Question Bank in Hindi Class X (Term-II) Course A
15 L=kh&f'k{kk fojks/h oqQrdks± dk [kaMu
ikB dk laf{kIr ifjp;
n~foosnh th dh ;g izeq[k fo'ks"krk jgh gS fd le; ,oa
ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj os vius fopkjksa esa ifjorZu djrs jgs gSa] tSls
yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk osQ iz'u ij muosQ fopkj ,oa roZQ ldkjkRed FksA
mudh ekU;rk Fkh fd yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk izkjafHkd dky ls gh
vko';d Fkh] ftls le;≤ ij oqQN iz[kj izcqn~/ yksxksa n~okjk
ikB dk lkj
tc i<+s&fy[ks yksxksa n~okjk L=kh&f'k{kk osQ dk;Z dh vusd
oqQrdks± n~okjk fuank dh tkrh gS] rks ys[kd nq[kh gks mBrk gSA bu
f'kf{kr yksxksa esa os yksx 'kkfey gSa] tks /eZ&'kkL=kksa osQ Kkrk] f'k{kd]
fopkjd] lqekxZxkeh] iFkizn'kZd vkfn gSaA ys[kd dk fopkj gS fd
laLÑr osQ ukVdksa esa i<+h&fy[kh ;k oqQyhu fL=k;ksa dks x¡okjksa dh Hkk"kk
dk iz;ksx djrs fn[kk;k x;k gSA fL=k;ksa dks f'kf{kr djuk vuFkZdkjh
S
le>k x;k gSA 'koqaQryk dk mnkgj.k bl :i esa fn;k x;k gS fd mlus
ER
nq";ar dks dkiQh dBksj 'kCn dgs gSaA ys[kd roZQ nsrk gS fd fon~okuksa
n~okjk ,slk djuk xyr gSA D;k dksbZ lqf'kf{kr ukjh izkÑr Hkk"kk ugha
TH
cksy ldrh\ cqn~/ ls ysdj Hkxoku egkohj rd us vius mins'k
izkÑr Hkk"kk esa gh fn,A rks D;k os vi<+ ;k x¡okj Fks\ brus le`n~/
O
izkÑr lkfgR; osQ jpf;rkx.k D;k x¡okj Fks\ vkt Hkh ,d lqf'kf{kr
R
O;fDr vkilh ckrphr viuh {ks=kh; Hkk"kk&& ejkBh] ckaXyk] iatkch]
B
dUuM+] ey;kye vkfn esa djrk gS rks D;k og x¡okj gS\ bu lcdk
L
mRrj gS µ ughaA
YA
ftl le; ukV~;&'kkfL=k;ksa us ukV~;&laca/h fu;e cuk, Fks] ml
O
le; loZtu dh Hkk"kk laLÑr u FkhA vr% mUgksaus fL=k;ksa rFkk lkekU;
G
tuksa dh Hkk"kk ^izkÑr* j[kh rFkk i<+s&fy[kksa dh Hkk"kk laLÑrA ys[kd
viuk ;g vdkV~; roZQ nsrk gS fd 'kkL=kksa esa cM+s&cM+s fon~okuksa dh
ppkZ feyrh gS] foaQrq D;k muosQ lh[kus ls lacn~/ dksbZ iqLrd ;k
ikaMqfyfi vkt rd feyh gS\ mlh izdkj ;fn izkphu le; esa dksbZ Hkh
ckfydk (ukjh) fon~;ky; dh tkudkjh ugha feyrh gS] rks bldk
vFkZ ;g ugha fd lHkh fL=k;k¡ x¡okj Fkha\ ys[kd fofo/ dkyksa dh
'kCnkFkZ ,oa fVIif.k;k¡
v/kfeZd ¾ ukfLrd_ /eZrRo ¾ /eZ dk lkj_ nyhysa ¾ roZQ]
izek.k_ lqekxZxkeh ¾ vPNh jkg ij pyus okys_ vi<+ksa ¾ x¡okjksa_
oqQroZQ ¾ vuqfpr roZQ_ izko`Qr ¾ izkphu dky dh Hkk"kk_ oqQekxZxkeh
1 © GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN

