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 CONTENTS OF
NATURAL VOLUME LXXVIII

HISTORY The Authors

January No. 1

Alfred Meyer
6
In andOut of the Field 8
Contact with the Stone Ace Ivan Schoen 10
A Naturalist at Large Marston Bates 20
The Bend of the Nicer River Marlyn Mangus 26

THE JOURNAL OF Sky Reporter John P. Wiley, Jr. 38

Celestial Events Thomas D. Nicholson 39

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM The Size of Life John T. Bonner 40

The Night Insects of West Bengal ...Syd Radinovsky 46

OF NATURAL HISTORY Iceland's Thermal Geology Julian Kane 48

T. C. ScHNEiRLA AND Animal Behavior ...Ethel Tobach 52
Books in Review Lorus and Margery Milne 58
Letters to the Editors 68
Suggested Additional Reading 74

Fei!Iiuarv No. 2

The Authors 4
In and Out of the Field Alfred Meyer 6
The Anabaptist Explosion V/illiam F. Pratt 8

Books in Review Bob Scholte 24

In the Shadow of the Mountain Claudia Andujar 28
Wanted: A Suitable Herbivore Paul S. Martin 34
VOLUME LXXVIII The Unforeseen International Ecologic Boomerang
Gordon R. Conway, G. Edwin Bunce, A. E. Davis,
1969 T. D. Bolin, E. Rivnay, Henry van der Schalie,
C. J. Shifi, Thayer Scudder. Prologue by Barry
Commoner. Introductions by M. Taghi Farvar. 41
Flint Flaking in Turkey Jacques Bordaz 73
Sky Reporter John P. Wiley, Jr. 78
Celestial Events Thomas D. Nicholson 79
Bird of Darkness Jan Lindblad 80
Glaciers in the American West Stephen F. Arno 84
Action at Orion William K. Hartmann 90
Ancient Letters to the Dead and Others
Cyrus H. Gordon 94
Suggested Additional Reading 110

March No. 3

The Authors 4
The Myth of the Peaceful Atom
Richard Curtis and Elizabeth Hogan 6

A Naturalist at Large Archie Carr 18

Watching Seals at Turtle Rock
Carleton Ray and Michael A. deCamp 26
The Weaving of an Engineering Masterpiece
Bert E. Dugdale 36

Published by The Death and Decay of Trees Alex L. Shigo 42

Victorian Fashions at the Edge of the Kalahari
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM Frank L. and Dora Lambrecht 48

OF NATURAL HISTORY Oceanic Filter, Game of Chance David Cavagnaro 52

Sky Reporter John P. Wiley, Jr. 58
NEW YORK, N.Y.
 Celestial Events Thomas D. Nicholson 59 Trailing Lewis and Clark
Belva Jensen 8
Books in Review 60 A Naturalist at Large Richard L. Means 16
Suggested Additional Reading 77 -Polynesian Surfing Ben R. Finney and James D.
Houston 26
The Gecko Grip Joseph F. Gennaro,
April No. 4 Jr. 36
Sky Reporter John P. Wiley, Jr. 44
Celestial Events Thomas D. Nicholson 45
The Florence Floods Richard M. Klein 46
The Authors 6 Rarest Booby Bryan Nelson 56
In and Out of the Field Alfred Meyer 10 Books in Review -,q
~^A Working Paper for Man and Nature Margaret Mead 14 Suggested Additional Reading 75
A Naturalist at -Large Edward Abbey 24
What Would You Do With, Say, Staten Island?
Ian McHarg 26
Indicens and Immigrants Alexander B. Klots 38 October No. 8
Sky Reporter John P. Wiley, Jr. 46
Celestial Events Thomas D. Nicholson 47
The Authors .
Gotham's Birds Dean Amadon 48
Letters to the Editor
How Firm a Foundation Christopher J. Schuberth 56 g
The Innocent Fox
Urban Snakes: An Identity Crisis Herndcn G. Dowling 66
'.'.'. V.'.LoVen EiVe'ley 10
Books in Review
A NATUR.ALIST AT Large Ira J. Winn 20
Robert Cushman Murphy 80
Jumping Spiders james H. Carmichael,
Suggested Additional Reading 86 Jr. 28
Landscape Esthetics Luna B. Leopold 36
Wild Boar of the Appalachians H. Lea Lawrence 46
Sky Reporter j^hn
May No. 5 P. Wiley, Jr. 48
Celestial Events Thomas D. Nicholson 49
T'^»'^<^^«
The Authors '.

4 Terence S. Turner 50
Letters to the Editors
The Leeward Islands Robert Northshield
5 60
Under the Spell of the Zodiac Books in Review Harold Gilliam
Mark Graubard 10 72
Suggested Additional Reading
A Naturalist at Large William A. Watkins 20
. «fi

