ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT

SAFETY PRECAUTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, ELECTRICITY

ARRANGED BY:

GROUP 2 :
- BELLA KAUNANG (18021048)
-GIANTINO LINTJEWAS (18021049)
-IMANUEL PITOY (18021050)
-CHRISTABELLA GAUTAMI (18021052)
- HARRY SANTOSO (18021055)
-FREEALDO TAMBUWUN (18021056)

2 TL 1 D3K-PLN

MANADO STATE POLYTECHNIC

2019
 Chapter 4
Instructions
(Imanuel Pitoy & Christabella Gautami)
1. Instructions fire in a workshop with fire extinguishers

Following is the definition of Fire Extinguisher, which is generally called in Indonesia as a Fire
Extinguisher. Fire Extinguisher or read "fire ex · tin · guish · er" is a portable fire extinguisher that
can remove water, foam, gas, and other media that are able to extinguish the fire causes of fire.

Each country has certain specifications or conditions for each fire extinguisher used. It can be said
that the standards of each country are different. This is also adjusted to the environmental
conditions in a country. But generally Fire Extinguisher or Extinguisher is shaped like a tube that
has a variety of weights. The heavier the Fire Extinguisher, the wider the area or coverage to
extinguish the fire.

Various types of agents or media containing fire extinguishers in each country are not much
different. Here are various fire extinguisher tube media:

 Dry Chemical Powder: is a powder-based medium that separates four parts from fire
tetrahedron. It is able to prevent chemical reactions involving heat, fuel and oxygen. This
method stops the production of fire and maintains free radicals so that it can extinguish the
fire.
 Foams: able to
extinguish fires
from fuel
sources.
Foams are also
well mixed and
used in
branch
pipes. By
forming a lot
of foam it is able
to seal the fuel
so that
oxygen
cannot
reach it.

 Water: by cooling the fuel with water, it is very effective to use for fires against furniture,
fabric and so on. But it is used correctly because water can conduct electricity.
  Wet Chemical and Water Additives: is a wet chemical (potassium acetate, carbonate, or
citrate). Used to extinguish the fire by being a blanket (soap foam) when the oil material
burns. Wet Chemical is able to cool the oil below its temperature point of achievement.
 Clean Agents: useful to replace oxygen (CO2 or Inert gas) and able to remove heat from
the combustion area (halotron and FE-36) or able to inhibit various chemical reactions
(Halons). This media leaves no residue and is well used for electronics and document files.
 Carbon Dioxide CO2: is a clean gas that replaces oxygen. But CO2 is not suitable for use
in fires containing oxygen which is a source such as metal or cooking media. Do not spray
directly on humans (face) because CO2 can cause inflammation due to cold and shortness
of breath.
 Class D Powder: is an extinguisher tube agent that is able to extinguish metal and other
types of fires.
 Halon 1211 / BCF: (It must not be used, except in the UK it is still used for certain
situations such as aircraft, military and police).

Global Fire Extinguisher must also be adjusted. Each medium of a fire extinguisher has the use of
extinguishing various types of fire classes. A country has its own criteria for classifying a type or
type of fire.

United Kingdom has BS EN 3 standard for fire extinguishers. UK classifies 6 fire classes such
as:

1. Class A: fire source from organic materials such as paper and wood
2. Class B: a source of fire from combustible liquids
3. Class C: a source of fire from combustible gases
 4. Class D: fire source from flammable metal
5. Class E: source of fire from electrical equipment
6. Class F: a source of fire from cooking ingredients such as fat and oil
7. But for class E it has been removed because fires on electrical equipment can melt and
sprinkle fire on five other classes.

The United States has a type of fire and an additional standard summarized at NFPA 10:
Standard Portable Fire Extinguisher for the 2010 edition such as:

1. Class A: source of fire from solid objects

2. Class B: a source of fire from liquids and gases
3. Class C: metal fire source
4. Class K: source of fire from oil for the kitchen

There are different instruction for each type:

Type A: Flammable Materials.

