Maxima and Minima for Functions with side Remarks

conditions. Lagrange’s Multiplier.

Question
Find the critical points of w = xyz subject to the condition
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
Solution
We form the function
ϕ = f + λ g = xyz + λ ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1)
and obtain four equations
∂ϕ
= yz + 2λ x = 0
∂x
∂ϕ
= xz + 2λ y = 0
∂y
∂ϕ
= xy + 2λ z = 0
∂z
& x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1 = 0
Multiplying the first three equations by x, y , z respectively, adding
3 xyz
and using in fourth equation we find λ = − .
2
Using this relation we have (0,0, ±1) , (0, ±1,0) , (±1,0,0) , and
 1 1 1 
± ,± ,±  as the critical points.
 3 3 3

Question
Find the critical points of the function z = x 2 + 24 xy + 8 y 2
where x 2 + y 2 = 25 . Test for maxima & minima.
Solution
F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 + 24 xy + 8 y 2 + λ ( x 2 + y 2 − 25)
Fx = 2 x + 24 y + 2λ x = 0 ……….…… (i)
Fy = 24 x + 16 y + 2λ y = 0 …………… (ii)
& x 2 + y 2 − 25 = 0 …………….….. (iii)
(i) ⇒ (1 + λ ) x + 12 y = 0 ………..…. (iv)
(ii) ⇒ 12 x + (8 + λ ) y = 0 ………...…. (v)
Multiplying equation (iv) by 12, (v) by (1 + λ ) and adding
12(1 + λ ) x + 144 y = 0
12(1 + λ ) x + (1 + λ )(8 + λ ) y = 0
− −
144 y − (1 + λ )(8 + λ ) y = 0
⇒ y = 0 or λ 2 + 9λ − 136 = 0
⇒ y = 0 , λ = 8, − 17
From (ii), y = 0 ⇒ x = 0
 (0,0) does not satisfy (iii) ∴ It is not a critical point.
4y
λ =8 ⇒ x = − form (iv)
3
Put this value of x in (iii)
 2
16 y 2 Remarks
⇒ + y 2 = 25 ⇒ y = ± 3
9
⇒ (−4,3) & (4, −3) are the critical points.
3y
Similarly when λ = −17 , we have x = from (iv)
4
And putting the value of x in (iii) we get y = ± 4
⇒ (± 3, ± 4) are the other two critical points.
A = Fxx = 2 + 2λ
B = Fxy = 24
C = Fyy = 16 + 2λ
When λ = 8
A = 2 + 16 = 18 , B = 24 , C = 16 + 16 = 32
and so B 2 − AC = 576 − 576 = 0
F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 + 24 xy + 8 y 2 + 8( x 2 + y 2 − 25) when λ = 8
⇒ F ( x, y ) = 9 x 2 + 24 xy + 16 y 2 − 200
At (−4,3)
∆F = F (−4 + h,3 + h) − F (−4,3)
= 9(−4 + h) 2 + 24(−4 + h)(3 + h) + 16(3 + h) 2 − 200
−9(−4) 2 + 24(−4)(−3) − 16(3) 2 + 200
= 9(16 − 8h + h2 ) + 24( h2 − h − 12) + 16(9 + 6h + h 2 )
−144 + 288 − 144
= 144 − 72h + 9h + 24h − 24h − 288 + 144 + 96h + 26h 2
2 2

−144 + 288 − 144

= 49h ≥ 0
2

⇒ (−4,3) is the point of minimum value.

Similarly (4, −3) gives a point of minimum value.
And when λ = −17 , (± 3, ± 4) are the point of maximum value.