The Shreds of Ancient Persia Bernard Goldman 26

The Royal Fleece of the Andes Nancy Flowers 36
Arctic Walk John P. Milton 44
SiiperfleaMeets Mountain Beaver ..Victor B. Scheffer .54 November No. 9 \
Mussels on the Move John H. Welsh 56
Sky Reporter John P. Wiley, Jr. 60
The Authors
^
Celestial Events Thomas D. Nicholson 61
The Annotated Octopus Ken N. Sokolski, Jerome Lettvin 10
A Golden Eagle and the Rearing of Redtails A Naturalist at Large John Eastman 28
Frances Hamerstrora 62 The Reality of the Pilgrim Fathers James Deetz 32
Books in Review John C. Devlin 70 Sky Reporter John P. Wiley, Jr. 46
Suggested Additional Reading 76 Celestial Events Thomas D. Nicholson 47
The Ecology of a Reservoir
Paul A. Erickson and John T. Reynolds 48
June- July No. 6 Cranberry Harvest ... .Photographs by David A. Caccia
54
EscALANTE Canyon Edward Abbey 58
The Authors 4
Night of the Palolo Barbara Smetzer 64
Letters to the Editors 6
Books in Review Peter van de Kamp 72
An Exaltation of Larks James Lipton 8
Suggested Additional Reading no
A Naturalist at Large Garrett Hardin 20
Nature and the Camera 28
Native Pottery of the Southwest George L. Downing 34
Sky Reporter John P. Wiley, Jr. 40 December No. 10
Celestial Events Thomas D. Nicholson 41
(Gulp! ) Kurt Severin 42 The Authors r
Round Trip with the Salmon Anthony Netboy 44 The Most Celebrated Dog Case Ever Tried in Johnson
Venus, Star of Sweet Confidences Rasool
S. I. 52 County, Missouri, or the World Gerald Carson
The Varied Fare of the Honeybee 6
Roger A. Morse 58 A Naturalist at Large Richard Borshay Lee 14
Books in Review Anthony F. C. Wallace 72 A Soviet Plan for Nature Innokenti P. Gerasimov 24
Suggested Additional Reading 33 Earthquakes Charles F. Richter 36
Sky Reporter John P. Wiley, Jr 46
Celestial Events Thomas D. Nicholson 47
August-September No. 7 The Cloth of the Quechuas .....' Grace Goodell 48
Animal Aces David P. Willoughby
The Authors 56
4 Books in Review :'
William H. IMatthews III
In and 66
Out of the Field Alfred Meyer 6 Suggested Additional Reading gn
 INDEX TO Dowling, H. G., Urban Snakes, Apr.,
Downing, G. L., Native Pottery of the
p6j Florence Floods, Aug., p.46 Rasool, S. I..

fidences, June, p.52

Venus, Stab of Sweet Con- Niger, Jan., p.26
Timbucloo, Jan., p.26
Southwest. June, p.34 C, Watching
\(»LUME LXXVIII Dugdale, B. E., The Weaving of an Enci-
Ray,
Rock, .Mar., p.26
Seals at Turtle Alaska's Brooks Range, May, p.44
Albatrosses, Oct., p.60
, Mar., p.36 Reynolds, J. T., The Ecology of a Reser-
voir, Nov., p.48 American Indians
Lambrccht, F. L. nd D., Victorian Riiliter, C. F., Eabthquakes, Dec, p.36 Amazonian, Jan., p.lO
Fashions at the Edge of the Kalahari, Rivnay, E., How
TO Provide a Nice, Wet Quechua, Peru, Feb., p.28
AUTHORS AND TITLES 11, J., A FiEi Cc Field Mar., p.48 Place Where Insects You Don't Southwest pottery region, Jun
, No Lawrence, H. L., Wild Boar of the Ap- Want Thrive, Feb., p 56 Tcliikrin, Brazil, Oct., p.50
Ebrlieh, P., Reviews, Oct., p.82 palachians, Oct., p.46 Wama, Jan., p.lO
Eiseley, L., The Innocent Fox, Oct., p.lo Lee, R. B., Eating Christmas in the Wayana, Jan., p.lO
Emmerich, A., Reviews, Oct., p.82 Kalahari, Dec, p.l4 Wayarekule, Jan., p.lO
,hy, E., City of the PnopiiEciE;
Eriikson, P. A., The Ecology of a Res- Leopold, Landscape Esthetics, Sebcll^r, V. B., SUPERFLEA Meets Moun- Amish, Feb., p.8
ilouOKEN Perspective, Apr., p,24; L. B.,
ebvoih, Nov., p.4« tain Beaver, May, p.54 Animal ages, comparative, Di p50
cvL«NTE Canyon, Nov., p S3 Oct., p.36
Evans, H. E., Reviews, Jan., p.64 Schoen, I., Contact with the Stone Ace,
lin, D. L., Reviews, June, p.79 Letlvin, J., The Annotated Octopus,
Animal Behavior
Jan., p.lO
Gotham's BiliDs, Apr., p.-l
iiiidon, D., Nov., p.lO
Scbolte, B., Reviews, Feb., p.24 Albatrosses, Oct., p.60
ndujar, C, In the SnAnow of Lindb'ad, J., Bird of Darkness, Feb., p.80
Mountain, Feb., p.28 Lipton, An Exaltation of Larks, Schuberth, C. J., How Firm a Founda- Bees, June p.58
J.,
tion, Apr., p.56 Birds, Feb., p80; Apr., p48; Ma'
Arm, S. F., Claciehs in the Ameu Finney, B. R., Polynesian Surfing, Aug.,
West, Feb., p.84 Lurie, N. 0., Reviews, May, p.72 Scudder, "T., "The Ecological Hazards of p.64; Aug., p56; Oct, p 60
p.26 Making a Lake, Feb., p.68 Boars, Oct., p.46
\ .imov, I., Reviews, Feb., p.l07
Flowers, N., The Royal Fleece of the
Reviews, Aug., p.70 Sears, P. B., Reviews, Nov., p.85 Eagle, golden. May, p 64
\:kin3on, B., Andes, May, p.36 Scverin, K., (Gulp!), June, p.42
M Shaw. E., Reviews, June, p.78
Evolution of, Jan., p.52
Fleas and beavers. May, p 54
.Manson, D. V., Reviews, June, p 80
B ShifF, C, J., Host and Parasite in Rho- Lizard, gecko, Aug.. p. 36
.MeHarg, I., What Would You Do With. desia, Feb., p.65 Mussels, May, p.,56
lijles, M., Gettinc Thiiouch Winter, Say, Staten Island? Apr., p.26
Ccnnaro, J. F, Jr., The Gecko Crip, Shigo. A. L., The Death and Decay of Octopus, Nov., p. 10
Jan., p.20; RevifJK, Aug., p.72 Mangus, M., The Bend of the Nicer
Aug., p.36 Trees, Mar., p.42 Palolo, seaworiii, N;.v., p.64
iolin, T. D., Milk Intolerance in River, Jan., p.26
Southeast Asia, Feb Gerasimov, J. P., A Soviet Plan for Na- Smetzer, B., NlCHT OF THE Palolo, Nov., Salmon migration, June, p.44
p.54
, Martin, P. S., Wanted: A Suitable Her-
ture, Dec., p.24 p.64 Seabirds, Aug., p.56
onner, J. T., The Size of Life, Jan., UIVOBE, Feb., p.34
p.40
Gilliam, H., Reviews, Oct., p.72 Sokolski, K. N., The Annotated Octopus, Seals, Mar., p.26
Goldman, B., The Shreds of Ancient
Matthews, W- H., Ill, Reviews, Dec, Nov., p.lO Snakes, Apr., p.66; June, p.42
Hordaz, J.. Flint Flaking in Tirkev, p.66
Persia, May, p.26; Reviews, Aug., p.70 Spiders, Mar., p.36; Oct., p.28
Feb., p.73 Mead, M., A Working Paper for Man
norland, H, Reviews, Feb., p.lOl; Nov.,
Goodell, G., The Cloth of the Quecihias, Vicuiias, May, p.36
Dec, p.48 AND Natube, Apr., p.I4 Whale, May, p.20
p.78 Means, R. L, The New Conservation, Thompson, D. Q.. Reviews, Feb., p.l03
Gordon, C. H., Ancient Letters to the Annelid, palolo, Nov., p.64
ince, G. E., Milk and Blindness in Aug., p.l6 lohacb, E.. T. C. SCHHEIRLA and Ani
Bihzil, Feb., p.52
Dead and Others, Feb., p.94 Annual Report 1968, Apr., p.A
-Medway, L, Reviews, Mar., p.62 Behavior, Jan., p 52 Antarctic Weddell seals. Mar., p 26
Graubard, M., Under the Spell of the
Milne, L. and M., Reviews, Jan., p.58; Turner, R. D., Reviews, Mar., p 61
Zodiac, May, p.lO
June, p-77 Tut ,er, T. S., Tchikrin. Oct., p 50 Anthropology
Milton, J. P., Arctic Walk, May, p,44
Amish, Feb., p.8
Careiai'D. A.. CRANnERnv Harvest, Nov, Montagu, A., Reviews, Oct., p.76
p.54 H Morse, R. A., The Varied Fare of the
Ancient Egypt,
May, p.26
Feb., p94; Pcrsit