1. First, remove all dangerous materials near the fire.

2. Next, close all windows and ventilators.
3. Then, throw water over the fire.

Type B: Flammable Liquids.

1. First, remove all containers to a safe place.

2. Next, close all windows and ventilators.
3. Then, use the correct fire extinguisher. Do not throw water over this type of fire.
Extinguish it with CO2 or foam.

Type C: Electrical Equipment.

1. First, switch off the equipment at the mains.

2. Then, use the correct fire extinguisher. Do not throw water on an electrical fire.
3. Do not use foam on it. Extinguish it with CO2.
Types of fire extinguisher
1. Water Extinguishers

Overview:
Water extinguishers are the most common fire extinguisher type for class A fire risk. Most
premises will require either water or foam extinguishers.

Label Colour:
– Bright Red

Use for:
*Organic materials such as:
1. Paper and cardboard
2. Fabrics and textiles
3. Wood and coal

Do not use for:

– Fires involving electrical equipment
– Kitchen fires
– Flammable gas and liquids

How water extinguishers work:

The water has a cooling effect on the fuel, causing it to burn much more slowly until the flames are
eventually extinguished.

Types of premises/business who may need water extinguishers:

– Buildings constructed of wood or other organic materials
– Premises where there are organic materials to be found such as:
1. Offices
2. Schools
3. Hospitals
4. Residential properties
5. Warehouses
In fact most buildings need either water or foam extinguishers.

Where to locate water extinguishers:

– By the exits on a floor where a Class A fire risk has been identified

How to use :
1. Check that the extinguisher is fully charged by ensuring the presure gaugue is in the
green area (Fig. 1) and that the safety pin is not bent (Fig. 2)
2. Quickly check that there is no live electrical equipment in the area
3. Ensure you remain a safe distance from the fire and remove the safety
pin (Fig.3) this will break the tamper seal
4. Where to aim the fire extinguisher hose:
o Fires spreading horizontally: Aim the hose at the base of the fire, moving
the jet across the area of the fire
o Fire spreading vertically: Aim the hose at the base of the fire, slowly
moving the jet upwards following the direction of the fire
5. Squeeze the lever slowly to begin discharging the extinguisher, as the fire starts to
diminish carefully move closer to it
6. Ensure all the fire has been extinguished, try to focus on any hot spots that may re-
ignite
Water spray extinguishers – what’s the difference?:
Water spray extinguishers are equipped with a spray nozzle, rather than a jet nozzle, meaning a
greater surface area can be covered more quickly and the fire put out more rapidly.

Water mist extinguishers – what’s the difference?:

Water mist extinguishers have a different type of nozzle again which releases microscopic water
particles. These particles ‘suffocate’ the fire and also create a wall of mist between the fire and the
person using the extinguisher, reducing the feeling of heat.
2. Foam Extinguishers

Overview:
Foam extinguishers are most common type of fire extinguisher for Class B fires, but also work on
Class A fires as they are water-based.

Label Colour:
– Cream

Use for:
– Organic materials such as:
1. Paper and cardboard
2. Fabrics and textiles
3. Wood and coal
Plus:
– Flammable liquids, like paint and petrol

Do not use for:

– Kitchen fires
– Fires involving electrical equipment
– Flammable metals

How foam extinguishers work:

