Running head: GOOD GUYS BAD GUYS 1

Are The Good Guys Actually The Bad Guys? Police Protocol and Traffic Stops

Jewel T. Lee

First Colonial High School

Legal Studies Academy

GOOD GUYS BAD GUYS 2

Abstract

This paper reflects ​on traffic stops and their procedures, when they go wrong, and how to

fix the issue of traffic stops ending in deaths. I started off by introducing the topic and why its an

issue. I gave a brief history of traffic stops including the very first traffic stop ever recorded. I

provided two reasons that deemed the most important to me on why there is even an issue. This

included: Discrimination and Lack of Respect for Authority. When exploring the topic of

Discrimination I made sure to keep it as unbiased as possible and to not seem one-sided to either

the officers or minorities. I went into detail and included experiments, case studies, and statistics

to back-up my arguments.

Keywords:​ traffic stop, discrimination, community, outreach, education

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Police Protocol: An Analysis of Police Traffic Stops and Interactions

Police officers killed 1,129 people in 2017. Sixty four percent, 718, of those deaths were

from a non violent offence: traffic stops (Harriot, 2018).​ ​The procedure of a traffic stop is

something that should be common knowledge. Pull off to the side upon seeing those flashing

lights, wait for the police officer to come over, say why they stopped you, ask for your license,

registration, and proof of insurance, he writes you a ticket, and then you both go about your days

("What to Do During," n.d.). This really is a simple process. Why are there so many deaths

stemming from it? Police traffic stops often go wrong due to a variety of reasons which end in

tragedies.

Brief History

Washington D.C is home of the very first modern day traffic stop ever recorded. The

year was 1872 and the suspect was Ulysses S. Grant, the current President of the United States

(Keefe, 2016). At the time, the fine for speeding was a steep twenty dollars, and a friendship

blossomed between the president and the police officer; the same cannot be said today. Today

the fine for an average speeding ticket in Virginia is at most two-hundred and fifty dollars and

has to be paid within forty days of receiving a ticket- contingent upon make it out alive ​(Flusche,

2014)​. Now traffic stops are public records. North Carolina became the nation's first state to

mandate the collection of data when a police officer stops a motorist in 1999. From January of

2002, all states followed and have a collection of records from traffic stops since (Baumgartner,

n.d.). With the use of new technology of body cameras and dash cameras, citizens are now able

to see what happens during individual traffic stops, and most importantly, where and how it all

went wrong.
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Why This is a Problem Now

This section contributes to why police protocol is an issue and why it is causing such a

social stir amongst society. Generally speaking, there are a plethora of issues that go under this;

This paper focuses on discrimination, and lack of respect to authority.

Discrimination

​ There is an overwhelming number of people on the road. In the United States alone there

were 222 million licensed drivers ("Car Drivers," n.d.) and Virginia made up only 5,912,048 in

2016 ("Total Number," 2017). It would be foolish to write this paper and not include what is

currently the biggest perceived motive for brutality on the road. Discrimination. According to

the Bureau of Justice Statistics, from data in 2015 in the city of Chicago, Black and Hispanic

occupants were more likely to have numerous contacts with police than white inhabitants,

particularly in reference to traffic and road stops. More than one of every six Black occupants

who were pulled over in traffic stops or in the city had comparative cooperation with police on

different occasions throughout a singular year (Davis, Whyde, & Langton, 2018). At the point

police started an interaction, they were twice as prone to threaten or utilize constrain against

Black and Hispanic occupants than white inhabitants. The police force is made up of all

different types of races and ethnicities so saying “all officers are racist” is invalid. However,

numerous police departments and officers approach to law and order by initializing an "us v.

them" attitude toward black communities, which divides and instills distrust among citizens and

law enforcement. John Dovidio, a social psychologist at Yale University with a PhD, says “the

biases come from unconscious or unintentional beliefs. A large proportion of white Americans
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have these [implicit] biases, and it's hard to expect police officers to be any different.” John

Dovidio also said the following:

Implicit biases are attitudes or stereotypes that can influence our beliefs, actions and

decisions, even though we're not consciously aware of them and don't express those

beliefs verbally to ourselves or others. One of the most well-demonstrated types of

implicit bias is the unconscious association between black individuals and crime. That

association can influence an officer's behavior, even if he or she doesn't hold or express

explicitly racist beliefs. (Weir, 2006).

Joshua Correll, a psychologist at the University of Colorado, conducted an experiment of

shooting armed targets and not unarmed targets. In the experiment, individuals were presented

with images of black and white men holding either guns or miscellaneous items such as a

cellphone or bags of chips. The researchers found that armed black males were shot more

frequently and quickly. They were also shot at more whether they were armed or unarmed

compared to the images of white males which were shot at less frequently whether armed or

unarmed (Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002). This is something that is not ignored and

the reason that whenever an officer shoots a black person it is blown up on social media. There

is the distrust among “us v. them”. Only about 50% of Black and Hispanic inhabitants halted in

the city by police thought the stop was legit and valid, whereas 66% of white occupants did.

60% of Black inhabitants who encountered threats or experienced force, believed that it was

excessive. This contrasted with the 43% of white occupants who experienced threats or force that

also thought it was excessive (Jones, n.d.).

Lack of Respect for Authority

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​In 2016 the most frequent age of licensed drivers on the road were from ages fifty-five to

fifty-nine totaling about 20,300,000 million in the United States​ ​("Licensed Drivers," 2017). To

be considered an ‘experienced driver’, drivers typically have to be twenty-five years and older

and younger than sixty-five ​ ​("How Age Affects," n.d.). In 2016 only about 12% of licensed

drivers were younger than 25 ("Licensed Drivers," 2017). When looking at the big picture and

thinking about who is most likely to be the least respectful towards authority, society may think

it’s the youth due to the overwhelming number of teens that start to search for more

independence (Dixon, Graber, & Brooks-Gunn, 2008). However, upon interviewing a Master

Police Officer, he stated that there “Is no difference with experienced and inexperienced drivers

and the only problems are: miseducation, lack of compliance, and lack of authority.” He also

said that this permeates all ages EXCEPT for seniors over sixty-five ​ ​(A. Perry, personal

communication, October 8, 2018). Chris Cahill, the Police Association president, says that, "In

the past you wouldn't swear at police officers and you wouldn't abuse them. This is going back a

few years obviously and if that kind of respect erodes away then other things become more fair

game” (Cann, 2018). Of course there are exceptions. During a traffic stop, drivers under the age

of 18 tend to be less compliant due to an “invincibility mindset” and a lack of attention to detail

as well as how they’re brought up. Young drivers do not automatically reflect negatively onto

officers, they do it based upon how their family/ parents feel about officers. Children imitate

parents in more ways than one, and it’s especially important that parents show how to correctly

act during a traffic stop even more so when children are in the backseat. Parents should always

be respectful when it comes to law enforcement. This shows the child in the backseat that they

should be polite and respectful as well when it comes to interacting with law enforcement. It
GOOD GUYS BAD GUYS 7

could cost a child their life if they imitate a parent’s wrongful action’s when it’s the child’s turn

to be behind the wheel. If the parent complains about law enforcement and unfairness of getting

a ticket, then the children will then believe that police officers are in the wrong and that they

shouldn’t respect them when it comes to a stop (Taylor, 2016). This leads to there being a lack

of respect to the badge. Cahill says that the rise of youth crime rate has jumped 11.6 percent

over the last three years. This directly correlates to the The Ministry of Justice figure’s

demonstrating the quantity of individuals imprisoned for neglecting to stop for police hopped

from 17 to 79 in the years of 2012 and 2017, and 500 additional individuals were indicted for

neglecting to stop just last year compared to five years before. Cahill says that mirrors a general

increment in individuals. This is due to the increase of youth drivers being pursued and the

mindset that the youth can “get away with it,”