Carriiicbael, J. H., Jr., Ju.MpiNc .Spiders Hamerstrom, F., A Golden Eagle and Honeybee, June, p.58 Van de Kamp, P., Reviews, Nov., p.72
Flint flaking, Turkey, Feb., p.73
OtI , p.28 THE Rearing of Redtails, May. p.62 Mulloy, W., Reviews, Nov., p.80 Van der Schalie, H., Control in Egypt
Herero fashions and customs. Mar
Curr, A., A Naturalist at Large, Mar., Hammond, P. C, Reviews, Mar., p.65 Murpby, R. C, Reviews, Jan., p.62; Apr., and the Sudan, Feb., p.62
p.48
p.l8 Hardin, G., The Economics op Wilder- p80 Van Deusen, H. M., Reviews, Feb., p.l04
Hutterites, Feb., p 8
Carrasco, P., Reviews, Apr., p.8't ness, June, p.20
IKung Bushmen, Dec, p.l4
Carson, G., The Most Celebrated Dog Harner, M. J., Reviews. Oct., p.78
Ca^e Ever Tried .... Dec., p.6 Harlmann, W. K., Action at Obion, Feb., w Nature and culture of man, Apr.. p.l4
r.u innriro, D., Oceanic Filter, Game of p.90 ,
N Wallace, A. F. C, Reviews, June, p.72 Niger River people, Jan., p.26
Nelson, B., Rabest Booby, Aug.. p.56 Watkins, W. A., Pop Goes the Weasel, Pilgrims, Nov., p.32
-'i:. Mar., p52 Hay, J., Reviews, Mar., p.62
Hickey, J. J., Reviews, Nov., p.82 Netboy, A., Round Tbip with the Welsh, J. H., Mussels on the Move, Oueehua Indians, Feb., p.28; Dec, p.48
1 l.iin, B. B Reviews,
, Mar., p.64.
Salaion, June, p.44 Pffff Goes the Whale, May, p 20 Tehikrin, Brazil, Oct., p.50
1" r. B., Frail Reeds in a Harsh Hogan, E., The Myth of the Peaceful
HLD, Feb., p.44 Atom, Mar., p.6 Nichilson, T. D., Celestial Events, Jan., May, p,56 Wama Indians, Jan., p.lO
Conway, G. R., Pests Houston, Polynesian p.39; Feb., p.79; Mar., p59; Apr., p.47; Wiley, Sky Repobter, Wayana Indians, Jan., p.lO
Follow the Chem- J. D., Surfing J. P., Jr., Jan.,
May, p.6I; June, p.4I; Aug., p.45; p38; Feb., p.78; Mar., Wayarekule Indians, Jan., p.lO
icals IN THE Cocoa of Malaysia, Feb., Aug., p.26 p58; Apr., p.46;
Oct., p.49; Nov., p.47; Dec, p.47; Re. May, Astrology, ancient, May, p.lO
p.46 p.60; June, p.40; Aug., p.44;
VIEWS, Jan., p.61
Curlis, R., The Myth or the Peaceful Oct., p.48; Nov., p.46; Dec, p.46
Atom, Mar., p.6 Nnrthsbield. R., The Leeward Islands Willoughby, D. P., Animal Ages, Dec,
O.t., p60 Amateurs, Mar., p.58; medal for. May,
Imbric, J., Reviews, Dec. p.73 p,56
Winn, [. Public Parks and Private p.60
J.,
Lives, Oct., p.20
Aristarcbus, moon crater. .Aug., p,44
Asteroid Hektor, Dec, pM}
Bigbang, Feb., p.78; Oct, p.48
June, p.76 Pfcillcr, J.. Reviews, Oet., p.83 Celestial events, Jan., p.39; Feb., p 79
Mil iNT Prall. W. F., The Anabaptist Explosion, Mar., p.58; Apr., p.47; May, p.61
SouTiiEisT Asia, Feb., p.Si. Feb., p.8
June, Aug., p45;
dtCanip, M. A., Watching .Seai SUBJECT MATTER p.41;
Nov., p.47; Dec, p.47
Oct., p.48

