BAB I

TOOLS, MATERIALS, CONTAINERS,

AND INSTRUMENTS.

1.1. Tools

Tool is an instrument held in the hand and used by workmen. Eq. Gardeners and carpenters.
Name of tools example : Hammer, screwdriver, hacksaw, handsaw, spanner, axe, pincers, pliers, wrench,
file, handle for pick-axe or mattock, mallet, pick-axe, mattock, spade, shovel, fork, mallet, chisel, trowel,
chopper, hoe, rake, shears, plane, sickle, gimlet, auger.
1. A hammer has a handle and a head.
A handle is made of wood and a head is made of medium carbon steel.
It is used for hammering something.
2. A screwdriver has a handle and a blade.
A handle is made of plastic and a blade is made of medium carbon steel.
It is used for tightening and loosening the screw.
3. A hacksaw has a handle and a blade.
A handle is made of wood and a blade is made of steel.
It is used for cutting metal.
4. Spanner has a handle and a blade.
A handle is made of wood and a blade is made of steel.
It is used for gripping and turning nuts on screws, bolts, etc.
5. Axe has a handle and a blade.
A handle is made of wood and a blade is made of steel.
It is used for felling trees and splitting wool.
6. Pincers have a handle and blades.
A handle is made of iron and blades are made of steel. It is used for gripping things, pulling nails
out of wood, etc.
7. Pliers have a handle and blades.
It is a kind of pincers with long, flat jaws used for holding, bending, twisting or cutting wire, etc.
8. File has a handle and blade.
It is made of metal. It is used for cutting or smoothing hard substances.
9. Mattock has a handle and head. A handle is made of wood and a head is made of iron. One end
of which is pointed and other blunt, used for moving breaking up hard ground etc.
10. Spade has a handle and blade. A handle is made of wood and blade is made of steel.
It is used for digging.

Exercise one :
Make sentences from the above tools in the same way.
Look at the pictures and answer the questions.

1. Is it a hammer or mallet ?
2. Is it a file or a chisel ?
3. Is it a handsaw or a hacksaw?
4. Is it a screwdriver or a drill?
5. Is it a spanner or a wrench?

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 6. Is it a spade or shovel ?

The first tool is a hammer. It has a handle and a head.

The second tool is a file. It has a handle and a blade.
The third tool is a hacksaw. It has a handle and a blade.

Exercise Two.
Look at pictures four, five and six. Complete the sentences.
The fourth tool is a handsaw.
It has a…………..and a ……………….
The fifth ………….. Screwdriver
It has……………
The sixth ………………..
…………………………..
The seventh tool is a mattock.
It has ………………and a ……………..

1.2. Materials and Containers.

Materials can be made or with which something is done. Eq. raw materials: not yet used in
manufacture; dress materials: cloth; writing materials: pen, ink, paper, etc, plastic, metal, wood, glass,
leather etc.
Containers are designed to loaded something. Eq. bucket, bottle, paper box/wooden box or
large metal box for transport of goods by road, rail, sea or air.
Plastic is a material. Metal is also a material.
Look at the pictures.
The first container is a bucket. It is made of plastic.
The bucket has a handle. The handle is also made of plastic.

The second container is another bucket. It is a metal bucket.

It has a metal handle.

The third container is a paper box. The lid is also made of paper.

The forth container is another box. It is made of wood.

This box has a wooden handle and a metal lock.

Exercise three:
Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.
1. This container is a …………………
It is a……………bucket
The ………….is also made of ……………..
2. This …………..is a ………….
It is made ………….
The ………….is also …………..
3. This ……………can
It ………………..can
The cap ……………………..
4. …………………….bottle.
………………………..glass
It has …………………….cap
5. …………….another ……………………..
……………….glass…………………..
The cap ………………..made…………
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 and the label …………..made………….
7. ……………………another ……………….
…………………wooden………………
It has ……………….and …………………
The …………………made……………….and…………
Made…………………………

Exercise Five :Use flash chart. Ask the students.

What’s this ?
What’s it made of?
Exercise Three : Look at the example :
This case is made of leather
It has a leather flap.
sentences from the pictures in the same way.
Exercise Six :Now look at this example.
This box has a wooden lid and a metal lock. The lid is
Made of wood and the lock is made of metal.
Label the pictures and make sentences in the same way.

1.3. Instrument
Instrument is an implement, apparatus, used in performing in action, especially for delicate or
scientific work,. Instruments for scientific use. Ex. Optical instrument: a microscope; surgical
instruments: scalpel. Tool used by laborer and craftsmen. Apparatus for producing musical sounds, eq.
a piano, violin, flute or drum.
A thermometer is an instrument. It is used for measuring temperatures. A speedometer is another
instrument. It is used for measuring speeds. Balances are instruments. They are used for measuring
weights. Gauges are also instruments. They are used for measuring temperatures or pressures.

Exercise seven : Look at the example.

A thermometer is used for measuring temperatures.
Thermometers are used for measuring temperatures.
These two sentences have the same meaning.

Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.

1. A …………..is an ………..
It ……………measuring ……………….
2. ……………are ………………….
They …………………measuring…………..
3. ……………………………………
……………………temperatures or pressures.
4. ………………………………….
…………………………dimensions.
5. ………………………………………
………………………………angles.
Exercise eight.
Look at the example.
This drum is used for holding petrol
These drums are used for holding oil.
Look at the flash chart and make sentences in the same way.
Exercise nine.
Look at the pictures. What are these?
Exercise Ten.
Look at the pictures. What are these ? What are they used for?

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 BAB II
GEOMETRICAL SHAPES

2.1. Plane shapes.

A plane shape has two dimensions. It has a length and a height. The first shape is a triangle.
Triangles have three sides. The second shape is a square. Squares have four sides. The sides are all equal.
The opposite sides are parallel. The third shape is not a square. It is a rectangle. Rectangles also have four
sides but the sides are not all equal. The opposite sides are equal. The opposite sides are equal and parallel.
Triangles, squares and rectangles have straight sides. They are rectilinear shapes. Rectilinear
shapes have straight sides. The fourth shape is circle. A circle is not a rectilinear shape. It is a curvilinear
shape. Curvilinear shapes have curved side.

Exercise 1. Some of these statements are true. Some of these statements are not true.
They are false. Read the sentences. Are they true or false?
1. The first shape is a triangle.
2. Triangles have four sides.
3. The second has four equal sides.
4. A square has four equal sides.
5. A rectangle also has four equal sides.
6. The third shape is not a rectangle.
7. Triangles, rectangles, and squares have straight side.
8. Triangles, rectangles and squares are curvilinear shapes.
9. The fourth shape is not a rectilinear shape.
10. Circles are curvilinear shapes.

Exercise 2. Look at the picture and complete the sentences.

1. This shape ……,is , ……a………..square.
Squares … are……………rectilinear……shapes……………
………………….four equal ………………..
………………….all equal.
………….opposite…………………..equal………….parallel.

2. This …………………square.
It ………………rectangle.
Rectangles …………..rectilinear……………..
…………….four sides but ……………….all equal.
……………opposite ………………….equal………….parallel.

Now complete the next three paragraphs with these words.

Curvilinear opposite rectilinear
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 Equal parallel straight

This shape is not a square.

It is a rhombus
A rhombus is a .………………shape.
It has four ………………sides.
The sides are all …………………….
The………………side are ………….and…………….

This shape is not a rectangle.

It is a parallelogram
Parallelograms are also ………………shape.
The sides are not curved. They are ………….
The sides are not all ……………
The ………….sides are …………and ……………..

This shape is not a circle.

It is an ellipse.
Ellipses are not ……………shapes.
They are ……………….shapes.

Exercise 3. Complete this table. The first one has been done for you.
SHAPE NAME OF SHAPE RECTILINEAR CURVILINEAR
A square

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 A trapezium

A trapezoid

Exercise 4. Look at this example.

A triangle has three sides.
Triangles have three sides
These two sentences have the same meaning,
Look at the pictures and complete the sentences in the same way.

A square ……..four equal ……… Rhoumbuses ………equal ………

……………..straight……………. …………………..curved…………
……………..two parallel ………………..

Now look at this example.

This shape has four equal sides.

These shapes have four equal sides,

Now complete these sentences in the same way.

……………………curved sides. ………..two parallel ……….

……………………curved sides. ……………………………..
…………………….two equal ………. …………….two……………
……………………………………… ………………………….
…………………………………….
……………………………………

Exercise 5. Look at his example.

A square has four sides.

This shapes also has four sides but it is not a square.
Now complete these sentences in the same way.
Use the words also and but.
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A rectangle has parallel sides. A square has four equal sides.
This ……………….not a rectangle. This ……………………..a square.

A circle is curvilinear. Trapezoids has four sides.

This ……………….. ………………………….

Squares and rhombuses have parallel A trapezium has two parallel sides…
Sides and the sides are all equal. ……….equal.
Rectangles and …………….equal.

This trapezoid has ……………….. Trapezoids are rectilinear and they

…………parallel. have four sides.
Triangles …………………..sides.

2.2. Solid Shapes.

Solid shapes have three dimensions. They have a length, a height and a width.
The first shape is a cube. A cube has six faces. All the faces are the same shape. The length, the and
the width are always the same. This cube is 4 cm long, 4 cm high and 4 cm wide.