Question
Find the critical points of w = x + z , where x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 .
Test for a maxima and minima.
Solution
Consider the function
F ( x, y, z ) = x + z + λ ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1)
Fx = 1 + 2λ x , Fy = 2λ y , Fz = 1 + 2λ z
For critical points, we have
1 + 2λ x = 0 …………...… (i)
2λ y = 0 ……………..…. (ii)
1 + 2λ z = 0 …………….. (iii)
and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 ………… (iv)
1
Solving these equations we have λ = ±
2
1  −1 −1 
λ= gives  ,0,  as the critical point.
2  2 2
1  1 1 
λ=− gives  ,0,  as the critical point.
2  2 2
 3
A = Fxx = 2λ , B = Fxy = 0 , C = Fyy = 2λ Remarks
1
i) λ = ⇒ A = 2 , B = 0, C = 2
2
so B 2 − AC = 0 − 2 < 0 and A > 0
 −1 −1 
⇒  ,0,  is a point of relative minimum value.
 2 2 
1
ii) λ = − ⇒ A = − 2 , B = 0, C = − 2
2
so B 2 − AC = 0 − 2 < 0 and A < 0
 1 1 
⇒  ,0,  is a point of relative maximum value.
 2 2

Question
Find the critical points of w = xyz where x 2 + y 2 = 1 &
x − z = 0 . Test for the maxima and minima.
Solution
Consider F = xyz + λ1 ( x 2 + y 2 − 1) + λ2 ( x − z )
For critical points
Fx = yz + 2λ1 x + λ2 = 0 …………. (i)
Fy = xz + 2λ1 y = 0 ………….….. (ii)
Fz = xy − λ2 = 0 ……………….. (iii)
& x 2 + y 2 = 1 …………..……. (iv)
x − z = 0 …………….……. (v)
xz
From (iii) λ2 = xy and from (ii) λ1 = −
2y
Putting in (i), we get
x2 z
yz − + xy = 0
y
⇒ y 2 z − x 2 z + xy 2 = 0
 x = z form (iv) ∴ y 2 x − x3 + xy 2 = 0
⇒ 2 xy 2 − x 3 = 0
But from (iv), y 2 = 1 − x 2 ⇒ 2 x(1 − x 2 ) − x3 = 0
2
⇒ 3x3 − 2 x = 0 ⇒ x(3x 2 − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, ±
3
 2 1 2   2 −1 2
⇒ The critical points are  ± , ,± , ± , ,± ,
 3 3 3   3 3 3 
( 0,1,0 ) and (0, −1,0) .
A = Fxx = 2λ1 , B = Fxy = z , C = Fyy = 2λ1
B 2 − AC = z 2 − 4λ12
x2z 2 z 2 x2 z 2 ( y 2 − x 2 )
From (ii) λ12 = ⇒ B 2 − AC = z 2 −
=
4 y2 y2 y2
 2 1 2 3(3 3)
2 1−2
i) At  ± , ,±  , we have B − AC =
2
<0
1
 3 3 3  3
 4
xz − 2 3 Remarks
And A = Fxx = 2λ1 = − = <0
y 1
3
 2 1 2
⇒ Function is maximum at  ± , ,± .
 3 3 3 
Similarly we can show that w is maximum at (0, −1,0) and
 2 −1 2
minimum at  ± , ,±  & (0,1,0).
 3 3 3 
Question
Find the point to the curves x 2 − xy + y 2 − z 2 = 1, x 2 + y 2 = 1
nearest to the origin (0,0,0,) .
Solution
Let ( x, y , z ) be a point on the curve. Then its distance from the
origin is given by x2 + y 2 + z 2
We are to minimize f = d 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
subject to the conditions x 2 − xy + y 2 − z 2 = 1 , x 2 + y 2 = 1
Consider
F = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + λ1 ( x 2 − xy + y 2 − z 2 − 1) + λ2 ( x 2 + y 2 − 1)
Fx = 2 x + (2 x − y )λ1 + 2λ2 x
Fy = 2 y + (2 y − x)λ1 + 2λ2 y
Fz = 2 z + λ1 (−2 z )
For critical points, we have
2 x (1 + λ1 + λ2 ) − λ1 y = 0 ………… (i)
2 y (1 + λ1 + λ2 ) − λ1 x = 0 ………….(ii)
2 z (1 − λ1 ) = 0 …………………..... (iii)