Turtle Rock, Mar., p.26

Comets, Dec, p.46
*, J.. The Reality of thi PlLG Kane, Iceland's Thermal Geology
J., Cosmic rays, Jan., p 38
ATiiERs. Nov., p.32 "
Jan., p.48 '

Diamonds in sky, Apr., p.46

«lin, J. C, Reviews, May, |i.70 Klein, R. M., Reviews, J.in.. p.65; The Earth noise, Aug.. p.44
 Fireball, Juno, p.M
Ecology Maiviihals Reptiles Eagles. Hawks and Falcons oj the W
Ecologic boomerang, Feb., p.41 Beaver, May, p.54 Lizards, Aug., p.36 Nov., p.82
FormaWehyde, June, p.40
Fujikawa, coniel, Dec, p.46 Lewis and Clajk Trail, Aug., p.8 Boars, Oct., p.46 Snakes, Mar., p.I8; Apr., p.66; June, Enduring Navaho, The, i\Iay, p.72

Galactic fireworlts, Jan., p.38 Making ol lake, Feb., p.68 Dog, court case, Dec, p.6 p.42 Eternal Quest: The Story oj

Gamma rays, Dec, p.46 Niche, Feb., p.34 Seals, Mar., p.26 Richter scale, Dec, p.36 Great Naturalists, June, p.77
j j„nda.Mrkas.PajduBokova, ramel of Reservoir, Nov., p.48 Vicunas, May, p.36 Salmon, June, p.44 Exploring Space with a Camera, .

p.46 USSR, Dec, p.24 Whale, May, p.20 Schistosomiasis, Feb., p.62; p.65
Inlerslellar water. May, p.60 Economics of wilderness, June, p.20 Mars, Mar., p.58; May, p.60; Nov., p Seals, Weddcll, Mar., p.26 First Civilisations, Mar., p.
Isotropy, Oct., p.48 Egyptians, ancient, Feb., p.94 Sky Reporter ^ee Astronomy listing by
Jupiter, Oct., p.48 Escalante Canyon, Nov., p.58 Milk s.lllirol

