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Evolusi
Evolusi
Amphibians
What is a (Liss)Amphibian?
Liss = smooth (greek – referring to skin)
Amphibia = double life (greek – referring to metamorphosis)
Jurassic
(before break-up of Pangea) Long hind limbs
HOP Short, stiff bodies
Equal-sized limbs
Long, slender bodies
WADDLE
No limbs
Long, slender bodies
SLITHER
Example:
Puerto Rican Coqui
Epibatidine
(dart-poison frogs)
Batrachotoxin
Lipid-soluble Alkaloid (dart-poison frogs)
(Blocks Ach receptors)
Lipid-soluble alkaloid
Non-addictive (Blocks closing of Na+ channels)
painkiller Sequestered via diet
Amphibians
• Hue discrimination in
dim light?
* (~ 245 sp.)
Respiration:
• Aquatic = primarily gills (some cutaneous)
• Cryptobrachidae = large skin folds
• Terrestrial = lungs (50%) / skin (50%)
Plethodontidae = lungless
Adults retain:
skin (10%) & buccopharynx (90%)
laterally compressed tail / flattened head
functional lateral line system Hypothesis:
external gills (not always…) Evolved in fast, cold water ( O2)
• Anguilliform locomotion (walking-trot / swim) Lungs disadvantageous (buoyancy)
Amphibians
Hydromantes platycephalus
movie
http://autodax.net/feedingmovieindex.html
Amphibians
Sperm Cap
Ambystomatidae Dicamptodontidae
Salamandridae Rhyacotritonidae
Plethodontidae
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/biowarfare_01
* (~ 1100 sp.)
Toe Pads:
Viscous mucus = “sticky”
Locomotion:
Tungara Frogs:
“Whine – cluck”
Females prefer / bats prefer
“Whine”
Females / bats less preference
Fertilization can
occur internally…
Axillary Amplexus
Amphibians
Direct Development
Frogs (29 families; ~ 4800 species): (egg protection)
(tadpole protection)
Reproduction:
• Egg Development: Guard Eggs
• Mouth broadens; long → short gut; degeneration of gills; dermal gland formation
Amphibians
Rhinophrynidae: (Burrowing Toad) • Single species
Morphology: • Unique tongue
Habitat:
• Variable (Arid deserts → Wet rain forests)
Reproduction:
Terrestrial / Fossorial / Arboreal
• Explosive breeders / prolonged breeders
Ubiquitous
• Aquatic tadpoles / direct development
Reproduction: • Introduced to
Hawaii
• Most lack amplexus
Terrestrial
• Small clutches; parental care
Central / South America
Amphibians
Pipidae: (clawed frogs) • Tongueless
• Model lab organism
Morphology:
• Dorso-ventrally compressed body
• Limbs splayed laterally; large, webbed feet
Habitat:
• Almost every type of body of water
Aquatic
Reproduction:
South America / Africa
• Aquatic tadpoles / direct development
Amphibian Decline:
• Nearly 1/3 of amphibian species
are threatened (~ 2000 species)
• ~ 150 species believed extinct over
the past several years
• 43% of all species declining in
population (< 1% show increases)
• Regions:
• Latin America (largest #) Global Distribution of Amphibians
• Caribbean (largest %)
• Madagascar
• Eastern Australia
• Central / Southern China
• West Africa
2) Introduced Species:
Sunfish vs. Red-legged Frog / Pacific Tree Frog Bullfrog vs. Anything that moves
Amphibians
4) Climate Change:
Acidification:
Reduced hatching success
Nitrogen Pollution:
Pacific Tree Frog: Reduced feeding activity, swim less vigorously,
Developmental and physiological Display disequilibrium, development malformations
abnormalities and reduces larval
survival
7) Disease:
Acidification:
Reduced hatching success
Nitrogen Pollution:
Pacific Tree Frog: Reduced feeding activity, swim less vigorously,
Developmental and physiological Display disequilibrium, development malformations
abnormalities and reduces larval
survival
Synergisms most likely at work…
7) Disease: