Shah Parita

EVOLUTION OF CRICKET AND COMPARISON TO BASEBALL
_______________
A Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of
San Diego State University
_______________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
in
Computer Science
_______________
by
Parita Maheshbhai Shah
Fall 2012
iii
Copyright © 2012
by
All Rights Reserved
iv
DEDICATION
To my family: Maheshbhai Govindlal Shah, Ilaben Maheshbhai Shah, Manan

Maheshbhiai Shah, Chintan Patel.
v
ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS
Evolution of Cricket and Comparison to Baseball

by
Master of Science in Computer Science
San Diego State University, 2012
Cricket is an international sport, defined as bat and ball game, played between two
teams of 11 players each on a grassy field. Cricket is very well developed in many countries
and these countries are categorized as Full Members, Associate Members and Affiliate
Members. Each country is governed by its own Cricket Association and the International
Cricket Council (ICC) is the international governing body of cricket.
This thesis seeks to bring together the history of cricket that examines the dispersion
of cricket in the British Empire, its appropriation by the colonies and the subsequent
commercialization of the sport in countries all over the world.
This tool is a geographic tool that shows how cricket as a sport, which survived as
children’s game for centuries during Norman times, was increasingly taken up by adults
around the beginning of the 17th century. This tool brings together the history of cricket, by
country, and discusses how and why cricket, which was a popular game during the 18th
century lost ground in the United States and how and why baseball came to be known as
national pastime in the United States. This tool locates each country based on the member
group it belongs to in International Cricket.
This tool is developed in JAVA as the programming language and utilizes Map
Objects Java Edition (MOJO), provided by ESRI. ArcMap, a GIS component was used to
create the shapefiles and easily incorporate various features of GIS into this application.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. viii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1
1.1 The Game - Basics .............................................................................................2
1.2 Types of Cricket .................................................................................................2
1.3 Equipment ..........................................................................................................3
1.4 Field ...................................................................................................................3
1.5 Toss ....................................................................................................................4
1.6 Run Scoring Types.............................................................................................4
1.7 Types of Wickets ...............................................................................................6
1.8 Match Officials ..................................................................................................8
1.9 Playing Teams ..................................................................................................10
2 HISTORY OF CRICKET ............................................................................................11
2.1 Globalization of Cricket ...................................................................................11
2.1.1 First Recognition .................................................................................... 12
2.1.2 17th Century Cricket .............................................................................. 12
2.2 History of Cricket in the US ............................................................................18
2.2.1 Diffusion of Cricket in the United States ............................................... 19
2.2.2 Decline of Popularity of Cricket over Baseball ..................................... 19
2.2.3 Modern Developments and Cricket Today in United States ................. 20
2.3 San Diego Cricket Club (SDCC) .....................................................................21
vii
2.4 Baseball as an International Sport....................................................................21

3 GIS – GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM: ABOUT THE GIS
APPLICATION ...........................................................................................................24
4 OVERVIEW ON TECHNOLOGY .............................................................................27
4.1 JAVA ...............................................................................................................27
4.2 ESRI’s MapObjects Java Edition.....................................................................28
4.2.1 ESRI ....................................................................................................... 28
4.2.2 What is MapObjects – JAVA ................................................................ 28
4.2.3 Why Develop with MapObjects – Java? ................................................ 29
4.2.4 Features of MapObjects Java Edition .................................................... 29
4.3 Development Platform .....................................................................................30
5 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE ...................................................................31
5.1 Prototyping.......................................................................................................31
5.2 Designing .........................................................................................................33
6 CONFIGURATION – NETBEANS AND MAPOBJECTS: OVERVIEW ON
NETBEANS IDE .........................................................................................................34
7 MOJO TOOLBAR AND CUSTOM TOOLS..............................................................42
7.1 ToolBars Provided with MOJO Java Edition ..................................................43
7.1.1 Zoom Pan Toolbar ................................................................................. 43
7.1.2 Layer Toolbar......................................................................................... 44
7.1.3 Selection Toolbar ................................................................................... 45
7.1.4 Measure Geocode Toolbar ..................................................................... 46
7.2 Added Tools and Buttons.................................................................................46
7.2.1 Print Tool ............................................................................................... 47
7.2.2 Deselect Tool ......................................................................................... 48
7.2.3 Identify Tool .......................................................................................... 48
8 PROJECT LAYERS ....................................................................................................51
9 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS ....................................................................................56
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................57
viii
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
Table 7.1. MOJO Toolbars ......................................................................................................42

ix
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1.1. Equipment used to play cricket ...............................................................................4

Figure 1.2. Cricket ground with various fielding positions .......................................................5
Figure 1.3. Rope at the boundary region of cricket ground .......................................................6
Figure 1.4. Wicket – bowled out ................................................................................................7
Figure 1.5. Wicket – caught out .................................................................................................7
Figure 1.6. Wicket – stumped ....................................................................................................8
Figure 1.7. Wicket – run out ......................................................................................................8
Figure 1.8. Wicket – leg before wicket ......................................................................................9
Figure 1.9. Wicket – hit wicket ..................................................................................................9
Figure 2.1. Artwork describing the history of cricket bat ........................................................15
Figure 2.2. Match at Darnall, Sheffield during 1820 ...............................................................15
Figure 2.3. English team on their travel to USA during 1859 .................................................16
Figure 2.4. First Australian overseas travelling team at Niagara Falls ....................................17
Figure 2.5. IBAF Global Baseball ...........................................................................................22
Figure 3.1. Homepage. .............................................................................................................25
Figure 3.2. World map upon selecting cricket history button..................................................25
Figure 4.1. Java components into a single application ............................................................29
Figure 5.1. Prototyping process. ..............................................................................................31
Figure 5.2. Initial phase of project. ..........................................................................................32
Figure 5.3. High level architecture diagram. ...........................................................................33
Figure 6.1. NetBeans IDE library manager. ............................................................................35
Figure 6.2. Give library name. .................................................................................................35
Figure 6.3. Select all MOJO libraries. .....................................................................................36
Figure 6.4. Selecting classpath.................................................................................................36
Figure 6.5. Select swing/AWT components. ...........................................................................37
Figure 6.6. Palette manager. ....................................................................................................37
Figure 6.7. Install components to palette. ................................................................................38
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Figure 6.8. Components on install components to palette. ......................................................39

Figure 6.9. Select palette category as beans. ...........................................................................40
Figure 6.10. Palette window displaying all swing and beans design components. .................41
Figure 7.1. MOJO toolbars and custom tools. .........................................................................43
Figure 7.2. Zoom pan toolbar. .................................................................................................43
Figure 7.3. Layer toolbar. ........................................................................................................44
Figure 7.4. Selection toolbar. ...................................................................................................45
Figure 7.5. Measure geocode toolbar. ......................................................................................46
Figure 7.6. Custom tools and XY coordinate. .........................................................................47
Figure 7.7. Print tool. ...............................................................................................................47
Figure 7.8. Identify tool. ..........................................................................................................49
Figure 7.9. More information when identify tool selected for the United States. ...................49
Figure 8.1. Country layer. ........................................................................................................52
Figure 8.2. Layer – full members of cricket. ...........................................................................52
Figure 8.3. Layer – top associate/affiliate members of cricket. ...............................................53
Figure 8.4. Layer – non commonwealth countries playing cricket..........................................53
Figure 8.5. Layer – United States of America. ........................................................................54
Figure 8.6. Layer – countries in World Baseball Classic 2006 and 2009 tournaments. ..........55
xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am very grateful to Dr. Carl Eckberg for giving me an opportunity to work on this
project. He was very supportive throughout all the phases of the project.
I would also like to thank Dr. Gangaram Singh who helped me find a suitable focus
for the thesis.
I would like to thank Dr. Joseph Lewis for being my committee member and for his
help and co-operation.
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The decolonization, globalization and diffusion of cricket provide the point of

departure of this thesis. This thesis provides a good source for learning about the nations
playing cricket worldwide today and knowledge about the history, its popularity and
existence in about 100 countries in the world. Many people in the United States who are
much aware of baseball are fascinated to learn that cricket looks similar when watched. This
thesis also provides information about the history of cricket in the United States and its
decline of popularity, and replacement by baseball.
All this information is accessible upon making a large study of articles, wiki pages
and various books on the history of cricket such as Cricket for Americans, Playing and
Understanding the Game by Melville Tom [1]. The history of cricket by country is depicted
on a GIS tool making this application a useful source to find the evolution of the cricket
game. Information on the history of cricket by country is shown on the World map using
different map layers categorized based on types of cricket member nations. The countries
playing cricket today are categorized into three different members known as Full Members,
Affiliate Members and Associate Members. These member nations are recognized by
International Cricket Council (ICC), as the governing body of the sport of cricket in their
respective nations or geographical area.
This GIS tool was developed using MapObjects, Java Edition, a software platform
which is a collection of maps and GIS components. Java is used as the programming
language and NetBeans 7.0.1 as Java IDE to compile and run the program. MapObjects, Java
Edition is a property of ESRI.
Furthermore clear and detailed information on the technologies, flow of the thesis and
compiling all of these into one tool are discussed in the following chapters.
Chapter 1 discusses the cricket game basics, Chapter 2 provides detailed information
on the history and globalization of cricket in other countries and also about its decline of
popularity in the United States of America. Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 discuss on the
2
technology of Geographic Information System (GIS) tool and JAVA programming language.
Chapter 5 provides a brief idea on the software development cycle, built-in libraries,
methods, functions and components used to develop this tool. Chapter 6 discusses about the
integration of MapObject components into the NetBeans IDE. Chapter 7 and Chapter 8
provide information on the MOJO Toolbars and custom tools used to develop the thesis tool,
and how the project layers are created and integrated into the tool. Chapters 9 describe the
future enhancements to the project.
1.1 THE GAME - BASICS