Mars, Mar., p.50; May, p.60; Noi
Moon, Jan., p.38;
p.44; Oct., p.48; Dec, p.46
Orion, Feb., p.SlO
Planets, space probes. May, p.60
Pulsars, Jan., p.38;
p.58; Apr., p.46; June, p.40
Quasars, Nov., p.46
Radio telescope. May, p60;
Rays, cosmic, Jan.,
Reflector telescope. Fell., p.78
.Space detergent, Mar., p.58
.Spcelruni, Oct.. p.48
Stars, Fil,., p.OI);
.Slarquak.'. N.iv.. |,.lf,
Stellar r.iiMis .111.,,.
Ultn Mar. ).,'i8
.
Venus, May, p.60; June,
p.44
Atom, Mar., p.6; May, p.6; Juni
Bees and honey, June, p.SEJ
Big.bang
Isotropy, Oct., p.48
Tlieory. Feb., p.78
lllllllS
Al.b„ll'»lliM.liy, Aug., p.,%
Albatrosses, Oct., p.60
Eagles, golden. May, p.64
Jamaica Bay Refuge, Apr.,
in New York, Apr., p.48
Trnpieal, Feb., p.80
Boars, wild, Oct., p.46
Booby, Abbott's, Aug.,
Botany
Cocoa pi-sts, Feb., p.46
Cranberries, Nov., p.51
Trees, Mar., p.42
Botswana, Dec, p.l4
BltAZtL
I Indians, Jan.,
Milk and blindness, Feb.. p..';2
Trhikrin Indians, Oct., p..50
Brooks Range, Alaska, May. p.44
Busbmen, Dec, p.W
Cocoa pests, Feb., p.46
Comets, Dec, p.46
Conservation
Landscape, Oct., p.36
New, Aug., p.I6
USSR, Dec, p.2.
Cosmic rays, Jan., p.38
Cranberries, Nov., p.!;4
Diamonds in sky, Apr., p.46
Dog, in court, Dec, p.6
Eagles, golden, May, p.64
Earthquakes, Jan., p. IS 11,
Esthetics, landscape, Oct., p.36 and Blindness in Brazil, Feb., p.52
Apr., p.46; Intolerance, Asia, Feb., p.54
Ethnology see Anthropology African, June, p.42
Field guides, Nov., p.28
Moon in Apartments, Apr., p.66
Fireball, Mexico, June, p.40 AristaLcIius crater, Aug., p.44 Bites, Mar., p.l8
Feb., p.78; Hot, Jan., p.38 Space detergent. Mar., p.58
Fleas and heaver. May, p.54
Flint flaking, Feb., p.73 and Jupiter, Oct., p.48
Rivers on, Apr., p.46 Spiders
Floods, Florence, Aug., p.46
Oct Samplings, Oct., p.48; Dec, p.46 Saltieids, Oct., p.28
Galactic fireworks, Jan., p.38
p..S3; eamma Galapagos Islands' insects, Mar., p.52 Second, Aug., p.44 Web, engineering of. Mar., p.36
Gamma rays, Dec, p.46 Mussels, May, p.56 Stars, Feb., p.9D; June, p.34; Dec, p.46
Starquake, Nov., p.46
Geology Myth Staten Island, study of, Apr., p.26
Stellar census, June, p.40
Glaciers, Feb., p.84
Jan,-, |i..f.| ;
Dec
Iceland, Jan., p.48 ir., p.6
New York, Apr., p..56
i,.Hl Naturalist at large People, Jan., p.IO
Thermal, Jan., p.4S
Jan.. p.20; Mar., p.l8; Apr., p.24; May, Techniques, Feb., p.73
Glaciers, Feb., p.84
Supernova, June, p.34
Hawaiian Islands' National Rifugc-, 1,20; June, p.20; Aug., p.l6; Oct.,
p,.';2
11.20; Nov., p.28 Surfing, Aug., p.26
p.60
Nalurc Tehikrin, Kayapo tribe, Oct., p.50
Herero, Mar., p.48 and culture of man, Apr., p.l4;
p.6
anil Ihc USSR. Dec, Tekliles, Dec, p.46
Hoboken, city of, Apr., p.24 p.24
Honeybees, June, p 58 Telescope
Nf.iv York
Hutterites, Feb., p.8
Radio, May, p.60; Oct., p.48
Iceland, Jan., p.48 B,-,lr„, k foundation of, Apr., p.56
Reflector, Feb., p.78
llir,ls„f, Apr., p.48
and ll„l,„kcn. Apr., p.24 Textiles, weaving, Dec, p.48
iNni s, American see American Indian Timbuotoo, Jan., p.26
los,.,ts„f, Apr.. P..38
Insc cides, Feb., p.46 In-c-s, decay. Mar., p.42
Jaiiiai, a Bay Refuge, Apr., p.48
.Snakes ,,f. Apr., p.66 Turkey, Hint flaking, Feb., p.73
Insects Stalcin Island. Apr., p.26 USSR and nature, Dec, p.24
p.4 Bees, June, p.58 Niger River people, Jan., p.26 Venery, terms of, June, p.8
Fleas, May, p.54 Noise, earth's, Aug., p.44 Venus, May, p.60; June, p.52; Aug., p.44
Galapagos Islands, Mar., p.52 Oili.pus, Nov., p.IO Vicuiias, May, p.36
and irrigation, Feb., p.56 Organisms, size of, Jan., p.40 Wama tribes. Jan., p.IO
p.-Se New York, Apr., p.38 Uriel,. Water. Nov., p.48; interstellar, May,
I'eli., p.90
Nocturnal, of West Bengal, Jan., p.46 Pal„l„scaworm and Saiiioans. Nov.. p.64 p.60
Wayona Indians, Jan., p.IO
Spiders, Mar., p.36; Oct., p 28 Parasif mussels. May. p 56
Interstellar water, May, p.60 Pirsepolis, ruins Wayareku'e tribe, Jan., p.IO
of. .May, p.26
Weaving, Quechua Indians, Dec, p.48
Persia, ancient. May, p 26
Whale, May, p.20
P.rii, (lucchua Indians, Feb., p.28
Wilderness economics, June, p.20
P, St ,iinlrol. Feb., p.46; p.62
Annelid, palnlo, Nov., p.64
Pli„t„era|)by, Nature and the Camera Wildlife Refuge, Hawaiian, Oct., p.60;
,\lu»..els,,May, p.56
rs, Juni p.28 Jamaica Bay, Apr., p.48
Ocl,tpiis, two.spiitled, Nov., p.IO
ji.lQ Pilgrim Fathers, Nov., p.32 Winter and nature, Jan., p.20
Plaiots, year of. May, p.60 see also As. Zodiac, May, p.IO
Irrigation tninomy
Plimoih Plantation, Niiv.,p.32
Egypt, Feb., p.62
Pollution, environmental, Feb., p.44
Palestine, Feb., p.56
Pcltcry, American Indians, June, p.34
Rhodesia, Feb., p.65
Books in Review
Sudan. Feb., p.62
Isotropy, Oct., P.4S Pulsars Agluencc in Jeopardy, June, p.80
Jamaica Bay Refuge, Apr., p.48 Humors, June, p.40 Almost Ancestors, May, p.72
Jupiter, moons of, Oct.,
p.48 New .-ra, Apr., p.'lfi America the Raped, Oct., p.72
Kalahari, Mar., p.48; Dec, p 14 Nc-w uses, Jan., p.38 Asia: A Nntiiral History, Mar., p.62
Kariba Dam, Feb., p.68 Newsworthy, Mar., p.58 Bird Guide oj Thailand, Apr., p.85
IKung Bushmen, Dec, p.l4 So.n-ls. Feb., p.78 Bird Watching—An Abiding Avocation,
Letters to Editor, May, p6- June lluabbiii Reservoir. Nov., p.48 Apr., p.80
Oct., p.6 Quasar. Nov., p.46 Bronx Zoo Book
oj Wild Animals, The,
Lewis and Clark, Aug., p.8 l^tuoeliua Indians, Feb., p.28; Dec, p.48 Mar., p.67
Lifespans, man and animal, Dec, p.56 Radio telescope. May, p.60; Oct., p.48 Captive Wild, Feb., p.lOl
;
Li/ard, gecko, Aug., p.36 Radioactive material. Mar., p.6 Civilizational Process, The, June,
Reflector telescope, Feb.. p.78
p 72
Day ol the Dinosaur, The, Feb., p.IO?
Natural Histo
Since 1965, members of this mis- above are verified facts) . About this ans.We began to gather equipment
on have made several expeditions time, the men who had given chase and personnel at the Lawa Mission
determine whether or not any arrived on the scene. They ex- Post. In order to enhance the possi-
embers of the Wayarekule or changed greetings but with very little communication with this
bilities of
ama tribes still survive. Such evi- understanding. Then, as they talked, new we brought Indians from
tribe,
nce as footprints, campsites, and Kuwaiman, who is bilingual, speak- the Alalaparu and Tepoe areas, and
scarded articles— fans, string, bas- ing both Wayana and Trio, dis- Wayanas from Paloemeu, Apetina,
ts, animal bones— have led us to covered that the language of these and Lawa. All told, these Indians
lieve that there are, in fact, sur- strange Indians was close to Trio. had at least a partial knowledge
vors.Consequently, we have been From that point on he spoke to them of six different Indian languages:
epared to move quickly to investi- in Trio, and found that they could Wayana, Trio, Apalai, Wayapi, Wai
te any information that may lead converse quite freely. They talked for Wai, and Emerillon. Included in the
a contact with these people. almost an hour. The Wayanas asked equipment was a shortwave radio so
The latest lead, which did cul- them where their village was, and that we could immediately relay any
nate in a successful contact with they replied that it was just over the important findings to interested gov-
group of very primitive Indians, hill. Since the people were not re- ernment officials, and report any
me from four Wayana Indians luctant to lead them to their camp, emergency that might arise. Mr.
mong whom we normally ivork) the Wayanas left one man
with the Draper handled communications,
Thursday, June 13, 1968. In this women and boat, and the other three and the other interior stations stood
wrt, we will endeavor to document men went with the strange Indians by to relay. With the co-operation of
detail all the events leading up to their camp. As they neared the the Missionary Aviation Fellowship,
and including, the actual contact camp, one of the Indians called all necessary equipment, supplies,
It we made. ahead that they had seen strangers and personnel were finally assembled
and were bringing them into the at the Lawa Post by Wednesday, June
On June 8, 1968, a canoe carrying camp. Their leader shouted back, 19, 1968.
ht Wayana Indians was drifting and the women and children ran and The following day, the expedition
wn the Waremapan. The boat and hid. Once they had entered the camp, departed. It was made up of fifteen
ee of the Indians — Kuwaiman, however, the people crowded around individuals: five Wayana Indians,
nmi, and Aleukani— were in the them, talking, trading, and endeavor- fiveTrio Indians, and five Ameri-
ploy of a mapping project. The ing to get their possessions. They did cans Mr. and Mrs. Ivan Schoen, Mr.
(

