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Waterproofing conducted on the exterior of a freeway tunnel

Waterproofing is the process of making an object or structure waterproof or water-resistant so

that it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified
conditions. Such items may be used in wet environments or underwater to specified depths.
Water resistant and waterproof often refer to penetration of water in its liquid state and possibly
under pressure, whereas damp proof refers to resistance to humidity or
dampness.[1] Permeation of water vapor through a material or structure is reported as a moisture
vapor transmission rate.
The hulls of boats and ships were once waterproofed by applying tar or pitch. Modern items may
be waterproofed by applying water-repellent coatings or by sealing seams with gaskets or o-
rings.
Waterproofing is used in reference to building structures (such as basements, decks, or wet
areas), watercraft, canvas, clothing (raincoats or waders), electronic devices and paper
packaging (such as cartons for liquids).

Contents
[hide]

 1In construction
 2In clothing
 3In other objects
 4Standards
 5See also
 6References

In construction[edit]
Further information: Weatherisation and Basement waterproofing
In construction, a building or structure is waterproofed with the use of membranes and coatings
to protect contents, and structural integrity. The waterproofing of the building envelope in
construction specifications is listed under 07 - Thermal and Moisture
Protection within MasterFormat 2004, by the Construction Specifications Institute, and includes
roofing and waterproofing materials.[citation needed]
In building construction, waterproofing is a fundamental aspect of creating a building envelope,
which is a controlled environment. The roof covering materials, siding, foundations, and all of the
various penetrations through these surfaces must be water-resistant and sometimes waterproof.
Roofing materials are generally designed to be water-resistant and shed water from a sloping
roof, but in some conditions, such as ice damming and on flat roofs, the roofing must be
waterproof. [2] Many types of waterproof membrane systems are available, including felt
paper or tar paper with asphalt or tar to make a built-up roof, other bituminous waterproofing,
ethylene propylene diene monomer EPDM rubber, hypalon, polyvinyl chloride, liquid roofing, and
more.
Walls are not subjected to standing water, and the water-resistant membranes used
as housewraps are designed to be porous enough to let moisture escape. Walls also have vapor
barriers or air barriers. Damp proofing is another aspect of waterproofing. Masonry walls are built
with a damp-proof course to prevent rising damp, and the concrete in foundations needs to be
damp-proofed or waterproofed with a liquid coating, basement waterproofing membrane (even
under the concrete slab floor where polyethylene sheeting is commonly used), or an additive to
the concrete.
Within the waterproofing industry, below-ground waterproofing is generally divided into two
areas:
Tanking: This is waterproofing used where the below-ground structure will be sitting in the water
table continuously or periodically. This causes hydrostatic pressure on both the membrane and
structure, and requires full encapsulation of the basement structure in a tanking membrane,
under slab and walls.
Damp proofing: This is waterproofing used where the water table is lower than the structure and
there is good free-draining fill. The membrane deals with shedding of water and the ingress of
water vapor only, with no hydrostatic pressure. Generally, this incorporates a damp proof
membrane (DPM) to the walls with a polythene DPM under slab. With higher grade DPM, some
protection from short-term Hydrostatic pressure can be gained by transitioning the higher quality
wall DPM to the slab polythene under footing, rather than at the footing face.
In buildings using earth sheltering, a potential problem is too much humidity, so waterproofing is
critical. Water seepage can lead to mold growth, causing significant damage and air quality
issues. Properly waterproofing foundation walls is required to prevent deterioration and seepage.
Another specialized area of waterproofing is roof top decks and balconies. Waterproofing
systems have become quite sophisticated and are a very specialized area. Failed waterproof
decks, polymer or tile, are one of the leading causes of water damage to building structures, and
of personal injury when they fail. Where major problems occur in the construction industry is
when improper products are used for the wrong application. While the term waterproof is used for
many products, each of them has a very specific area of application, and when manufacturer
specifications and installation procedures are not followed, the consequences can be severe.
Another factor, is the impact of expansion and contraction on waterproofing systems for decks.
Decks constantly move with changes in temperatures, putting stress on the waterproofing
systems. One of the leading causes of waterproof deck system failures is the movement of
underlying substrates (plywood) that cause too much stress on the membranes resulting in a
failure of the system. While beyond the scope of this reference document, waterproofing of decks
and balconies is a complex of many complimentary elements. These include the waterproofing
membrane used, adequate slope-drainage, proper flashing details, and proper construction
materials.
The penetrations through a building envelope must be built in a way such that water does not
enter the building, such as using flashing and special fittings for pipes, vents, wires, etc.
Some caulkings are durable, but many are unreliable for waterproofing.
Also, many types of geomembranes are available to control water, gases, or pollution.
From the late 1990s to the 2010s, the construction industry has had technological advances in
waterproofing materials, including integral waterproofing systems and more advanced membrane
materials. Integral systems such as hycrete work within the matrix of a concrete structure, giving
the concrete itself a waterproof quality. There are two main types of integral waterproofing
systems: the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic systems. A hydrophilic system typically uses a
crystallisation technology that replaces the water in the concrete with insoluble crystals. Various
brands available in the market claim similar properties, but not all can react with a wide range of
cement hydration by-products and thus require caution. Hydrophobic systems use fatty acids to
block pores within the concrete, preventing water passage.
Sometimes the same materials used to keep water out of buildings are used to keep water in,
such as pool or pond liners.
New membrane materials seek to overcome shortcomings in older methods like polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Generally, new technology in waterproof
membranes relies on polymer-based materials that are very adhesive to create a seamless
barrier around the outside of a structure.
Waterproofing should not be confused with roofing, since roofing cannot necessarily
withstand hydrostatic head while waterproofing can.
The standards for waterproofing bathrooms in domestic construction have improved over the
years, due in large part to the general tightening of building codes.

What is Waterproofing?
Waterproofing in building construction is the process of making a structure water-resistant or
impervious to the ingress of water. Waterproofing is essential as it prevents water from
penetrating buildings and helps to keep the interior areas dry. It helps in reducing the humidity
inside the building, minimizing the damage done to furniture and alike.

spray applied waterproofing membranes

In areas that experience high annual rainfall and occasional flooding events, water proofing is a
must. It is important for basements and foundations to be waterproof especially in areas where
the ground water table is high. In the case of high water table, water in the soil is likely to exert
hydrostatic pressure on the basement floor and walls. This can force the water through
the cracks, which can result in structural damages along with moisture-related problems such as
mold, mildew and decay.
During monsoons, we all would have come across water seepages in the ceilings and walls or
dampness in the aftermath of flooding. This is due to poor waterproofing. By waterproofing your
house, you can safeguard your building from damage as well as the things inside your house
from humidity and water exposure.

Advantages of waterproofing

1. Safeguards the structural integrity of the building

2. Prevents mold, mildew and decay
3. Prevents metals from rusting and wooden furniture from decay
4. Prevents seepages from the ceiling and walls
5. Prevents dampness inside the building
6. Property value increases

Property value
Unhealthy living areas and a weak foundation can significantly reduce the property value.
Waterproofing increases the resale value of a building, which is perhaps one of the biggest
advantages. Investors/buyers hardly even consider houses without waterproofing. Several
homeowners live in houses with damp and leaky basements, often fearing the cost of
waterproofing. However, getting this essential exercise done with fetches noteworthy rate of
return. A waterproofed basement increases the utilizable square footage in a house,
simultaneously ruling out the possibility of a looming structural failure.

Waterproofing Methods & Techniques

Brick Bat Coba Method
RCC slabs sometimes develop cracks, which allows for a passage of rainwater. It is therefore
important to develop water-proof roof slabs, which can provide leak-proof environment to the
interiors of the building. This method requires a roof surface slope for quick drainage and sealing
of all cracks and joints. Flat type roof with RRC is used in climates with moderate to low rainfall.
Coba treatment can be carried out directly on RCC or stone slabs.
 Brick Bat Coba

1. The surface of the roof slab should be cleaned and washed with water before laying the first
course
2. A fresh slurry is prepared by mixing cement with 1-2% super seal powder (acrylic based
acrylintryl chemical)
3. The slurry is first mixed dry and then water is added until it reaches a uniform consistency
4. This freshly prepared slurry is spread on the cleaned roof surface to create a smooth thin
layer
5. Cement sand mortar is prepared by adding 1-2% super seal powder in a 1:5 cement sand
dry mix (1 part cement, 5 part sand)
6. Water is added to obtain a plastic mortar
7. This cement mortar is spread on top of the thin slurry layer to obtain a 20mm
thick cement mortar layer
8. Brick bats are inserted in the 20mm cement mortar layer to create a 100-150 mm brick bat
later layer
9. The cement sand mortar is then used for grouting the previously laid brick bat layer. All voids
and joints are filled. Ensure a smooth slope surface over the brick bat layer
10. Freshly prepared plastic cement sand mortar is further spread on the grouted brick bat layer
11. The grouted surface is allowed to cure for 2-3 days to avoid surface cracks.
12. Another cement sand mortar is prepared (1 part cement, 5 part sand) with 1-2% super seal
powder. Water is added until the mixture is consistent.
 13. 20mm thick layer of this mortar is spread over the brick bat mortar layer
14. A trowel is used for finishing. Square markings can be made by string or trowel. This is to
prevent surface cracking due to expansion or contraction in response to temperature change.
15. Curing is continued for 2 weeks

Water-proofing Membranes
A water-proof membrane is a thin layer of water tight material that is laid over the surface.
Stagnated water is likely to seep into the structural slab overtime. In flat roofed terrace,
the membrane is laid over a filler material that is sloped to ensure that water is drained away by
drainage pipes.

Waterproof or water-resistant describes objects unaffected by water or resisting water passage, or

which are covered with a material that resists or does not allow water passage. Such items may be
used in wet environments or under water. Waterproofing describes making an object waterproof or
water-resistant.

Waterproofing is a method by which an item is made resistant to damage by water. Waterproofing

is the formation of an impervious barrier which is designed to prevent water entering or escaping
from various sections of building structures. Internal areas that are waterproofed
include bathrooms, shower recesses, laundries and toilets. Whilst an External area waterproofed
extends to roofs,planter boxes, podiums, balconies, retaining walls and swimming pools.

Waterproofing is the combination of materials or systems that prevent water intrusion into
structural elements of the buildings or its finished spaces. Basic waterproofing and envelope design
incorporates 3 steps to ensure a watertight and environmentally sound interior :

1. Understanding water sources likely to be encountered

2. Designing systems to prevent leakage from these sources.

3. Finalizing the design by properly detailing each individual envelope component into adjacent
components.

CAUSES OF LEAKAGE

For leakage to occur, 3 conditions must be present

 Water in any of its forms must be present.

 Water must be moved along by some type of force, including wind, gravity for above-grade
envelope components and hydrostatic pressure or capillary action for below-grade components.

 Finally and the most important, there must be a breach (hole, brak, or some type of opening) in the
envelope to facilitate the entry of water into the protected spaces
 Available water is moved into the interior of a structure by numerous forces that include:

 Natural gravity

 Surface tension

 Wind/Air currents

 Capillary action

 Hydrostatic pressure

The first 3 typically are encountered on above-grade portions of the envelope, whereas the last 2 are
recognized at grade or below-grade areas of buildings or structures

WATERPROOFING IN CONSTRUCTION

In construction, a building or structure is waterproofed with the use of membranes to protect

contents underneath or within as well as protecting structural integrity. The waterproofing of the
building envelope in construction specifications is under '07 - Thermal and Moisture' protection and
includes roofing material as well as waterproofing materials.