Cricket is a bat-and-ball game. It is played between two teams, each team consisting
of 11 players. One team bats at a time while the other fields and bowls at the same time. At
the center of the field there is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. Batting team tries to score as
many runs as possible while at the same time, the other team bowls and fields, trying
to dismiss the batsmen and hence minimize the runs scored by the batting team. Runs are
scored by the batsman on strike hitting the ball with bat and running to the opposite end of
the pitch, touching the crease there and completing the run successfully. The batting team
after the end of their innings starts to bowl and field while the bowling and fielding team
starts to bat. The decisions on the field are made by the Umpires. There are two Umpires on
the field and one Umpire, also known as third Umpire, off the field. The Laws of Cricket are
governed and maintained by the International Cricket Council (ICC) with different Standard
Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day Internationals [2].
1.2 TYPES OF CRICKET

1. Test Cricket: Test cricket is the longest form of the sport of cricket in which Test
matches are played between two teams. The teams containing a “Test status” as
determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC) can only play Test cricket.
Four innings are played between two teams of 11 players over a period of up to a
maximum five days. It is generally considered the ultimate test of playing ability and
endurance in the sport [3], [4], [5]. The name “TEST” stems from the fact that the
long, exhausting match is a “test” of the relative strength of the two sides [6].
2. One-Day Cricket: One-day cricket differs extensively from test cricket. A one-day
match is played on a single day with either a red or a white cricket ball. It is either
played under day light or half of the match under artificial lights. Each team plays for
only one inning, and that particular inning is restricted to a maximum number of
over’s which are 50 (at present), 55, or 60. Each set of six deliveries of balls from the
bowler is defined as an over. Each inning is complete at the end of the stipulated
3
number of over’s, no matter how many batsmen are out. If ten batsmen are out before
the full number of over’s bowled, the innings is also over. If the first team’s innings
ends in this manner, the second team still has its full number of over’s to score the
required runs. Whichever team scores the most runs wins.
3. Twenty-20 Cricket: Recently, a reduced form of the games has been developed called
Twenty20, with a maximum of 20 over’s per inning. Everything remains the same as
One-day cricket except the reduced number of over’s.
1.3 EQUIPMENT
 Cricket Ball: The ball is a hard string ball covered with leather. The circumference is
between 224 and 229 millimeters (8.81 to 9.00 inches), and the ball weighs between
156 and 163 grams (5.5 to 5.75 ounces).
 Cricket Bat: The bat is flat on one side and curved on the other for strength which is
attached to a sturdy handle. The blade of the bat is made of willow. The blade has a
maximum width of 108 millimeters (4.25 inches) and the maximum length of whole
bat is 965 millimeters (38 inches).
 Wickets: These are wooden structures made up of a set of three stumps topped by a
pair of bails. These are described below.
 Stumps: Three wooden posts, 25 millimeters (1 inch) in diameter and 813 millimeters
(32 inches) high. Spikes are extending from the bottom end which is hammered into
the ground in an evenly spaced row, with the outside edges of the outermost stumps
228 millimeters (9 inches) apart, close enough together that a cricket ball cannot pass
between them without disturbance.
 Bails: Two wooden crosspieces that sit in grooves atop the adjacent pairs of stumps.
 Protective Gear: Helmet, pads, gloves etc. for batsmen to wear to prevent injury when
struck by the ball.
Figure 1.1 [7], [8], [9], [10] shows the necessary equipment for the game of cricket.
1.4 FIELD
It is a large circular or oval-shaped grassy ground on which the game of cricket is
played. There is no fixed size for the field but its diameter usually varies between 450 feet
(137 m) to 500 feet (150 m). The cricket ground can be an almost a perfect circle, or an
extremely elongated oval. A rope demarcates the perimeter of the field which is known as
the boundary. Figure 1.2 [11] represents a cricket field along with the fielding positions. The
rectangular section in the middle of the field is known as Pitch, on which the batsman plays
and the bowler bowls.
Sticky wicket is a term that is used in sport of cricket to describe difficult situation,
referring to the pitch, also known as wicket. The pitch that is affected by rain or sun, wet or
4
a b c
Figure 1.1. Equipment used to play cricket. (a) Cricket ball. Source: Wikipedia.
Cricket Ball, 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_ball, accessed Jun. 2012.
(b) Cricket bat. Source: World Cup 2011. Cricket Bats, 2011. http://t20-worldcup-
2010.blogspot.com/2011/04/cricket-bats.html, accessed Jun. 2012. (c) Stumps and
bails. Sources: Kingsgrove Sports Centre. Cricket Accessories-Cricket Stumps,
2012. http://www.kingsgrovesports.com.au/Products.aspx?ProductCategoryID=32,
accessed Jun. 2012; Get Price. Kanga Cricket Bails, 2009. http://www.getprice.
com.au/Kanga-Cricket-Bails-Gpnc_522--57697828.htm, accessed Jun. 2012.
dried out, behaves unpredictable and make circumstances difficult for the batsman to bat
facing uneven bounce of the ball.
1.5 TOSS
Captains of both the teams meet on the field along with an official, in order to decide
who will bat or bowl first. The official tosses a coin in the air and one of the captains either
says head or tail. The winning captain decides whether his team wants to bat or bowl first and
the other team follows the vice-versa of it. This is a lot like American football.
1.6 RUN SCORING TYPES

There are many ways under which the batting team score runs and set a target for the
opposite team.
 Single Run: When a batsman hits the ball and there is a possibility of only one run.
 Two Runs: When the batsman takes two runs i.e. runs two times on the pitch from
one end to the other end and back to the original end.
 Three Runs: When the batsman runs three times on the pitch.
5
Figure 1.2. Cricket ground with various fielding positions. Source:

SportApex.com. Cricket Ground, 2011. http://www.sportapex.com
/2011/05/cricket-ground.html, accessed Jun. 2012.
 Four Runs: It can be achieved by two ways. Either the batsman runs for four times on
the pitch or the batsman hits the ball to the rope situated at the periphery/boundary of
the ground. The ball may make contact with the ground before touching the rope at
the boundary. Figure 1.3 [12] shows the boundary region known as rope.
 Five Runs: The batsman can either run for five times, which is very rarely possible.
Else, there is a helmet kept behind the wicket keeper sometimes by wicket keeper and
if the ball hits that helmet by any means the batting team gets 5 runs.
 Six Runs: The batsman hits the ball in the air and if the ball drops behind the rope at
the boundary without making any contact with the ground before the rope region than
it is granted as six runs.
 Extras: These types of runs are granted to the batting side usually due to the mistake
of the bowling/fielding side. These types of runs are categorized into extras. Types of
extra runs are:
 No-ball
 Wide-ball
6
Figure 1.3. Rope at the boundary

region of cricket ground. Source:
Peter Britton. Magazine-The Law
of Sod?, 2010. http://media.
pitchcare.com/L/2Z88YVgyqHuPf
b8bqlTg.jpg, accessed Jun. 2012.
 Byes and leg byes

 Over throws
1.7 TYPES OF WICKETS

When a batsman gets out by any means his wicket is said to have fallen, and the
fielding team are said to have taken a wicket. Total target of fielding side is to achieve
10 wickets with giving minimum runs to the batting side. Types of wickets are [13]:
 Bowled–When the wicket is put down by a ball delivered by the bowler, irrelevant as
to whether the ball has touched the bat, glove, or any part of the batsman before going
on to put down the wicket. Figure 1.4 [14] shows the wicket-bowled.
 Caught – It is the most common method of dismissing a batsman. When the ball is
caught by the fielder fully within the field of play without it bouncing once the ball
has touched the striker’s bat or glove holding the bat is called as caught. Figure 1.5
[15] shows the wicket-caught out.
 Stumped: A manner of dismissing the batsman while the batsman is out of the crease
and not attempting a run. Figure 1.6 [16] shows when the batsman is stumped out.
 Run out: A manner of dismissing the batsman while the ball is in play and no part of
batsman’s bat or himself is grounded behind the popping crease. Figure 1.7 [17]
shows when the batsman is run out.
 LBW (Leg before wicket) – When the batsman had made no genuine attempt to play
the ball with his bat, is either between wicket or outside the line of the off stump.
Figure 1.8 [18] shows wicket – LBW.
 Hit wicket: The batsman is out Hit wicket if, after the bowler has entered his delivery
stride and while the ball is in play; his wicket is put down either by the striker’s bat or
by his person. Figure 1.9 [19] shows wicket – hit wicket.
7
Figure 1.4. Wicket – bowled out. Source: Lemonlolly.