egkohj izlkn n~foosnh
vuqHko Hkh fd;k tkrk jgk gSA mudk ys[k ^L=kh&f'k{kk fojksèkh oqQrdks±
dk [kaMu* ,d 'kks/ijd ys[k gSA blesa mUgksaus ijaijkvksa osQ lq/kj dks
vko';d ekuk gS] lkFk gh ukjh&f'k{kk dh vko';drk ij fo'ks"k cy
fn;k gSA bl ikB ls mudh iz[kj rkfoZQd {kerk dk Hkh irk pyrk gSA
ys[k dk lkj bl izdkj gSµ
AN
H
AS
vusdkusd fL=k;ksa& 'khyk] foTtk ,oa ckSn~/ dkyhu fL=k;ksa osQ vusd
mnkgj.k nsdj muosQ f'kf{kr gksus dh ckr dh iqf"V djrk gSA n~foosnh
AK
th dgrs gSa fd tc izkphu :i esa fL=k;ksa oQks ukp&xku] iwQy pquus]
gkj cukus rd dh vktknh feyh gqbZ Fkh] rks ;g ckr fo'okl ,oa
PR
roZQ nksuksa ls ijs yxrh gS fd mUgsa f'k{kk ugha nh tkrh FkhA
mi;qZDr rdks± osQ vykok ys[kd leh{kkRed <ax ls dgrk gS
fd ;fn eku Hkh fy;k tk, fd izkphu dky esa lHkh fL=k;k¡ vi<+ FkhaA
gks ldrk gS] ml le; mUgsa i<+kus dh vko';drk u jgh gksA foaQrq
le; dh orZeku ek¡x osQ vuqlkj fL=k;ksa dks vo'; f'kf{kr djuk
pkfg,A
ys[kd nfd;kuwlh fopkj/kjkvksa okys fon~okuksa ls dgrs gSa fd
mUgsa iqjkuh ekU;rkvksa ls mcjdj lksp esa u;kiu ys vkuk pkfg,A bl
lanHkZ esa os dgrs gSa fd tks yksx iqjk.kksa esa i<+h&fy[kh fL=k;ksa osQ gokys
ek¡xrs gS]a mUgsa Jhen~Hkkxor] n'keLoaQ/ osQ mRrjk/Z dk frjsiuok¡ vè;k;
i<+uk pkfg,A mlesa #fDe.kh&gj.k dh dFkk gSA mlesa #fDe.kh us ,d
yack&pkSM+k i=k ,dkar esa fy[kdj Jho`Q".k dks Hkstk Fkk] og rks izkÑr
esa u FkkA ys[kd vkxs dgrs gSa fd vuFkZ dHkh ugha i<+uk pkfg,A os
lhrk] 'koqaQryk vkfn osQ mu izlaxksa osQ mnkgj.k nsrs gSa] tks mUgksaus
vius&vius ifr;ksa dks dgs FksA blfy, ys[kd lkj :i esa dgrs gSa
fd gesa nfd;kuwlh fopkjksa ls vkxs fudydj ns'k&dky dh ek¡x osQ
vuqlkj lcdks f'kf{kr djus dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,A L=kh&f'k{kk dks
izkphu ekU;rkvksa dk gokyk nsdj mUgsa f'k{kk ls oafpr djuk cgqr
cM+k ekufld Hkze gSA
¾ cqjh jkg ij pyus okys_ osnkarokfnuh ¾ osnkar n'kZu ij cksyus
okyh_ n'kZd xzaFk tkudkjh nsus okyh iqLrosaQ_ iFk&izn'kZd iqLrosaQ_
izxYHk ¾ izfrHkkoku_ U;k;'khyrk ¾ U;k; osQ vuqlkj vkpj.k djuk_
foK ¾ le>nkj] fon~oku_ [kaMu ¾ fdlh ckr dks roZQiw.kZ <ax ls
xyr dguk_ ukeksYys[k ¾ uke dk mYys[k djuk_ czg~eoknh ¾ osn
i<+us&i<+kus okyk_ dkyowQV ¾ fo"k_ ih;w"k ¾ ve`r] lq/k_ vYiK ¾
FkksM+k tkuus okyk_ fuHkZRlZuk ¾ frjLdkj] fuank_ uhfrK ¾ uhfr tkuus
okyk_ vidkj ¾ vfgr_ O;fHkpkj ¾ nqjkpkj_ xzg xzLr ¾ iki xzg
ls izHkkfor_ ifjR;Dr ¾ NksM+k gqvk_ dyadkjksi.k ¾ nks"k e<+uk]
lesfVo vlslesaV osQ fy,
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ikB~;iqLrd osQ iz'uksRrj
1- oqQN iqjkru iaFkh yksx fL=k;ksa dh f'k{kk osQ fojks/h FksA
fn~foosnh th us D;k&D;k roZQ nsdj L=kh f'k{kk dk
leFkZu fd;k\ [CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
mRrj % Hkkjrh; lekt esa f'kf{kr iq#"k oxZ xyr nyhysa nsdj izkphu
dky ls vc rd fL=k;ksa dks fuj{kj fln~/ djrk vk;k gSA
gkyk¡fd L=kh&f'k{kk dh fu;ecn~/ iz.kkyh osQ dksbZ izek.k
iqjk.kksa esa vc rd mlh rjg ugha feys] tSls tgktksa vkSj
foekuksa osQ mYys[k osQ ckn Hkh mudh fuekZ.k iz.kkyh osQ
n'kZd xzaFk ugha feys gSa] rFkkfi mUgsa x¡okj dguk vuqfpr gSA
izkphudky esa gh gesa laLo`Qr cksyrh ½f"k;ksa osQ vkJeksa ls
S
tqM+h fonq"kh efgykvksa tSls lhrk] 'koqaQryk] xkxhZ] eaMu feJ
ER
dh iRuh] vf=k dh iRuh vkSj #fDe.kh osQ mnkgj.k fey tkrs
gSaA ckSn~/&tSu lkfgR;] f=kfiVd xzaFk blosQ mnkgj.k gSaA
TH
fj;klrksa ls tqM+h fL=k;ksa dk lHkh dkeksa dks izkÑr esa lh[kuk]
'khyk vkSj fo”kk dk dfork djuk] ukVdksa esa Hkkx ysuk L=kh
O
lk{kjrk osQ izek.k gSaA
R
B
2- ^fL=k;ksa dks i<+kus ls vuFkZ gksrs gSa* µ oqQroZQokfn;ksa dh
bl nyhy dk [kaMu n~foosnh th us oSQls fd;k gS\
L
YA
vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A [CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
mRrj % ys[kd us vusd liQy mnkgj.kksa dks nsdj ^fL=k;ksa dks i<+kus
O
ls vuFkZ gksrs gSa*] dh nyhy dk [kaMu fd;k gSA bZ'oj us
G
Lo;a oSfnd ea=kksa dh jpuk lk{kj fo'oojk ls djkdj euq";
dk dY;k.k fd;kA ckSn~/ xazFk FksjhxkFkk esa lSdM+ksa fL=k;ksa dh
in~; jpuk vkSjksa osQ fy, izsj.kklzksr cuhaA oqQekfjdkvksa us
fp=k cukuk] ukpuk] xkuk&ctkuk] iQwy pquuk] gkj xw¡Fkuk
lh[kdj vkRefuHkZjrk vkSj LokfHkekuh thou dh f'k{kk ikbZA
xkxhZ] eaMu feJ dh iRuh osQ ikafMR; us L=kh tkfr dks
xkSjokfUor fd;kA 'koqQaryk vkSj lhrk nq";ar vkSj jke dks
muosQ drZO;ksa dk vglkl djk ldus esa leFkZ jghaA
3- n~foosnh th us L=kh f'k{kk fojks/h oqQrdks± dk [kaMu djus
osQ fy, O;aX; dk lgkjk fy;k gS& tSls ^;g lc ikih
i<+us dk vijk/ gSA u os i<+rha] u os iwtuh; iq#"kksa dk
2 © GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
nks"kh Bgjuk_ nqokZD; ¾ fuank djus okyk okD; ;k ckr_ ckr O;fFkr
¾ ckrksa ls nq[kh gksus okys_ 'kksd ¾ nq[k_ x¡okj ¾ vlH;_ rFkkfi ¾
fiQj Hkh_ cfygkfj ¾ U;ksNkoj_ èkekZoyach ¾ /eZ ij fuHkZj_ xbZ
chrh ¾ cnrj_ lkèoh ¾ iwtk&ikB djus okyh_ la'kks/u ¾ lq/kj_
feF;k ¾ >wB_ lksyg vkus ¾ iw.kZr%_ lan~ohikarj ¾ ,d ls nwljs
n~ohi ij tkuk_ NDosQ Nq M+kuk ¾ gjk nsukA
eqdkcyk djrhaA* vki ,sls vU; va'kksa dks fuca/ esa ls
AN
Nk¡Vdj lef>, vkSj fyf[k,A
mRrj % (1) ftu iafMrksa us xkFkk&lIr'krh] lsrqca/ egkdkO; vkSj
H
oqQekjikypfjr vkfn xzaFk izko`Qr esa cuk, gSa] os ;fn
AS
vi<+ vkSj x¡okj Fks rks fganh osQ izfln~/ ls izfln~/
v[kckj dk laiknd bl tekus esa vi<+ vkSj x¡okj
AK
dgk tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd og vius tekus dh
izpfyr Hkk"kk esa v[kckj fy[krk gSA
PR
(2) iqjkus tekus esa foeku mM+rs FksA crkb, muosQ cukus
dh fon~;k fl[kkus okyk dksbZ 'kkL=k\
(3) roZQ'kkL=kKrk vkSj bl U;k;'khyrk dh cfygkjh\
(4) bZ'oj rks osn&ea=kksa dh jpuk vFkok mudk n'kZu]
fo'okl vkfn fL=k;ksa ls djkos vkSj ge mUgsa ddgjk
i<+kuk Hkh iki le>saA
(5) fL=k;ksa dk fd;k gqvk vuFkZ ;fn i<+kus gh dk ifj.kke
gS] rks iq#"kksa dk fd;k gqvk vuFkZ Hkh mudh fon~;k
vkSj f'k{kk gh dk ifj.kke le>uk pkfg,A ce osQ
xksys iQsaduk] ujgR;k djuk] MkosQ Mkyuk] pksfj;k¡
djuk] ?kwl ysuk--- ;s lc ;fn i<+us&fy[kus gh dk
ifj.kke gksa rks lkjs dkWyst] LowQy vkSj ikB'kkyk,¡ can
gks tkuh pkfg,A
(6) 'koqaQryk us nq";ar dks dVq okD; dgdj dkSu&lh