The next solid is a rectangular prism. Rectangular prisms also have six faces. All the faces are
rectangular, but they are not always the same shape. This prism is 7 cm long, 1 cm high and 4 cm
wide.
The last solid is another prism but it is not rectangular. It is a triangular prism. Triangular prisms have
five faces. They have two triangular faces and three rectangular faces. The triangular faces are always
the same shape. The rectangular faces are not always the same shape. This triangular prism is regular
and all the rectangular faces are the same. The prism is 6 cm long, 3 cm wide and 2 cm high.

Exercise 6. This solid is a regular pentagonal prism.

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 How many faces does it have?
Are they all the same shape?
What are the dimensions?
Look at this diagram and complete the paragraph.
A pentagonal prism has ……………faces.
The faces …………….same shape. It has …….
rectangular and………….pentagonal faces.
The rectangular ……….are all the same …………….
They are …………long and ………….high.
The prism is ………long, 3.24 mm and 3.08 mm ……….

Now look at these two diagrams and write two paragraphs.

Exercise 7. Complete this table. Some of it has been done for you.
SHAPE NAME OF SHAPE ADJECTIVE
A square Square

Cubic

Circular

A semicircle

Elliptical

(or oval)

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Exercise 8. These metal shapes are used in engineering.

What shapes are they?

Exercise 9. Look at the example.

How long is this runway?

It is 2 km long.
It has a length of 2 km.
These two senteces have the same meaning.

Describe these dimensions in the same way.

How long is this car? How long are these spanners? How high is thi
Chimney?

How high are these pylons? How wide is this car? How wide are these
Pipes?

Now look at these examples.

A container does not always have a height.

It sometimes has a depth.

How deep is this tank?

It is 130 cm deep.
It has a depth of 130 cm.

Materials do not always have a height.

They sometimes have a thickness.

How thick is this glass?

It is 2 mm thick.
It has a thickness of 2 mm.

Describe these dimensions in the same way.

How thick is this wood? How deep is this bucket?

How thick are these pipes? How deep is this well?

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 2.3. Angles

All rectilinear shapes have angles. Curvilinear shapes do not have angles.
A right angle is 90. Angle B is an acute angle. It is 45. An obtuse angle is more than 90 but it is less than
180. Angle C is an obtuse angle. It is 120. A reflex angle is more than 180 but less than 360. Angle D is
a reflex angle. It is 210.
Square E has four right angles. Squares and rectangles always have four right angles. Triangles sometimes
have one right angle. Triangle F has a right angle. Triangle G does not have right angle. It has three acute
angles.
Parallelogram H does not have a right angle. The parallelogram and the rhombus do not have right angles.
Parallelograms and rhombuses never have right angles. They always have two acute angles and two obtuse
angles. Trapezoids sometimes have a reflex angle. Trapezoid J has a reflex angle. It also has three acute
angles.

Exercise 10. Describe the angles of these shapes.

Angle A is ……………….. It is a ……………angle.

Angle B is ……………….It is ……………..angle
It is ……………..90.
Angle C is…………..It is ………………angle
It ………………..90.
Angle D and F ………………….They……………………angles.
They……………………….
Angles E and G …………………
…………………………………..
…………………………but less……………………….
Angles H and J ………………………
……………………………..
…………………………..

Angle I …………………………
………………………………..
………………………………….
Angle K ………………………….
…………………………..
………………………………
Exersice 11. Look at the diagrams and complete the sentences.
What shape is this?
How many sides does it have?
How many angles does it have?
Shape L is ………………………
It has three……………..and thre……………….
It…………………….a right angle.
The angles………………acute but ………………equal.
Tringles……………..parallel……………but this triangle……….two…………sides.

Shape M ………………..
It ………………..four……………….
It………………….a right angle.
It…………..two……….angles and two………..angles
The…………angles are equal and the ………..sides are equal and ……………

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Shape N ………………
It……………….sides……………angles.
Trapezoids……………parallel sides.
They sometimes…………sides or …………….angles.
This trapezoid……….two………….sides but it …………equal…………
It has one …………angle, one……………and two ……………..
Exercise 12: Look at diagram P.

Regular polygons.

Polygons are rectilinear shapes but they have more than four angles.
Complete the table.
SHAPE NUMBER OF PREFIX NAME
ANGLES
5 Penta- pentagon

hexagon

Septa-

octagon

Nona-

decagon

Exercise 13. Look at diagram Q.

Some shapes are regular. Some shapes are not regular. Regular shapes have equal angles and equal
sides. Squares are regular. Rectangles, parallelograms and rhombuses are not regular. The shapes in
diagram P are all regular. The shapes in diagram Q are not regular.

These shapes are not regular.

Draw three shapes: a regular pentagon, a regular hexagon and a regular octagon. Label the angles wit
letters (A,B,C,etc) Mark the equal sides and the parallel sides. Then answer the
questions.
What shape is it?
How many angles does it have?
Are the angles all equal?
Are the sides all equal?
Are the opposite sides parallel?
1. Complete the sentences: Regular pentagons have……………
2. Complete the sentences: Regular hexagons……………..
3. Complete the sentences: Regular octagons……………..

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Exercise 14. Make sentences from this table.

Squares
Rectangles a right
Rhombuses always two acute
Parallelograms sometimes have three obtuse angle(s)
Trapezoids never four reflex
Triangles

BAB III
ENGINEERING MATERIAL

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3.1. Rubber, Glass, Copper, cast iron and Aluminum.
An eraser is made of rubber. Rubber is an engineering material. If you bend it between your
fingers it changes shape. When you release it, it regains its original shape. Rubber is very elastic. Elasticity
is a property of some engineering materials.
If you hit a peice of glass it breaks. Glass is very brittle. Brittleness is a property of glass.
Nails are made of tough material. If you hit one with a hammer it doesn’t break.
Electrical wires are covered with plastic. Plastic is a bad conductor of electricity. If you touch the plastic,
you don’t receive an electric shock. The wire is made of copper. Copper is a good conductor of electricity.
Plastic, however, is an insulator. Copper is also a good conductor of heat.
You cannot scratch glass easily. However, if you scratch an aluminum saucepan with a nail it
leaves a mark. Glass is a hard material but aluminum is quite soft.

Exercise 1.
Are these statements true or false?
Correct the false ones.
1. Rubber is very brittle material.
2. If you strike a brittle material, it doesn’t break.
3. Plastic is a good conductor of electricity.
4. When you hit a tough material with a hammer. It breaks easily.
5. A spring is elastic.
6. Glass is soft and brittle.
7. Some saucepans are made of copper because it is a good conductor of electricity.
8. An elastic material changes its shape easily.
Exercise 2.
Look at this example.
If you hammer a brittle material, it breaks easily.
Now complete these statements.
1. Elasticity is a …………..of some engineering………………
2. …………..is a property of glass.
3. Copper is a ……………………of electricity.
4. If you stretch a piece of rubber it ……………
5. When you release the rubber it……………..its……………….
6. If………………………………..,it doesn’t break easily.

Exercise 3.

Examine some of the objects in your classroom and your home.

Make notes about the measurement and dimensions.
What is used for?
For example : The saucepan is made of aluminum. It is approximately 20 cm wide and 17 cm high. It is
light and good conductor of heat.

3.2. Properties of Engineering Material.

There are four properties : Malleability, Ductility, Elasticity, Durability.

It is important to know the properties of engineering materials. For example, steel is used for making
girders because it is an elastic metal. Cast iron is never used for making girders because it is brittle. The
properties of a material determine its use.
Malleability: It is easy to roll a malleable material into a new shape. A malleable material does not fracture
easily under pressure. Gold is extremely malleable. It is possible to roll gold into very thin sheets. Copper
is very malleable and so is lead. Glass is not at all malleable and nor is cast iron. It is very easy to fracture
glass with a hammer. Cast iron also fractures easily.
Ductility. It is easy to draw a ductile material. It does not fracture and it retains its new shape. Copper is
exremely ductile. Tin is very ductile and so is aluminium. Steel is not very ductile and nor is lead. It is
very diffucult to draw lead into thin wire because it fractures easily.
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Elasticity. An elastic material stretches easily under stress. However, remove the stress and it does not
retain its new shape. It regains its original shape. Rubber is extremely elastic. Some steels are quite elastic.
Glass is not at all elastic and nor is cast iron.
Durability: A durable material does not corrode easily. Under normal conditions, glass is very durable
and so are plastics. Among the metals, chromium is extremely durable and so is platinum.Gold is quite
durable and so is aluminium. Cast iron is not very durable and nor is steel.
Exercise 1. Complete this table from the reading text.

MATERIAL MALLEABILITY DUCTILITY DURABILITY

Copper ****
aluminium ***
Gold ****
glass *

Extremely = *****
Very = ****
Quite = ***
Not very = **
Not at all = *
Now make questions from this table and answer them.
copper ?
malleable aluminium?
How ductile is gold?
Durable glass?

Look at these examples.

Copper is very malleable and very durable and it is extremely ductile.

Aluminium is quite malleable and quite durable and it is quite durable.

Glass is not at all malleable and not at all ductile, but it is very durable.

Exercise 2.

Now look at this table of other metals. Make sentences about these metals in the same way. Use the
words and or but.

METAL MALLEABILITY DUCTILITY DURABILITY

Tin **** **** ****
nickel *** **** ***
Cast iron * * **
Lead **** ** ***
Steel *** ** **
chromium *** *** *****
Zinc **** *** ****
brass *** *** ****
bronze *** *** *****

Exercise 3. Look at the examples.

