASD
57
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
• Based on b/t, d/tw and h/tw determine if the section is
noncompact
• Compute Cb
• Compute Qs
• Based on the l/rt ratio, compute allowable stress Fb
• Laterally unbraced length of the compression flange (l)
has a direct effect on the equations of the noncompact
section
58
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
fb = MZ/SZ ≤ Fb
LRFD
Mu = MZ ≤ ϕb Mn
Where ϕb = 0.9
59
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
ASD
65 Fy b t 95 Fy
d t w 640 Fy h t w 760 Fb
LRFD
0.38 E Fy b / t 083
. E FL
376
. E Fy h t w 57
. E Fy
60
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD
65 Fy b t 95 Fy
d t w 640 Fy h t w 760 Fb
LRFD
64.7 / Fy b / t 1413
. / FL
640.3 / Fy h t w 970.7 / Fy
61
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
bf
Fb Fy 0.79 0.002 Fy (ASD F1-3)
2t f
76b f 20000
If Lb Lc minimum or
F
y
d A f Fy
(ASD F1-2)
62
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
102 10 3 Cb l 510 10 3 Cb
When
Fy rT Fy
2 Fy l / rT
2
63
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
l 510 10 3 Cb
When
rT Fy
170 103 Cb
Fb 0.6Fy Qs (ASD F1-7)
l / rT 2
64
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
12 10 3 Cb
Fb 0.6Fy Qs (ASD F1-8)
ld / A f
65
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
66
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
– LTB
• Compute Cb
• Based on the Lb, compute limiting moment capacity. Lb is
the lateral unbraced length of the compression flange,
λ = Lb/ry
• Lb has a direct effect on the LTB equations for noncompact
and slender sections
– FLB
• Compute limiting moment capacity based on the b/t ratio of
the flange, λ = b/t
– WLB
• Compute limiting moment capacity based on the h/tw ratio
of the web, λ = h/tw
67
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD LTB (Table A-F1.1)
For λp < λ ≤ λr
p
M n Cb M p M p M r M p (LRFD A-F1-2)
r p
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz ≤ 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = FLSz FL = Smaller of (Fyf − Fr) or Fyw
λ = Lb/ry
λp = 176
. E Fyf
68
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD LTB (Table A-F1.1)
Where:
X1
λr = 1 1 X 2 FL2
FL
EGJA
X1 =
Sz 2
2
C S
X2 = 4 w z
I y GJ
69
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD FLB (Table A-F1.1)
For λp < λ ≤ λr
p
M n M p M p M r
r p (LRFD A-F1-3)
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz ≤ 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = FLSz FL = Smaller of (Fyf − Fr) or Fyw
λ = b/t
λp = 0.38 E Fy
λr = 0.83 E FL
70
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD WLB (Table A-F1.1)
For λp < λ ≤ λr
p
M n M p M p M r
r p (LRFD A-F1-3)
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz ≤ 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = Re Fy Sz
Re = 1.0 for non-hybrid girder
71
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD WLB (Table A-F1.1)
λ = h/tw
λp = 3.76 E Fy
λr = 5.7 E Fy
72
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
. M 1 M 2 0.3 M 1 M 2 2.3
2
Cb 175
. 105
M1 M 2
If M max between M 1 and M 2 , Cb 10
.
LRFD
12.5 M max
Cb
2.5 M max 3 M A 4 M B 3 M C
M A absolute value of moment at quarter point
M B absolute value of moment at centerline
M C absolute value of moment at three quarter point
73
-12.00
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
o
Pin
Z X
-12.00
Roller 74
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
• Member is 12 feet long
• Pin at the start of the member
• Roller at the end of the member
• Cross-section is W12x65
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 12 kips/ft uniform load
• Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Check code based on the ASD and LRFD codes
75
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
W12x65 Cb = 1.0
Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988
LRFD
W12x65 Cb = 1.136
Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.971
Code check is controlled by FLB.