vLokHkkfodrk fn[kkbZ\ D;k og ;g dgrh fd &
¶vk;Z iq=k] 'kkckl! cM+k vPNk dke fd;k tks esjs
lkFk xka/oZ&fookg djosQ eqdj x,A uhfr] U;k;]
lnkpkj vkSj /eZ dh vki izR;{k ewfrZ gSa!¸
(7) lhrk dk ;g lans'k dVq ugha rks D;k ehBk gS\
(8) yM+dksa dh gh f'k{kk iz.kkyh dkSu&lh cM+h vPNh gSA
iz.kkyh cqjh gksus osQ dkj.k D;k fdlh us ;g jk; nh
gS fd lkjs LowQy vkSj dkWyst can dj fy, tk,¡\
(9) th esa vkos lks dhft,] ij ijes'oj osQ fy, ;g u
dfg, fd Lo;a i<+us@fy[kus esa nks"k gSA
 4- iqjkus le; esa fL=k;ksa n~okjk izkÑr Hkk"kk esa cksyuk D;k
muosQ vi<+ gksus dk lcwr gS µ ikB osQ vk/kj ij Li"V
dhft,A [CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
mRrj % iqjkus le; esa ukV~; 'kkL=k osQ vkpk;ks± n~okjk cuk, fu;eksa
dh tfVyrk osQ dkj.k laLÑr loZlk/kj.k dh Hkk"kk ugha cu
ikbZA vr% izkÑr tulk/kj.k esa 'kkfey fL=k;ksa dh Hkh
fy[kus&i<+us vkSj cksyus dh Hkk"kk cu xbZA L=kh f'k{kk osQ
fy, vkJe vFkok fo'ofon~;ky;ksa osQ izek.k vU; izek.kksa
dh rjg gh ugha feyrs] ijarq izkÑr xkFkk lIr'krh] lsrqca/
&egkdkO; vkSj oqQekjikypfjr dh jpuk] ckSn/~ ksa osQ f=kfiVd
xzaFk] tSuksa osQ g”kkjksa xazFk] 'kkD; vkSj muosQ f'k";ksa dk izkÑr
esa mins'k nsuk ;gh fln~/ djrk gS fd izpfyr Hkk"kk gh
lkfgR; vkSj cksypky dk ekè;e curh gSA vr% laLÑr ls
gVdj osQoy izkÑr ij Hkh fopkj djosQ ge ikrs gSa fd bls
viukus okyh fL=k;ksa lfgr lHkh yksx lk{kj Fks] vi<+ ughaA
5- ^ijaijk osQ mUgha i{kksa dks Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,]
tks L=kh&iq#"k lekurk dks c<+krs gksa* roZQ lfgr mRrj
nhft,A
mRrj % ys[kd osQ mi;qZDr dFku dk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd ijaijk,¡
ogh mfpr gSa] ftuls lekt osQ lHkh oxks± dk fodkl gksrk
gksA mu lHkh ijaijkvksa dh le;&le; ij leh{kk djuh
pkfg,] tks ,dkaxh ;k ,di{kh; gSaA mUgsa ^loZtu fgrk; o
S
ER
loZtu lq[kk;* dh vo/kj.kkuq:i ifjektZu djosQ viukuk
gh Js"B gksxk & cfuLcn mu ij vfMx jgus lsA
TH
6- rc dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh vkSj vc dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa
D;k varj gS] Li"V djsaA
O
mRrj % izkphu f'k{kk iz.kkyh tgk¡ vO;ofLFkr Fkh] ogha orZeku
R
iz.kkyh O;ofLFkr gSA igys laLÑr osQ 'yksdksa dks jVk;k
B
tkrk FkkA ogha vkt dh iz.kkyh esa ^jVus* osQ ctk; ^le>us*
L
ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gSA fL=k;ksa dh f'k{kk dk dksbZ
YA
leqfpr izca/ ugha Fkk] ogha vkt iq#"kksa osQ leku os lHkh
izdkj dk Kku vftZr dj jgh gSaA
O
G
jpuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr
7- egkohj izlkn n~foosnh dk fuca/ mudh nwjxkeh vkSj
[kqyh lksp dk ifjpk;d gS] oSQls\
[CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
mRrj % fpard egkohj izlkn n~foosnh dk fuca/ lu 1914 esa ml
le; izdkf'kr gqvk] tc fL=k;ksa dh f'k{kk misf{kr FkhA ckn
esa efgyk eksn esa ^L=kh f'k{kk fojks/h oqQrdks± dk [kaMu*
'kh"kZd :i esa izdkf'kr gqvk] tks mudh uohu lkekftd
psruk dk ifjp; ns jgk FkkA ,d vksj tgk¡ mUgksaus blesa ukjh
lk{kjrk osQ izek.kksa dks c[kwch O;aX;kRed :i esa izLrqr fd;k
gS] ogha >wBh nyhysa nsrs ,sls f'kf{kr lekt osQ >wBs vgaoknh
3 © GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
lM+h&xyh ijaijkvksa dks <ksus okys BsosQnkjksa dks Hkh cqjh rjg
iQVdkjk gSA izkÑr dh lgtrk dks le>kdj mlosQ cnyrs
:iksa dks viuk, tkus dks Hkh vfuok;Z crk;k gSA cnyrs
lanHkks± esa cuh L=kh lk{kjrk dks f'k{kk osQ O;kid vFkZ ls
tksM+us dh ek¡x dhA f'k{kk in~/fr dh dfe;ksa dks le>us
vkSj nwj djus dh Hkh izkFkZuk ,d lPps euq"; vkSj lkfgR;dkj
osQ :i esa dh gSA
8- n~foosnh th dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A
mRrj % mnkj ,oa O;kid lkfgfR;d psruk osQ dkj.k O;fDr ls laLFkk
cus n~foosnh th us dfork esa czt osQ cnys [kM+h cksyh dks
O;kdj.k vkSj orZuh osQ fu;eksa osQ lkFk 'kqn~/ djosQ igyh
ckj izLrqr fd;kA mudh Hkk"kk Hkkoksa vkSj fo"k;ksa osQ vuqowQy
gSA laLÑr] mnwZ vkSj iQkjlh 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx osQ ckn Hkh
AN
mldk lgt izokg cuk jgrk gSA o.kZukRed] fopkjkRed]
HkkokRed] O;aX;kRed o mnkgj.kkRed 'kSfy;ksa dks viuk,
H
AS
tkus osQ dkj.k Hkk"kk dh lthork cuh jgrh gSA
Hkk"kk vè;;u
AK
9- fuEufyf[kr vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa dks ,sls okD;ksa esa iz;qDr
PR
dhft,] ftlesa muosQ ,dkf/d vFkZ Li"V gksa &
(d) pky
mRrj % 1- eq>s rqEgkjh pky cgqr vPNh yxrh gSA
2- ge ,d cgqr iqjkuh pky esa jgrs gSaA
([k) ny
mRrj % 1- ny esa c¡Vs Nk=k tYnh&tYnh vius dke djus yxsA
2- iwtk osQ fy, rqylh&ny ysdj vkvksA
(x) i=k
mRrj % 1- eaSus ekrk th dks ,d i=k fy[kkA
2- f'kojkf=k ij 'kadj th dks csy&i=k p<+k;k tkrk gSA
(?k) gjk
mRrj % 1- isM+ dh ifRr;ksa dk jax gjk gksrk gSA
2- fe=k dks eSaus oSQje esa gjk fn;kA
(Ä) ij
mRrj % 1- Nr ij oqQN yksx irax iM+k jgs gSaA
2- dHkh&dHkh eq>s yxrk gS fd if{k;ksa dh rjg ij
yxkdj mM+ tkmQ¡A
(p) iQy
mRrj % 1- /hjt dk iQy ehBk gksrk gSA
2- eq>s [kV~Vs iQy vPNs ugha yxrsA
(N) oqQy
mRrj % 1- oqQy feykdj mldh vk; cgqr de gSA
2- fujkyk th mPp oqQy osQ czkg~e.k FksA
 vU; ijh{kksi;ksxh egRoiw.kZ ç'uksRrj (CCE in~èkfr ij vkèkkfjr)
oLrqfu"B ç'uksRrj
I. fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd i<+dj fn, x, ç'uksa
osQ fy, lgh fodYi pqfu,µ [CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
cM+s 'kksd dh ckr gS] vktdy Hkh ,sls yksx fo|eku gSa] tks
fL=k;ksa dks i<+kuk muosQ vkSj x`g&lq[k osQ uk'k dk dkj.k le>rs gSa]
vkSj] yksx Hkh ,sls&oSls ugha] lqf'kf{kr yksx&,sls yksx] ftUgksaus cM+s&cM+s
LowQyksa vkSj 'kk;n dkWys”kksa esa Hkh f'k{kk ikbZ gS] tks /eZ&'kkL=k vkSj
laLo`Qr osQ xzaFk&lkfgR; ls ifjp; j[krs gSa] vkSj] ftudk is'kk
dh çpfyr Hkk"kk u gksrh rks ckSn~èkksa rFkk tSuksa osQ g”kkjksa xzaFk mlesa
D;ksa fy[ks tkrs] vkSj Hkxoku 'kkD; eqfu rFkk muosQ psys çkÑr gh esa
D;ksa èkeksZins'k djrs\ ckSn~èkksa osQ f=kfiVd xzaFk dh jpuk çkÑr esa fd,
tkus dk ,dek=k dkj.k ;gh gS fd ml ”kekus esa çkÑr gh loZlkèkkj.k
dh Hkk"kk FkhA vr,o çkÑr cksyuk vkSj fy[kuk vi<+ vkSj vf'kf{kr
gksus dk fpg~u ughaA
1- ys[kd fdl ”kekus dh ckr djrk gS\
(d) vkfndky dh
([k) çkphu dky dh