Copper Copper is very malleable and so is lead
Lead malleable
Glass ductile Glass is not at all ductile and nor is cast iron.
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Cast iron

Now make sentences in the same way from these words.

1. aluminium 2. steel
tin ductile lead ductile

3.cast iron 4. plastic

Glass malleable glass durable

5.chromium 6. gold
Platinum durable aluminium durable

7. steel 8. bronze
Cast iron durable brass malleable

Exercise 4. Lood at the example. Then make sentences from the pictures in the same way.

Cast iron is not used for making girders

because it is brittle.

Copper-ductile nichrome-ductile steel-elastic

Gold – expensive rubber – elastic brass – durable

Cast iron – not expensive lead – brittle plastic durable

3.3. Ferrous Metal.

Bolts are made of mild steel, which is a type of ferrous metal. All ferrous metals contain iron. All
steels contain iron and a small quantity of carbo. If the quantity of carbon changes the properties of the
steel change.
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Look at this table. It shows the quantities of carbon in different types of steel.
Approximate
Carbon content
Wrought iron 0.05 %
Mild steel 0.08 % - 0.25 %
Medium carbon steel 0.25% - 0.65%
High carbon steel 0.65% - 1.5%
Tool steel 1.05%
Wrought iron is weaker than mild steel and it is more expensive to produce. However, it is very tough
and is therefore used for making crane hooks. Mild steel is less expensive than wrought iron because it is
easier to produce. It is used in the manufacture of girders and nuts and bolts.
Medium carbon steel contains more carbon than mild steel and is tougher and harder. It is also more
expensive to produce. It is used for making screwdrivers, spanners, hammer heads etc. High carbon steel
contains more carbon than medium carbon steel and is therefore harder and tougher. It is used in the
manufacture of knives, axe-heads and other cutting tools.
Some high-speed drill bits, which are very hard, are made of tool steel which contains tungsten. Tool
steel is more expensive than the other steels.
Exercise 1.
Look at this sentence from the above text. Wrought iron is weaker than mild steel and it is more expensive
to produce.
In this sentence it means wrought iron. What does it refer to in :
1. line 2?
2. line 4?
3. line 4?
4. line 7?
5. line 7?
6. line 10?
Exercise 2.
Are these statements true or false?
Correct the false ones.
1. Mild steel is stronger than wrought iron.
2. Medium carbon steel contains more carbon than high carbon steel.
3. High carbon steel is harder and tougher than medium carbon steel because it contains more
carbon.
4. Girders are made of mild steel.
5. Cutting tools are made of steels which are very hard.
6. Mild steel is less expensive than wrought iron because it contains more carbon.
7. Knives are made of tool steel.
8. Mild steel is cheaper than tool steel.

Exercise 3.

Write sentences using therefore by looking at the pictures.

Example : Wrought iron is very tough and is therefore used for making crane hooks.
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Tool steel ……………………. Aluminum ………………………..
………………………………. ………………………………………

Plastic is a bad …………………………. Plastic a good ………………….

………………………………………… …………………………………..

Tool steel …………………………….. Rubber ………………………….

……………………………………….. ………………………………….

Plastic ………………………………
………………………………………
Exercise 4:
Look at the flash chart and compare the dimensions of these different objects.
For example: The first hacksaw has a narrower blade than the second one.

BAB IV
INSTRUCTIONS

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4.1. Instruction a Fire in the Workshop.

There is a fire in the Stop all the machine Call the supervisor.
Workshop.

Turn off the mains switch. Take a fire extinguisher Read the instructions on
From the wall. The extinguisher.

Point the extinguisher at Extinguish the fire.

The fire.
Exercise 1. Complete these instructions with the correct verb.
1. ……………..a fire extinguisher from the wall.
2. ………………the instructions on the fire extinguisher.
3. ………………the machines in the workshop.
4. …………………..the mains switch.
5. ………………….the supervisor.
6. ………………….the fire.
7. ………………….the extinguisher at the fire.

Exercise 2. Complete these sentences.

1. There is a fire……………workshop.
2. There are six machines ………..the workshop.
3. The mains switch is ………………..the wall.
4. There is a handle ……………the mainswitch.
5. Point the fire extinguisher ………..the fire.
6. The fire extinguisher ……….the wall.
7. Take a fire extinguisher ………….the wall.
8. There are instructions ……………..the fire extinguisher.
Make six questions from this table. Make answers from the picture. Use words from the list. Ex. Where
are the buckets of sand?

They are between the doors.

between in in the middle
beside on on the left

the lathes?
the drilling machines?
Where is the tool boox?
are the mains switch?
the fire extinguishers?
the fire?

Exercise 4. Follow these instructions.

Complete this triangle.
1. Take a ruler, a pencil and a protractor.
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 2. Draw a side 3 cm long.
3. Label the side AB.
4. Make a right angle at A with the protractor.
5. Draw a side 4 cm long from A.Label the side AC.
6. Join B and C.
Now answer these questions:
1. How wide is angle C? (Measure the angle)
2. How wide is angle B?
3. How long is the line CB?
4. How long is the line AC?
Exercise 5. Complete these instructions. Use these words.
Draw diameter
Take join
Another protractor
Measure label
1. …………….a cicle.
2. ……………the centre X.
3. …………..a ruler and draw a ……………AB.
4. Make a right angle at X with a ……………..
5. Draw…………….diameter CD.
6. …………….AC, CB, BD and AD.
7. ……………..angle A. Is it a right angle?

4.2. Different Types of Fires

Here are three types of fire. There are different instruction for each type.
Type A: Flammable Materials.
1. First, remove all dangerous materials near the fire.
2. Next, close all windows and ventilators.
3. Then, throw water over the fire.
Type B: Flammable Liquids.
1. First, remove all containers to a safe place.
2. Next, close all windows and ventilators.
3. Then, use the correct fire extinguisher. Do not throw water over this type of fire. Extinguish it
with CO2 or foam.
Type C: Electrical Equipment.
1. First, switch off the equipment at the mains.
2. Then, use the correct fire extinguisher. Do not throw water on an electrical fire. Do not use foam
on it. Extinguish it with CO2.
Exercise 6. Some of these instructions are incorrect. Put ‘Do not…….’ In the incorrect sentences.
Flammable Materials.
1. Close all windows in the room.
2. Use water on flammable materials.
Flammable Liquids.
3. Remove all oil, petrol containers etc. to a safe place.
4. Use water on flammable liquids.
5. Use foam on flammable liquids.
Electrical Equipment.
6. Use water on electrical fires.
7. Use foam on electrical fires.
8. Use CO2 on electrical fires.
Exercise 7. Look at this example.
This fire extinguisher has CO2 in it.

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Fire extinguiser/CO2.
Now make sentences from these pictures in the same way.

Mains switch/handle car/jack fire extinguisher/instructions

Bucket/sand cicle/hexagon workbench/wheel

4.3. Fire Extinguishers.

Here are three main types of fire extinguisher. They have different materials in them.
Note: Always read the instructions on the extinguisher.
Type A: There extinguishers are always red. They have water in them. They have a rubber hose. Use these
extinguishers on Type A fires only.
Instructions.
1. Hold the nozzle in one hand.
2. Point the nozzle at the fire.
3. Remove the pin.
Type B: These extinguishers have foam in them. They are often white. They sometimes have a nozzle
and they sometimes have a horn. They always have a valve.
Instructions.
1. Hold the horn or nozzle in one hand.
2. Open the valve.
3. Spray the foam over and aound the fire.
Note: Never use foam extinguishers on electrical fires.
Type C: These extinguishers have CO2 in them. They are usually black. They have a large horn. Never use
these extinguishers without a horn.
Instructions.
1. Point the horn at the fire.
2. Press the trigger.
Note : Do not use CO2 extinguishers on Type A fires.
Exersice 1. Are these statements true or false?
1. Type A extinguishers have water in them.
2. Type A extinguishers are never red.
3. Type B extinguishers are usually black.
4. There is foam in Type B extinguishers.
5. Type C extinguishers are always white.
6. Foam extinguishers never have a horn.
7. Type A extinguishers always have a horn.
8. Use Type C extinguishers on electrical fires.
Exercise 2. Put always, often, usually, only, never or sometimes in these sentences.
1. Use CO2 extinguishers without a horn.
2. Read the instructions on the extinguisher.
3. Foam extinguishers are white.
4. Use water on Type A fires.
5. Type A extinguishers are red.
20
 6. Foam extinguishers have a nozzle.
7. Type C extinguishers are black.
8. Use CO2 extinguishers on Type A fires.

Exercise 3. Make an instruction from each of these pictures. Here are two examples.

Never use a CO2 extinguisher without a horn.

Always use a ruler for drawing straight lines.

BAB V
SAFETY PRECAUTION

5.1. Gas Welding.

21
You must wear goggles to protect your eyes.
Gas cylinders should be used in a vertical position.
Your clothes should not be oily or greasy. Oxygen can combine with oil or grease to cause an explosion.
You should wear long sleeves so that you do not burn your arms.
You should wear thick shoes so that you will not burn your feet.
You should wear gloves so that the sparks will not burn your hands.
Allow the sparks to fall into a metal container so that they don’t burn the floor.
There must be fire extinguishers in the workshop so that any fires can be extinguished immediately.
After welding, turn off all valves so that no gases can escape.