As with water extinguishers, foam extinguishers have a cooling effect on the fuel. On burning
liquids, the foaming agent creates a barrier between the flame and the fuel, extinguishing the fire.
 How to use :
1. Check that the extinguisher is fully charged by ensuring the presure gaugue is in the
green area (Fig. 1) and that the safety pin is not bent (Fig. 2)
2. Ensure you remain a safe distance from the fire and remove the safety
pin (Fig.3) this will break the tamper seal
3. Where to aim the fire extinguisher hose:
o Flammable liquids: Aim the hose at a vertical surface near the fire, do not
spray directly at the fire as this could cause the fire to be pushed and spread to
surrounding areas. Foam extinguishers allow a build up of foam across the surface of
the fire causing it to be smothered.
o Electrical fires: If your foam extinguisher is tested to 35000 Volt (35kV)
you can use the extinguishers on live electrical fires. However, keep a safety distance
of 1m.
o Solid combustibles: Aim the hose at the base of the fire, moving across the
area of the fire
4. Squeeze the lever slowly to begin discharging the extinguisher, as the fire starts to
diminish carefully move closer to it
5. Ensure all of the fire has been extinguished; the foam creates a blanket over the fire
and helps to prevent re-ignition.
Types of premises/business who may need Foam extinguishers:
– Buildings constructed of wood or other organic materials
– Premises where there are organic materials to be found such as:
1. Offices
2. Schools
3. Hospitals
4. Residential properties
5. Warehouses
– Buildings where flammable liquids are stored
In fact most buildings need either water or foam extinguishers

Where to locate foam extinguishers:

– By the exits on a floor where a Class A or Class B fire risk has been identified
3. Dry Powder Extinguishers

Overview:
Standard dry powder extinguishers are also called ‘ABC’ extinguishers because they tackle class
A, B and C fires, however they are not recommended for use in enclosed spaces. This is because
the powder can be easily inhaled, and also the residue is very difficult to clean up after. ABC
powder extinguishers can also be used on some electrical fires. Specialist dry powder extinguishers
are used for flammable metals.

Label Colour:
– Blue

Use for:
– Organic materials such as:
1. Paper and cardboard
2. Fabrics and textiles
3. Wood and coal
Plus:
– Flammable liquids, like paint and petrol
Plus:
– Flammable gases, like liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and acetylene
Plus:
– Fires involving electrical equipment up to 1000v
Specialist dry powder extinguishers are only used on flammable metals, such as titanium and
magnesium.

Do not use for:

– Fires involving cooking oil
– Fires involving electrical equipment over 1000v
– or in enclosed spaces, such as offices or residential properties
How dry powder extinguishers work:
Dry powder extinguishers smother fires by forming a barrier between the fuel and the source of
oxygen.

How to use :
1. Check that the extinguisher is fully charged by ensuring the presure gaugue is in the
green area (Fig. 1) and that the safety pin is not bent (Fig. 2)
2. Ensure you remain a safe distance from the fire and remove the safety
pin (Fig.3) this will break the tamper seal
3. Aiming the extinguisher:
o Solid Materials: Aim the hose at the base of the flames, moving across the
area of the fire
o Spilled liquids:Aim the hose at the near edge of the fire and with a rapid
sweeping motion, drive the fire towards the far edge until all the flames have been
extinguished
o Flowing liquid:Direct the hose at the base of the flames and sweep upwards
until all the flames have been extinguished
o Electrical equipment: Switch off the power (if safe to do so) and then
direct the hose straight at the fire
4. Squeeze the lever slowly to begin discharging the extinguisher, as the fire starts to
diminish carefully move closer to it
5. Ensure all the fire has been extinguished, re-ignition can be possible when a powder
fire extinguisher has been used
Types of premises/business who may need Dry Powder extinguishers:
– Businesses using flammable gases for chemical processes
– Premises where welding and flame cutting takes place
– Garage forecourts
– Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) dispensing plants
– Premises with large, commercial boiler rooms

Where to locate Dry Powder extinguishers:

– Place dry powder extinguishers near to the source of the fire risk.

Specialist Dry Powder extinguishers – what’s the difference?:

Specialist dry powder extinguishers work in the same way as standard dry powder extinguishers
but are for use with flammable metals only. There are 2 types of specialist dry powder
extinguishers – ‘L2’ which only tackles lithium fires, and ‘M28’, for all other flammable metal
fires.
4. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguishers

Overview:
CO2 extinguishers are predominantly used for electrical fire risks and are usually the main fire
extinguisher type provided in computer server rooms. They also put out Class B fires (flammable
liquids, such as paint and petroleum).
Label Colour:
– Black

Use for:
– Flammable liquids, like paint and petrol
– Electrical fires

Do not use for:

– Kitchen fires – especially chip-pan fires
– Combustible materials like paper, wood or textiles
– Flammable metals

How CO2 extinguishers work:

CO2 extinguishers suffocate fires by displacing the oxygen the fire needs to burn.