Bowled Out, 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
File:Cricketer_bowled.jpg, accessed Jun. 2012.
Figure 1.5. Wicket – caught out. Source:

ABC News. Zaheer Goes for Caught-and-
Bowled Chance, 2012.
http://www.abc.net.au /news/2012-01-
03/zaheer-tries-for-caught-and-
bowled/3757154, accessed Jun. 2012.
 Handled the ball: When the batsman willfully touches the ball while in play with a
hand or hands not holding the bat.
 Timed out: After the dismissal of a batsman, when the incoming batsman is not ready
within 3 minutes of dismissal, the incoming batsman is out, timed out.
 Obstructing the field: When the batsman willfully obstructs or distracts the fielding
side by word or action.
8
Figure 1.6. Wicket – stumped. Source:

Mailonline. Is this the End of the Game of
Cricket? Not Likely, 2009.
http://static.cricketnext.in.com/pix/slidesho
w/08-2011/in-pics-zimbabwe
/massa_450.jpg, accessed Jun. 2012.
Figure 1.7. Wicket – Run out. Source:

SuperSport. Sachin Tendulkar and Nitin
Saini, 2012. http://www.supersport.com/
gallery.aspx?id=18931, accessed Jun. 2012.
1.8 MATCH OFFICIALS

There are two umpires present on the ground during the complete match duration.
Both the umpires on the ground make decisions on the ground and their decision is final. One
umpire stands behind the wicket on the non-striker side and the other umpire stands in line
with the striker batsman’s crease which is about 20 yards to one side. That umpire is called
the leg umpire as he stands on the leg side of the field, but it is not necessary always to stand
9
Figure 1.8. Wicket – leg

before wicket. Source: BBBC
Sport. Ways of Getting Out-
Leg Before Wicket, 2012.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/
hi/cricket/rules_and_equipme
nt/4176136.stm, accessed
Jun. 2012.
Figure 1.9. Wicket – hit wicket. Source:

International Institute of Cricket Umpiring
and Scoring. Hit Wicket, 2012.
http://www.umpires.tv/armchair/hit_wicket.
html, accessed Jun. 2012.
10
on the leg side. Both the umpires stand at their respective ends of the pitch swapping their
positions with each other at the end of every over.
Sometimes, decisions are tough to make and at that time if the technology is available
for the match another umpire called the third umpire comes into action. He remains off the
field in a cabin with a television replay monitor technology. If the on-field umpire is not sure
about a decision he can signal for the third umpire and the third umpire watches the replay of
a particular event on the television monitor in a slow motion until he is clear about the
decision. He then signals his decision by out or not out. Whatever decision is made should be
obeyed by both the teams. If sometimes the third umpire is also not sure about the decision
than batsman is given the benefit of doubt. The technology of the third umpire is mostly
related to decisions like run outs and stumping’s.
The match is also supervised over by a match referee from outside the field. The
referee makes no decisions of importance to the outcome of the match, but decides penalties
for breaches of various match rules and misbehavior.
1.9 PLAYING TEAMS

Current test playing team nations are England, Australia, South Africa, West Indies,
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, and New Zealand.
Note that the West Indies is actually a group of Caribbean countries which include
Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana, The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Antigua and Barbuda, St.
Kitt’s-Nevis, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Montserrat, and Grenada,
Carriacou and Petite Martinique. Minor cricketing nations which do not play Test cricket but
they compete for a place in the World Cup competition are: Ireland, Kenya, UAE, Canada,
The Netherlands, and USA.
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CHAPTER 2
HISTORY OF CRICKET
The game of cricket has a known history from the 16th century to the present day.
Cricket grew in England in the 18th century. It is believed that it evolved due to the interest
of great landowners who tried their skills on a field of play against their tenants and the local
peasantry. Past records indicate that teams from London and Kent played each other in 1719,
and that Kent and Sussex met in 1728.
A different number of words are thought to be possible sources for the term “cricket.”
In the earliest known reference to the sport in 1598, it is called “Creckett.”
2.1 GLOBALIZATION OF CRICKET

The presence of global cricketing superstars - equivalent to, say, Roger Federer in
tennis or Tiger Woods in golf – would perhaps be an indicator to define globalization of
cricket. International cricketing legends like Don Bradman, Sachin Tendulkar, Brian Lara,
Jonty Rhodes and Ricky Pointing are known to millions around the world, although these
legends are from small countries. Even soccer penetrates all corners of the world but how
many soccer-playing superstars (besides David Beckham) would be recognized by the USA
people? Global status of cricketing superstar’s measure is the extent to which they are
recognized outside those countries which play the sport. So, how many cricketers are well-
known in the United States? Consider the lines below, which refer to a portion of cricket-
related dialogue from an Oscar-winning movie.
The globalization of cricket was enhanced by the Academy award winning movie,
Slum Dog Millionaire – a film based on a slum dwelling guy taking part in television’s
biggest quiz show. The final question for the prize, and a movie of incredible suspense, was
related to cricket asking which cricket batsman had scored the highest number of first class
centuries. The answer was Jack Hobbs. The whole world knows that now thanks to the movie
[20]. But the question is how cricket attained glory throughout the world. The discussions
below describe briefly the globalization of cricket.
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2.1.1 First Recognition

The first definite mention of the game is found in a 1598 court case regarding an
ownership dispute over a plot of land in some part of Guildford, Surrey. John Derrick, a
59 year old man testified that he along with his school friends had played “creckett” on the
site 50 years earlier when they attended the school. John’s statement brings a point under
consideration that the game was being played in Surrey circa 1550 [21]. The first mention of
cricket being played as an adult game was in 1611, when two men in Sussex were prosecuted
for playing cricket on Sunday instead of attending the mass prayers in the church [21]. Also
the same year introduced a dictionary that defined cricket as a boys’ game and that suggests
adult participation in the game was a recent development.
2.1.2 17th Century Cricket

Many references occur up to the English Civil War which indicate that cricket had
become an adult game contested by parish teams, but there is no confirmation of county
strength teams at that time playing the game. Even, there is a very little evidence of the
widespread gambling that characterized the game throughout the 18th century. Due to all
these factors it is believed that only village cricket had developed by the mid of 17th century
and not the county cricket as there was no investment on the game [22]. After the end of
Civil War in 1648, the new Puritan government clamped down on “unlawful assemblies, ” in
particular the more loud sports such as football. Stricter laws on the observance of the
Sabbath were demanded. As the Sabbath was the only free time available to the people of
lower classes, cricket’s popularity may have disappeared during Commonwealth. It is
believed that cricket did flourish in public fee-paying schools such as Winchester and St
Paul’s but there is no actual proof that Oliver Cromwell’s government banned cricket
particularly and there are references to it during the period that suggest it was acceptable to
the authorities provided that it did not cause any “breach of the Sabbath” [21]. Cricket was
accepted more in the villages during this period of time.
Cricket boomed after the Restoration in 1660 and evidence suggests that the game
attracted many gamblers making large amount of bets on the game. The Gaming Act was
passed by the “Cavalier” Parliament in 1664 which limited stakes to £100 [21]. By the end of
the 17th Century Cricket had certainly become a substantial gambling sport which attracted
13
many gamblers throughout England. A newspaper report of a “great match” played in Sussex
in 1697 which described having 11 players in each side and played for high stakes of
50 guineas a side [21].Press attained its freedom in 1696 and that was the first time when
cricket was reported in the newspapers. As discussed earlier gambling also made its mark in
the field of Cricket and during the initial period of 18th century, cricket was introduced in the
press but with a different reason which focused more on betting rather than cricket [22].