x 2 − xy + y 2 − z 2 − 1 = 0 …………. (iv)
x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0 ………………..….. (v)
From (iii), we have z = 0 & λ1 = 1 .
z = 0 in (iv) gives x 2 − xy + y 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ xy = x 2 + y 2 − 1
But x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ xy = 0
⇒ x = 0 or y = 0 or both are zero.
We can not take x = 0 , y = 0 at a same time because it gives
(0,0,0) which is origin itself.
z = 0, x = 0 in (v) ⇒ y 2 = 1 ⇒ y = ±1
⇒ (0, ±1,0) are the critical points
& z = 0, y = 0 in (v) ⇒ x 2 = 1 ⇒ x = ±1
⇒ ( ±1,0,0 ) are the other critical points.
 f = d 2 = 1 at these four points
∴ These are the required points at which function is nearest to origin.
 5
Question Remarks
Find the shortest distance from the origin to the curve
x 2 + 8 xy + 7 y 2 = 225
Solution
We are to find the minimum value of f = d 2 = x 2 + y 2
subject to the condition x 2 + 8 xy + 7 y 2 = 225 .
Consider F = x 2 + y 2 + λ ( x 2 + 8xy + 7 y 2 − 225)
Fx = 2 x + λ (2 x + 8 y )
Fy = 2 y + λ (8 x + 14 y )
For critical points
x + λ ( x + 4 y ) = 0 ……….……. (i)
y + λ (4 x + 7 y ) = 0 ………..…. (ii)
x 2 + 8 xy + 7 y 2 − 225 = 0 …….. (iii)
x 4λ
(i) ⇒ (1 + λ ) x + 4λ y = 0 ⇒ =−
y 1+ λ
x 1 + 7λ
(ii) ⇒ 4λ x + (1 + 7 λ ) y = 0 ⇒ =−
y 4λ
x 4λ 1 + 7λ
⇒ =− =− ⇒ 16λ 2 = (1 + λ )(1 + 7λ )
y 1+ λ 4λ
⇒ 16λ 2 = 1 + λ + 7λ + 7λ 2 ⇒ 9λ 2 − 8λ − 1 = 0
1
⇒ (λ − 1)(9λ + 1) = 0 ⇒ λ = 1, −
9
x
λ =1 ⇒ = −2 ⇒ x = −2 y
y
Putting this value of x in equation (iii) we have
(−2 y )2 + 8(−2 y ) y + 7 y 2 = 225
⇒ 4 y 2 − 16 y 2 + 7 y 2 = 225 ⇒ − 5 y 2 = 225
which gives imaginary values of y.
1 x 4 ( − 19 ) 4 9 1
λ =− ⇒ =− = = ⇒ y = 2x
9 y 1 − 19 8
9 2
Putting in (iii), we have
x 2 + 8 x(2 x) + 7(2 x) 2 = 225
⇒ x 2 + 16 x 2 + 28x 2 = 225
⇒ 45 x 2 = 225 ⇒ x 2 = 5 ⇒ x = ± 5
x= 5 ⇒ y=2 5
& x = − 5 ⇒ y = −2 5
∴ The critical points are ( ) (
5,2 5 & − 5, −2 5 . )
d (2± 5,± 2 5 )
= 25
⇒ Shortest distance = d = 5
 6
Question
Find a point ( x, y , z ) on the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 which is Remarks
farthest from the point (1, 2,3) .
Solution
We are to maximize
f ( x, y, z ) = ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 2)2 + ( z − 3)2
subject to the condition x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
Let F = ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 2)2 + ( z − 3)2 + λ ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1)
For critical points
Fx = 2( x − 1) + 2λ x = 0
Fy = 2( y − 2) + 2λ y = 0
Fz = 2( z − 3) + 2λ z = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
⇒ x − 1 + λ x = 0 …………….. (i)
y − 2 + λ y = 0 …………… (ii)
z − 3 + λ z = 0 ……….…... (iii)
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 ………….. (iv)
1 2 3
⇒ x= , y= , z=
1+ λ 1+ λ 1+ λ
Putting in (iv)
2 2 2
 1   2   3 
  +  +  =1
 1 + λ   1 + λ   1 + λ 
⇒ 14 = (1 + λ ) 2