AN
oqQf'kf{krksa dks lqf'kf{kr djuk] oqQekxZxkfe;ksa dks lqekxZxkeh cukuk (x) HkoHkwfr vkSj dkfynkl osQ tekus dh
vkSj v/kfeZdksa dks /eZrRo le>kuk gSA (?k) vkèkqfud ;qx dh

H
AS
1- ys[kd us cM+s 'kksd dh ckr dgk gSµ 2- ml ”kekus esa fdl ckr dk lcwr ugha feyrk\
(d) fL=k;ksa dks u i<+kuk (d) lHkh yksx laLÑr cksyrs Fks

AK
([k) fL=k;ksa dks i<+kuk x`g lq[k osQ uk'k dk dkj.k ekuuk ([k) cksypky dh Hkk"kk çkÑr Fkh
(x) fL=k;ksa dk [kkuk cukuk (?k) fL=k;ksa dk xkuk xkuk
PR
(x) mijksDr nksuksa
2- L=kh&f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa oSQls yksxksa dh lksp 'kksd dh ckr (?k) cksypky dh Hkk"kk çkÑr ugha Fkh
gS\
S

3- ckSn~èkksa osQ xzaFk dk D;k uke gS\

ER

(d) vui<+ ([k) lqf'kf{kr (x) o`¼ (?k) oqQf'kf{kr (d) egkHkkjr ([k) f=kfiVd
3- os fL=k;ksa dks ugha i<+kuk pkgrs D;ksafd fL=k;k¡µ (x) jkek;.k (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
TH

(d) mUgsa i<+kus yx tk,¡xh ([k) mudh ckr ugha lquxsa h 4- f=kfifVd xzaFk dh Hkk"kk gS\
O

(x) x`g&lq[k dk uk'k dj nsaxh (d) laLÑr ([k) oSfnd laLÑr

R

(?k) iq#"k ls vkxs fudy tk,¡xh (x) ikfy (?k) çkÑr

B

4- ^v/kfeZd* 'kCn esa ls milxZ] ewy 'kCn rFkk izR;; vyx 5- çkÑr cksyuk vkSj fy[kuk fdldk fpg~u gS\
L

djus ij :i cusxkµ (d) f'kf{kr gksus dk ([k) vf'kf{kr gksus dk

YA

(d) v $ /eZ $ bd ([k) v/ $ eZ $ bd (x) vui<+ gksus dk (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(x) vk $ /eZ $ bZd (?k) v $ /keZ $ bd
O

mRrj % 1- (x) 2- (?k) 3- ([k) 4- (?k) 5- (d)

G

5- lqf'kf{kr yksx D;k djrs gSa\

(d) i<+kus dk dk;Z ([k) cqjs yksxksa dks lgh djuk III. fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd i<+dj fn, x, ç'uksa
(x) yksxksa dks mins'k nsuk osQ fy, lgh fodYi pqfu,µ [CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]