As discussed earlier, gambling had made its roots stronger in the field of cricket as it
was an easy source of money. Even gambling gave it first customers to Cricket as some of
the gamblers decided to increase their chance of winning by forming their own teams and it
is believed the first “county teams” were formed in the outcome of the Restoration in 1660.
The members of the teams were employing “local experts” from village cricket as the earliest
professionals [21]. The first known game which the used county names to represent a team
was in 1709 but there can be little doubt that these sorts of fixtures were being arranged long
before that. The match in 1697 was possibly Sussex versus another county named team. The
noticeable early customers in the field of Cricket due to gambling were from the class of
businessmen and aristocrats which began to take part from 1725. During the same period the
press began to cover cricket regularly as a result of the greater involvement of the people
including, the class of businessmen and aristocrats. For the first time in the history of Cricket
the press mentions individual players like Thomas Waymark. The personalities even
included the 2nd Duke of Richmond, Alan Brodrick, Edward Stead and Sir William Gage.
Cricket had reached the north of England by the end of 17th century. Later cricket was
introduced to North America via the English colonies in the 17th century [21]. In the 18th
century cricket arrived in other parts of the world. It was introduced to the West Indies by
colonists [21]. Cricket was introduced to India by The British East India Company Mariners
during the first half of the century. It is believed that the soldiers of the East India Company
played cricket during their empowerment in India, which drew the attention of many Indians
to the game and later it spread in the whole country. Even a Historic Indian movie “Lagaan”
based on the Victorian period of India’s colonial British rule shows the globalization of
cricket in India. The plot of the movie revolves around the farmers from a barren village who
14
are overloaded by high taxes imposed by their rulers. They attempt to convince the British
officers to reduce the taxes because of poor agricultural produce. Instead, a gamble was
offered to them by the British officer. If their village team beats a British team in a game
of cricket, their taxes would be cancelled for the next 3 years. After accepting this offer, the
villagers face the difficult task of learning an alien game and playing for a result that will
change their village’s destiny. This whole incident took place in 1893. The film received
awards at various international film festivals, as well as many Indian film awards and was
critically acclaimed [23]. This film was the best example of awareness of cricket in India.
Cricket arrived in Australia during the early rise of the colonization in 1788. Other
countries like South Africa and New Zealand followed Cricket in the early years of the 19th
century [21].
In 1744, the Laws of Cricket were coded for the first time and then modified in 1774,
with ideas such as leg before wicket (LBW), middle stump and maximum bat width were
added. The laws stated that “the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present
two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes.” These codes were drawn up by the
“Star and Garter Club.” The members of the same club founded MCC at Lord’s, England in
1787. MCC instantly became the guardian of the Laws and from time to time has made
revisions and recodifications subsequently [24].
The game of cricket continued to grow throughout England and, in 1751, Yorkshire is
first mentioned as a venue [25]. Scorecards to keep a record of the game were kept on a
regular basis from 1772 and thereafter a constant improvement has been noticed in the field
of cricket. Figure 2.1 [26] represents continuous improvement in the game by examples of
bat (old to new – left to right).

The modern county clubs, starting with Sussex in 1839, were founded during the 19th
century. An example of the growth of cricket and players playing cricket is shown in
Figure 2.2 [26].
The growth of cricket in the middle and late 19th century was supported by the
development of the railway network. For the first time in the history of Cricket, different
teams from a long distance played one other without a prohibitively time-consuming journey.
15
Figure 2.1. Artwork describing the history of cricket bat.

Source: Cricket South Africa. A Brief History Overview,
2012. http://www.south-africa-tours-and-
travel.com/cricket-south-africa.html, accessed Jun. 2012.
Figure 2.2. Match at Darnall, Sheffield during 1820. Source: Cricket South Africa. A
Brief History Overview, 2012. http://www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com/cricket-
south-africa.html, accessed Jun. 2012.
16
Even people willing to watch the match traveled long distance which brought more crowds to
the match. In 1864, a bowling revolution resulted in the legalization of a different style of
bowling known as over arm bowling.
The first international cricket game was between the USA and Canada in 1844. The
match was played in New York at St George’s Cricket Club ground in New York [27]. Also
English team traveled overseas to Northern America which was the first ever overseas tour
during 1859, Figure 2.3 [25] represents the same. Later in 1862 English team travelled
Australia.
Figure 2.3. English team on their travel to USA during 1859.

Source: Wikipedia. Cricket History, 2012.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cricket, accessed
Jun. 2012.
Also in 1868 during May through October, a team of Australian players toured
England which was the first Australian cricket team to travel overseas, pictured in Figure 2.4
[25].
In 1877, the first ever test match was played between England and Australia which
are now regarded as the inaugural Test matches. The succeeding year, the Australians visited
England for the first time and were a remarkable success. No Tests were played on that tour.
During 1882 at the Oval, perhaps the most legendary match of all time gave rise to The
17
Figure 2.4. First Australian overseas travelling team at Niagara Falls. Source:
Wikipedia. Cricket History, 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cricket,
accessed Jun. 2012.
Ashes. The Ashes is the test cricket series played between England and Australia. Later on
South Africa was added to the league and it became the third Test nation in 1889.
During 1890 national cricket developed, within the respective countries. During that
period England constituted County Cricket Championship. Australia gave rise to Sheffield
Shield during 1892-1893. Also New Zealand established Plunkett Shield and India
established Ranji trophy.
Rules regarding balls per over were also revised during 1889 from 4 balls to 5 balls
per over which ultimately was changed to 6 balls per over during 1900. Some countries did
not follow the 6 balls per over regulation and rather followed 8 balls per over regulation.
However, in 1947 Laws of Cricket allowed 6 or 8 balls per over depending on the play
conditions, but since 1979 6 balls per over has been used worldwide.

In 1909, only England, Australia and South Africa were Test playing members. India,
West Indies and New Zealand became Test nations before Second World
18
War. Pakistan became a test nation after the Second World War. By the end of 20th century
several affiliate nations like Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh became Test playing
nations.
MCG (Melbourne cricket ground) hosted the first limited overs international match in
1971 as a timer after a Test match had been cancelled due to extreme weather conditions. It
was a trial and error method carried out for the players just to give them some exercise but it
resulted in immense popularity. One Day Internationals (ODIs) have since grown to become
a tremendously popular form of the game. The International Cricket Council (ICC) organized
the first cricket World Cup in England in 1975, with all the Test playing nations taking part
in it.
ODI’s increased television market. Due to the immense interest of the people there
was development in the technology of the game like placing the cameras in the stumps,
different angled camera views all over the ground, statistical and graphical analysis, etc.
Same technologies were even used for the Test Cricket. In 1992, a new regulation of the third
umpire was introduced during the match between South Africa and India for run-out appeals,
watching the replay of the incident in a slow version and taking the decision. Since then the
duties of third umpires have been increased to stumping, catches, boundaries and are not
limited to run outs.
21st Century Cricket brought a new set of ideas in the game of cricket like twenty-20
cricket, which made entry of most famous private championship title of the cricket, which is
known as IPL (Indian Premier League).Since then there has been no stopping to the
globalization of cricket. ICC has expanded its development program and development efforts
are focused on Test as well as One Day Cricket.
2.2 HISTORY OF CRICKET IN THE US

Cricket has been played in the United States since the 18th century; the first formal
clubs were formed in the 1820s. During the 1850s and 1860s, the popularity of cricket
rivaled that of baseball. Later in the 19th century, American teams sometimes competed
against British and Canadian teams. The first International match was played between the
United States and Canada. A few players from this time in the sport’s history are regarded
very highly. Nonetheless, interest in the game waned and, by the early 20th century,
19
organized cricket almost vanished in the United States. The game is still played, although
primarily by informal clubs composed of immigrant members, foreign students visiting the
United States for study. This slow resurgence did not have a great impact on the American
population.
2.2.1 Diffusion of Cricket in the United States

While looking through the diffusion of cricket throughout the British Empire, a most
interesting question is why cricket was not popular within the American colonies like the
other Commonwealth members. Cricket survived in the United States until mid-19th century
as an important link to British cultural heritage. Even the first match of West Indies was
organized against Canada and the United States [28].
Cricket was being playing in British North America at the beginning of the 18th
century. The troops played among themselves at the time of American Revolution. This
instance of George Washington himself being part of the cricket game has been recorded.
Cricket earned its greatest popularity along the east coast corridor between Philadelphia and
New York. Students participated in great numbers and established the cricket clubs such as
Philadelphia Cricket club (PCC), Germantown and Young America to keep the interest in the
sport alive. PCC played its first international game against Canada and a great number of
spectators came out to watch the game. Many of the matches were played by the home teams
and were permitted to have more than 11 team members. Cricket grew in other countries and
many rules changed for the batsman and the placement of the fielders, types of matches etc.
resulting in slowly losing its grounds to newcomers. Many local clubs were contributing to
their own demise by encouraging crossover to the developing game of baseball. Owners of
the cricket clubs begun contributing and converting these clubs for the baseball [1], [29].
2.2.2 Decline of Popularity of Cricket over Baseball

Change of rules for the batsman, placement of fielders on the ground, and a proper
ground to play on resulted cricket in slowly losing its appeal to newcomers, and this helped
to secure the place of baseball as one of the most popular sports in the country. Thus during
the Civil War, baseball secured its place as Americas game. An army which made a brief
stop at a location could easily organize the game of baseball on almost any cleat patch of
ground, unlike cricket that required a prepared pitch. As suggested, the fast-paced quick play
20
of baseball was more appealing to the American than the slower game of cricket. Thus
baseball made its place as the “people’s game” and on the other side Cricket became an
amateur game for gentleman. Cricket grew into in amateur sport though, and formed many
clubs merging with tennis clubs. This became more popular in Philadelphia and the young
people of the city founded the cricket clubs. Many efforts were made to convert these clubs
for baseball but the decision to sell the baseball equipment’s was made to serve the purpose
of these clubs [29].
Philadelphian cricket team was formed and was represented in the first class cricket.
It played many matches and gained popularity, at the initial phase defeating England. But
later because of their many poor performances and the professionals spending their leisure
time playing tennis and golf, many matches were dropped off, waning its popularity. College
students continued playing the game as long as a number of students from the English
schools visited to study [29].
The second blow to cricket in United States was the formation of the Imperial Cricket
Conference (now known as International Cricket Council), which served as the organization
to cricket nations in British Empire. Countries now known as the Full Members of ICC
continued playing cricket whereas the United States could not make it as its member nation
[29].
2.2.3 Modern Developments and Cricket Today in