er occupants were Indians return-
to Surinam f»om the Jari River
Brazil. Their canoe had broken
and they were catching a ride
h the working Indians. They were
paluika, his wife, mother, and two
ill children.
Vhile they were drifting quietly,
y heard the noise of what they
sumed be wild pigs running
to
3ugh the shallow water at the
)ded edge of the bush. Two of the
1, Kuwaiman and Ponmi, jumped
ore to give chase, while the canoe
tinued to drift down the
idenly Kapaluika, who was
the front of the canoe, saw
nge Indian men peering out at
I from the bush. (The original
ort stated that tivo ivomen were
c seen running through the bush,
1 the larger group was encoun-
d. But that was not the case. The
succeed in stealing two machetes and and Mrs. Art Yohner and Dean
a shotgun. At this point, the Wayanas Ford). Included in the Indian party
decided would be prudent to try
it were the wives of two of the Trio
to return to their boat, which they men and the wife of one of the
were able to do without incident, Wayanas. We had several reasons
although there had been much talk for taking women along. First, it
of shooting. Several of the strange would be less likely that we would
Indians followed them and wanted be taken for a war party if women
to get into all the possessions the were in evidence. Second, the men
Wayanas had in their canoe, but they work harder and remain in better
were able to push away from the humor when women are along to do
bank and came directly to the mis- the cooking and camp chores. And
sion post near Awarasoela. last, we have found that the presence
The above report was given by of ours wives tends to make the
creek, Mrs. Ford and the Indian Kapaluika Indian women more cheerful. The
sitting over the radio to missionary Dean Trios told us years ago, when we first
five Ford, and then to the interior co- went to live with them, that one of
ordinator of the mission, Ivan the reasons they felt they could trust
Schoen. The report was received on us was that we had brought along
Thursday, June 13, 1968. It was de- our wives and children. This had
cided to prepare an immediate expe- indicated that we intended no harm
dition to validate the report and to to their women and children.
make further contact with the Indi- Our canoes were heavily loaded,
rkey
studying the

i-making methods of

Ish farmer-craftsmeTif

cheologist questions

dent conceptions

one Age techniques

icques Bordaz

small village in northwestern with an implement of antler, Lone, Turkish knappers, and I feel this has
key, a group of men are con- or hard wood, the force of the pres- strong implications about the tech-
a Stone Age tradition. They sure removing the blades. A more nique of Stone Age man. The accu-
nt knappers, and their method prevalent view is that two imple- racy and regularity \vith ^^•hich the

laining blades from a piece of ments were used: a stone hammer Turkish knapper flakes off blades
ailed a nucleus, sheds light on and a punch of antler, bone, or wood with his hammer is quite remark-
^hnique used by stone knappers —the punch serving to transmit the able. It suggests that a skilled pre-
Upper Paleolithic some 35,000 force of the blow very precisely (in- historicworker could have used the
ago. direct percussion I . Archeologists are direct percussiontechnique— simply
;t stone tools belonging to also aware that prehistoric knappers with hammerstone or perhaps ham-
Paleolithic man were made could have used direct percussion merstone plus halted handle— ivith
jlongated flakes, or blades, of with a stone hammer, but it is gen- much greater accuracy than archeol-
Archeologists have different erally assumed that this would not ogists have generally expected.
however, about how these have provided sufficient accuracy to A number of hammerstones have
5t stone knappers struck blades obtain thin blades from the relatively been recovered from Upper Paleo-
the nucleus. One view is that narrow top of the nucleus. but none of the postulated
lithic sites,

