Section 14.

1
C14S01.001: Part (a):

f (1, −2) · 1 + f (2, −2) · 1 + f (1, −1) · 1 + f (2, −1) · 1 + f (1, 0) · 1 + f (2, 0) · 1 = 198.

Part (b):

f (2, −1) · 1 + f (3, −1) · 1 + f (2, 0) · 1 + f (3, 0) · 1 + f (2, 1) · 1 + f (3, 1) · 1 = 480.

The average of the two answers is 339, fairly close to the exact value 312 of the integral.

C14S01.002: Part (a):

f (1, −1) · 1 + f (2, −1) · 1 + f (1, 0) · 1 + f (2, 0) · 1 + f (1, 1) · 1 + f (2, 1) · 1 = 144.

Part (b):

f (2, −2) · 1 + f (3, −2) · 1 + f (2, −1) · 1 + f (3, −1) · 1 + f (2, 0) · 1 + f (3, 0) · 1 = 570.

The average of the two answers is 357, fairly close to the exactly value 312 of the integral. The computations
shown here can be automated in computer algebra systems. For example, in Mathematica 3.0, after defining
f (x, y) = 4x3 + 6xy 2 , you could proceed as follows.

x[i ] := i + 1; y[j ] := j - 2; deltax = x[1] - x[0]; deltay = y[1] - y[0];

(∗ Part (a): ∗) xstar[i ] := x[i-1]; ystar[j ] := y[j]
Sum[ Sum[ f[xstar[i],ystar[j]]∗deltax∗deltay, {j, 1, 3}, {i, 1, 2} ]
144
(∗ Part (b): ∗) xstar[i ] := x[i]; ystar[j ] := y[j-1]
Sum[ Sum[ f[xstar[i],ystar[j]]∗deltax∗deltay, {j, 1, 3}, {i, 1, 2} ]
570

The idea is that to work another such problem, all you need to do is redefine f , xstar and ystar, and the
limits on i and j.

C14S01.003: We omit ∆x and ∆y from the computation because each is equal to 1.

1 1
 3 1
 1 3
 3 3

f 2, 2 +f 2, 2 +f 2, 2 +f 2, 2 = 8.

This is also the exact value of the iterated integral.

C14S01.004: We omit ∆x and ∆y from the computation because each is equal to 1.

1 1
 3 1
 1 3
 3 3

f 2, 2 +f 2, 2 +f 2, 2 +f 2, 2 = 4.

This is also the exact value of the iterated integral. In a Mathematica 3.0 solution similar to the one in
Problem 2, we would use

xstar[i ] := (x[i] + x[i-1])/2; ystar[j ] := (y[j] + y[j-1])/2

1
C14S01.005: The Riemann sum is

f (2, −1) · 2 + f (4, −1) · 2 + f (2, 0) · 2 + f (4, 0) · 2 = 88.

416
The true value of the integral is ≈ 138.666666666667.
3

C14S01.006: We omit ∆x = 1 and ∆y = 1 from the computation.

f (1, 1) + f (2, 1) + f (1, 2) + f (2, 2) + f (1, 3) + f (2, 3) = 43.

The true value of the integral is 26. The midpoint approximation gives the very close Riemann sum 25.

C14S01.007: We factor out of each term in the sum the product ∆x · ∆y = 14 π 2 . The Riemann sum then
takes the form

1 2  1  3  1  3 
π · f 4 π, 1
4π +f 1
4 π, 4 π +f 3
4 π, 4 π +f 3
4 π, 4 π = 12 π 2 ≈ 4.935.
4
The true value of the integral is 4.

C14S01.008: We factor out of each term in the sum the product ∆x · ∆y = 16 π. The Riemann sum then
takes the form

   3  1  3  1  3 
1
6π · f 14 , 1
6π +f 1
4, 6 π +f 1
4, 2 π +f 1
4, 2 π +f 5
4, 6 π +f 5
4, 6 π = 12 π ≈ 1.571.

Mathematica 3.0 reports that the true value of the integral is

1 CosIntegral[4π] + 1 (EulerGamma + Log[4π])

-4 4

and when we asked for a numerical value with the command N[%], it returned the approximation

0.77858913775068568

C14S01.009: Because f (x, y) = x2 y 2 is increasing in both the positive x-direction and the positive
y-direction on [1, 3] × [2, 5], L
M
U .

C14S01.010: Because f (x, y) = 100 − x2 − y 2 is decreasing in both the positive x-direction and the
positive y-direction on [1, 4] × [2, 5], U
M
L.