5.2. Arc Welding.

A face mask must be used or your face and eyes will not be protected.
The workshop floor should be dry and clean so that it cannot conduct electricity.
The floor should be made of concrete so that it cannot be burnt.
Your clothes should be dry and clean so that they cannot conduct electricity.
Overalls with long sleeves should be worn.
Thick shoes should be worn to protect your feet.
Welding gloves should be worn so that your hands are protected from sparks.
Allow the sparks to fall into a metal container so that they don’t burn the floor.
CO2 fire extinguishers should be provided in the workshop in the workshop so that any electrical fires
can be immediately extinguished.
After welding, all switches must be turned off to prevent accidents.
Exercise 6. Study the first example.
should
You wear thick shoes.
must
OR
should
Thick shoes be worn.
Must
To protect your feet.
OR
So that your feet are protected.
Make similar sentences from the pictures below.

Now study the second example.

Your clothes should be clean and dry.

To prevent electric shocks.

OR
So that electric shocks are prevented.
Make similar sentences from the pictures below.

22
Exercise 7. Read the example carefully.
STATEMENT
Long sleeves will protect your arms from burns.
PRECAUTION
to protect your arms from burns
Long sleeves shoud be worn
so that your arms are protected from burns.
Make similar PRECAUTION sentences from the following STATEMENTS. Use to or so that.
1. Thick shoes will protect your feet from sparks.
2. Goggles will protect your eyes from sparks.
3. Dry clothes will prevent injuries from electrical equipment.
4. A face mask will protect your eyes from the arc light.
5. A metal container will protect the floor from burns.
6. CO2 extinguishers will prevent damage from electrical fires.
Now read the next example :
Metal container/used/fires
a) A metal container should be used to prevent fires.
b) A metal container should be used or fires may be caused.
Make similar a) and b) sentences from the words below.
7. all valves/turned off/fas leaks
8. clean clothes/worn/an explosion
9. all switches/turned off/accidents.
10. the correct precautions/followed/injuries.
Exercise 8. This welder does not know the safety precautions for arc welding. Write eight instructions
for him.

BAB VI.
ELECTRICITY

Copper is a good conductor of electricity. If a copper wire is connected to a battery, an electric

current flows in the wire. However, a current does not flow if you connect a piece of plastic to the battery.
23
Because plastic is an insulating material, it resists the flow of electricity. Bad conductors of electricity have
a high resistance.
Look at this diagram. It shows an electric circuit.

Place a piece of copper wire across the gap. The lamp lights. Current flows around the circuit. After
removing the copper, place a piece of nichrome acros the gap. The lamp is dimmer. Nichrome has a high
resistance and the current does not flow easily.

This fire uses electricity for heating. The heating element is made of nichrome which is a bad conductor
of electricity. It has a high resistance and current cannot flow easily. Therefore, the current passing
through the element generates heat.
Exercise 1.
Are these statements true or false?
Correct the false ones.
1. An insulator is made of a material which resists the flow of electricity.
2. An electric current flows easily through a good conductor.
3. If a copper wire is connected to a battery an electric current flows.
4. Nichrome is a good conductor of electricity.
5. If you pass an electric current through nichrome, heat is generated.
6. Rubber has a low resistance to electric current.
7. An electric current flows easily through a material which has a high resistance.
8. The lamp is dimmer when a smaller current flows.
Exercise 2.

Make statements about the symbols.

For example.
This is the symbol used for a lamp in
an electric circuit diagram.

(An ammeter is used for measuring electric current. A voltmeter is used for measuring electrical energy.)
Now look at the circuit diagram at the above and read this: The battery is in the middle of the diagram
at the top and a voltmeter is connected across it. Tha lamp is on the left, towards the top, and the ammeter
is on the right, towards the bottom. The switch is positioned at the bottom and on the left.

24
Now read this and drow the circuit diagram which it describes. The battery is in the middle of the diagram
at the bottom and a voltmeter is connected acros it. On the right of the diagram is a lamp which is
positioned towards the top. The ammeter is on the left and in the middle and the switch is at the top on
the right.
Exercise 3.
Look at this circuit diagram and complete the description.

The battery…………in the…………..of the…………………at the……………….and

a…………….is………………it. The …………………..is in…………….on…………. right. The
lamp is on………..towards……….The switch……………
Language Point :
Resistance ( R ) is measured in ohms (Ω)
Current ( I ) is measured in amps (A)
Voltage (V)
Exercise 4: Make statements like the example based on flash chart for the pictures.
An ammeter is used for measuring current.
Current is measured in amps.
Language Point :
Loosen loosening
Tighten tightening
Remove removing
Secure securing
Put put
Fit fitting
Exercise 5. This formula is used to calculate the resistance in a circuit :
V = I x R (V equals I times R)
Fill in the gaps.
V = voltage measured in volts V
I = ………………..
R = ………………
Look at this circuit diagram.
Is the symbol for a resistor. A resistor is made of a material which resists the flow of
electricity. Some resistors are made of nichrone.
To calculate the voltage, V:
V=IxR
=5x2
= 10
V = 10 volts.
Read out the calculations in full, for example, voltage equals current times resistance, which is five time
two …………..
Now calculate the current, voltage and resistance in the following circuits.
Calculate I Calculate V Calculate R.

25
Exercise 7.
Put in the right words. The first one has been done for you.
1. If you …………..a ……………..wire to a battery, a ………….flows.
2. After ……………the copper place a pice of nichrome across the ………..
3. As insulator ……………the flow of electricity.
4. An ……………is used for …………..current.
5. …………..is measured in ohms.
6. A voltmeter is connected ……………a battery.
7. The switch is …………..the top……………the right.
8. Draw a ……………..diagram which has a battery on the right.
9. Heat is …………..when you pass an electric current…………….nichrome.
10. To calculate this voltage use the ……………….
Exercise 7.
1. Look at the batteries in a calculator, a torch and a cassete player. Write down the voltages.
2. If the torch uses 0.5 A the calculator 0.05 A and the cassette player 2 A, calculate the resistances.
3. On the back of most electrical devices there is the power rating.

Use this formula for calculating the power of an electrical device.

P=IxV
Power P is measured in Watts, W. The power rating of the device is 6W. Calculate the current
which is used P = I x V
6=IxV
6/6 = I
I=1A
Look at this table. Fill in the gaps.
Electricalo device Power (W) Voltage (V) current
Electrical fire 2.400 W 240 V
Light bulb 55 W 110 V
Electric drill 990 W 110 V
Electric kettle 240 V 10 A
Car headlight 48 W 12 V
Television 220 W 110 V
Cassette player 6V 1A

Exercise 8. Make true statements. Here are some examples.

The electric kettle has a power rating of 2.400 A.
The electric fire is connected to a 240 volt mains supply
The cassette player draws a current of 1 A.
Now make statements like this example.
The electric drill has a power rating of 990 W. When it is connected to a mains supply of 110 volts it uses
a current of 9 A.

6.1. Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors

If we connect a battery across a body, there is a movement of free electrons towards the positive end.
This movement of electrons is an electric current. All materials can be calssified into three groups
according to how readily they permit an electric current to flow. These are: conductors, insulators and
semiconductors.

26
 In the first category are substances which provide an easy parth for an electric current. All metals are
conductors, however some metals do not conduct well. Manganin, for example, is a poor conductor.
Copper is a good conductor, therefore it is widely used for cables. A non-metal which conducts well is
carbon. Salt water is an example of a liquid conductor.
A material which does not easily release electrons is called an insulator. Rubber, nylon, porcelain and
air are all insulators. There are no perfect insulators. All insulators will allow some flow of electrons,
however this can usually be ignored because the flow they permit is so small.
Semiconductors are midway between conductors and insulators. Under certain conditions they allow
a current to flow easily but under others they behave as insulators. Germanium and silicon are
semiconductors. Mixtures of certain metallic oxides also act as semiconductors. These are known as
thermistors. The resistance of thermistors falls rapidly as their temperature rises. They are therefore used
in temperature-sensing devices.
Answer the questions :
1. What happen when we connect a battery across a body?
2. Give some examples about insulator.
3. What do you know about semiconductor and insulator?
4. What is a non-metal which conduct well?
5. What is thermistors?

Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the words in italics with expressions from the passage
which have similar meanings:
1. Materials in the first group are called conductors.
2. All insulators permit some flow of electrons.
3. The flow of free electrons is an electric current.
4. Materials which provide a path for an electric current are conductros.

6.2. An Experiment And A Reporting

Study this instructions for an experiment to measure the total resistance of resistaors in series using the
circuit in Figure 1.