(?k) yksxksa dks f'k{kk nsuk] lgh jkLrs ij ykuk rFkk /kfeZd i<+us&fy[kus esa Lo;a dksbZ ckr ,slh ugha ftlls vuFkZ gks losQA
rRo le>kuk vuFkZ dk cht mlesa gjfx”k ughaA vuFkZ iq#"kksa ls Hkh gksrs gSaA vi<+ksa
mRrj % 1- ([k) 2- ([k) 3- (?k) 4- (d) 5- (?k) vkSj i<+s&fy[kksa] nksuksa lsA vuFkZ] nqjkpkj vkSj ikikpkj osQ dkj.k vkSj
gh gksrs gSa vkSj os O;fDr&fo'ks"k dk pky&pyu ns[kdj tkus Hkh tk
II. fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd i<+dj fn, x, ç'uksa ldrs gSaA vr,o fL=k;ksa dks vo'; i<+kuk pkfg,A tks yksx ;g dgrs
osQ fy, lgh fodYi pqfu,A gSa fd iqjkus ”kekus esa ;gk¡ fL=k;k¡ u i<+rh Fkha vFkok mUgsa i<+us dh
bldk D;k lcwr gS fd ml ”kekus esa cksypky dh Hkk"kk çkÑr u eqekfu;r_ Fkh os ;k rks bfrgkl ls vfHkKrk ugha j[krs ;k tkucw> dj
Fkh\ lcwr rks çkÑr osQ pyu osQ gh feyrs gSaA çkÑr ;fn ml le; yksxksa dks /ks[kk nsrs gSaA lekt dh n`f"V esa ,sls yksx naMuh; gSaA
4 © GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
 1- ^vuFkZ* dk i<+us&fy[kus ls dksbZ lac/ ugha gS] oSQls\ fL=k;k¡ vi<+ Fkha vFkok mUgsa i<+us dh vkKk u FkhA
(d) i<+uk vkSj vuFkZ djuk ,d gh flDds osQ nks igyw gSa 1- L=kh&f'k{kk osQ fojksf/;ksa osQ vuqlkj iqjkus tekus esa Hkkjr
([k) i<s+&fy[ks yksx dHkh vuFkZ ugha dgrs dh fL=k;ksa dh n'kk Fkhµ
(x) i<+s&fy[ks vkSj vui<+ nksuksa ls vuFkZ gksrs gSaA (d) os lkekftd :i ls lqn`<+ Fkha
(?k) i<+us&fy[kus okyksa dh ckSf¼drk mUgsa vuFkZ ls nwj dj ([k) os 'kS{kf.kd :i ls fiNM+h Fkha
nsrh gS (x) os 'kSf{kd :i ls l'kDr Fkha
2- vuFkZ osQ D;k dkj.k gksrs gSa\ (?k) os ?kj osQ dkedkt esa n{k Fkha
(d) vf'kf{kr gksuk 2- orZeku esa fL=k;ksa dks i<+kuk ”k:jh ekuk x;k gS] D;ksafdµ
([k) ckSf¼d :i ls vfodflr gksuk (d) izkphu le; esa fL=k;k¡ vf'kf{kr Fkha
(x) lekt esa vlekurk] ikideZ vkSj vU;k;o`fÙk dk iuiuk ([k) orZeku esa ifjfLFkfr;k¡ f'k{kk osQ vuqowQy gSa
(?k) O;fDr fo'ks"k esa vijk/h eukso`fÙk dk gksuk (x) bl ;qx esa f'k{kk izkfIr osQ lk/u csgrj gSa

AN
3- ys[kd osQ vuqlkj oSQls yksx naMuh; gSa\ (?k) ifjokj vkSj lekt osQ mRFkku osQ fy, f'k{kk visf{kr gS

H
(d) tks voS/ dk;Z djrs gSa 3- iqjkus ,sls fu;eksa] :f<+;ksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dks rksM+uk

AS
([k) ftudh eukso`fr xyr gksrh gS vko';d gks tkrk gSµ
(d) os tks lekt dh izxfr esa ck/d cuus yxrs gSa
(x) tks viuh lksp ls lekt dks gkfu igq¡pkrs gSa

AK
([k) os tks vuqi;ksxh gks tkrs gSa
(?k) tks bfrgkl ls vufHkK gSa ;k tkucw>dj yksxksa dks
(x) vf/dka'k tulewg ftUgsa vLoho`Qr dj nsrk gS
PR
/ks[kk nsrs gSa
(?k) tks ubZ ekU;rkvksa ls esy ugha [kkrs
4- L=kh&f'k{kk osQ fojksf/;ksa dks ys[kd bfrgkl ls vufHkK
4- orZeku lekt esa fL=k;ksa osQ vui<+ jgus ls mRiUu gks
S

D;ksa ekurk gS\

ER

ldrk gSµ
(d) mUgksaus bfrgkl dHkh i<+k ugha
(d) lkekftd vlekurk dk Hkko
([k) os bfrgkl dks xyr le>rs gSa
TH

([k) lkekftd fodkl esa vojks/

(x) os bfrgkl esa fL=k;ksa dks vui<+ ekurs gSa (x) ikfjokfjd fiNM+kiu
O

(?k) os ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dks le>us esa vleFkZ gSa (?k) lHkh fodYi lgh gSa
R

5- çLrqr xn~;ka'k fdl ikB ls fy;k x;k gS\

B

5- ^vkKk* dk i;kZ;okph gSµ

(d) laLÑfr ([k) ukScr[kkus esa bcknr (d) vuqefr ([k) fourh
L
YA

(x) L=kh f'k{kk osQ fojksèkh oqQrdks± dk [kaMu (x) izxfr (?k) vkns'k
(?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha mRrj % 1- ([k) 2- (?k) 3- (d) 4- (?k) 5- (?k)
O

mRrj % 1- (x) 2- (x) 3- (?k) 4- (x) 5- (x)