C14S01.011: We integrate first with respect to x, then with respect to y:

 2  4  2  4  2  2
3 2
(3x + 4y) dx dy = x + 4xy dy = (24 + 16y) dy = 24y + 8y 2 = 80.
0 0 0 2 0 0 0

C14S01.012: We integrate first with respect to x, then with respect to y:

 3  2  3  2  3  3
1 3 8 4 2
x2 y dx dy = x y dy = y dy = y = 12.
0 0 0 3 0 0 3 3 0

C14S01.013: We integrate first with respect to y, then with respect to x:

2
  2  3  2  3  2  2
7 2
(2x − 7y) dy dx = 2xy − y dx = (4x − 28) dx = 2x2 − 28x = −48 − 30 = −78.
−1 1 −1 2 1 −1 −1

C14S01.014: We integrate first with respect to y, then with respect to x:

 1  4  1  4  1  1
2 3 1 2 4 2 3
x y dy dx = x y dx = 60x dx = 20x = 180.
−2 2 −2 4 2 −2 −2

C14S01.015: We integrate first with respect to x, then with respect to y:

 3  3  3  3
7 2 1 2
(xy + 7x + y) dx dy = xy + x + x y dy
0 0 0 2 2 0
 3
  3
3 1 513
= (5y + 21) dy = (15y 2 + 126y) = = 128.25.
0 2 4 0 4

C14S01.016: We integrate first with respect to x, then with respect to y:

 2  4  2  4
1 3 2
(x y − 17) dx dy =
2 2
x y − 17x dy
0 2 0 3 2
 2  2
2 2 164
= (28y 2 − 51) dy = (28y 3 − 153y) =− ≈ −18.222222222222.
0 3 9 0 9

C14S01.017: We integrate first with respect to y, then with respect to x:

 2  2  2  2
2 3 3 2 2
(2xy 2 − 3x2 y) dy dx = xy − x y dx
−1 −1 −1 3 2 −1
 2  2
3 3 9 9
= (4x − 3x2 ) dx = 3x2 − x3 = 0 − = − = −4.5.
−1 2 2 −1 2 2

C14S01.018: We integrate first with respect to y, then with respect to x:

 3  −1  3  −1
1 3 2 1 4
(x y − xy ) dy dx =
3 3
x y − xy dx
1 −3 1 2 4 −3
 3  3
= (20x − 4x3 ) dx = 10x2 − x4 = 9 − 9 = 0.
1 1

C14S01.019: We integrate first with respect to x, then with respect to y:

 π/2  π/2  π/2  π/2

sin x cos y dx dy = − cos x cos y dy
0 0 0 0
 π/2  π/2
= cos y dy = sin y = 1 − 0 = 1.
0 0

3
C14S01.020: This is merely Problem 19 with x and y interchanged, so the answer should be the same.

 π/2  π/2  π/2  π/2

cos x sin y dy dx = − cos x cos y dx
0 0 0 0
 π/2  π/2
= cos x dx = sin x = 1 − 0 = 1.
0 0

C14S01.021: We integrate first with respect to y, then with respect to x:

 1  1  1  1
xey dy dx = xey dx
0 0 0 0
 1  1
1 1
= (ex − x) dx = (e − 1)x2 = (e − 1) ≈ 0.8591409142295226.
0 2 0 2

C14S01.022: We integrate first with respect to x, then with respect to y:

 1  2  1  2
2 y 1 3 y
x e dx dy = x e dy
0 −2 0 3 −2
 1  1
16 y 16 y 16
= e dy = e = (e − 1) ≈ 9.1641697517815746.
0 3 3 0 3

C14S01.023: We integrate first with respect to y, then with respect to x:

 1  π  1  π
x
e sin y dy dx = − e cos y
x
dx
0 0 0 0
 1  1
= 2ex dx = 2ex = 2e − 2 ≈ 3.436563656918.
0 0

C14S01.024: We integrate first with respect to x, then with respect to y:

    1 
1 1 1 1  
ex+y dx dy = ex+y dy = ey+1 − ey dy
0 0 0 0 0
 1
= ey+1 − ey = (e2 − e) − (e − 1) = (e − 1)2 ≈ 2.9524924420125598.
0

C14S01.025: We integrate first with respect to x, then with respect to y:

 π  π  π  π  π

1 2 1
(xy + sin x) dx dy = x y − cos x dy = 2 + π 2 y dy
0 0 0 2 0 0 2
 π
1 1 4 
= 2y + π 2 y 2 = π + 8π ≈ 30.635458065680.
4 0 4

C14S01.026: We integrate first with respect to x, then with respect to y:

4
  π/2  π/2  π/2  π/2  π/2
(y − 1) cos x dx dy = (y − 1) sin x dy = (y − 1) dy
0 0 0 0 0
 π/2
1 2 1 2
= y −y = (π − 4π) ≈ −0.3370957766587268.
2 0 8

C14S01.027: We integrate first with respect to x, then with respect to y:

 π/2  e  π/2  e
sin y
dx dy = (ln x) sin y dy
0 1 x 0 1
 π/2  π/2
= sin y dy = − cos y = 0 − (−1) = 1.
0 0

C14S01.028: We integrate first with respect to y, then with respect to x:

 e e  e e  e  e
1 ln y 1
dy dx = dx = dx = ln x = 1 − 0 = 1.
1 1 xy 1 x 1 1 x 1

C14S01.029: We integrate first with respect to x, then with respect to y:

