Dimaguila, Pia Monica B.

BSLM 4A

1. Supra- is used to identify a case or publication previously cited on the same or preceding page.
It is not used if more than one page intervenes between the citations.

Examples:

N. Gonzales, Philippine Administrative Law 127 (1965).

N. Gonzales, supra at 188

2. Infra- seldom used for citation cross-references because it is considered best to put full citations
first.

Example:

See infra figure 10.

3. Ibid- a citation in a works cited list, endnotes, or footnotes comes from the same work as the
citation preceding it. Using this small term can make it easier for your reader to understand
which works are cited multiple times in your academic paper or essay.

Example:

Wilson, ibid., p. 35

4. Id- used in legal citations, the same way ibid is used in non legal citation.

Examples:

Id., at 96

Id., art. 3, sec. 2.

5. Et al- used to shorten lists of author names in text citations to make repeated referencing
shorter and simpler.

Examples:
Sharp, Aarons, Wittenberg, & Gittens, 2007
Sharp et al., 2007