Cb = 1.0 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.973
76
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 12 kips/ft
W12x65 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 12 kips/ft
W12x65 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.971
Example # 2
Dead Load = 6 kips/ft
Live Load = 6 kips/ft
W12x65 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.85
Code check W12x65 based on the ASD9
W12x65 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988
77
Design for Shear
ASD h / t w 380 Fy
78
Design for Shear
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD h / t w 380 Fy
79
Design for Shear
ASD h / t w 380 Fy
Fy
fv = FY/Ay ≤ Fv
2.89
Cv 0.4 Fy (ASD F4-2)
2.45 E / Fyw
Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv0.6Fyw Aw
(LRFD F2-2)
h / tw
Where ϕv = 0.9
80
Design for Shear
LRFD 307
. E / Fyw h / t w 260
4.52 E
Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv Aw (LRFD F2-3)
h / t w
2
Where ϕv = 0.9
81
-15.00 Design for Shear
o
FIXED JOINT
Z X
-15.00
FIXED JOINT 82
Design for Shear
• Same as example # 3 which is used for design of flexural
member with compact section
• Member is 12 feet long
• Fixed at both ends of the member
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 15 kips/ft uniform load
• Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Braced at the 1/3 Points
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes
83
Design for Shear
ASD (Check shear at the end of the member, equation “F4-1 Y”)
LRFD (Check shear at the end of the member, equation “A-F2-1 Y”)
84
Design for Shear
ASD
W18x40 Ay = 5.638 in.2
FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8
LRFD
W18x40 Ay = 5.638 in.2
FY = 144.289 kips Ratio = 0.948
85
Design for Shear
Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40
FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
144.289 / 90.241 = 1.5989
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (0.4)(1.5989) /(0.6)(0.9) × ASD
144.289 0.4 10
.
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD 0.8 0.948
90.241 0.6 0.9
87
Combined Forces
ASD fa /Fa > 0.15
fa Cmy f by Cmz f bz
10
. (ASD H1-1)
Fa fa fa
1 Fby 1
Fez
Fey
fa f by f
bz 10
. (ASD H1-2)
0.6Fy Fby Fbz
Pu 8 M uy M uz (LRFD H1-1a)
10
.
Pn 9 b M ny b M nz
88
Combined Forces
ASD fa /Fa ≤ 0.15
fa f by f bz
10
. (ASD H1-1)
Fa Fby Fbz
Pu M uy M uz
10
. (LRFD H1-1a)
2Pn b M ny b M nz
89
Combined Forces
Z X
90
Combined Forces
• 3D Simple Frame
• 3 Bays in X direction 3 @ 15 ft
• 2 Bays in Z direction 2 @ 30 ft
• 2 Floors in Y direction 2 @ 15 ft
• Loadings
• Self weight of the Steel
• Self weight of the Slab 62.5 psf
• Other dead loads 15.0 psf
• Live load on second floor 50.0 psf
• Live load on roof 20.0 psf
• Wind load in the X direction 20.0 psf
• Wind load in the Z direction 20.0 psf
91
Combined Forces
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 >
< W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 >
< W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
< W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 4 >
< W8x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 4.6566E+01 VOLUME = 1.6437E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
92
Combined Forces
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 3.6000E+03 3.4956E+04 9.9030E+00 16 >
< W10x39 1.4400E+03 1.6560E+04 4.6914E+00 4 >
< W10x49 7.2000E+02 1.0368E+04 2.9373E+00 4 >
< W12x45 1.4400E+03 1.9008E+04 5.3850E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
< W8x31 1.4400E+03 1.3147E+04 3.7246E+00 4 >
< W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 8 >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 3.3874E+01 VOLUME = 1.1957E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
93
Combined Forces
ASD
LRFD
94
Deflection Design
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 >
< W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 >
< W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 >
< W14x43 1.4400E+03 1.8144E+04 5.1402E+00 4 >
< W14x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 4.6933E+01 VOLUME = 1.6566E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
95
Deflection Design
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W10x49 1.4400E+03 2.0736E+04 5.8745E+00 8 >
< W10x54 7.2000E+02 1.1376E+04 3.2228E+00 4 >
< W12x40 1.4400E+03 1.6992E+04 4.8138E+00 4 >
< W14x43 2.8800E+03 3.6288E+04 1.0280E+01 8 >
< W14x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 3.8345E+01 VOLUME = 1.3535E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
96
Deflection Design
ASD
LRFD
97
Compare Design without and with
Deflection Design
ASD
Without Deflection Design WEIGHT = 46.566 kips
With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 46.933 kips
LRFD
Without Deflection Design WEIGHT = 33.874 kips
With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 38.345 kips
98
Design same example based on
Cb = 1.0
Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0
ASD
Compute Cb WEIGHT = 46.933 kips
Specify Cb = 1.0 WEIGHT = 51.752 kips
LRFD
Compute Cb WEIGHT = 38.345 kips
Specify Cb = 1.0 WEIGHT = 48.421 kips
99
Design Similar example based on
Cb = 1.0 and LL×5
• Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 and increase the live
load by a factor of 5.
• Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
• Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.
100
Design Similar example based on
Cb = 1.0 and LL×10
• Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 and increase the live
load by a factor of 10.
• Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
• Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.
101
Stiffness Analysis
versus
Nonlinear Analysis
• Stiffness Analysis – Load Combinations or Form
Loads can be used.
• Nonlinear Analysis – Form Loads must be used.
Load Combinations are not valid.
• Nonlinear Analysis – Specify type of Nonlinearity.
• Nonlinear Analysis – Specify Maximum Number of
Cycles.
• Nonlinear Analysis – Specify Convergence Tolerance.
102
Nonlinear Analysis
Commands
• NONLINEAR EFFECT
• TENSION ONLY
• COMPRESSION ONLY
• GEOMETRY AXIAL
• MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES
• CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE
• NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
103
Design using Nonlinear Analysis
Input File # 1
1. Geometry, Material Type, Properties,
2. Loading ‘SW’, ‘LL’, and ‘WL’
3. FORM LOAD ‘A’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.4
4. FORM LOAD ‘B’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘LL’ 1.6
5. FORM LOAD ‘C’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘WL’ 1.6 ‘LL’ 0.5
6. FORM LOAD ‘D’ FROM ‘SW’ 0.9 ‘WL’ 1.6
7. DEFINE PHYSICAL MEMBERS
8. PARAMETERS
9. MEMBER CONSTRAINTS
10. LOAD LIST ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’ $ Activate only the FORM loads
11. STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
12. SAVE
104
Design using Nonlinear Analysis
Input File # 2
1. RESTORE
2. LOAD LIST ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
3. SELECT MEMBERS
4. SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS
5. DELETE LOADINGS ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
6. SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE
7. FORM LOAD ‘A’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.4
8. FORM LOAD ‘B’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘LL’ 1.6
9. FORM LOAD ‘C’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘WL’ 1.6 ‘LL’ 0.5
10. FORM LOAD ‘D’ FROM ‘SW’ 0.9 ‘WL’ 1.6
11. LOAD LIST ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
12. STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
13. CHECK MEMBERS
14. STEEL TAKE OFF
15. SAVE
105
Design using Nonlinear Analysis
Input File # 3
1. RESTORE
2. LOAD LIST ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
3. SELECT MEMBERS
4. SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS
5. DELETE LOADINGS ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
6. SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE
7. FORM LOAD ‘A’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.4
8. FORM LOAD ‘B’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘LL’ 1.6
9. FORM LOAD ‘C’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘WL’ 1.6 ‘LL’ 0.5
10. FORM LOAD ‘D’ FROM ‘SW’ 0.9 ‘WL’ 1.6
106
Design using Nonlinear Analysis
Input File # 3 (continue)
1. NONLINEAR EFFECT
2. GEOMETRY ALL MEMBERS
3. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES
4. CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE DISPLACEMENT
5. LOAD LIST ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
6. NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
7. CHECK MEMBERS
8. STEEL TAKE OFF
9. SAVE
107