; and sudden pressure was ap- However, the third method, direct punches or pressure tools have been
near the edge of the nucleus percussion, is the one used by today's found, and early man's use of such

73

Blade-Flaking Methods
Direct percussion is used in
Turkey today, and this
efficient method was probably
more prevalent during the
Upper Paleolithic than
archeologists generally believe.
implements remains hypothetical.
So, because the question of which
method was most widely used is still
open, it is extremely instructive to
observe the Turkish flint knappers.
Their skill is based on tradition and
years of practice, and they provide
the archeologist with a sort of "lab-
oratory" for the study of knapping
technique. They are, by far, the most
important group of flint knappers
working today. The only others are a
few archeologists who are proficient
in flint knapping, one or two remain-
ing gunflint knappers who work
mainly for antique gun collectors,
and the rapidly disappearing flint
knappers of a few remaining aborigi-
nal societies in remote areas, such as
those in Australia (Natural His-
tory, February, 1968)
Despite the ancient method
producing the Turkish blades, the
present-day farmer in that country
depends on them for efficient thresh-
ing of his wheat. In fact, any visitor
to an agricuhural area in Turkey
during harvesting season has prob-
ably seen the smaU flint blades in use,
although he may not have realized
for they are inserted into the bottoms
of threshing sledges. Each sledge,
containing six hundred to eight hun-
dred blades, is drawn in circles by a
horse or team of oxen over the har-
vested wheat until the flint edges
74
Moreover, inexpensive and re
it is
quires maintenance.
little
The doven are made throughoi
Turkey in small towns by specialist!
However, aU of the flint used in thei
manufacture comes from the villaj
of Cakmak (pronounced tshakmak
It is here that one can observe tl
interesting survival of Upper Pal
olithic blade-nuclei flaking.
Cakmak is located approximate!
thirty miles south of the large tow
of Bursa. guide took me to tl
A
Cakmak quarry from Harmancik,
neighboring town. Getting there hi
not been easy, and since the knappe
work irregularly during the summe
I was worried that the opportuni
have separated the grain and to see them might be missed.
However, as I approached the ii
chopped up the stalks.
of the wooded hiU where the flint
Such flint-studded threshing
extracted, I was reassured by tl
sledges have been in use for several
quasi-metallic sound of flint beii
thousand years in the Middle East.
chipped. Two men were working
One might ask why this ancient, j
the shade of an open, branch-co.
primitive tool, cafled a doven, is still
The fact is that ered shelter that had been erected c
so popular in Turkey.
top of a huge pile of flint debris. B
threshing wheat with doven has sev-
tween the trees, many other fli
eral advantages over other threshing
far more and
efficient heaps, some as high as ten feet, cou
methods. It is
quicker than either parching be seen dotting the entire area. Ne
the base of the knappers' heap was
(scorching off the chaff) or pound-
ing in mortars, probably the earliest
thirty-foot-deep, vertical flint pit. ,
The two knappers had jv
methods used. It is faster than beat-
brought up a dozen large pieces
ing with sticks or flails. While there
is a method faster than the doven
flint, about a cubic foot each, frcj
the their pit that morning. The flint,
that is common to other areas of
light gray with a blue or green h^
Middle East-driving large numbers
but when it is brought out of the
of hoofed animals over the wheat-
]
animal it is covered with a chalky crust. Tl
it is wasteful of human and
m
is removed when the flint is prepai
labor. The doven, on the other hand,
or a team
is pulled by only one horse
of oxen, and is driven by only the
oldest or the youngest members of
the family. This frees the ablest
more physically de-
adults for the
An-
manding tasks of hai-vesting.
.:<«i».. •
other reason for the continuing pop-
of
ularity of thedoven in an age of
increasing mechanization is that it
can be transported easily to the most
isolated villages over roads where
wheeled agricultural machines
would most likely come to grief.
it,
Large chunk of flint is first
quartered into pieces, or nuclei,
one of which is held in knapping
position, far right; blades
are made by hitting nucleus edge.
i^dSt&i.-
 After each blade falls into his
knapping. The stone has a me- the knapper must use particularly hand, the knapper removes it,
and is relatively
im-fine texture, suited implements and techniques to
while rotating the nucleus into
3 of impurities and inclusions. obtain the desired results. The first

Jke all good flakable stone used operation consists of quartering the
position for the next blow.
knappers, flint, because it is ho- flint into pieces (nuclei) of about six
geneous, has no natural plane of to eight inches, from which the
avage. Thus, force applied at one blades will be knapped. Quartering
mers, and obtain far more uniform
nt spreads uniformly through the isdone by holding the flint firmly on
blades than the Upper Paleolithic
terial. As can be observed on the the ground with the left hand and
knappers, the methods are essentially
es of plate glass, homogeneous striking it with a short-handled,
the same. Now, as then, blades are
terials break with a conchoidal double-headed hammer made of
detached from the edge of a nucleus
;ture; that is, with a slightly forged iron. Once the flint has been
whose base serves as a striking plat-
ved, rippled surface. There is also quartered, the worker can begin
form. The blades are removed one
vvelling near the point of impact, knapping off the blades, the most in-
by one by blows aimed near the edge
iwn as the bulb of percussion, teresting part of the operation.
of the nucleus, along a spiral line
iince all flakable material varies Although the knappers use such
that remains parallel to the edge as
texture and resilience to shock. modern implements as metal ham-
the knapping progresses.
The worker I observed held the
flint nucleus in his left hand, and
starting at a corner of the base, de-
tached the blades with a metal ham-
mer as he turned the nucleus.
The knapper sits with his left leg
extended forward; the right leg is
bent toward his body with the foot
under the left thigh, raising it slight-
ly. The left hand (which holds the

nucleus) rests on the inner edge of

the knee, while the arm rests firmly
against the left thigh and left side
of the torso. The nucleus is held
in the palm of the hand, which is
protected by a guard made
of one
layer of soft leather and two super-
posed pieces of auto tire.
The Cakmak knapper thus pro-
vides a firm, but resilient support for
the blank, since the shock of the