⇒ λ + 1 = ± 14 ⇒ λ = −1 ± 14
1 2 3
⇒ x= , y= , z=
± 14 ± 14 ± 14
 −1 −2 −3 
Clearly  , ,  is the point which is farthest from (1, 2,3) .
 14 14 14 
Question
Find the extreme values of z = 6 − 4 x − 3 y , provided x & y
satisfy x 2 + y 2 = 1 .
Solution
Define F = 6 − 4 x − 3 y + λ ( x 2 + y 2 − 1)
For critical points, we have
Fx = − 4 + 2λ x = 0 …………. (i)
Fy = −3 + 2λ y = 0 …………. (ii)
and x 2 + y 2 = 1 …..………. (iii)
2 3
From (i) and (ii) we have x = , y =
λ 2λ
5
Putting these values in (iii) we get λ = ±
2
5 2 4 3 3
λ= ⇒ x= = & y= =
2 5
2 5 2 ⋅ 52 5
 7
5 2 4 3 3 Remarks
λ =− ⇒ x= =− & y= =−
2 − 52 5 2 ⋅ (− 52 ) 5
 4 3  4 3
⇒  ,  &  − , −  are the critical points.
 5 5  5 5
A = Fxx = 2λ , B = Fxy = 0 , C = Fyy = 2λ
2
 5
⇒ B − AC = 0 − 4λ = − 4  ±  = −25 < 0
2 2

 2
⇒ F is maximum or minimum at the critical points.
 4 3
Now at  ,  , we have A = 5 > 0
5 5
 4 3
And at  − , −  , we have A = −5 < 0
 5 5
 4 3  4 3
⇒ The function is min. at  ,  and max. at  − , −  .
5 5  5 5

Question
Find the critical point of f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 xy + 2 x + 3 y .
Where x 2 − y = 1 . Test for maxima and minima.
Solution
Define F = x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 xy + 2 x + 3 y + λ ( x 2 − y − 1)
For critical points, we have
Fx = 2 x + 2 y + 2 + 2λ x = 0 …..….. (i)
Fy = 4 y + 2 x + 3 − λ = 0 ………… (ii)
and x 2 − y − 1 = 0 ……….……… (iii)
−x − y −1
From (i) λ =
x
From (ii) λ = 2 x + 4 y + 3
−x − y −1
⇒ = 2x + 4 y + 3
x
⇒ − x − y − 1 = 2 x 2 + 4 xy + 3x
⇒ 2 x 2 + 4 x + 4 xy + y + 1 = 0
But from (iii) x 2 = 1 + y
⇒ 2(1 + y ) + 4 x + 4 xy + y + 1 = 0
⇒ 4 x + 4 xy + 3 y + 3 = 0
⇒ 4 x(1 + y ) + 3( y + 1) = 0
⇒ ( y + 1)(4 x + 3) = 0
3
⇒ Either y = −1 or x = −
4
If y = −1 , we get x = 0 from (iii)
2

⇒ (0, −1) is a critical point and λ = −1 in this case.

3 9 7
If x = − , we get − 1 = y i.e. y = −
4 16 16
 3 7 1
⇒  − , −  is the other critical point and λ = − in this. case.
 4 16  4
 8
Now A = Fxx = 2 + 2λ , B = Fxy = 2 , C = Fyy = 4 Remarks
⇒ B 2 − AC = 4 − 4(2 + 2λ ) = − 4 − 8λ
λ = −1 ⇒ B 2 − AC = 4 > 0 ⇒ f is neither maximum nor
minimum at (0,1) .
1  1
λ =− ⇒ B 2 − AC = − 4 − 8  −  = − 4 + 2 = −2 < 0
4  4
 1 1
and A = 2 + 2λ = 2 + 2  −  = 2 − > 0
 4 2
 3 7
⇒  − , −  is the point of minimum value.
 4 16 