How to use :
1. Check that the safety pin is not bent (Fig. 1)
2. Ensure you remain a safe distance from the fire and remove the safety
pin (Fig.2) this will break the tamper seal
3. Do not hold the horn, unless it is a frost-free horn, as it becomes extremely cold
during use and can lead to severe frost burns. Only purchase CO2 extinguishers
with frost-free horn to prevent this happening.
4. Aiming the extinguisher:
o Flammable liquids: Aim the horn at the base of the fire and move
across the area. Be careful not to splash the burning liquid with the powerful jet of
the CO2 extinguisher.
o Electrical equipment: Switch off the power (if safe to do so) and then
direct the hose straight at the fire
5. Squeeze the lever slowly to begin discharging the extinguisher, as the fire
starts to diminish carefully move closer to i. Please note that a CO2 extinguisher
only has a very short discharge time.
6. Ensure all the fire has been extinguished as re-ignition is possible when a CO2
extinguisher has been used
Types of premises/business who may need CO2 extinguishers:
– Premises with electrical equipment, such as:
1. Offices
2. Kitchens
3. Construction sites
4. Server rooms
All work vehicles should also carry a smaller 2kg CO2 extinguisher.

Where to locate CO2 extinguishers:

– Place near to the source of the fire risk and/or near the fire exits.
5. Wet Chemical Extinguishers

Overview:
Wet chemical extinguishers are designed for use on Class F fires, involving cooking oils and fats.
They can also be used on Class A fires although it is more usual to have a foam or water
extinguisher for this type of fire risk.

Label Colour:
– Yellow

Use for:
– Cooking oil/fat fires
– Organic materials such as:
1. Paper and cardboard
2. Fabrics and textiles
3. Wood and coal

Do not use for:

– Flammable liquid or gas fires
– Electrical fires
– Flammable metals

How wet chemical extinguishers work:

Wet chemical extinguishers create a layer of foam on the surface of the burning oil or fat,
preventing oxygen from fuelling the fire any further. The spray also has a cooling effect.
 How to use :
1. Check that the extinguisher is fully charged by ensuring the presure gaugue is in the
green area (Fig. 1) and that the safety pin is not bent (Fig. 2)
2. Turn of the heat source if it is safe to do so
3. Ensure you remain a safe distance from the fire and remove the safety
pin (Fig.3) this will break the tamper seal
4. Hold the lance at arm's length, well above the fire with its nozzle at least 1 metre
away from the fire.
5. Squeeze the lever slowly to begin discharging the extinguisher
6. Apply the fine spray in slow circular movements, this allows the wet chemical
agent to fall gently onto the surface of the fire and helps to prevent hot oils splashing on
to the user.
7. Discharge the entire contents of the extinguisher to ensure that all of the fire has
been extinguished, the wet chemical formula helps to prevent re-ignition
Types of premises/business who may need wet chemical extinguishers:
– Commercial kitchens
– Canteens

Where to locate wet chemical extinguishers:

– Place near to the source of the fire risk.

SAFETY PRECAUTION
(Bella Kaunang & Giantino Lintjewas)
• GAS WELDING
GAS WELDING SAFETY PRECAUTION
When performing gas welding or cutting operation, following practical tips must be
considered for safety and efficiency of operations and to avoid accidents while
carrying out deck operations :

1. Secure in Vertical Position: Compressed gas cylinders must be handled

with utmost care and always be secured in vertical position even if they are
full or empty. Full and empty cylinders to be segregated and marked clearly.