1. Use a high-resistance voltmeter and a low-resistance ammeter.

2. Connect R1 across AB.
3. Close the switch and adjust the rheostat until both meters show almost full scale deflection.
4. Take simultaneous readings of both voltage and current. E
5. Calculate R1 by the formula R = I
6. Repeat this for R2.
7. Connect R1 and R2 in series across AB.
8. Calculate the total resistance using the same formula as before.
9. Tabulate the results.
Describing an experiment.
Make a description of the experiment above by rewriting each instruction in the present passive.
Example.
1. Use a high-resistance voltmeter and low-resistance ammeter.
A high-resistance voltmeter and a low-resistance ammeter are used.
Exercise 1. Describing an experiment of how batteries are charged. Use these sentences.
- Remove the filler plugs.
- Connect the battery to the charger.
- Ensure that the correct polarity is observed and good connections are made.
- Then switch on the charger.
- Switch off the charger when the battery is fully charged.
- Check the specific gravity of a sample cell.
- Replace the filler plugs.
27
 - Leave the battery to cool before use.
Exercise 2: Reporting an Experiment.
Make a report of the instruction above by rewriting each of your instruction in the past passive.
Example :
The apparatus was connected up as shown in Figure 1. R1 was connected across AB. The swtch ……
Contruct sentences with relative clauses.
Study these sentences.
1. Starter motor brushes are made of carbon.
2. The carbon contains copper.
Both these sentences refer to carbon. We can link them by making sentence 2 a relative clause.
1 + 2. Starter motor brushes are made of carbon WHICH CONTAINS COPPER.
The relative clause is in capitals. Note that THE CARBON in sentence 2 becomes WHICH.
Study these other pairs of sentences and note how they are linked :
3. Consumers are supplied at higher voltages than domestic consumers.
4. These consumers use large quantities of energy.
3 + 4. Consumers WHO USE LARGE QUANTITIES OF ENERGY are supplied at higher voltages
than domestic consumers.
5. 33kV lines are fed to intermediate substations.
6. In the intermediate substations the voltage is stepped down to 11kV.
5 + 6. 33kV lines are fed to intermediate substations WHERE THE VOLTAGE IS STEPPED DOWN
TO 11 kV.
Now link these sentences. Make the second sentence in each pair a relative clause:
1. The coil is connected in series with a resistor.
The resistor has a value of 240 ohms.
2. The supply is fed to a distribution substation.
The supply is reduced to 415 V in the distribution substation.
3. Workers require a high degree of illumination.
The workers assemble very small precision instruments.
4. Manganin is a metal.
This metal has a comparatively high resistance.
5. The signal passes to the detector.
The signal is rectified by the detector.
6. A milliammeter is an instrument.
The instrument is used for measuring small currents.
7. Workers require illumination of 300 lux.
The workers assemble heavy machinery.
8. Armoured cables are used in places.
There is a risk of mechanical damage in these places.
Exercise 3: True or False.
Decide if these statements are true or false.
1. Electrons flow from positive to negative
2. Copper provide an easy path for an electric current
3. All metals are good conductors.
4. All good conductors are metals.
5. The resistance of a thermistor is higher at low temperatures than at high temperatures.

Exercise 4: Writing Instruction. Give five instructions (sentences) according to the following description.
The filler plugs are removed and the battery is connected to the charger. It must be ensured that the
correct polarity is observed and good connections are made. The charger is then switched on. The
charger is switched off when the battery has been fully charged. The specific gravity of a sample cell
is checked. The filler pulgs are replaced and the battery left to cool before use.
Exercise 5: Reason and Result Connectives.

28
 Combine two sentences to be one sentence. You can link the statement and a result using because,
because of, therefore.
1. Pvc is used to cover cables.
Pvc is a good insulator.
2. Soft iron is used in electromagnets.
Soft iron can be magnetized easily.
3. Output transistors are mounted on a heat sink.
Output transistors generate heat.

6.3. Circuit Elements.

Current moves from a point of high potential energy to one of low potential. It can only do so if
there is a path for it to follow. This path is called an electric circuit. All circuits contain four elements: a
source, a load, a trasmission system and a control.
The source provides the electromotive force. This establishes the difference in potential which
makes current flow possible. The source can be any device which supplies electrical energy. For example,
it may be a generator or a battery.
The load convert the electrical energy from the source into some other form of energy. For
instance, a lamp changes electrical energy into light and heat. The load can be any electrical device.
The transmission system conducts the current round the circuit. Any conductor can be part of a
transmission system. Most systems consist of wires. It is often possible, however, for the metal fram of
unit to be one section of its transmission system. For example, the metal chassis of many electrical devices
are used to conduct current. Similarly the body of a car is part of its electrical transmission system.
The control regulates the current flow in the circuit. It may control the current by limiting it, as
does a rheostat, or by interrupting it, as does a switch.

Study Figure 1. In this simple flaslight circuit, the source comprises three 1.5 V cells in series. The
load is a 0.3 W bulb. Part of the transmission system is the metal body of the flashlight, and the control
is a sliding switch.

Figure 2
Compare Figure 2. The function of this circuit is to operate a television camera board a space
satelite. Here the source is a battery of solar cells. A solar cell is an electric cell which converts sunlight
into electrical energy. The load is the television camera. The transmission system is the connecting wires.
The control is a relay actuated by transmissions from ground control. Although the function of this
circuit is much more complex than that of the flaslight, it too conists of the four basic elements.
Answer these questions :
Exercise 1. Rephrasing.
Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the words in italics with expressions from the passage which
have a similar meaning.
1. A lamp converts electrical energy into light.
2. The generator provides the circuit with electromotive force.
3. The metal frame of the oscilloscope is part of its transmission system.
4. The rheostat controls the current flow in the circuit.
5. A battery of solar cells supplies power to the circuit.
Exercise 2. Contextual reference.
What do the pronouns in italics in these sentences refer to?
1. Current moves from a point of high potential energy to one of low potential. (line 1)
29
 a) current
b) energy
c) a point
2. For example, it may be a generator or a battery. (line 7)
a) the source
b) a device
c) electromotive force
3. It is often possible, however, for the metal frame of a unit to be one section of its
transmission system. (line 13)
a) the metal frame’s
b) the unit’s
c) the circuit’s
4. Although the function of this circuit is much more complex than that of the flashlight, it
too consists of the four basic elements. (line 27)
a) this circuit.
b) The function
c) The flashlight
Exercise 3. Describing function.
When we answer the question What does X do?, we describe the function of X.
Example: What does a fuse do? It protects a circuit.
We can emphasize function by using this pattern:
The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.
Now identify these components using these symbols. Explain the function of each component with the
help of this list.
a) adds capacitance to a circuit
b) rectifies alternating currents
c) adds resistance to a circuit
d) measures very small currents
e) breaks a circuit
f) protects a circuit
g) varies the current in a circuit
h) transforms ac voltages
i) receives rf signals
j) selects a frequency

Exercise 4. Describing Purpose.

When we answer the question What is X for?, we describe the purpose of X.
Example. What is an ammeter for? It is for measuring current.
Other ways we can describe the purpose of an ammeter are:
1. It is used for measuring current.
2. It is used to measure current.
3. We measure current with an ammeter.
4. We measure current using an ammeter.

Now describe the purpose of these instruments and tools using any of the structures presented above.
1. a voltmeter
2. a soldering iron
3. a milliammeter
4. an oscilloscope
5. a heat sink
6. wire-clippers
7. a megohmmeter
30
 8. an ohmmeter
9. a signal generator
10. a battery charger

6.4. The controls of an oscilloscope.

Study this diagram. Some of them have been numbered.
Control function means
1 BRITHTNESS Varies the intensity Varies the negative potential
of the beam. of the grid.
2 X SHIFT Moves the trace Alters the biasing of the X
along the X axis. amplifier.
3 Y SHIFT Moves the trace along Alters the biasing of the Y
the Y axis. amplifier.
4 COARSE Selects the approximate Selects a capacitor in the
FREQUENCY time base frequency. timebase oscillator.
5 FINE Adjusts the timebase Varies a resistor in the
FREQUENCY frequency. timebase oscillator.
6 Y GAIN Controls the signal Alters the gain of the Y
amplication. amplifier.
7 FOCUS Focusses the Varies the potential on
electron lens. anode2.

Study the above information about the focus control. We can answer three questions by using this
information. Example.
1. What does the focus control do?
2. What is the focus control for?
3. How does the focus control work?
Question 1 is about function. As you have seen, we can answer it like this:
The focus control focuses the electron lens.
Question 2 is about purpose. We can answer it like this :
The focus control is for focusing the electron lens.
Question 3 is about means. It asks for an explanation of how the focus control works. We can answer it
in this way :
The focus control focuses the electron lens by varying the potential on anode2.
Or we can say :
The focus control varies the potential on anode2, thereby focusing the electron lens.
Exercise 1. Describing Means.
Ask and answer questions about the function, purpose and means of operation of the controls listed in
the above table.
Exercise 2. Explaining Control
Explain the controls of any other piece of equipment you are familiar with, e.q. a multimeter, a
transmitter, a receiver.
Exercise 3. Reason and result.
Study these sentences :
1. Copper is used for cables.
2. Copper is a good conductor.
Sentence 1 tells us what copper is used for. Sentence 2 tells us why it is used. Sentence 2 provides a reason
for sentence 1. We can link a statement and a reason using because.
1 + 2. Copper is used for cables BECAUSE it is a good conductor.
When the reason is a noun or a noun phrase, we use because of.
Example :
The motor overheated BECAUSE OF dirt in the air gap.
Now study this pair:
3. The flow of electrons through an insulator is very small.
4. The flow can be ignored.
Sentence 4 is the result of sentence 3. We can link a statement and a result using therefore.
31
3 + 4. The flow of electrons through an insulator is very small, THEREORE it can be ignored.
Note that a comma is used before therefore.
Now link these ideas using because of therefore.
1. Soft iron is used in electromagnets.
Soft iron can be maqnetized easily.
2. The voltage is 250 V and the current 5 A.
The resistance is 50 Ω.
3. Pvc is used to cover cables.
Pvc is a good insulator.
4. Transistors can be damaged by heat.
Care must be taken when soldering transistors.
5. Capacitance is usually measured in microfarads or picofarads.
The farad is too large a unit.
6.Output transistors are mounted on a heat sink.
Output trasistors generate heat.
7. It is easy to control the speed of dc motors.
Dc motors are used when variable speeds are required.
8. A cathode-ray tube screen glows when an electron beam strikes it.
The screen is coated with a phosphor.