United States
Many immigrants and foreign students who came to the United States to study from
the South Asia and West Indies which are strong holds on cricket helped the growth of the
game during the second half of the 20th century and gained its popularity in the United States.
Cricket received a boost when President Dwight D. Eisenhower attended a cricket match and
also helped to establish the United States of America Cricket Association (USACS) [29]. A
series of matches that had been dropped off were re-established and thus cricket gained
ground in the United States.
Later the United States of America Cricket Association gained its position as an
Associate Member of the International Cricket Council. It participated in the ICC trophy and
played many matches and continued to improve. But unfortunately due to the poor
administration of the USACA, it was suspended from the ICC in 2005 and the team was out
21
of the competition. It gained its position again later in 2007 but due to the same
administration reasons it was suspended again in 2008 and later in 2010 it was recognized
again.
2.3 SAN DIEGO CRICKET CLUB (SDCC)

San Diego Cricket Club is a non-profit organization with its primary objective to
encourage, promote and develop the game of cricket to serve the cricketing community.
SDCC is believed to have been formed in 1990, founded at the University of California, San
Diego by a group of faculty. It grew into a very strong team and remained one of the best
clubs in Southern California. The city if San Diego has awarded two grounds for cricket. In
order to continue to build a strong base, SDCC decided to enter two teams, Div1 and Div2
[30].
Cricket, in San Diego grew significantly and SDCC responded their demand for large
space for the dedicated cricketers by sponsoring a winter league. Today, there are around 6-
9 teams, close to 150 cricketers competing in summer and winter leagues in the 20/20 format.
This helped SDCC take cricket outside the expatriate community [30].
SDCC is working very hard to encourage the young crowd to play cricket,
introducing the game by conducting small events and sessions. SDCC took a great step by
collaborating with the YMCA to introduce cricket to their members. SDCC conducted small
session to introduce cricket to the kids of YMCA growing into running up to 6 sessions per
week. A recent event held at Park Village Elementary school was organized by SDCC where
they introduced the game of cricket to over 80 children between the ages of 3-15. This
interested the parents of the kids and an Over 35 (SD Vintage) team was formed. Past five
years, each year SDCC was invited to the San Diego Padres to demonstrate cricket at PETCO
Park just before a major league game [30].
SDCC has its own official website and a home page on the San Diego State
University’s rohan account [30].
2.4 BASEBALL AS AN INTERNATIONAL SPORT

Like International Cricket Council (ICC) which is the governing body for cricket,
International Baseball Federation (IBAF) is the worldwide governing body recognized by
International Olympic Committee at international level. Like cricket, baseball is also
22
recognized as bat-and-ball sport. IBAF’s principal responsibility is to organize, standardize

and sanction international competition among 118 national member federations. IBAF has
the only power to assign the title of world champions to any baseball team to represent a
nation [31].
During the 1904 Summer Olympic, the first-ever international baseball event took
place which proved successful and was given encore at the 1912 Summer Olympic. These
two showings laid their grounds in baseball gaining its popularity internationally. An
exhibition of baseball sport at the 1936 Summer Olympic, played between two games from
the United States was watched by about 92000 spectators. This success gave the first ever
Baseball World Cup, organized in London, England in August 1938.This growth provided
the need to develop IBAF to help develop, organize and oversee these events. The exposure
to the international baseball continued. During the 1956 Summer Olympic Games held at the
Melbourne Cricket Ground between Australia and USA was witnessed by the crowd of 114,
000 spectators which was registered in the Guinness World Record for the largest attendance
for any single baseball game. This record made its mark for next 50 year and was broken in
2008 at the Baseball Major League held at Los Angeles [31]. Figure 2.5 [32] highlights the
number of participants in organized baseball competitions worldwide.
Figure 2.5. IBAF Global Baseball. Source: Wikipedia.

International Baseball Federation, 2011.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baseball_Fede
ration, accessed Jul. 2012.
The IBAF currently oversees and organizes IBAF Baseball World Cup, IBAF
Women’s Baseball World Cup, IBAF 18U Baseball World Championship, IBAF 16U
23
Baseball World Championship, and IBAF12U Baseball World Championship. IBAF is the
sanctioning body for the World Baseball Classic (WBC) hosted by the Major League
Baseball and Major League Baseball Players Association [31]. 2006 Classic and 2009
Classic were organized by the WBC. The tournaments organized by the WBC bring together
national baseball teams feature professional players from the major leagues around the world
including the Major League Baseball, Summer Olympic and Baseball World Cup.
The 2006 and 2009 tournaments each had the same 16 team field. These countries
were Australia, Canada, China, Chinese Taipei, Cuba, Dominic Republic, Italy, Japan –
champions both the year, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Puerto Rico, South Africa, South
Korea, United States, and Venezuela.
Plans for the third installment of the Classic to occur in 2013 include expanding the
number of competing teams through the use of a qualifying tournament to maintain the same
numbers in the main tournament.
24
CHAPTER 3
GIS – GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM:

ABOUT THE GIS APPLICATION
GIS integrates hardware, software and data for displaying all form of geographically
referenced information into information system framework. GIS introduces a new way to
look at the world and map where things are, which lets us find places that have features we
are looking for based on the requirements to meet our criteria.
This GIS tool has been developed using Esri MapObjects and Java. MapObjects is a
collection of GIS components and maps that enables interaction between a user and the
application so as to analyze spatial data. MapObjects along with Java, a programming
language incorporating these GIS components creates a client or server side mapping and
GIS application. The map tool is MapObjects, Java Edition, and NetBeans is used as an IDE
for Java to compile and run Java code.
The history of cricket by country is depicted on a GIS tool making this application
a useful source to find the evolution of the cricket game. This application is divided into
six different layers, each layer on cricket, contains a webpage describing the history of
the game for different countries, based on the category to which they belong. These
countries are categorized as full members, associate members and affiliate members. Each
member includes many countries but in this thesis the top 20 countries where cricket is
grown internationally from the 16th century to the present era are introduced. This tool is
designed to easily navigate and access the information about the country we are
interested in. Also there is a layer showing the United States with the history of cricket
in the United States and the decline of popularity in cricket. In the later phase of the
project a layer showing the countries playing the World Baseball Classic was added to
the map. Figure 3.1 shows the main page when the application is first launched and
Figure 3.2 shows the world map with all the six layers projected on it to describe this thesis
project.
25
Figure 3.1. Homepage.
Figure 3.2. World map upon selecting cricket history button.

