RESEARCH AND DESIGN FOR SEISMIC RETROFIT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS IN JAPAN S. Sugano Senior Research Manager, Technical Research Laboratory, Takenaka Corporation, JAPAN ABSTRACT : The siate-of-the-arts in both reasearch and design for seismic retrofit of existing buildings in Japan is described. Emphasis is put on reinforced concrate buildings which have some experiences of severe damage due to recent destructive earthquakes. Retrofit strategy and techniques, and the benavior of retrofitted structures are discussed in detail reviewing existing research data. The design practice is also described introducing the available design guidelines issued by the Japanese government in 1977 and revised in 1990. Finally some examples of design for pre-earthquake retrofit of existing buildings and associated studies including those for a historical public building of brick masonry are introduced. 4 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historical Background The research on seismic retrofit of existing buildings in Japan was initiated shortly after the 1968 Tokachi-oki Earthquake. A number of low-rise reinforced concrete buildings were heavily damaged by the earthquake. While many of severely damaged buildings were demolished, several damaged buildings were strengthened by the addition of structural walls along with repair. This was practically the first experience for Japanese engineers to extensively strengthen existing buildings against earthquake. The retrofit design and construction, however, were performed based on engineering judgement alone due to lack of appropriate guidelines. Since then a number of experimental studies were conducted to investigate the seismic behavior of retrofitted buildings. Early studies were reflected to the guidelines for retrofit design of existing reinforced concrete buildings prepared by the Japanese Government (Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association 1977). They were intended to be used in conjunction with the standards for the seismic evaluation of existing reinforced concrete buildings prepared also by the government in the same year (Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association 1977). These guidelines and standards have been widely used by Japanese engineers. In 1990, they were revised reflecting cumulative data of both research and design of over fifteen years. 1.2 Objectives and Scope This paper describes the present state of research and design for seismic retrofit of existing buildings in Japan. Due to damage experience, vulnerability and availability of existing data, emphasis is put on reinforced concrete buildings. Over twenty years research data have been reviewed to discuss the seismic behavior of retrofitted buildings and components with various techniques General design procedures for seismic retrofit are also described. In addition, some analytical studies of retrofitted buildings, conducted to verify the design, are introduced. Note that the seismic capacity evaluation methods and the retrofit practice of damaged and undamaged buildings in Japan are respectively outlined in other papers in conjunction with this paper (Kaminosono 1992 and Hirosawa 1992 ) is used herein as a to include repair, The term “retrofit” comprehensive term o1remodeling as well as strengthening of existing structures. Several related terms to this paper are illustrated in Fig.1 and the definition of each term Is described as below (Nakano 1991). strenathening : reconstruction or renewal of any part of an existing building to provide better structural capacity than that of the original building repair : reconstruction or renewal of any part of a damaged or deteriorated building to provide the same level of strength and/or ductility which the building had prior to the damage femodeling : reconstruction or renewal of any part of an existing building due to change of usage or occupancy retrofit : concepts including strengthening, remodeling and repair rehabilitation : reconstruction or renewal of a damaged building to provide the same level of function which the building had prior to the damage restoration : concepts including both retrofit and rehabilitation 2 RETROFIT STRATEGY AND TECHNIQUES 2.1 Aims of Seismic Retrofit The aims of seismic retrofit are to provide 1) increased strength, 2) increased ductility, and 3) a proper combination of these two features, so as to satisfy the required seismic capacity (Fig.2). In accordance with the standards for seismic capacity evaluation (outlined by Kaminosono 1992), the required capacity is expressed in terms of the structural index Ereq which is determined mainly with strength index C and ductility index F. When the ductility is not expected the index F takes 1.0 and the index C, then, expresses the horizontal ultimate strength of the building in terms of shear coefficient. The structural planning index Sd also controls the capacity. The aimed index Ereq generally takes the value of 0.6 or more for the level of ground motion of 0.259 or so, while higher values are taken for higher seismic risk area such as Shizuoka prefecture where a major earthquake is expected in near future. The combination of strength and ductility involves the proper balance between strength and stiffness. Providing increased strength is the most promising approach for low- to medium-rise buildings. Even if sufficient ductility is provided, adequate strength is required to reduce inelastic displacement. it is also important to reduce eccentricity due to irregular distribution of stiffness in the entire building. This improves the Sd index. Spandre! walls may be separated from a column to eliminate “captive column” to increase the ductility index F. 2.2 Construction techniques Typical retrofit techniques available in Japan are summarized in Figs.3 and 4. Generally, new elements are added to existing frames to provide increased strength, or existing framing elements are reinforced with new materials to improve ductility. Infilled walls and side walls are cast-in-situ or precast wall elements to be attached to frames or to beams. Typical details of connections to existing concrete ara given in Fig.5. Dowel connections in Fig.5(a) are used for infilled walls and side walls. The anchor for dowels is, illustrated in Fig.5(c). Steel elements may be simply attached to the existing concrete through mortar fill, as shown in Fig.5(b). while they may be directly attached te the frames by bolting. The column ductility may be improved with jacketing techniques shown in Fig.4(b). The existing column is jacketed with concrete or steel encasement. In increasing ductility of columns with these techniques, the aim is to increase their shear capacity providing new concrete and/or reinforcement. It is very important to provide a narrow gap at the end of steel or concrete encasement to avoid undesired increase of shear forces resulting from the increase of flexural capacity. 92. AS shown in Fig.6, infilled walls are classifiedrestoration (a) Fy safe - rehabittation = & 1c) . pair _strengthening £ Required S| unsafe Seismic s Capacity remodeling & | Existing Ereq Building Ereq =f (C,F,Sd) Ductility (F) FIG. 1 KEYWORDS AND THEIR RELATION FIG. 2 BASIC CONCEPT OF SEISMIC RETROFIT postcast concrete infilled |_| precast panel walls steel panel conerete_blocks (a) to increase strength seismic (b) to increase strength retrofit and ductility (c) to increase ductility comp or tens braces tens & comp. braces X,_K, braces steel (a) resistance relying braces | | 8 ‘on strength S . (b) resistance “Telying on L{eosteast concrete z na st panel a strength and ductility Ee SSStAESee & & Pomoey steel encasement 7 “\(c) resistance relying column] _| steel straps on ductility, [jacket |] welded wire fabrics DISPLACEMENT carbon fiber FIG. 3 TYPICAL RETROFIT METHODS USED IN JAPAN i q a 4 dp Z EF ° infilled wall braces side walls separation of spandrel walls {a)Frame Retrofit aeEEEEA ties or welded steel straps wire fabrics |} xistins steel 5 carbon fiber, fu Sneasemer mortar or = Eonraeaes a narrow 4 aun) tga F -——F a SHE 1 | (Elevation) (b)Column Jacket FIG. 4 TYPICAL RETROFIT TECHINQUES 93