2. Store in Right Spaces: Never store oxygen and acetylene cylinder

together in one space whenever possible. Keep them separately in well
ventilated spaces. Ensure when not in use, their caps should always be on
them.

3. Keep Grease and Oil Away: Control valves and fittings should be kept free
of oil and grease. Never operate cylinder valves and parts with oily and
greasy hands.

4. Ensure Flame Arresters Are Properly Fitted: Ensure non-return valves

and flame arresters are fitted in the acetylene and oxygen cylinder lines.
One flame arresters is normally fitted in the low pressure side of the
regulator near cylinder and other near the torch.
5. Keep Pressure of Oxygen Higher: When performing gas welding, ensure
the pressure of oxygen is always higher than the acetylene to avoid
acetylene going back to the oxygen line.

6. Handle Acetylene With Care: Acetylene should not be used for welding at
a pressure exceeding 1 bar of atmosphere gauge as it is liable to explode,
even in the absence of air, when under excessive pressure.

7. Rectify Cause of Backfire: In case of back fire, the first priority should be
to close the oxygen valve and then immediately close the acetylene valve.
No operation is to be performed until the cause of backfire is rectified.

8. Handle Flashback carefully: In case of flashback or explosion of the gas

pipes, first action must be to isolate the cylinder valves for both the
cylinders. Further action to be taken as per ship’s fire drill procedures.

9. Ensure Proper Connections: The connections between the hose and

blowpipe, and between hoses should be securely fixed with fittings
to comply with Regulatory Standard.

10. Keep a Steady Watch: A regular watch to be kept on the temperature of

acetylene cylinder. If the temperature is elevating, it is to be considered
same as flashback or explosion situation for taking action.

11. Prevent Interchange of Hoses: Manifold hose connections including inlet

and outlet connections should be such that the hose cannot be
interchanged between fuel gases and oxygen manifolds and headers.

12. 12 Replace Old and Faulty Hoses: Any hose in which flashback has
occurred must be replaced with new one.

13. Handle Hoses Properly: While performing the job, the hoses should be laid
properly and kept out of any moving machinery, sharp corners, high
temperature areas etc. Ensure they are not dangled, knitted or tipped over.

14. Use Only Approved leak detection fluid: Only approved leak detection
fluid to be used for detection of leak from hose or regulator arrangement. If it
is not available, non-detergent soap (Ivory) can be used.

15. Never Use Sealing Tape: Never use sealing tape of metal joining material
to prevent leak between metal to metal gas tight joints. With an oxygen
cylinder this could result in initiation of a metal- oxygen fire.
16. Never Over Tight Connections: Never try to over tight any nut of regulator
connection or cylinder valve spindle to stop the leak. This can lead to
damage.

17. Take Proper Steps for Maintenance: Only special tools should be used to
clean any clogging in the blow pipe. Before performing any maintenance,
complete system to be isolated. Never attempt repairs on pressurized oxy-
acetylene equipment nor carry out any unauthorized modification on hot
work equipment.

18. Use Safe Ignitors Only: Blowpipe should only be ignited with friction ignitor
or other stable flame generator. Avoid using lighter as sudden flame, else
blow pipe can hit the lighter body and explode

19. Never Use Oxygen: Oxygen should never be used for ventilation, cooling
purpose or for blowing dust off the surface or clothes.

20. Discard Hoses That Had Flashback: Any length of hose in which a
flashback has occurred should be discarded immediately.

21. You Must Wear Goggles To Protect Your Eyes: Infrared radiation is a
cause of retinal burning and cataracts. Protect your eyes with safety
glasses.

22. Protect Your Body From Welding Spatter And Arc Flash With
Protective Clothing. Such as: Woolen clothing,Flame-proof
apron,Gloves,Properly fitted clothing that is not frayed or worn. Shirts should
have long sleeves. Trousers should be straight-legged and covering shoes
when arc welding. Fire resistant cape or shoulder covers are needed for
overhead work. Check protective clothing equipment before each use to
make sure it is in good condition. Keep clothes free of grease and oil.