Exercise 4. Qualification.
Study these sentences :
1. All metals are conductors.
2. Some metals do not conduct well.
Sentence 2 qualifies sentence 1. We can link a statement and a qualification using however, but or although.
Examples.
1. All metals are conductors, HOWEVER some metals do not conduct well.
2. All metals are conductors BUT some do not conduct well.
3. ALTHOUGH all metals are conductors, some do not conduct well.
Link each of the statements in the left-hand column with a suitable qualification from the right-hand
column.
1. The unit of capacitance is the farad. Valves are still used in large tras-
Mitters.
2. In an ideal transformer there would be For professional work a tolerance of
No loss. 1 or 2 % is required.
3. Moving-iron meters can measure ac Capitance is usually measured in
Voltages without a rectifier. microfarads or picofarads.
4. Resistors usually have a tolerance of In practice there is always some loss.
5 or 10%.
5. Semiconductors have replaces valves Moving-coil meters with rectifiers
In most applications. are preferred.

BAB VII
FINDING A JOB

7.1. Advertisements.
There are a number of different ways people find jobs. Friends or relatives might tell them that
their company needs someone for a particular position, or government or private agencies who specialise
in ‘job finding’ could help. Some people write directly to companies to ask if there are vacancies even if

32
a post has not been advertised. Most people, however, find a job through advertisements in newspapers
or magazines through the situations vacant columns.
Usually the adverts are abbreviated, so that salary per month becomes sal.p.m. and three weeks
holiday a year could be written 3 wks.hol.p.y. or p.a. for per annum. The three examples below,
however, are written out in full.
Exercise 1. ‘What did they say?’
Once you have read the advertisements carefully, answer the questions.

1. Which advertisement asked for experience?

2. Did any of the advertisements ask for particular qualifications?
3. One advert talked about the applicant’s character. How did they say this?
4. How did advert (a) explain the company offered a ‘career’?
5. Which would you think was the most relaxed, or least formal company to work for?
6. What could be the disadvantages in working for the advertising company in ( c )?
7. One of the advantages of working for The National Oil Company was that they offered a ‘non-
contributory pension scheme’, which meant that after their staff retired-stopped work at about 80 –
they would be paid part of their salary and they did not have to pay anything towards this while they
were working (non-contributory). What other benefits did this company offer?
8. Did the advertising agency want the applicant to write to them to apply for the job?
9. What phrase did the department store in (a ) use to say they wanted someone who ‘liked accounts’?
10. In some countries it is against the law to say a company wants either a man or woman to do a particular
job. What phrases were used in the three adverts to explain either a man or woman could apply?
Exercise 2. Vocabulary.
1. In the first paragraph of this Reading there were four words used for ‘job’.What were they?
2. Which word replaced ‘wages’ in the advertisements?
3. Which word was used to explain that the company would help pay for staff meals in ( a ) ?
4. Which word was used in ( b ) to mean ‘writing letters’?
5. Two expressions were used to mean ‘yearly’. What were they?
6. The expression ‘bank holidays’ was used to explain that the company in ( b ) gave days off when the
banks were closed. They could also have said ‘public holidays’. What other words were used instead of
‘holidays’?
7. What did the words ‘negotiable’ and ‘increments’ mean in ( b )?
8. In ( b ) what word did they use for ‘general office procedure’?
9. In (a) what was used to explain there was a ‘future’ with the company?
10. Which word could be used instead of ‘publicity’?
Exercise 3. Abbreviations.
We said that advertisements are often abbreviated. The abbreviations in bold type below can all be found
in the three examples. Expalin what they mean.
Large Co, requires clk/typ as asst. to accnts mngr., and to help with gen. duties sal.$6000 p.a. 3
wks.vac.p.a. 5 day p.w. Hrs.9.00-5.00 L.Vs.Tel. 01 245 1171.

7.2. Applying for a job.

You could apply for a job by going to the company in person if the advertisement asked you to
‘call round’. The example of (c ) asked applicants to ‘phone’ them. Generally, though, most companies
will ask you to ‘write to them.
The letter might only ask them to end you an application form which you fill out giving
information about yourself (see fig.1). Or the letter may have to include all the details about yourself and
be sent with a curriculum vitae, abbreviated to cv, which is an information sheet that you write out
describing your qualifications and career so far. However, even if you only send an ‘accompanying letter’
or ‘covering letter’ with the application form, you might have to explain some details that are not clear,
33
or simply tell the company you are returning the completed form and hope they will offer you an
interview.
The example below is the sort of ‘covering letter’ that might be sent to the oil company who
advertised in ( c ), along with their application form.

Figure 1. Application form.

Covering letter

House
Road / Street
Distrct
Area / Postal
Code

Date

The Personal Officer

The National Oil Co.PLC
35 Kallang Pudding Road
Singapore 13 34

Dear Mrs.Chan,

Thank you for sending me the application form for the

post of cleck/typist shich I ‘phoned for las Monday.
I have now completed the form and am returning it with
this letter. If there is any further information you need,
please contact me.

Yours sincerely,

Name (signed)

Full name (typed)

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME : Kim Lam (Miss) DATE:

5th July 200.
ADDRESS : 53 Southport Road
PHONE: (Home) 01 537 6734
London E15 IEP

34
 AGE : 19 PLACE OF BIRTH: Hong Kong
NATIONALITY : British
APPLICATION FOR : General Clerical Assistant
UK Stores Ltd.
EDUCATION : Kowloon College 20.. to 20..
SUBJECT AND GRADES :
Mandarin ( B ) ; English ( B ); Mathematics ( C ) ; Geograph
(C);
Commerce (B ) ; Accounts ( B ).
FURTHER EDUCATION : Leyton Further Education
College 20.. to 20..
EXAM TAKEN :

7.3. Curriculum vitae (abbreviation cv)

Sometimes the advertisements ask for a curriculum vitae (cv) to be sent with a letter. This is an
application form that you yourself design. There is no particular way of writing a cv, but the information
should be given in a form which answers questions which an employer would most likely ask first, second,
thrid, and so on.
Look at how the information is presented by Kim Lam, in fig.2. She is replying to advertisement (a) which
asked for a ‘general clerical assistant’. Along with her cv, Kim will send the following letter :

Figure 3. Letter applying for a job

53 Southport Road1
London
E15 IEF

5th July 20..

2
The Personal Manager
UK Store Ltd
London WC1

35
 Dear Mr Green3,

I would like to apply for the postion of ‘general clerical assistant’ which you
advertised in ‘The Daily News’ on 3rd July 20..

As you will see from the enclosed cv I am 19 years old, Chinese, but with British
Nationality, and I have just left Leyton F.E.College where I was studying a
bussiness course.

My family moved from Hong Kong to London two years ago and as we have now
settled in London I would like to find a permanent position here with a large
company which offers prospects of advancement.

The post an conditions you advertised interest me as I would like to study accounts
and I am very interested in the retail trade.

I think my business studies and willingness to learn will be useful to you company,
and I hope you can offer me a chance to attend an interview where I can give you
more information about myself.

I look forward to hearing from you,

4
Yours sincerely,

Kim Lam (Miss)

7.4. Layout of Letter of Application.

The layout of Letter usually follows the style Kim Lam used in fig.3.
7.4.1. Addresses
Addresses should be written in full with area or district codes, and if the letter is going abroad the name
of the country should be added.
The writter’s address is put on the top right1 with the date a few spaces below it. Thre receiver’s
address with his/her name or title goes on the left in line with the date, or a line or so below it2, and it
is better to put dates in full, rather than just figures as 3.10.86 appears as 10 th March 1986 to many
countries, and 3rd October 1986 to other countries like the UK.
In modern letters addresses are not punctuated with commas at the end of each line, but if you
are going to puctuate make sure you put the commas and stops on every line. Abbreviations, however,
should be punctuated with stops, e.q.J.R.Robinson & Co.Ltd. – J.R.Robinson and Company Limited.
Sometimes stops are left out when letters represent the name of an organisation or an expression, for
example the East African Federation, of the United Nations Organisation will appear as EAF, or UNO
rather than E.A.F. or U.N.O. In the advertisement we saw for The National Oil Company, the letters
PLC followed the company’s name. This means public limited company. The word limided (Ltd.)
shows that the company has limited responsibility if it goies bankrupt – fails to pay all its debts – and
PLC means the company is public – the general public can buy shares in it.

7.4.2. Salutations
In the UK letters are opened with Dear Sir, or Dear Madam, followed by a comman, if the receiver’s
name is not known. If you do know the person’s name then Dear Mr.Smith, or Dear Miss (unmarried),
Mrs.(married), Ms. (no status) Smith, is used, again followed by a comma. Look at how Kim opened her
letter3.