26
The Main page contains 3 buttons:

1. Cricket History: This includes countries divided into 6 layers:
 Layer 1 – Country: This layer shows all the countries of the world. The other 5
layers are projected on this country layer.
 Layer 2 - Full Members: This layers projects 10 countries qualified as the Full
member nations. They are Australia, England, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri
Lanka, West Indies, Zimbabwe, New Zealand, and Bangladesh.
 Layer 3 – Associate/Affiliate Members: This layers projects top 6 countries
qualified as the Associate/Affiliate member nations. They are Afghanistan,
Ireland, Kenya, Canada, Scotland, and Netherlands.
 Layer 4 – Non Commonwealth Members: This layers projects 7 countries
qualified as the non commonwealth member nations. They are Indonesia, Italy,
Thailand, Argentina, Chile, Denmark, and Japan.
 Layer 5 – United States of America: Opens a webpage describing the diffusion of
Cricket in United States and the decline in popularity of cricket which was gained
by baseball as the game today in the United States.
 Layer 6 – World Baseball Classic teams: This layer projects 16 countries qualified
for the tournament organized by World Baseball Classic. They are Australia,
Canada, China, China Taipei, Cuba, Dominic Republic, Japan, Italy, Mexico,
Netherlands, Panama, Puerto Rico, South Africa, South Korea, United States and
Venezuela.
2. Help: This includes – Getting started with the application and the different tools used
to create the application and its use. Also, to help the beginners learn the game of
cricket and its laws there are two hyperlink called Learn Cricket and Laws of Cricket
on the help page.
3. Exit: Exit the application.
27
CHAPTER 4
OVERVIEW ON TECHNOLOGY
This chapter describes a brief introduction about the programming language, IDE and
the technologies used to build this software tool.
4.1 JAVA
The JAVA programming language is a high level class based object oriented
programming language which allows a programmer to write the program once and run it
elsewhere on the Internet. Hence one of its feature is distributed and platform independent
language. It looks very similar to C/C++ but stands out with many unique features of its own.
Java bytecode is output by a compiler such as Sun’s javac which transforms the Java
language source code to bytecode that runs in Java Virtual Machine (JVM) which is a
program such as Sun’s java that runs on a given platform and takes the bytecode programs as
input and interprets them just as if it were a physical processor executing machine code.
Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from low-end embedded
devices and mobile phones to high-end enterprise server and supercomputers. These and
many other features described below makes Java very strong programming language and the
developers chose it to make the future enhancement work very easy.
Features and advantages of java over other languages include [33]:
 Java is easy to learn and is therefore easy to write, compile and debug the code.
 Java is an object-oriented programming language and its development model results
in frequent releases of newer and improved versions. Data is treated as objects to
which methods are applied. Its execution unit is Class. Advantages of object oriented
programming include reusability of code, extensibility and dynamic applications. No
code is written outside the main () class and an extensive class library is available in
core language package.
 Java is machine independent (portable) because the code can be moved from one
platform to another and can be executed. Once the Java source file .java is compiled
to .class files, these files can be used on any Java supported platform. And as the .java
is compiled to byte code and not machine code, it can be executed on any platform.
28
 Java is secure and therefore used in many networking environments. Java compiler
catches more errors because other languages compile program to machine code that
results in unpredictable errors. There are no memory pointers and the program runs
inside the virtual machine sandbox.
 The features that make the Java language robust are strong memory allocation,
automatic garbage collection, powerful exception handling, and type checking
mechanism (compiler checks for program error and interpreter checks for run time
errors).
 Multithreading is a very interesting and important concept in Java. Execution of
different threads in a single program takes place independently at same time. In
JAVA, multithreaded programming has been smoothly integrated into it, while in
other languages, operating system specific procedures have to be called in order to
enable multithreading. Multithreading is a necessity in visual and network
programming.
 Java is an interpreted language, where the program runs directly from source code.
Errors are traced in the program and have advantage of better error debugging. The
Java source code (in .java files) is compiled into the Bytecode (.class files). The
Bytecode is a pre-compiled, platform independent version of the program and the
.class file can be used on any other Operating System. When the Java application is
started, the Bytecode is interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine.
 Java can be easily deployed using jar files.
4.2 ESRI’S MAPOBJECTS JAVA EDITION

Below subsections briefly explains about the developer toolkit to describe its purpose
into this application and the feature of the MapObjects Java.
4.2.1 ESRI
ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) is the foremost software
developers of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. GIS software enables easy
integration of database information and mapping services.
4.2.2 What is MapObjects – JAVA

It is a tool-kit for Java developers. It has ability to build client-side or server-side
cross-platform GIS and mapping applications. MapObjects can be used independently of all
other ESRI software. It doesn’t require any other ESRI products for complete functionality,
however it does have the ability to interoperate with other ESRI products for a complete
enterprise solution. The tool-kit contains embedded mapping components to create the
29
applications. These components expose pure Java Application Programming Interface (API)
distributed within JAR (Java archive) files.
We can start the application from scratch or work with already built applications and
add functionality to them. Everything can be seamlessly added into a single application
(Figure 4.1a). As the application grows or becomes more streamlined components can be
added or removed as well. When the application is complete the final result may seem to
appear something like as shown in Figure 4.1b. It could be accessed through a web browser
or any standalone desktop application or may be an application running on a server that
doesn’t require any user interface [34].
a b
Figure 4.1. Java components into a single application. Represents any swing
components or downloadable java components that may satisfy the business needs.
4.2.3 Why Develop with MapObjects – Java?

 Scalable, task-focused GIS
 Embed into existing application
 Cross-platform
 Web-accessible
 Works with a variety of spatial data
 Can use Java huge assortment of visual other API’s
4.2.4 Features of MapObjects Java Edition

 Using MapObjects Java Edition one can easily create application with different layers
and functional toolbars. The applications can be created from scratch or can be
created using the existing examples provided [35].
30
 Various components of toolbars such as zoom, pan, identify, attribute tables and map
layers are supported by MapObjects Java. Capabilities such as distance
measurements, attributes data display, different selection tools, labeling tools, create
queries for attribute data other geometric operation are supported [35].
 Customized map can be created by combining locally stored data with Internet data.
Standard data formats such as shapefiles, ArcSDE layers, ArcIMS image and feature
services, Image formats such as BMP, PNG, JPG, GIF, TIFF and CAD are supported
by MapObjects Java [35].
 MapObjects Java is a helpful tool for building a user interface. It includes rich swing
components with the help of which one can easily and quickly build applications that
include functional toolbars, dynamic symbol control, query dialogs, overview and
insert maps, and intelligent legends [35].
 Dr. Carl Eckberg’s notes [36] and online forums on ESRI website were very helpful
to build this application.
 Any Java IDE can be used to build a MapObject Java based application. This
application uses NetBeans as IDE to edit, compile and run the java application [35].
4.3 DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM

Listed below are the software applications used throughout the lifecycle of this
project:
 As per requirements we used Map Objects Java Edition 2.3
 NetBeans IDE 7.0.1 for writing, compiling and running java application.
 Java (SE) Development kit 1.7 for standard programming application.
 HTML to create webpages to show the history of the cricket by country.
31
CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
A structure imposed on the development of a software product is known as the

software development cycle.
5.1 PROTOTYPING
This thesis contains different phases such as requirements gathering, designing,
implementation, review, revise and enhance the prototype. Prototyping was performed in the
manner shown in Figure 5.1.
THE PURPOSE
REQUIREMENT GATHERING
DESIGNING
IMPLEMENTATION
REVIEW
REVISE
ENHANCEMENT
FINAL PROJECT
Figure 5.1. Prototyping process.
32
Obtaining feedback from Prof. Gangaram on the requirement needed to highlight all
the necessary information on the project helped me gather the entire specification professor
wanted to implement. Based on the requirements we decided the software specifications
concerning to Dr. Carl Eckberg according to which the corresponding changes were made
and the software was developed. Initial project estimates to whether the deadlines and
milestones proposed could be successfully met were projected during the initial phase (see
Figure 5.2).
Figure 5.2. Initial phase of project.
We decided keeping the world map with the layer of countries as the home page as
this project provides information about the history of cricket by country. At this point no
other layers such as full members, associate members and affiliate members are shown. As
we go further these points show the history of cricket in different countries.
In the review stage the application was viewed by both the professors and based on
the feedback further changes were taken into consideration like creating the webpage specific
to the governing bodies of each country and adding the layer to show the history of cricket in
United States of America and the reasons it became less popular in later centuries. These
33
features were implemented in a span of a week or two. Adding the layer of countries that are
qualified for the World Baseball Classic was added at the later phase of the thesis.
5.2 DESIGNING
Designing is a very important phase for any project before the actual development
begins. Once the requirements were gathered an initial design as to how the project would
look like was created. This helped a lot to easily develop the tool during each cycle of
development. This tool design consists of a high level architectural diagram described in
Figure 5.3.
Figure 5.3. High level architecture diagram.

34
CHAPTER 6
CONFIGURATION – NETBEANS AND

MAPOBJECTS: OVERVIEW ON
NETBEANS IDE
NetBeans IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is available for all the

platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux). The NetBeans project consists of open source IDE and
application platform that enables developers to create web, desktop and mobile applications
using Java, PHP, Ajax and Javascript, Ruby, C and C++.
NetBeans IDE is a good source to add the MapObject libraries and so this projects is
developed in Java and compiled in NetBeans IDE.
Installations required developing and running this project:
 Java (SE) Development kit 1.7 from SUN JAVA website [37].
 NetBeansIDE 7.0.1 from the official NetBeans website [38].
 Installation CD for MapObjects Java Edition was provided from Dr. Carl Eckberg in
his class of GIS.
Steps to integrate the MapObjects libraries onNetbeans IDE are:
1. To add MapObject libraries open NetBeans IDE. Go to Tools-> Libraries. Library
Manager Window is opened. See Figure 6.1.
2. Create new library by selecting New Library… and give a name to it as shown in
Figure 6.2.
3. Adding MOJO20 libraries: Select Add JAR/Folder… and browse to the location
where all the MOJO libraries are located and select all of them and select Add
JAR/Folder to add as shown in Figure 6.3.
4. Verify that the MOJO libraries are added by selecting the classpath in Library
Manager as shown in Figure 6.4.
5. Adding all the design objects to view them in the Palette window: Select Tools->
Palette-> Swing/AWT component as shown in Figure 6.5. This opens the Palette
Manager as shown in Figure 6.6.
6. Select Add from Library on the Palette Manager.This open Install Components to
Palette window. Select the newly created library and select Next> as shown in
Figure 6.7.
35
Figure 6.1. NetBeans IDE library manager.
Figure 6.2. Give library name.
7. Select all the available components on the Install Components to Palette window and
select Next> as shown in Figure 6.8.
8. Select Beans as shown in Figure 6.9 and then select Finish.
9. Upon selecting finish, a Palette window containing all the swing and bean design
components as shown in Figure 6.10 are displayed that can be dragged and dropped
into the application.
36
Figure 6.3. Select all MOJO libraries.
Figure 6.4. Selecting classpath.