23. Protect Youf Foot: You should wear thick shoes so that you will not burn
your feet.

24. Be Sure There Is Adequate Ventilation Available When Welding In

Confined Areas Or Where There Are Barriers To Air Movement: Natural
drafts, fans and positioning of the head can help keep fumes away from the
welder's face.
 25. There must be fire extinguishers in the workshop so that any fires can
be extinguished immediately: After welding, turn off all valves so that no
gases can escape..

Last but not the least, make sure before carrying out any kind of hot work, the hot
work checklist and risk assessment forms have been duly filled. Also, do not forget
to follow all safety procedures while carrying out such jobs in enclosed spaces.

High pressurized gas cylinders carrying highly flammable material are a major
threat to the ship and its crew. Special care and attention must therefore be taken
while handling such equipment, taking into consideration all safety procedures and
manufacturers’ notes.

• ARC WELDING
ARC WELDING SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Arc welding can be hazardous therefore you need to protect yourself and others
from possible serious injury or death.

 Keep children away

 Pacemaker wearers, consult your doctor first
 Have all installation, operation, maintenance and repair work performed only
by qualified people
 1. Prevent Electric Shocks

Touching live electrical parts can cause fatal shocks or severe burns.The electrode
and work circuit is electrically live whenever the output is on.

The input power circuit and machine internal circuits are also live when power is
on. In semi-automatic or automatic wire welding, the wire, wire reel, drive roll
housing, and all metal parts touching the welding wire are electrically live.
Incorrectly installed or improperly grounded equipment is a hazard. Therefore:

 Do not touch live electrical parts.

 Wear dry, hole-free insulating gloves and body protection.
 Insulate yourself from work and ground using dry insulating
 Disconnect input power or stop engine before installing or
 Properly install and ground this equipment according to its Owner's Manual
and national and local codes.
 When making input connections, attach proper grounding conductor first.
 Turn off all equipment when not in use.
 Do not use worn, damaged, undersized, or poorly spliced cables.
 Do not wrap cables around your body.
 Ground the workpiece to a good electrical (earth) ground.
 Do not touch electrode if in contact with the work or ground.
 Use only well-maintained equipment. Repair or replace damaged parts at
once.
 Wear a safety harness if working above floor level.
 Keep all panels and covers securely in place.

2. Protect Eyes, Skin & Ears

rc rays can burn eyes and skin and noise can damage hearing permanently.
Always protect yourself and that you:

 Use approved earplugs or ear muffs if noise level is high.

 Wear a welding helmet fitted with a proper shade of filter lens (see ANSI
Z49.1 listed in Safety Standards) to protect your face and eyes when
welding or watching.
 Wear approved safety glasses. Side shields recommended.
 Use protective screens or barriers to protect others from flash and glare;
warn others not to watch the arc.

3. Protect Against Fumes and Gases

Fumes and gases can be hazardous to your health. Ensure that you:

 Keep your head out of the fumes.

 Do not breathe the fumes.
 If inside, ventilate the area and/or use extractor at the arc to remove welding
fumes and gases.

4. Protect Against Fire or Explosion

Welding can cause fire or explosion, ensure that you:

 Protect yourself and others from flying sparks and hot metal.
 Do not weld where flying sparks can strike flammable material.
 Remove all flammables within 10m of the welding arc. If this is not possible,
tightly cover them with approved covers.

5. Protect Against Flying Sparks and Hot Metal

Flying sparks and hot metal can cause injury. Chipping and grinding cause flying
metal. As welds cool, they can throw off slag. Always ensure that you:

 Wear approved face shield or safety goggles. Side shields recommended.

 Wear proper body protection to protect skin.

6. Protect Against exploding Cylinders

Cylinders can explode if damaged. Always ensure that you:

 Keep cylinders away from any welding or other electrical circuits.