7.4.3. The body of the letter – paragraphs

36
The main part of the letter will be in paragraphs which are separated by one or two space lines. As a
general guide, a paragraph deals with a subject or related subjects – in other words ‘an idea’ or ‘ideas
which are linked to one another’.
In Kim’s letter her first paragraph dealt with the reference to the advertisement, which lets the
receiver know immediately what she is writing about. Her second paragraph referred to her cv, reminding
the reader of the main points. The third explained why she was living in England and led into the fourth
paragraph which told UK Stores why she wanted to work for them. In the final section she explained
why she thought she would be suitable for the position and that she would like an interview.

7.4.5. Complimentary close – Yours faithfully,/Yours sincerely,

If you do not know the receiver’s name and open with Dear Sir, or Dear Madam, then close with Yours
faithfully. If you open with Dear Mr.Smith, or Dear Miss/Mrs./ Mr./Smith, then close with Yours
sincerely. Both forms are followed by a comma4.
If you know someone quite well and are on first name terms with tehm, you can use Best wishes,
or just Regards.
Finally, you should sign your name so that it can be read, as if typing the letter, type your full
name and title below your signature5, as Kim did in her letter.

7.4.6. Block and idented styles

Most modern letters are written in a blocked style with addresses and paragraphs all beginning at the
margin. If the indented style is used, then follow it throughout the letter with addresses and paragraphs.
Block Indented
The Sales Manager The Personnel Manager
A & C Industries Ltd. Barman’s Bank Ltd.
Ikeja Industrial Layout 183-186 Boon Keng Road
Lagos P.O.Box 8651
Nigeria Singapore

Exercise 4. What are the 10 mistakes in this letter which was sent with an application form?

Mr.L.Chang
45
Bridge Road

Hong Kong
The Personnel Officer
The Royal Insurance Co Ltd
On Lok Yuen Building

37
 25 Des Voeux Road
Central

Dear Sir
I would like to apply for the position of filing cleck.

As you will see from my application form I’ve just left College and hope to get
a post with an insurance company where there will be a chance of making a
carrer, and the position you advertised seems to offer the opportunity I am
looking for.

I think my business studies course and ability to work hard and learn would be
useful to your company. I hope you can offer me an interview where I can give
you more details about myself.

I look forward to hear from you,

Yours sincerely,

L.Chang

Exercise 5. From the following information about Vinard Patel, who is applying for a job as a ‘filing clerk’
with The National Oil Company of Singapore fill out the application form on, fig.1.
He is applying on July 15, 1986 and was give FC/5 as a reference in the advertisement. He lives
at 1123, Sims Avenue, Singapore, 1438, and his phone number is 7116398.
Vinard was born in 1970 in Singapore, he is not married and has no dependents and his mother
Mrs.R.Patel, who he lives with, is his next of kin.
He was educated at the Merchant Secondary School in Raffles Road in Singapore from 1981 and
has just left after taking School Leaving Certificate, but does not have his examination results yet. As he
is only sixteen, he has not had any further education or work experience, but he is interested in clerical
work and thinks that the job offered will give him experience and is willing to take a business studies
course at night school.
Mr.R.Davies, the headmaster of his school and Mrs.B.Trevedi, his commerce teacher will give
him references.
He is a good swimmer, likes football and films, and sometimes goes to discos.

7.5. Guide to applying for a job.

Although we call the letters we look at ‘applications for jobs’, they are really applications for
interviews. Therefore, it would be worth looking at these points when writing a letter for a position.
(a) Open you letter by referring to the advertisement, and when and where you saw it. Remember
that when we quaote the name of a magazine or newspaper we use single quotation marks – ‘The
Singapore Times’, or ‘The Nigerian Daily News’. If someone recommended you, then tell the company
– Mr.J.Odinga, who works in your Accounts Department told me that you will soon have a vacancy for ………….If
there is no advertisement or recommendation, then you can open your letter by writing – I am writing to
ask if you might have a vacancy in your Post Room/Accounts Department/Filling Department etc., then continue
the letter as you would if there was an advertisement.
(b) If you are sending a cv or application form you can refer to it to mention any points you think
need to be explained. But be brief as there will be a number of applications and the person you are writing
to will not have time to read pages of written script.
(c) You should tell the company why you are interested in the job and what you think you can
offer them. Look at how Kim Lam did this in her letter.

38
 (d) You can close the letter by saying you look forward to an interview where you will give them
further information, or you could tell them that if they need any more information immediately you will
send it to them.
(e) As you are writing for an interview, and not a job, you should not discuss salary or conditions,
as all this would be discussed at the interview itself.
(f) If you are already working for a company and want to change your employment, do not
criticise the company you are working for. You can tell them that you want the new job as they are
offering ‘better prospects’; ‘a chance to advance’; ‘they will give you a chance to use your experience’; etc.
And you should explain these reasons briefly in your letter.
(g) Writing in English is almost the same as speaking to someone, except you should not use
contractions, e.g. I’ve worked, instead of I have worked or I’m studying instead of I am studying. But
apart from being more particular in our language when we write, written and spoken communication are
almost the same.
If you just take the answers to the spoken questions below, you will see that you could build a
ltter from them:
Q: ‘Why are you writing to us?’
A: ‘I am writing to apply for the position advertised………
Q: ‘Where did you go to school/college, and what have you done since then?’
A: ‘I went to (name of school/college) from……..to…….., and then studied……….and took/passed
(examinations. I left school/college in…….and began work with………etc.
Q: ‘Why do you think we should give you this job?’
A: ‘I think my experience and studies would be useful to you because……….
Q: ‘Would you like an interview?’
A: ‘I hope you can offer me an interview where I can give you more information about myself.’
Finally, your letter should be neat whether it is written or typed. Check your spelling, particularly
of names. Do not cross out, but rewrite the letter. Remember, yyour application will be the only thing
your emplyer knows about your, so there is no second chance.
Exercise 6.
The following words have all been used in this unit, and are often mis-spelled. Chose the correct spelling
from the two lists.
1. application aplication 8. permanent permanent
2. necessary necessary 9. adress address
3. receive receive 10. acounts accounts
4. clark clerk 11. abbreviation abreviation
5. sincerely sincerely 12. personel personnel
6. faithfuly faithfully 13. assisstant assistant
7. business bussines 14. secondary secondery

Exercise 7.
The advertisement ( c ) before was placed by Advance Advertising (Lagos) in ‘The Daily News’. With the
information given below, explain on the phone that you are interested in the position as a general assistant
and would like to apply for the job.
You are David Low, 17 years old, and finished secondary school last year with a School Leaving
Certificate and have done a one year office practice course at your local technical college. The results of
your RSA examinations will come through in two months time.
Your are interested in the advertising profession and would like to know more about the practical
side of it by working for an agency. You do not mind working hard or long hours and can attend an
interview at any time.
Example: ‘Could I have your name and age please?’
‘…..David Low,…….seventeen years old.’
Answer: ‘My name is David Low. And I’m seventeen years old’.
SWITCHBOARD: ‘Advance Advertising (Lagos)?’
Y O U: ‘I’d like………please, it’s about…..
SWITCHBOARD: ‘One moment, I’ll put you through. You are through to Miss Alabi caller’.
39
MISS ALABI ‘Hallo, Mary Alabi speaking, can I help you?
YOU ‘Good morning, my name is ………and I…….’
MISS ALABI ‘Could you give me some information about yourself?’
YOU ‘I am (age), and I live……and have just finished……where I……….
MISS ALABI ‘Did you pass your RSA?’
YOU ‘I…………..,but I’m sure I passed them’.
MISS ALABI ‘Why are you applying for this job?’
YOU ‘I………………..’
MISS ALABI ‘You understand the work will be varied you’ll be doing different jobs to help people out,
and might have to work some evening or weekends?’
YOU ‘Yes, but I………..
MIS ALABI ‘When would you be available for an interview?’
YOU ‘I can………….
MISS ALABI ‘That’s fine. Would tomorrow afternoon at 2.30 suit you?’
YOU ‘…………’
MISS ALABI ‘Our address is 451 Herbert Macaulay Street. Yaba, we are next door Barton’s Stores, is
that okay?’
YOU ‘Yes, I’ll………..’
MISS ALABI ‘When you get here, go to reception and ask for me. I’ll meet you there, then take you to
Mr.Onokayo who’ll interview you. Oh yes, could you bring your School Leaving Certificate with you?’
YOU ‘Yes, I’ll do that’
MISS ALABI ‘Good, we’ll look forward to seeing you then, goodbye.’
YOU ‘Goodbye’

7.6. Invitation to an interview.

In Exercise 6 we saw that an interview could be arranged on the ‘phone, but often interviews are arranged
by letter. The letter in fig.4 is from UK Stores asking Kim Lam to attend an interview.
Notice in this letter, fig.4, that the company’s address is heading the paper1, there are details on
how to contact them by phone, telex, and cable2. There is also information about the company’s
registration number, as most British companies have to be registered with the Registrar of Companies,
and there is a VAT number, which is the company’s sales tax number3.
At the very bottom of the page the Chairman – the senior executive of the company – and the
Board of Directors – the other important executive – are also listed8. All this information must be given
in the company’s correspondence by law.
The reference on this letter, LMG/TW4, indicates that it was sent by Leonard Green (LMG) and
typed by his secretary, Terry White (TW). If Kim replies to this letter she should quote this reference.
Sometimes there are figures with a reference, in this case, for example, they might have written
LMG/TW/15, and the ‘15’ could be the 15th letter they have sent to applicants, or it could be the number
of their department. Whatever it means to the company, it allows them to refer to correspondence
quickly.
There is also an underlined note between the salutation and the opening of the letter, explaining
the subject of the correspondence – ‘General clerical assistant5. This informs the reader exactly what the
correspondence concerns.
Finally, Terry White, a secretary, has written the letter ‘on behalf of’ Leonard Green, so she writes
pp, which means per pro and is Latin for ‘on behalf of’6.