Question
Find the critical points of z = x 2 + y 2 when x 3 + y 3 = 6 xy ,
Also test for maxima and minima.
Solution
Define F = x 2 + y 2 + λ ( x3 + y 3 − 6 xy )
For critical points we have
Fx = 2 x + 3λ x 2 − 6λ y = 0 …..……. (i)
Fy = 2 y + 3λ y 2 − 6λ x = 0 ……….. (ii)
and x 3 + y 3 − 6 xy = 0 …………… (iii)
−2 x
from (i) λ = 2
3x − 6 y
−2 y
from (ii) λ = 2
3 y − 6x
−2 x −2 y
⇒ = 2
3x − 6 y 3 y − 6 x
2

⇒ x (3 y 2 − 6 x ) = y (3x 2 − 6 y )
⇒ x ( y 2 − 2 x) = y ( x2 − 2 y)
⇒ xy 2 − 2 x 2 = x 2 y − 2 y 2
⇒ x 2 y − xy 2 + 2 x 2 − 2 y 2 = 0
⇒ xy( x − y) + 2( x − y )( x + y) = 0
⇒ ( x − y )(2 x + 2 y + xy ) = 0
⇒ Either x − y = 0 or 2 x + 2 y + xy = 0
If x − y = 0 then (iii) becomes x 3 + x 3 − 6 x 2 = 0
⇒ 2 x 3 − 6 x 2 = 0 ⇒ x 2 ( x − 3) = 0
⇒ x = 0, 3
⇒ x = 0, y = 0 & x = 3, y = 3
⇒ (0,0) & (3,3) are the critical points.
− 2x − 2x
At (0,0), λ = 2 = 2  x− y=0 ⇒ x= y
3x − 6 y 3x − 6 x
−2 −2 1
= = =
3 x − 6 3(0) − 6 3
2
And at (3,3) , λ = −
3
 9
Remarks
A = Fxx = 2 + 6λ x
B = Fxy = −6λ
C = Fyy = 2 + 6λ y
At (0,0), we have A = 2 , B = −2 , C = 2
And ∴ B 2 − AC = 0
Consider ∆z = z (h, h) − z (0,0) = h 2 + h 2 = 2h 2 ≥ 0
⇒ (0,0) is the point of minimum value.
 2
At (3,3) , we have A = 2 + 6  −  (3) = −10
 3
 2
B = −6  −  = 4
 3
 2
C = 2 + 6  −  (3) = −10
 3
and ∴ B − AC = 16 − 100 < 0 and A = −10 < 0
2

⇒ (3,3) is a point of maximum value.

Question
Find the points in the plane 2 x + 3 y − z = 5 nearest to the origin.
Solution
We are to minimize f = d 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
subject to 2 x + 3 y − z − 5 = 0 .
Define F = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + λ ( 2 x + 3 y − z − 5)
Fx = 2 x + 2λ = 0 …………….... (i)
Fy = 2 y + 3λ = 0 ……………... (ii)
Fz = 2 z − λ = 0 ………………..(iii)
and 2 x + 3 y − z − 5 = 0 …...….. (iv)
− 3λ λ
x = −λ , y = , z= from (i), (ii) & (iii) resp.
2 2
9λ λ
(iv) becomes −2λ − − −5= 0
2 2
⇒ 4λ + 9λ + λ = −10
10 5
⇒ λ =− =−
14 7
5 15 5
⇒ x= , y= , z=−
7 14 14
 5 15 − 5 
⇒  , ,  is the critical point.
 7 14 14 
A = Fxx = 2 , B = Fxy = 0 , C = Fyy = 2
B 2 − AC = 0 − 4 < 0 A=2>0
and
 5 15 − 5 
⇒ F is relative minimum at  , ,  so this is the required
 7 14 14 
point.

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