37
Figure 6.5. Select swing/AWT components.
Figure 6.6. Palette manager.

38
Figure 6.7. Install components to palette.

39
Figure 6.8. Components on install components to palette.

40
Figure 6.9. Select palette category as beans.

41
Figure 6.10. Palette window displaying all swing and beans design components.
42
CHAPTER 7
MOJO TOOLBAR AND CUSTOM TOOLS
As seen in the Chapter 6, once the Beans is selected as the palette, all the design
objects can be selected and drag-dropped in the application. Various toolbars such as map,
selection, layer, zoompan are available from the MOJO Java Edition and some of them such
as Layer Properties tool, XY Display tool, Hint Display tool, Print, Arrow, and Identify are
custom made and implemented in this application. Table 7.1 shows all the MOJO toolbars
and the custom tools used in this application. This chapter discusses on how these toolbars
have been integrated into the GIS tool. This can be achieved by writing code but this can be
done using drag-drop too.
Table 7.1. MOJO Toolbars

MOJO
Number Toolbar Name Class Name
1 Zoom Pan com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.ZoomPanToolBar
2 Add Delete Layer com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.LayerToolBar
3 Selection Query com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.SelectionToolBar
4 Measurement com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.MeasureGeocodeToolBar
CUSTOM
Number Tools Class Name
1 Print com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Print
2 Deselect com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Tool
3 Identify com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Identify
Figure 7.1 shows all the available toolbars when we load the application. Now we
will differentiate each of them as MapObjects toolbars and Custom tools and also explain the
functionality of each of the available toolbar in the application.
43
Zoom Pan Add Delete Selection Query Measurement Custom

tools
Figure 7.1. MOJO toolbars and custom tools.
7.1 TOOLBARS PROVIDED WITH MOJO JAVA EDITION

MOJO provides various toolbars that can be used in this application and play with it.
Toolbars used in the history of cricket provides functions like Pan, Pan to one direction,
Identify, Hotlinks, and Zoom In and Zoom Out.
7.1.1 Zoom Pan Toolbar

Zoom Pan toolbar, in Figure 7.2, provides various tool which enables user with
functionalities such as zoom in, zoom out, pan, pan in one direction, previous extent, next
extent, zoom to active layer, zoom to full extent, and identify.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Figure 7.2. Zoom pan toolbar.
Here we explain the functionality of each of the tools provided by Zoom Pan toolbar
[36]:
1. Previous Extent: Active layer in this application. It zooms to previous extent stored in
extent history. This allow user to go back to the old display of map.
2. Next Extent: Inactive in this application. It zooms to next extent stored in extend
history. This allow user to view the next display of the map.
3. Zoom to Active Layer: Inactive in this application. It allow user to Zoom the map to
all selected features in selected layer.
4. Zoom to Full Extent: Active in this application. It zooms to fullest extent of all layers
within the map and help user to return to original view of map.
5. Zoom In: Active in this application. It helps user zooming in to any area of the map.
6. Zoom Out: Active in this application. It helps user zooming out of any previously
zoomed in area till the original view.
7. Pan: Active in this application. It helps to move the map in any direction to cover any
uncovering area of map without the zooming functionality.
44
8. Pan One Direction: Active in this application. It helps user to move the map in any
one particular direction.
9. Identify: Active in this application. It is also known as information tool as it provides
user with more information on any layer of the map. This tool is also customized
which is described in the Section 7.2 in brief.
Zoompan toolbar action class: com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.ZoomPanToolBar.
Call the setMap() function before using any of these actions. Below is the code to integrate
the Zoom Pan Toolbar with the GIS tool:
private com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Map map1;
private com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.ZoomPanToolBar zoomPanToolBar1;
map1 = new com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Map();
zoomPanToolBar1.setMap(map1);
getContentPane().add(zoomPanToolBar1, BorderLayout.NORTH);
7.1.2 Layer Toolbar

Add and Delete are two tools available in the Layer toolbar provided by the
MapObjects as shown in Figure 7.3. It has the capability to add and delete shapefiles and
layers on the map.
1 2
Figure 7.3. Layer
toolbar.
Here we explain the functionality of add and delete tools provided by Layer toolbar
[36]:
1. Add Layer: Active in this application. It allows user to add new layer to the table of
content (TOC).
2. Delete Layer: Inactive in this application. It allows user to delete any selected later
from the table of contents.
Layer toolbar action class: com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.layertoolbar.
the Layer Toolbar with the GIS tool:
private com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.LayerToolBar layerToolBar1;
layerToolBar1 = new com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.LayerToolBar();
45

layerToolBar1.setMap(map1);
getContentPane().add(layerToolBar1, BorderLayout.NORTH);
7.1.3 Selection Toolbar

Selection toolbar, in Figure 7.4, provides various tool which enables user with
functionalities such as select feature, find, query builder, clear all selection, buffer and
attributes. Some of these tools are disabled or grayed out initially and a map layer needs to be
selected in order to enable them. For the GIS tool we are using only the Find function.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Figure 7.4. Selection
toolbar.
Here we explain the functionality of each of these tools provided by Selection toolbar
[36]:
1. Search: Opens a dialog for locating features based on a predefined “stored query.”
2. Find: Opens a dialog for locating features whose attributes contain an end-user
provided string. It also allows user to search information related to the selected layer.
3. Query Builder: Opens a dialog for locating features based on a query that an end-user
constructs. It allows user to write query and based on it the resulted feature or layer
can be easily highlighted on the map.
4. Select Features by Rectangle: It allows user to select any area on the map and once
these areas are highlighted, a separate layer can be created which contains these
selected areas by selection the option Create layer from selected features menu item.
5. Clear Selected Features: It allows user to clear any previously made selections on the
map.
6. Buffer: Opens a dialog for constructing a buffer polygon around currently selected
features and allows user to specify the buffer distance radius in miles.
7. Attributes: Opens an attribute table which contains the corresponding information of
the selected features on the map.
Selection toolbar action class: com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.SelectionToolBar.
Call the setMap() function before using any of these actions. Below is the code to
integrate the Selection Toolbar with the GIS tool.
46
privatecom.esri.mo2.ui.tb.SelectionToolBarselectionToolBar1;
selectionToolBar1= new com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.SelectionToolBar ();
selectionToolBar1.setMap(map1);
getContentPane().add(selectionToolBar1, BorderLayout.NORTH);
7.1.4 Measure Geocode Toolbar

Measure Geocode toolbar, in Figure 7.5, provides various tool which enables user
with functionalities such as Measure, Locate Address and Map tips. This tool provides
functionality used for measuring distance between two points on map and geocoding.
1 2 3
Figure 7.5. Measure
geocode toolbar.
Here we explain the functionality of each of these tools provided by Measure

Geocode toolbar [36]:
1. Locate Address…: Functionality also known as Geocoding. Opens a dialog for
selecting a location based on address.
2. Map Tips: Opens a dialog for choosing Map Tips.
3. Measure: This allows user to measure distance between two points on the map and
draw line by dragging the cursor between the two point after selecting this tool.
Measure geocode toolbar action class: com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.MeasureGeocodeToolBar.
the Measure Geocode Toolbar with the GIS tool.
privatecom.esri.mo2.ui.tb.MeasureGeocodeToolBarmeasureGeocodeToolBar1;
measureGeocodeToolBar1= new com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.MeasureGeocodeToolBar ();
measureGeocodeToolBar1.setMap(map1);
getContentPane().add(measureGeocodeToolBar1, BorderLayout.NORTH);
7.2 ADDED TOOLS AND BUTTONS

This section describes the custom tools and buttons created in addition to the MOJO
toolbars to enhance the functionality and usability of GIS tool. These tools can be dragged
and dropped into our application but we have written code to enhance the functionality such
47
as Layer property tool, XY button, Print, Deselect and Identify tool as shown in Figure 7.6.
They are just the enhancement to the toolbar provided by the MapObjects.
Print Identify X Y Coordinates

Deselect
Figure 7.6. Custom tools and XY coordinate.
7.2.1 Print Tool

This tool allows user to print the map with the desired layers on it. For example, in
this application, if the user wants to see only the countries which are the full members, select
that layer and then select the print tool. If a printer it configured, it will print the map with the
layer of Full member countries. This tool was not provided by the MapObjects so it was
incorporated per the user requirements. Functionality of the print tool is shown in Figure 7.7.
Figure 7.7. Print tool.