75
 Finished blades surround
exhausted nucleus, above.
Before insertion into threshing
sledges, they must be retouched
by doven maker, right.

knapping blow is partially absorbed

by the fingers, the palm padding,
and by the thigh and the knee. A less
resilient hold and support would
cause the nucleus to rebound after
impact, breaking the blades short.
Another advantage of this type of
hold is that it allows the knapper to
compensate for diminishing inertia,
due to loss of mass of the nucleus, by
gripping harder with his fingers
it

when the blow is struck in that way

:

he continues to obtain uniformly

good blades.
The hanmier is of forged iron, being worked, drops into the palm made of materials less dense the
hafted to an eight-inch wooden han- guard. The knapper then raises the metal or stone— such as antler, bon
dle. The head is pointed at both ends nucleus one or two inches while re- or hard wood— the flakes obtaint
and weighs about three pounds, giv- moving the blade with his right have a less pronounced bulb of pe
ing it appreciable momentum. The hand, which still holds the flaking cussion and are proportionate
stoneworker raises the hammer six to hammer. He simultaneously rotates longer and more slender. The Cai

eight inches, bends his wrist slightly the nucleus slightly with the fingers mak knappers obtainsuch bladj
backward, and strikes the base of the of the left hand readying it for the even though they use metal hamme
nucleus with an easy follow-through next blow. The operation is per- probably because the iron is qu:
movement. The blow is struck at an formed quickly, but without haste, malleable and relatively soft; this
angle somewhat less than the per- the regular movement of the hammer evidenced by the crushed ends of t
pendicular, approximately one- giving rhythm. The exhausted nu-
it quartering hammer and the blunti
quarter to one-third of an inch above cleus is about four to five inches points of the flaking hammer. T!

the edge of the nucleus, and gener-_,
ally just above the ridge formed by
the intersecting scars of the two
blades previously removed.
The detached blade, which meas-
ures from three to five inches, de-
pending on the size of the nucleus
long, almost perfectly conical in
shape, and shows on its sides the
concentric fluting marks of the last
blades removed.
Experimenters interested in pre-
historic flint-knapping techniques
have shown that when hammers are
thickness of the bulb of percussi'
also seems to depend on the type
flintbeing used. In some cases, es]
cially when the flint is grayish bli
the edge of the nucleus almost
sembles a toothed gear wheel beca
of the deep indentations of the bi

76
irs. The fragile, serrated overhang
is formed impedes the proper re-
)val of the blades. It would appear
)m examining a number of blades,
hough I have not observed this in
; field, that the knapper removes
s overhang when necessary with
ew taps of the hammer before pro-
dding further.
If enough flint has been dug be-
ehand, a good knapper can, in one
5', fill seven or eight five-gallon
IS, which amounts to almost 500
unds of flint blades. If the mining
5 to be done at the same time, the
Dduction is half that amount, pro-
led the pit is already open. When
cans are full, they are emptied at
foot of the waster mounds into a
all, roofed enclosure.
The production of the village
appers— about .500 tons a year— is
ight by merchants from Harman-
who pack the flint blades in can-
bags and send them to doven
kers throughout the country.
Before the blades can be inserted
the doven, they must be further
'uced to a uniform shape and size.
3 doven makers do this them-
/es. I observed the procedure in
Kenya, a large town in south central
Turkey, the heart of the most impor-
tant agricultural region. The doven
maker held the blade by its bulbar
end, placed it on an iron anvil, and
using the face of a rectangular piece
of forged iron set into a wooden han-
dle, he removed relatively thick,
short flakes from the edge of the
blade. When he had finished, the
doven blade had a nearly ellipsoidal
shape, and was about 1^ inches long
by 11/2 inches wide.
The doven itself is made of two
joined wooden planks. On its under-
side 600 800 slots had been chis-
to
eled. The doven maker filled all of
the slots with the retouched flints,
driving them in with a few blow s of
a metal hammer. The doven was now
ready for sale.
Judging from the quantities of
flint blades knapped at Cakmak, I —a
estimated that about fifteen to twenty
thousand doven are manufactured
each year in Turkey. This figure
seems reasonable judging from the
large number of doven that one sees
on the threshing grounds of most
Turkish villages at harvesttime.
These farmer-craftsmen, practic-
ing in rural Turkey of today a tech-
nology as old as man himself, will
probably stay busy for a long time
to come and outlast the few remain-
ing flint knappers elsewhere in the
world. For the archeologist, as we
have seen, the opportunity of study-
ing this unique community offers
important clues to the tool-making
methods of Stone Age man. Ulti-
mately, the answer to which knap-
ping method was more prevalent
during the Upper Paleolithic will
depend, first, on the results of care-
ful studies of the nuclei, blades, and
bjf-products in archeological collec-
tions—few of which have yet been
examined from this point of view—
and secondly, on the results of sys-
tematic experimentation. From these
preliminary observations, however,
it is apparent that direct percussion
simple and
efficient method of
knapping— might have been more
widely used during the Upper Paleo-
lithic than is generally assumed.
Threshing sledge rides in circles
over the harvested wheat, while
the 600 to 800 flint blades
inserted into the bottom of the
sledge si'p/irnlc uT'iiii I rum stalks.