 1  1
  1  1  1

1 1 x 1
+ dx dy = + ln(x + 1) dy = + ln 2 dy
0 0 x+1 y+1 0 y+1 0 0 y+1
 1
= ln(y + 1) + y ln 2 = 2 ln 2 − 0 = 2 ln 2 ≈ 1.3862943611198906.
0

C14S01.030: We integrate first with respect to y, then with respect to x:

 2  3
  2  3  2

x y y2 4
+ dy dx = + x ln y dx = + x ln 3 dx
1 1 y x 1 2x 1 1 x
 2
1 2 3
= x ln 3 + 4 ln x = 4 ln 2 + ln 3 ≈ 4.4205071552419458.
2 1 2

C14S01.031: The first evaluation yields

 2  1  2  1
(2xy − 3y ) dx dy =
2
x y − 3xy
2 2
dy
−2 −1 −2 −1
 2  2
= (−6y 2 ) dy = − 2y 3 = −16 − 16 = −32.
−2 −2

The second yields

 1  2  1  2
(2xy − 3y ) dy dx =
2
xy − y
2 3
dx
−1 −2 −1 −2
 1  1
= (−16) dx = − 16x = −16 − 16 = −32.
−1 −1

5
C14S01.032: The first evaluation yields

 π/2  π  π/2  π
sin x cos y dx dy = − cos x cos y dy
−π/2 0 −π/2 0
 π/2  π/2
= 2 cos y dy = 2 sin y = 2 − (−2) = 4.
−π/2 −π/2

The second yields

 π  π/2  π  π/2
sin x cos y dy dx = sin x sin y dx
0 −π/2 0 −π/2
 π  π
= 2 sin x dx = − 2 cos x = 2 − (−2) = 4.
0 0

C14S01.033: The first evaluation yields

 2  1  2  1  2

2 2 2
(x + y) 1/2
dx dy = (x + y)3/2 dy = (y + 1)3/2 − y 3/2 dy
1 0 1 3 0 1 3 3
 2
4 4 5/2 4  √ √
= (y + 1)5/2 − y = 9 3 − 8 2 + 1 ≈ 1.406599671769.
15 15 1 15

The second yields

 1  2  1  2  1

2 2 2
(x + y)1/2 dy dx = (x + y)3/2 dx = (x + 2)3/2 − (x + 1)3/2 dx
0 1 0 3 1 0 3 3
 1
4 4 4  √ √
= (x + 2)5/2 − (x + 1)5/2 = 9 3 −8 2 +1 .
15 15 0 15

C14S01.034: The first evaluation yields

 ln 3  ln 2  ln 3  ln 2  ln 3  ln 3
ex+y dx dy = ex+y dy = (2ey − ey ) dy = ey = 3 − 1 = 2.
0 0 0 0 0 0

The second yields

 ln 2  ln 3  ln 2  ln 3  ln 2  ln 2
e x+y
dy dx = e x+y
dx = (3e − e ) dx =
x x x
2e = 4 − 2 = 2.
0 0 0 0 0 0

C14S01.035: We may assume that n  1 and, if you wish, even that n is a positive integer. Then
 1  1  1  1  1  1
n n xn+1 y n yn y n+1 1
x y dx dy = dy = dy = = .
0 0 0 n+1 0 0 n+1 (n + 1)2 0 (n + 1)2

Therefore
 1  1
1
lim xn y n dx dy = lim = 0.
n→∞ 0 0 n→∞ (n + 1)2

6
C14S01.036: Note that whatever the choice of (xi , yi ), f (xi , yi ) = k, and hence f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai is equal
to the product of k and the area a(Ri ) of Ri for each i. Hence
 n 
 n 
n 
 
f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai = k · a(Ri ) = k a(Ri ) = k · a(R) = k(b − a)(d − c).
i=1 i=1 i=1

C14S01.037: Let a(R) denote the area of R. If 0
x
π and 0
y
π, then 0
f (x, y)
sin 12 π = 1.
Hence every Riemann sum lies between 0 · a(R) and 1 · a(R). Therefore
 π π
√
0
sin xy dx dy
a(R) = π 2 ≈ 9.869604401.
0 0

The exact value of the integral is

  
π π
√ π
sin t
sin xy dx dy = 4 dt ≈ 7.4077482079298646814442134806319654533832.
0 0 0 t

C14S01.038: The corresponding relation between Riemann sums is


n 
n
cf (xi , yi ) · ∆Ai = c f (xi , yi ) · ∆Ai .
i=1 i=1

C14S01.039: The corresponding relation among Riemann sums is


n 
n 
n
[f (xi , yi ) + g(xi , yi )] · ∆Ai = f (xi , yi ) · ∆Ai + g(xi , yi ) · ∆Ai .
i=1 i=1 i=1

C14S01.040: The corresponding relation between Riemann sums is this: If f (x, y)
g(x, y) at each
point of R, then


n 
n
f (xi , yi ) · ∆Ai
g(xi , yi ) · ∆Ai .
i=1 i=1