 Never allow a welding electrode to touch any cylinder.
 Install and secure cylinders in upright position by chaining them to a
stationary support or equipment cylinder rack to prevent falling or tipping.

7. Protect Against Injury

Moving parts can cause injury. Always ensure that you:

 Keep away from pinch points such as drive rolls.

  Keep all doors, panels, covers and guards closed and securely in place.

8. Pacemakers

Magnetic fields from high currents can affect pacemaker operation.Pacemaker

wearers should keep away from arc welding equipment.

9. Ventilation

The welder should be located in an area with adequate ventilation. In general,

when welding is being done on metals not considered hazardous, a ventilation
system that will move a minimum of 2000 cubic feet per minute (CFM) of air per
welder is satisfactory.

10. Fire Prevention

The arc welder is capable of producing temperatures in excess of 10,000 degrees

F.,therefore it is important that the workplace be made firesafe. The floor should
be concrete or another fire resistant material. Cracks in the floor should be filled to
prevent sparks and hot metal from entering. When work cannot be moved to a
firesafe area then the area should be made safe by removing or protecting
combustibles from ignition sources.

11. Personal Protection

 For body protection a pair of fire retardant long sleeved coveralls without cuffs is
a good choice. Always avoid clothing with tears, snags, rips, or worn spots as
these are easily ignited by sparks. The sleeves and collars should be kept
buttoned.

• The hands should be protected with leather gauntlet gloves.

• A pair o high top leather shoes, preferably safety shoes, is good protection
for the feet. If low shoes are worn the ankles should be protected by fire
resistant leggings.
• Eyes should be protected by transparent goggles if the person wears
prescription glasses or safety glasses if not.
• A welding helmet or hand shield with filter plate and cover plate is
mandatory for eye protection from the harmful rays of the arc. The filter
plate should be at least shade 10 for general welding up to 200 amps.
However, certain operations such as carbon-arc welding and higher current
welding operations require darker shades. Never use a helmet if the filter
plate or cover lens is cracked or broken.
• A flame-proof skull cap to protect the hair and head as well as hearing
protection in noisy situations is recommended.
• Plastic disposable cigarette lighters are very dangerous around heat and
flame. It is very important that they not be carried in the pockets while
welding. Always provide protection to bystanders or other workers by
welding inside a properly screened area, if possible. If unable to work inside
 a screened area then protection to others should be provided by a portable
screen or shield, or by their wearing anti-flash goggles.

12. Key Points To Remember

 Be sure the welder is properly installed and grounded.

 Never weld without adequate ventilation.

 Take proper precautions to prevent fires.

 Protect your entire body with fire retardant clothing, shoes, and gloves.

 Wear eye protection at all times.

 Weld only in a firesafe area.

 Never do any welding, cutting, or hot work on used drums, barrels, tanks, or
other containers.

 Mark metal "HOT" with a soapstone.

 Keep a well stocked first aid kit handy.

 Ohm’s Law and Resistance
(Harry Santoso & Freealdo Tambuwun)
Ohm’s law states that the voltage or potential
difference between two points is directly proportional
to the current or electricity passing through the
resistance, and inversely proportional to the
resistance of the circuit. The formula for Ohm’s law
is V=I/R. This relationship between current, voltage,
and relationship was discovered by German scientist
Georg Simon Ohm. Let us learn more about Ohms
Law, Resistance, and its applications.

Ohm’s Law Definition

Most basic components of electricity are voltage,
current, and resistance. Ohm’s law shows a simple
relation between these three quantities. Ohm’s
law states that the current through a conductor
between two points is directly proportional to the
voltage across the two points.

Ohm’s Law Formula

Voltage= Current× Resistance
V= I×R
V= voltage, I= current and R= resistance

The SI unit of resistance is ohms and is denoted by Ω

This law is one of the most basic laws of electricity. It
helps to calculate the power, efficiency, current,
voltage, and resistance of an element of an electrical
circuit