Police Protocol

This section goes over what police are instructed to do, what their rules and regulations

are for the different types of traffic stops, and what are they supposed to do if something goes

wrong. ​The Stats

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the most common reason of interaction with

police is a traffic stop. In 2011, traffic stops accounted for about 42% of interactions​ ​("Traffic

Stops," 2018). In today’s day and age, the most important outcome to come from interaction with

law enforcement and citizens is the safety of everyone involved. From the moment an officer

steps out of the car ,their guard is immediately up. Not to say they’re automatically on the

defense, but they’re automatically calculating everything that could go wrong due to it being an

unknown risk stop. In 2009, the term “unknown risk’ came about.
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Known and Unknown

This term used to be called “low-risk,” that is until people started dying from these low

risk situations. The term “unknown risk” is normal technique to be employed in all traffic stops,

with the exception of stopping vehicles containing suspected armed or felony suspects (Virginia

Beach, 2009, p. 1). These are the everyday traffic stops for common things that may happen on

the street. The officer’s procedure is to follow a script, which is to identify themselves and say

who they are. Next, officers explain why they have stopped the vehicle. This is pretty self

explanatory as the officer just explains what the person did wrong i.e going 55 in a 35 or failed to

use their blinker. They then ask for the license, registration, and proof of insurance ​ ​("License,

Registration," 2012)​. ​The job is mostly done at this point. The officer then goes back to their car,

inserts information, and provides a fine or date to appear in court. These stops become “high

risk” when there is knowledge that the vehicle operator is dangerous, meaning the vehicle

operator is armed or a felony suspect. Even though these traffic stops have very different

outcomes, the main focus is still safety (Pickett, n.d.).

Cases and Examples

In this section are cases and examples of things going wrong at a traffic stop whether it be

a death or a broken legs. Consequently, the most notable and attention grabbing cases are the

ones that end in tragedies.

Precedent

Social media is an amazing way for everyone to become knowledgeable of the news and

especially providing a platform to share when things may go wrong. Social media has definitely

become a way to spread videos of when traffic stops go wrong and rallying groups of people
GOOD GUYS BAD GUYS 9

together over the internet to try and find justice for these tragedies. Things people see in videos

can actually be misleading. Many people may not actually know that police officers have the

authority to use force due to the case of ​Graham v. Connor.​ In this case officers pulled over

Graham having reasonable belief that he robbed a convenience store. Upon being pulled over,

Graham got out of the car and ran two circles around it then passed out on the curb. Graham was

handcuffed and laid face down when officers revived him. Graham attempted to show his

diabetes id, and the officers shoved his head into the hood of the car and told him to shut up.

Graham had multiple injuries including a broken foot as a result of the encounter. He then

counteracted and said the force from the officers was “malicious and sadistic.” The Supreme

Court decided that “malicious and sadistic” are just words to describe “objective reasonableness”

which is the way officers act. So basically saying something is “evil” doesn’t mean it is actually

evil when they’re just acting objectively. The officer is the person that can decide how much

force should be given in situations, not the person being pulled over. This set a precedent in

traffic stop procedures in the means that an officer can open the car door and forcibly remove

someone from a vehicle in the event that they are not acting in compliance. This then leads to

the issue of people believing that an officer used excessive force and officer is acting wrongfully

during traffic stops when officers actually have the authority to act the way they do (Oyez n.d).

This is also the reason why many incidents may become viral- if the public sees an officer acting

aggressively, they can automatically assume that the officer is being violent when they are

actually acting with a reasonable judgement that is granted to them.