48
Implementation of the print tool:

@Action
public void printButtonActionListner() {
com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Print map1Print = new
com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Print(map1);
map1Print.doPrint();
}
7.2.2 Deselect Tool

This tool is available in both the MOJO provided toolbar as well as Custom toolbar.
This tool is created to achieve functionality to provide user with the tool to select when none
of the tools are selected. A function called arrowButtonActionListner is created and tied to
the function of button press for the tool button.
Implementation of deselect tool:
@Action
public void arrowButtonActionListner() {
map1.setSelectedTool(arrowTool);
//Pop out other buttons
jButton3.setSelected(false);
System.out.println("Map extent:- " + map1.getMapExtent());
System.out.println("Plane extent:- " +
jSplitPane1.getBottomComponent().getSize());
System.out.println("Frame extent:- " + this.getSize());
System.out.println("\n");
}
7.2.3 Identify Tool

This tool is available in both the MOJO provided toolbar as well as Custom toolbar.
This tool allows user to select an area on the map and get the additional information on that
area. The code is written to provide user with this additional information on a desired area on
map. The code is written in such a way that when the user selects this tool, a custom window
is opened that provides user with a URL for additional information. Functionality of the
identify tool is shown in Figure 7.8.
Figure 7.9 shows the webpage displayed for the United States when the identify tool
is selected on the United States on the map. Similarly web pages are displayed for all the
countries selected and user is able to read the history of cricket for that country through the
web page. This is very helpful interactive tool.
49
Figure 7.8. Identify tool.
Figure 7.9. More information when identify tool selected for the United States.
50
Implementation of identify tool:

//Initialize Selection tool
idTool = new com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Identify();
//Variable
private com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Identify idTool;
@Action
public void identifyButtonActionListner() {
map1.setSelectedTool(idTool);
jButton3.setSelected(true);
idTool.setSelectedLayers(treeToc1.getSelectedLayers());
}
51
CHAPTER 8
PROJECT LAYERS
To show and view any particular data on the map such as routes, great monuments
around the world or country or state, mountain ranges, rivers, different cultures of the
countries, or any data from past centuries to modern era, can be depicted on the map by
creating layers within layers on the map. GIS provides user to create these layers and play
with them. Layer is the slice of geographic data in a certain area.
This project mainly contains the feature layer. Feature layer references a set of feature
data which comprises of geographic entities in form of lines, polygon and points. Feature
layer files reference geographic data stored locally on the disk. It references many data
sources supported in CAD datasets, Arc Catalog, CAD drawing datasets, coverage datasets,
shape file datasets, raster datasets [39].
This project has 6 feature layers:
1. Country layer – Shows all the countries of the world. Figure 8.1 is the main layer. All
the other layers are featured on this layer.
2. Export_finalFM – Figure 8.2 shows all the countries playing cricket as Full Members
of the International Cricket Council. There are 10 countries qualified as Full
Members of the International Cricket Council. They are Australia, Bangladesh,
England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, West Indies, and
Zimbabwe. A web page is displayed for each country with the history of cricket in
that country upon selecting the country with the identify tool and selecting “Click
here for more Details.”
3. Export_finalAM – Figure 8.3 shows all the countries playing cricket as
Affiliate/Associate Members of the International Cricket Council. There are actually
60 nations qualified as Affiliate Members and 36 nations qualified as Associate
Members of ICC. Out of these nations, this layer includes the top
6 Affiliate/Associate member nations. They are Afghanistan, Canada, Ireland, Kenya,
Netherlands, and Scotland. A web page is displayed for each country with the history
of cricket in that country upon selecting the country with the identify tool and
selecting “Click here for more Details.”
4. Export_finalNCM – Figure 8.4 shows all the countries playing cricket as Non-
Commonwealth Members. The Non Commonwealth countries shown in this layer are
Indonesia, Italy, Thailand, Japan, Argentina, Denmark, and Chile. A web page is
52
Figure 8.1. Country layer.
Figure 8.2. Layer – full members of cricket.

53
Figure 8.3. Layer – top associate/affiliate members of cricket.
Figure 8.4. Layer – non commonwealth countries playing cricket.

54
displayed for each country with the history of cricket in that country upon selecting
the country with the identify tool and selecting “Click here for more Details.”
5. Export_UnitedStatesofAmerica – Figure 8.5 shows its place in cricket as Associate
member of International Cricket Council. A web page is displayed for the United
States with the history of cricket in that country upon selecting the country with the
identify tool and selecting “Click here for more Details.”
6. Export_Baseball – Figure 8.6 shows the countries that were qualified for the World
Baseball Classic 2006 and 2009. The World Baseball Classic 2006 and 2009
tournaments had the same 16 team field. They are Australia, Canada, China, Cuba,
Chinese Taipei, Dominican Republic, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama,
Puerto Rico, South Africa, South Korea, United States, and Venezuela.
Figure 8.5. Layer – United States of America.

55
Figure 8.6. Layer – countries in World Baseball Classic 2006 and 2009 tournaments.
56
CHAPTER 9
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
There are almost over 100 countries playing cricket. This thesis provides information
on the history of cricket for the top 20 countries. So this thesis has a great scope to cover the
rest of the countries which was impossible to show in the first version of the software. Also
the information provided to discuss the history was mainly to show the globalization of
cricket through the British Empire and narrowing it down to its decline of the popularity over
baseball in the United States. More information on the cricket grounds worldwide, legendary
people who contributed growing this sport into their country, statistics of the game etc. can
be shown on the map creating more layers. The data can be more interactive and entertaining
by creating a small version of the cricket game and integrating to the project which can help
people learn the game. Also more videos can be uploaded to compare cricket with the
baseball. As this thesis was focused on evolution of cricket, these future enhancements could
not be implemented.
One more innovative and very interesting future enhancement to this project is to
gather information on each of these countries popular sport and compare it to the cricket like
it was shown for United States in this thesis project.
This thesis project was developed in Java which is platform independent; it can be
easily reused for the future development of the project. In future it can be used as a Web
based application where this information is accessible through internet to everyone interested
in learning the history of cricket.
57
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Tom Melville. Cricket for Americans: Playing and understanding the game. Bowling
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cricket.html, accessed Jun. 2012.
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EVOLUTION OF CRICKET AND COMPARISON TO BASEBALL

San Diego State University

of the Requirements for the Degree

Parita Maheshbhai Shah

To my family: Maheshbhai Govindlal Shah, Ilaben Maheshbhai Shah, Manan

ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS

Evolution of Cricket and Comparison to Baseball

2.4 Baseball as an International Sport....................................................................21

Table 7.1. MOJO Toolbars ......................................................................................................42

Figure 1.1. Equipment used to play cricket ...............................................................................4

Figure 6.8. Components on install components to palette. ......................................................39

The decolonization, globalization and diffusion of cricket provide the point of

1.1 THE GAME - BASICS

1.2 TYPES OF CRICKET

1.6 RUN SCORING TYPES

Figure 1.2. Cricket ground with various fielding positions. Source:

Figure 1.3. Rope at the boundary

 Byes and leg byes

1.7 TYPES OF WICKETS

Figure 1.4. Wicket – bowled out. Source: Lemonlolly.

Figure 1.5. Wicket – caught out. Source:

Figure 1.6. Wicket – stumped. Source:

Figure 1.7. Wicket – Run out. Source:

1.8 MATCH OFFICIALS

Figure 1.8. Wicket – leg

Figure 1.9. Wicket – hit wicket. Source:

1.9 PLAYING TEAMS

2.1 GLOBALIZATION OF CRICKET

2.1.1 First Recognition

2.1.2 17th Century Cricket

2.1.3 18th Century Cricket

2.1.4 19th Century Cricket

Figure 2.1. Artwork describing the history of cricket bat.

Figure 2.3. English team on their travel to USA during 1859.

2.1.5 20th Century Cricket

2.2 HISTORY OF CRICKET IN THE US

2.2.1 Diffusion of Cricket in the United States

2.2.2 Decline of Popularity of Cricket over Baseball

2.2.3 Modern Developments and Cricket Today in

2.3 SAN DIEGO CRICKET CLUB (SDCC)

2.4 BASEBALL AS AN INTERNATIONAL SPORT

recognized as bat-and-ball sport. IBAF’s principal responsibility is to organize, standardize

Figure 2.5. IBAF Global Baseball. Source: Wikipedia.

GIS – GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM:

Figure 3.1. Homepage.

Figure 3.2. World map upon selecting cricket history button.

The Main page contains 3 buttons:

4.2 ESRI’S MAPOBJECTS JAVA EDITION

4.2.2 What is MapObjects – JAVA

4.2.3 Why Develop with MapObjects – Java?

4.2.4 Features of MapObjects Java Edition

4.3 DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE

A structure imposed on the development of a software product is known as the

Figure 5.2. Initial phase of project.

Figure 5.3. High level architecture diagram.

CONFIGURATION – NETBEANS AND

NetBeans IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is available for all the

Figure 6.1. NetBeans IDE library manager.

Figure 6.2. Give library name.

Figure 6.3. Select all MOJO libraries.

Figure 6.4. Selecting classpath.

Figure 6.5. Select swing/AWT components.

Figure 6.6. Palette manager.