G

V. fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd i<+dj fn, x, ç'uksa

IV. fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd i<+dj fn, x, ç'uksa osQ fy, lgh fodYi pqfu,µ
osQ fy, lgh fodYi pqfu,µ [CBSE 2011 (Term-II)] lhrk ls vfèkd lkèoh L=kh ugha lquh xbZA ftl dfo us] 'koaqQryk
eku yhft, fd iqjkus tekus esa Hkkjr dh ,d Hkh L=kh i<+h&fy[kh ukVd esa] viekfur gqbZ 'koaqQryk ls nq";ar osQ fo"k; esa nqokZD; dgk;k
u FkhA u lghA ml le; fL=k;ksa dks i<+kus dh ”k:jr u le>h x;h gS mlh us ifjR;Dr gksus ij lhrk ls jkepaæ osQ fo"k; esa D;k dgk;k
gksxh ij vc rks gSA vr,o i<+kuk pkfg,A geus lSdM+ksa iqjkus&fu;eksa] gS] lqfu,µ
vkns'kksa vkSj iz.kkfy;ksa dks rksM+ fn;k gS ;k ugha\ rks pfy,] fL=k;ksa dks okP;LRo;k e}pukr~ l jktkµ
vui<+ j[kus dh bl iqjkuh pky dks Hkh rksM+ nsaA gekjh izkFkZuk rks ;gh oÉkS fo'kqn~èkkefr ;Rle{ke~A
gS fd L=kh&f'k{kk osQ foif{k;ksa dks {k.kHkj osQ fy, Hkh bl dYiuk dks eka yks d okn Jo.kkngklh%
vius eu esa LFkku u nsuk pkfg, fd iqjkus tekus esa ;gk¡ dh lkjh JqrL; r¯Roo ln`'ka oqQyL;\
5 © GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
y{e.k! ”kjk ml jktk ls dg nsuk fd eSaus rks rqEgkjh vk¡[k osQ lkeus
gh vkx esa owQndj viuh fo'kq¼rk lkfcr dj nh FkhA frl ij Hkh]
yksxksa osQ eq[k ls fudyk feF;kokn lqudj gh rqeus eq>s NksM+ fn;kA
D;k ;g ckr rqEgkjs oqQy osQ vuq:i gS\ vFkok D;k ;g rqEgkjh
fo}rk ;k egÙkk dks 'kksHkk nsus okyh gS\
lhrk dk ;g lans'k dVq ugha rks D;k ehBk gS\ ^jktk* ek=k dgdj
muosQ ikl viuk lanslk HkstkA ;g mfDr u fdlh x¡okj L=kh dh_ ¯drq
egkczg~eKkuh jktk tud dh yM+dh vkSj eUokfn eg£"k;ksa osQ èkeZ'kkL=kksa
dk Kku j[kus okyh jkuh dhµ
u`iL; o.kkZJeikyua ;r~
l ,o èkeksZ euquk ç.khr%
pkfg,A ce osQ xksys isaQduk] ujgR;k djuk] MkosQ Mkyuk] pksfj;k¡
djuk] ?kwl ysukµ;s lc ;fn i<+us&fy[kus dk gh ifj.kke gks] rks lkjs
dkWyst] LowQy vkSj ikB'kkyk,¡ can gks tkuh pkfg,A ijarq fof{kIrksa]
ckrO;fFkrksa vkSj xzgxzLrksa osQ flok ,slh nyhysa is'k djus okys cgqr
gh de feysaxsA 'koaaqQryk us nq";ar dks dVq okD; dgdj dkSu&lh
vLokHkkfodrk fn[kkbZ\ D;k og ;g dgrh fdµ¶vk;Z iq=k] 'kkck'k!
cM+k vPNk dke fd;k tks esjs lkFk xkaèkoZ&fookg djosQ eqdj x,A
uhfr] U;k;] lnkpkj vkSj èkeZ dh vki çR;{k ew£r gSa!¸ iRuh ij ?kksj
ls ?kksj vR;kpkj djosQ tks mlls ,slh vk'kk j[krs gSa] os euq";&LoHkko
dk ¯dfpr~ Hkh Kku ugha j[krsA
1- ys[kd uj vkSj ukjh osQ chp oSQlk lacaèk ekurk gS\

AN
lhrk dh èkeZ'kkL=kKrk dk ;g çek.k] ogha] vkxs pydj] oqQN gh nwj (d) nsoh&nsork dk ([k) nklh&Lokeh dk
ij] dfo us fn;k gSA lhrk&ifjR;kx osQ dkj.k okYehfd osQ leku (x) ekuo&ekuoh dk (?k) Hkxoku&HkDr dk

H
'kkar] uhfrK vkSj {kek'khy riLoh rd usµ¶vLR;so eU;qHkZjrkxzts es¸

AS
2- ys[kd osQ vuqlkj 'koqaQryk dk nq";ar ij Øksèkµ
dgdj jkepaæ ij Øksèk çdV fd;k gSA vr,o] 'koqaQryk dh rjg]
(d) iki gS ([k) fujFkZd gS
vius ifjR;kx dks vU;k; le>us okyh lhrk dk jkepaæ osQ fo"k; esa]

AK
(x) LokHkkfod gS (?k) csdkj gS
dVqokD; dguk loZFkk LokHkkfod gSA u ;g i<+us&fy[kus dk ifj.kke
3- cqjs O;ogkj dk lacaèk ikB'kkykvksa ls tksM+ukµ
PR
gS u x¡okjiu dk] u voqQyhurk dkA
(d) Bhd gS ([k) lR; gS
1- jke n~okjk lhrk dk ifjR;kx djus dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\
(x) vlR; gS (?k) vuqfpr gS
S

(d) oqQy&e;kZnk osQ dkj.k ([k) y{e.k osQ dgus ij

ER

4- euq"; LoHkko dk dkSu ¯dfpr~ Kku ugha j[krsµ

(x) oSQosQ;h osQ dgus ij (?k) yksxksa osQ dgus ij
(d) tks iRuh dks I;kj djrs gSa
TH

2- lhrk fdldh iq=kh Fkh\ ([k) tks iRuh dks ckgj fudky nsrs gSa
(d) jktk tud dh ([k) fo'okfe=k dh (x) tks iRuh ij vR;kpkj djrs gSa
O