Famous Instance
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The life and death of Sandra Bland became a controversial topic all over the country and

internet. It all started with a routine traffic stop in 2015 that went terribly wrong and ended in a

tragedy shortly after. Dashcam video is available of the traffic stop. In the video Officer Brian

Encinia pulled Sandra Bland over for failing to use a blinker when making a lane change. Upon

his arrival from doing his standard procedure steps of gathering all of her information, it is

audible that he makes note of her irritation for being pulled over. Bland expressed her distress

over being pulled over by saying that she feels she should not have received a ticket because she

was attempting to move out of the officers way being that she felt he was speeding up and tailing

her. The stop turns sour after Encinia tells Bland to step out of her vehicle when she won’t put

out her cigarette. Encinia becomes irate and leans into Blands car attempting to pull her out. He

tells her “I’m going to yank you out of here I’m going to drag you out of here.” He pulls a taser

out of his holster and shouts, “Get out of the car. I will light you up. Get out. Now.” After Bland

is out of the car, the video shows them walk off camera, and a few moments later, they appear

again and Blands wrists are now in handcuffs. Bland is crying and screaming that Encinia

hammered Blands head to the ground and that she had epilepsy. Encinia responds with a simple

four lettered “Good.” Upon receiving the media attention, there were claims that the video was

altered and edited due to the number of jump-cuts in the released video. After a press conference

where a Texas state senator states that there needs to be transparency and that bland did not

deserve to be in custody (Dart, 2015). Three days after her arrest, Bland was found dead in her

cell, and her death was ruled a suicide. America cannot help but wonder if it was actually a

murder. Since then, Bland’s family has reached a 1.8 million dollar settlement with Waller
GOOD GUYS BAD GUYS 11

County and the Texas Department of Public Safety paying one hundred thousand dollars.

Encinia has being indicted for perjury of Bland’s arrest (Kennedy, 2016) .

Solutions

To eliminate the number of tragedies when it comes to traffic stops, there needs to be

involvement from everyone.

Education

Nearly all fifty states require passing an educational class prior to getting a licence or

permit. In the state of Virginia, the youth are granted this in their sophomore year of highschool.

According to Virginia Code § 22.1-205, driver education programs must discuss “traffic stops,

including law-enforcement procedures for traffic stops, appropriate actions to be taken by drivers

during traffic stops, and appropriate interactions with law-enforcement officers who initiate

traffic stops.” However, this hardly happens. How to properly interact with an officer should be

something that is a lesson in itself not something that is a few sentences on a slide show and

never spoken about again until someone dies. It is foolish to assume that the youth is

knowledgeable about what happens during a traffic stop when they have not yet been in the

driver's seat and been pulled over themselves. The state of North Carolina implemented a new

policy requiring traffic stop protocol be taught in drivers education classes as well as guidelines

of a traffic stop being printed into the DMV handbook. Vicki Hale, owner and instructor of Elite

Driving School in Eden, says “ That way everyone is on the same page. All students will learn

the exact same information and feel more prepared," in regards to the new policy being

implemented in drivers education courses (Mensch, 2018). Portsmouth police have a program

called “Teens and Traffic Stops” where they allow students to go through a traffic stop from an
GOOD GUYS BAD GUYS 12

officer perspective as well as being the one being pulled over. Perceived as the first in Virginia,

the program is targeted to show adolescents what to do – and what not to do – when pulled over

by police. In short sessions of an hour and a half, the students watched films of traffic stops and

reenacted situations with officers. The students got to sit in the driver's seat of squad cars and

pretend to be officers themselves. The program enables students to encounter traffic stops from

the officer's point of view. For instance, when students are sitting in the front of the squad car,

they can see with their own eyes how an officer is most likely unable to see the number of

individuals inside the vehicle that is pulled over, as well as where the driver may have their

hands. The program additionally directly enhances the connection among police and young

drivers by building comprehension of why officers may do the things they do. Many students

said that the program helped them understand how to behave when being pulled over. A student,

Terriyanna Brown, said that she "better understood police ... they really do care about other

people." Another said it was helpful to see the officers perspective of what's going on during a

traffic stop do to the role play. Police Chief Tonya Chapman stated that when it comes to a

traffic stop “the end goal is that everyone goes home safely” (Matray, 2018).