Fig.4 An Invitation to an interview.

UK STORES LTD1
Phone: 01 356 9100 1 – 10 Great Russel Street Reg.London
315113
Telex : 661703 London WC1 VAT No.
21 35116 3
Cable: UKSTOR2

40
 REF : LMG4 12 July
20..

Miss Kim Lam

53 Southport Road
London E15

Dear Miss Lam,

General clerical assistant5

Thank you for writing to us and sending your c.v, in connection with above
post.

I am pleased to tell you that Mr.Green, our Personnel Manager, will be pleased
to see you for an interview on Thursday, 25th July at 10.00 a.m.

When you arrive, could you please go to the staff entrance of the store in
Bedford Way, and take the lift to the 9th floor where one of the staff will be able
to direct you to my office.

Would you bring with you your qualifications and any references you have been
given? If you do not have reference at present, we will contact the people you
suggested in your application form after your interview.

I am enclosing a map showing the most convenient bus and underground

services to get here.

Please phone me on extension 1156 to confirm you will be able to attend the
interview on the date I have given, and if that is not convenient, we will arrange
another appointment.

Yours sincerely,

Terry White (Miss)6

p.p. Leonard Green, Personnel Manager. Encl.7

Charman: Sir Geoffrey Alcott Directors: D.W.James OBE,S.L,Carter

ACCA8
W.S.Rose
FIA,M.L.Daner FRIS

The map.fig.5, is the one that Terry White is sending to Kim Lam to help her get to the store. Notice in
the letter the abbreviation Encl8 which indicates that there is something enclosed with the
correspondence.

Fig.5. A street map

41
Underground Stations:
1. Russel Square
(Piccadilly Line)
2. Holborn
(Northern and Central
Lines).
Busses: Trains 0 British Rail :
Nos 68,77, and 188 Euston and King’s Cross/
get off a stop ater St.Pancras
Theobalds Road. All in walking distance
of the store

Exercise 8. Kim is phoning to confirm that she will keep the appointment for the interview. Write what
you think she would say in the conversation. Refer to the letter Terry White sent you.
Example: ‘Which department do you want to speak to?’
‘………..the sales department please.’
Answer: ‘I’d like to speak to the sales departement please.’
SWITCHOARD: ‘UK Stores Limited’
KIM: ‘Can I ……………..’
SWITCHOARD: ‘Which department is that?’
KIM: ‘…………………’
SWITCHOARD: ‘What extension?’
KIM: ‘………….’
SWITCHOARD: ‘Putting you through now.’
MISS WHITE: ‘Personal, extension 1156, Terry White here.’
KIM: ‘My name is……..and you…….on……….saying that I……..with Mr.Leonard Green the
personnel manager, on……….and I am phoning……..on that date’.
MISS WHITE: ‘One moment, I’m just looking for the letter. Dia I give you a reference?’
KIM: ‘Yes.’
MISS WHITE: ‘Yes, I’ve found it. So you can attend at 10.00a.m. on the 25th?’
KIM: ‘Yes’.
MISS WHITE: ‘Good. From your address, it seems that it would be best to get the Central Line
Underground. Do you know which station to get out, and how to walk down to here?’
KIM: ‘Yes. I……at……….,then walk up………..,across…………,then turn…….into……and go into
the store through the……..in………..’.
MISS WHITE: ‘D’you know which floor to come up to?’
KIM: ‘It’s…………’
MISS WHITE: ‘Okay, Miss Lam, I look forward to seeing you then’
KIM: ‘Thank you, goodbye.’
MISS WHITE: ‘Bye’
Exercise 9. Conditionals
Complete the following sentences using the correct conditional.
Example : If companies advertise…….(sell).
If companies advertise, they will sell their products.
1. I think you would fail an interview,…………(dress badly)
2. If your references are good, ……….(employ)
3. If you are late for the appointment,………(no interview)
4. Would you mind……………? (change interview date)
5. Unless you write clearly……….(not understand)
6. (leave early)……….you would not arrive on time.
7. If I knew their phone number………(tell)
8. If you don’t mind working late……….(offer the job)
9. (like working with figures)……….they will put him in the accounts department.
10. Unless you were willing to work hard,………(not apply).

7.7. Offering a job

Companies offer jobs by sending the applicant a letter congratulating them on being successful at the
interview. The letter will also confirm the terms of employment that were discussed at the interview.
In fig.6 Kim Lam has been offered the job she was interviewed for at UK Stores Ltd. This too
confirms the terms she discussed with the personnel manager, Mr.Green. It states the hours she will
work; what her duties will be; her salary and annual rises; holidays and sick pay; and the ‘fringe benefits’
42
the store offers – those benefits besides her salary – store discounts and subsidised meals in the staff
canteen.
Notice Kim will be required to clock in, and clock off, which means the company has a machine
with time cards that have to be marked in a clock registering when staff begin and leave work.
Fig.6 A letter of appointment.
UK STORES LTD1
Phone: 01 356 9100 1 – 10 Great Russel Street Reg.London
315113
Telex : 661703 London WC1 VAT No.
21 35116 3
Cable: UKSTOR2

REF : LMG4 12 July

20..

Miss Kim Lam

53 Southport Road
London E15

Dear Miss Lam,

Appointment as General Clerical Assistant

I am pleased to tell you that you were successful at your interview with Mr Green
on 25 July, and we are offering you the above position to begin on Monday 15
September 20..

I would just like to confirm the conditions and terms that were agreed.

Your official hours will be from 9.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. Monday to Friday with
one hour for lunch.

In the first year, your training year, your salary will be $4,524.00 with annual rises
of 10 per cent for the next three years after that. If you are needed to do extra
work, your overtime will be paid at time and a half for weekdays and double
time for Sundays and Bank Holidays.

You will be allowed three weeks annual paid vacation, plus the usual Public
Holidays, and ten days a year paid sick leave, but you will have to provide a
doctor’s certificate if you are away for longer than any three days together.

You immediate manager will be Mr.Alan Southern, and your duties will cover
working the accounts section and helping out other sections when necessary.

As was explained to you, we have a clocking in and out system for all our staff
with one hour’s pay being added for every fifteen mintes in the hour you stay
behind to work, and one hour being deducted for every fifteen minutes in the
hour you are late.

You may use the staff canteen where subsidized meals are provided, the sports
facilities of the store, and staff can buy any goods sold in the store at a 15 per
cent discount.

Enclosed you will find two copies of your ‘contract of emplyment’, would you
sign one and return it to me with a letter confirming that you accept the position?

43
 I look forward to seeing you on Monday 15 September at 8.30 am when you will
be introduced to your colleagues.

I am sure you will enjoy working here.

Yours sincerely,

Terry White (Miss) Encls:

p.p. Leonard Green, Personnel Manager. 2 contracts of
employment

Charman: Sir Geoffrey Alcott Directors: D.W.James OBE,S.L,Carter

ACCA8
W.S.Rose
FIA,M.L.Daner FRIS

The letter also reminds Kim that if she works more than her agreed hours – overtime – she will be paid
at a higher rate. On the other hand, if she comes in late, pay will be deducted.
She has also been sent two copies of a ‘Contract of Employment’ which officially confirms the
terms of her employment. She keeps one copy, and signs the other and returns it with her confirmation
that she accepts the position.
Exercise 10. Choose the correct term. They are based on the letter UK Stores sent to Kim Lam.
1. Kim will have to (a) clock on (b) clock off ( c ) clock out/every morning.
2. Her meals will be (a) free (b)subsidised ( c ) expensive in the staff canteen.
3. She must (a) keep her contracts of employment (b) return one copy, signed ( c ) return both copies,
signed.
4. She will get (a) three wage rises in her first year (b) one ware rise during her first year ( c ) three wage
rises after her first year.
5. Kim will get (a) ten days vacation (b) three weeks vacation ( c ) three days vacation/ per annum
6. She will work directly for (a) Mr.Green (b) Miss White ( c ) Mr.Southern.
7. Her annual salary will be (a) $4,050 (b) $4,005 ( c ) $4,524
8. If she works overtime during the week, she will be paid (a) double time (b) time and a half ( c ) half
the time.
9. If she bought something in the store for $1.00 (which is 100 pence) she would pay (a) 95 pence (b) 85
pence ( c ) 75 pence.
10. Kim begins her job on the (a) 30 July (b) 15 September ( c ) 25 July

Exercie 11.
Here is the letter Kim sends back to UK Stores accepting the appointment. Put in the missing
prepositions.
53
Southport-Road
London
E15

2nd
August 20..
Miss T.White

44
Personnel Dept.
UK Stores Ltd.
1-10 Great Russell Street
London WC1

Dear Miss White,

Thank you……offering me the position …….General Clerical Assistant………UK

Stores Ltd.

I would like to confirm that I accept the post and the conditions stated…….your
letter……..30 July which you sent………me.

I am enclosing one signed copy………the Contract………Employment, and I look

forward……..seeing you……….Monday 15th September……….your
office………8.30 a.m.

Yours sincerely,

Kim Lam (Miss)

45