(x) n'kjFk dh (?k) okYehfd th dh (?k) tks iRuh dks NksM+ nsrs gSa
R

3- lhrk us viuh ifo=krk fdl çdkj fln~èk dh\

B

5- ^vuFkZ* dk vk'k; gSµ

(d) lp crkdj ([k) unh esa Luku djosQ
L

(d) vFkZ u fudyuk ([k) O;FkZ gksuk

(x) vkx esa owQndj (?k) taxy esa tkdj
YA

(x) iq.; (?k) iki

4- ^feF;kokn* dk vFkZ gSµ mRrj % 1- (x) 2- (x) 3- (?k) 4- (x) 5- ([k)
O

(d) lgh ckr ([k) >wBh ckrsa

G

(x) xyr opu (?k) nqHkkZouk VII. fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd i<+dj fn, x, ç'uksa
osQ fy, lgh fodYi pqfu,µ
5- ^lhrk&ifjR;kx* esa dkSu&lk lekl gS\
(d) cgqozhfg ([k) rRiq#"k blls vfèkd Hk;adj ckr vkSj D;k gks losQxh! ;g lc ikih i<+us
(x) vO;;hHkko (?k) n~oan~o dk vijkèk gSA u os i<+rha] u os iwtuh; iq#"kksa dk eqdkcyk djrhaA
mRrj % 1- (?k) 2- (d) 3- (x) 4- ([k) 5- ([k) ;g lkjk nqjkpkj fL=k;ksa dks i<+kus gh dk oqQiQy gSA le>sA fL=k;ksa osQ
fy, i<+uk dkyowQV vkSj iq#"kksa osQ fy, ih;w"k dk ?kw¡V! ,slh gh nyhyksa
VI. fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd i<+dj fn, x, ç'uksa vkSj n`"Vkarksa osQ vkèkkj ij oqQN yksx fL=k;ksa dks vi<+ j[kdj Hkkjro"kZ
osQ fy, lgh fodYi pqfu,µ dk xkSjo c<+kuk pkgrs gSaA [CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
fL=k;ksa dk fd;k gqvk vuFkZ ;fn i<+kus gh dk ifj.kke gS rks iq#"kksa dk 1- ^blls vf/d Hk;adj ckr D;k gks losQxhA* bl iafDr esa
fd;k gqvk vuFkZ Hkh mudh fo|k vkSj f'k{kk gh dk ifj.kke le>uk fdl ckr dks vf/d Hk;adj dgk x;k gS\
6 © GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
 (d) fL=k;ksa dks u i<+kus dks ([k) iwtuh; iq#"kksa dks 'kkL=kkFkZ eas ijkftr
([k) fL=k;ksa dks Ik<+kus dks (x) iq#"kksa osQ izfr vijk/
(x) fL=k;ksa dks i<+kus osQ ifj.kkeksa dks (?k) iq#"kksa dh ckrksa dh vulquh
(?k) fL=k;ksa dks ?kj osQ dke fl[kkus dks 4- ^dkyowQV* vkSj ^ih;w"k* dk vFkZ gSµ
2- ^nqjkpkj* 'kCn dk milxZ rFkk ewy 'kCn vyx djus ij (d) fo"k vkSj ve`r ([k) ve`r vkSj fo"k
:i cusxkµ (x) dM+ok vkSj ehBk (?k) ehBk vkSj dM+ok
(d) nqj~ $ vk (milxZ) $ pkj (ewy 'kCn) 5- ^oqQN yksx fL=k;ksa dks vui<+ j[kdj Hkkjro"kZ dk xkSjo
([k) nqj~ (milxZ) $ vkpkj (ewy 'kCn) c<+kuk pkgrs gSa*A iafDr dk vk'k; gSµ
(x) nqjk (milxZ) $ pkj (ewy 'kCn) (d) fo}kuksa dh iz'kalk ls ([k) fo}kuksa ij O;aX; ls
(?k) nqj (milxZ) $ vpkj (ewy 'kCn) (x) fo}kuksa }kjk L=kh&f'k{kk osQ fojks/ ls
3- i<+h&fy[kh fL=k;ksa us D;k fd;k\ (?k) fo}kuksa }kjk fL=k;ksa dks ”k:jh i<+kus ls

AN
(d) iq#"kksa ls >xM+k mRrj % 1- (x) 2- (d) 3- ([k) 4- (d) 5- ([k)

H
AS
y?kwRrjkRed ç'uksRrj

AK
1- ys[kd osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk vuFkZ dk dkj.k oSQls ugha gS\ lekos'k gks ldrk gSA tSlsµikddyk] fp=kdyk] f'kYidyk]
mRrj % ys[kd dk ekuuk gS fd f'k{kk esa vuFkZ dk dksbZ dkj.k ugha uSfrd f'k{kk vkfnA i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ rks f'k{kk dk ,d vax gSA
PR
fNik gSA vuFkZ osQ dkj.k nwljs gksrs gSaA vuFkZ f'kf{kr yksxksa 6- ikB dk ewy Hkko D;k gS\
ls Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj vf'kf{kr Hkh vuFkZ dj ldrs gSaA mRrj % bl ikB dk ewy Hkko ;g gS fd f'k{kk dHkh Hkh vuFkZdkjh
S

blfy, vuFkZ dks i<+kbZ osQ lkFk ugha tksM+uk pkfg,A ugha gksrhA ;g nqjkpkj vkSj vuFkZ dks c<+kok ugha nsrhA f'k{kk
ER

2- oSQls yksx lkekftd naM osQ vfèkdkjh gSa\ L=kh&iq#"k nksuksa osQ fy, ykHkdkjh gSA ;fn fdlh dks yxrk
TH

mRrj % ys[kd dgrk gS fd os yksx tks fL=k;ksa dks vui<+ j[kus dk gS fd f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa nks"k gSa rks mlesa la'kksèku gksuk pkfg,A
mins'k nsrs gSa] lkekftd naM osQ vfèkdkjh gSaA os gh lkekftd fdlh dks f'k{kk ls oafpr u djksA fL=k;ksa dks Hkh f'kf{kr djuk
O

mUufr esa ckèkd gSaA pkfg,A

R

3- ikB osQ vkèkkj ij crkb, fd lekt dh mUufr esa ckèkk 7- L=kh&f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa n~foosnh th osQ dkSu&ls fopkj Fks\
B

dc mifLFkr gksrh gS\ mRrj % n~foosnh th dk ekuuk gS fd çkphu Hkkjr esa Hkh L=kh f'k{kk
L

mRrj % lekt dh mUufr esa ckèkk rc mifLFkr gksrh gS tc fL=k;k¡ FkhA ;fn vkt mlosQ çek.k miyCèk ugha gSa rks os [kks Hkh
YA

fuj{kj ;k vui<+ gksrh gSaA ;fn L=kh vui<+ gS rks mlosQ ldrs gSaA ;g Hkh rks çek.k gS fd osn ea=kksa dh jpuk fL=k;ksa
O

cPpksa dh leqfpr f'k{kk ugha gks ik,xhA ,d lqf'kf{kr ek¡ us Hkh dh FkhA blfy, L=kh&f'k{kk dks iki ugha le>uk pkfg,A
G

Kku osQ foiqy HkaMkj ls laiUu gksdj vius cPpksa dk vfèkd
;ksX; <ax ls ikyu&iks"k.k dj losQxhA cPps lqf'kf{kr gksaxsA
vU;Fkk mUufr esa ck/k gksxhA
4- ys[kd bZ'oj osQ uke ij fdl >wB dks u cksyus dh
çkFkZuk djrk gS\
mRrj % ys[kd ikBdksa ls fuosnu djrk gS fd os f'k{kk dks vuFkZdkjh
u ekusaA f'k{kk dks vfHkeku oèkZd ;k x`g&lq[k dk uk'k djus
okyk u ekusaA D;ksafd ,slk dguk feF;k gSA
5- ys[kd dk f'k{kk dh O;kidrk ls D;k vk'k; gS\
mRrj % f'k{kk dh O;kidrk dk vk'k; gS fd f'k{kk osQoy fy[kus&i<+us
rd gh lhfer ugha gSA blesa lh[kus ;ksX; vusd fo"k;ksa dk
7 © GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
8- vkpk;ks± us çkÑr vkSj laLÑr ls lacafèkr dkSu&ls fu;e
cuk,\
mRrj % ftl le; vkpk;ks± us ukV~;&'kkL=k lacaèkh fu;e cuk, Fks]
ml le; loZlkèkkj.k dh Hkk"kk laLÑr u FkhA vr% mUgksaus
fL=k;ksa rFkk lkekU; tu dh Hkk"kk çkÑr j[kh rFkk i<+s&fy[ks
yksxksa dh Hkk"kk laLÑrA
9- L=kh&f'k{kk osQ leFkZu esa ys[kd osQ D;k fopkj gSa\
mRrj % ys[kd osQ vuqlkj L=kh&f'k{kk vko';d gSA fL=k;ksa dks f'k{kk
ls oafpr j[kus dk dksbZ roZQ ekU; ugha gks ldrkA çkphu
dky dh ukfj;k¡ Hkh f'kf{kr FkhaA ;fn eku Hkh fy;k tk, fd
igys dh fL=k;k¡ vf'kf{kr Fkha rks gesa vkt osQ ckjs esa lkspuk
 pkfg,A vkt mudh f'k{kk gksuh pkfg,A mUgsa vo'; i<+kuk
pkfg,A L=kh&f'k{kk dh çkphu ekU;rkvksa dk gokyk nsdj
mUgsa f'k{kk ls oafpr djuk cgqr cM+k ekufld Hkze gSA
10- 'koaqQryk }kjk nq";ar dks dgs x, dVq okD; dks f}osnh
th LokHkkfod D;ksa ekurs gSa\ ^L=kh f'k{kk fojks/h oqQrdks±
dk [kaMu* ikB osQ vk/kj ij mRrj nhft,A
[CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
mRrj % 'koaqQryk }kjk nq";ar dks dgs dVqokD;µ^^'kkck'k vk;Ziq=kA
cM+k vPNk dke fd;k tks esjs lkFk xa/oZ fookg djosQ eqdj
x,A uhfr] U;k;] lnkpkj vkSj /eZ dh vki izR;{k ewfrZ gSaA**
dks f}osnh th LokHkkfod blfy, ekurs gSa D;ksafd vU;k;
djus okyk dHkh Hkh lqHkkf"kr dk ik=k ughaA D;k nq";ar us
dksbZ egku dk;Z fd;k Fkk] tks 'koaqQryk muosQ fy, e/qj
opu cksyrh\ lhrk us Hkh y{e.k ls dgk fd tjk ml jktk
ls dg nsuk fd eSaus rqEgkjh vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus vkx esa owQndj
viuh 'kq¼rk lkfcr dj nh Fkh fiQj yksxksa dh ckrksa esa vkdj
rqeus eq>s R;kx fn;kA ;g rqEgkjs oqQy osQ vuq:i gh gSA
11- ikB esa fdu&fdu fonq"kh fL=k;ksa dk fdu&fdu lanHkks± esa
mYys[k gqvk gS\
mRrj % ikB esa vusd fonq"kh fL=k;ksa dk mYys[k gqvk gSA fo'oojk
S
tSlh ukjh us osn&ea=kksa dh jpuk dhA 'khyk] foTtk] vf=k&iRuh]
ER
xkxhZ vkSj eaMu feJ dh iRuhA vf=k dh iRuh us iRuh&èkeZ
TH
ij dbZ ?kaVksa rd O;k[;ku fn;k FkkA xkxhZ us cM+s&cM+s
O
-iQkWjesfVo vlslesaV osQ fy,
R
B
1- fØ;kdyki&1
L
f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa vius ifjokj esa mRrjksRrj o`n~f/ ;k fodkl
YA
dks n'kkZrs gq, fdlh pkVZ&isij ij 'kk[kk&iz'kk[kkvksa lfgr ifjokj
O
:ih o`{k dk ,d fp=k (family tree) vafdr dhft, vkSj mlesa lHkh
G
ckyd&ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk&izxfr dk mYys[k djsaA
2- fØ;kdyki&2
fL=k;ksa dh f'k{kk vfuok;Z gksuh pkfg,µbl fo"k; ij Hkk"k.k ;k
ifjppkZ dk vk;kstu dj ldrs gSaA
d{kk&dk;Z
f'k{kd @ f'kf{kdk Nk=kksa ls fuEufyf[kr iz'u iwN ldrs gSaµ

orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa fdu&fdu lq/kjksa dh vko';drk
gS vkSj D;ksa\ bl ij ,d fuca/ fyf[k,A

^çkphu dky dh fL=k;k¡ fonq"kh Fkha* oSQls irk pyrk gS\
8 © GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
fon~okuksa dks 'kkL=kkFkZ esa gjk;k FkkA eaMu feJ dh iRuh us
'kadjkpk;Z dks fu#Rrj dj fn;k FkkA lhrk egk czg~eKkuh
tud dh iq=kh FkhaA mUgsa Hkh èkeZ'kkL=kksa dk Kku FkkA nq";ar
iRuh 'koaqQryk dk Hkh mYys[k gqvk gSA
12- Hkkjr dk xkSjo c<+kus vFkok c<+us osQ O;aX;kFkZ dks ikB
osQ vkèkkj ij Li"V dhft,A
mRrj % oqQN yksx L=kh&f'k{kk dk fojksèk djrs gSaA fL=k;ksa dks vui<+
j[kus esa gh ns'k dh HkykbZ ekurs gSaA L=kh&f'k{kk dk fojksèk
djosQ Hkkjro"kZ dk xkSjo ugha c<+k;k tk ldrkA L=kh&f'k{kk osQ
fojksèk esa nyhy nsuk Hkkjro"kZ dks dyafdr djus osQ leku gSA
13- f}osnh th osQ vuqlkj dkSu ls yksx L=kh f'k{kk dk fojks/
AN
lcls T;knk djrs gSa\ [CBSE 2011 (Term-II)]
mRrj % f}osnh th osQ vuqlkj L=kh f'k{kk dk fojks/ lcls T;knk os
H
yksx djrs gSa tks /eZ'kkL=kksa osQ Kkrk] f'k{kd] fopkjd]
AS
lqekxZxkeh] iFk izFkizn'kZd gSaA ftUgsa ukjh osQ i<+ tkus ls
viuh vouhfr ;k vieku dh vk'kadk gS vkSj tks nfd;kuwlh
AK
fopkjksa osQ gSaA
PR
14- ys[kd us fdls ^Hk;adj ckr* dgk gS vkSj D;ksa\
mRrj % ys[kd us O;aX; esa fL=k;ksa n~okjk iq#"kksa dks gjkus dh ckr dks
^Hk;adj ckr* dgk gSA okLro esa mUgksaus L=kh&fojks/h oqQrdksZ
osQ [kaMu esa O;X;kaFkZ ,slk dgk gSA os L=kh&f'k{kk fojks/h
yksxksa osQ fojks/ esa viuk er j[krs gSaA

;fn ukjh vf'kf{kr gks] rks D;k gksxk\
ukjh&f'k{kk ls D;k&D;k ykHk gSa\



,sls fdlh lekt lq/kjd dk uke crkb, tks fL=k;ksa dh
f'k{kk osQ i{k esa FksA
x`g&dk;Z

iqjkus ”kekus esa L=kh f'k{kk osQ fy, D;k lqfoèkk,¡ ugha Fkha\
lkspdj fyf[k,A

xkxhZ osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh çkIr dhft,A

'kadjkpk;Z dkSu Fks\

vulw;k dkSu Fkha\ tkfu,A

ikfy&izko`Qr esa fy[ks x, oqQN izeq[k xzaFkksa osQ uke fyf[k,A