Community Engagement

This section includes community outreach programs that are in effect that can provide a

more positive light to police officers. A $1 million public administration battle, called Safe Stop,

incorporates communication on Television and appeared in motion picture theaters and other

public spots, portrays the legal prerequisites of drivers amid a traffic stop. Including, keeping

hands on the steering wheel until an officer approaches and not exiting a vehicle unless an officer

tells them to. While campaigns about the rights citizens have during a traffic stop has been
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conducted around the country, New Jersey has criticized some advocates that convey drivers and

travelers bear obligation regarding traffic stops that go amiss. Shootings of unarmed Black men

by the police have sparked many national movements such as '#BlackLivesMatter' which is

directly to help bring attention to police brutality and national discussions on race and the

manner citizens are treated by police officers. Police departments across the nation have battled

with how to make changes. A few offices have received body cameras, required implicit-bias,

and de-escalation classes as well as holding numerous gatherings with neighborhood leaders to

promote trust and engagement among communities. Departments can implement as many new

policies as they want, but it means nothing if they are not educating the public also (Corasaniti,

2017). Many police departments are taking a new look at community policing. Community

policing is when police and members of the community collaborate to gain trust and build safer

neighborhoods. Efforts to reach across racial lines to build connections among community

members help to reduce inconsistency among the community and its inhabitants. Community

policing includes attending town meetings, participating in polls and surveys, meeting with

groups in the community and walking the beat to increase officer interactions with the

neighborhood. "In the past, an officer used to walk a beat. They'd get out of their car, get to

know people," says Dovidio, "When you don't have those personal experiences, you tend to treat

people in a homogeneous way." Clearly, not every situation an officer encounters will be the

same; therefore, officers cannot treat people the same way regardless of the situation- knowing

the community members will elicit a better response on how to conduct interactions with them

i.e knowing someone is deaf or has autism; therefore, officers have to treat them differently and

are able to cater to certain needs. Recently, policing style has dropped out of support among the
GOOD GUYS BAD GUYS 14

community as police have taken a hard fist on minor offenses with an end goal to reduce the

number of crime rates across various cities. "Policing in most recent 30 years in America has

concentrated on a mission of wrongdoing control," says Tom Tyler, PhD, a professor of law and

psychology at Yale Law School says. Divisions started embracing new methods, for example,

New York City's questionable "stop-and-frisk" program, which urged officers to stop people on

foot and scan them for weapons and any illegal items. Columbia College analyst Andrew

Gelman, PhD, announced that the program had the impact of unfortunately focusing on black

and Hispanic residents, even in the wake of controlling for race-​specific wrongdoing rates in

different areas. Commentators state such projects illicit a wedge of distrust among police and

residents among the community. The absence of trust is especially tricky when layered on top of

racial stereotypes. "Effective policing requires the cooperation of the community. If the

community doesn't trust you, they won't give you info to help you do your job," says Dovidio.

"If you can create a sense of being on the same team, having the same goals, it makes policing

more effective." ​(Weir, 2006)

Officer Training Programs

​The procedure of a traffic stop has barely ever changed- thus there is not many

educational

‘classes’ officers take to brush up on skills. And when there is they’re hardly ever required and

they’re once every few years. There are some police departments that are switching up this

status

quo and trying new things. For example, some​ police departments have implemented a policy

that the officer who chases and catches a suspect is not the one to initiate the steps that follow
GOOD GUYS BAD GUYS 15

after the arrest such as booking the suspect or leading the interrogation. This helps eliminate all

of the bias they have conjured up since they were the one to make the arrest. Contrary to the

Virginia Beach Police department, some departments from other cities do not have a standard

procedure / script to follow upon inducing a traffic stop. Procedures haven't been distributed for

everyday street stops, and having a procedure can help eliminate bias when officers make the

decision to pull someone over. "In ambiguous situations, people are more likely to act on bias,"

Tyler says, "If you have a script to follow, that's more objective."

Conclusion

The only way to limit the death by traffic stop is to implement new procedures and to instil a

sense of togetherness among the community.

GOOD GUYS BAD GUYS 16

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