A building or structure needs waterproofing as concrete itself will not be watertight on its own. The
conventional system of waterproofing involves 'membranes'. This relies on the application of one or
more layers of membrane (available in various materials: e.g., bitumen, silicate, PVC, HDPE, etc.) that
act as a barrier between the water and the building structure, preventing the passage of water.
However, the membrane system relies on exacting application, presenting difficulties. Problems with
application or adherence to the substrate can lead to leakage.

Over the past two decades, the construction industry has had technological advances in
waterproofing materials, including integral waterproofing systems as well as more advanced
membrane materials.

Integral systems work within the matrix of a concrete structure, giving the concrete itself a
waterproof quality. There are two main types of integral waterproofing systems: the hydrophilic and
the hydrophobic systems. A hydrophilic system typically uses a crystallization technology that
replaces the water in the concrete with insoluble crystals. Various brands available in the market
claim similar properties, but not all can react with a wide range of cement hydration by-products,
and thus require caution. Hydrophobic systems use fatty acids to block pores within the concrete,
preventing water passage.

New membrane materials include

Hydrotech’s Monolithic Membrane 6125 (MM6125) and

Re-New’s Turbo Seal.

These new materials seek to overcome shortcomings in older methods like PVC and HDPE.
Generally, new technology in waterproof membranes relies on polymer based materials that are
extremely adhesive to create a seamless barrier around the outside of a structure.

If we bifurcate a structure in to different categories with respect to waterproofing perhaps we can

classify the structure in to following: -

1. Waterproofing of foundations

2. Waterproofing of basements

3. Waterproofing of bathrooms and toilets,

4. Waterproofing of terraces

Waterproofing of the above mentioned areas needs a detailed site investigation in case of
old construction but in new construction if the proper methodology and proper materials are used
the structure can be made waterproof for period of five years extended to twenty years depending
on the materials used for waterproofing. In this project, we will try to understand different
techniques used to waterproof foundations and basements only but before that we will try to
understand what are the methods used in waterproofing any part of structure with the help of an
flowchart.

DAMPNESS AND ITS EFFECTS

 A wet cellar can dramatically reduce the value of your home. Studies show that most people won't
even consider buying a home with water leakage. Selling a home with water leaks can easily result in
as much as a 25% reduction in the sale price.

Even if you rarely have problems with dampness or flooding, it's best to solve the problem
completely before doing any remodeling work. Permanent solutions can take time to implement. A
good place to start is to talk to an independent home inspector who specializes in waterproofing
problems.

Proper insulation is critical to creating a comfortable, dry basement. Besides keeping out the cold,
basement insulation prevents condensation. The ground stays cool year round. It in turn keeps
basement walls cool. When the warmer air in the room comes in contact with all those cool walls, it
has to give up some of its moisture in the form of condensation. In fact, condensation is the primary
source of the moisture that causes mold and mildew problems in basements. Effective insulation
separates the warm air of the room from the cool walls, thereby preventing the moisture problems
that stem from condensation. (see below the top-10 most common insulation mistakes in
basements)

1. DEFECTS CAUSED BY DAMPNESS:-

The various defects caused by dampness in buildings may be summarized as under:

1. It causes efflorescence which may ultimately result in disintegration of bricks, stone, tiles,
etc.

2. It may result in softening and crumbling of plaster.

3. It may cause bleaching and flaking of paint with the information of colored patches.

4. It may result in warping, buckling and rotting of timber.

5. It may lead to corrosion of metal

6. It may deteriorate electrical fittings.

7. It promotes growth of termites.

8. It breeds mosquitoes and creates unhealthy living conditions for the occupants.

2. CAUSES OF DAMPNESS
 Absorption of moisture by the building materials is one of the chief cause of dampness. On account
of granular nature of materials, moisture finds an easy access through the voids and this aided by
capillary action assists the moisture to travel in different directions. Thus, either on account of faulty
design of structure or bad workmanship or by use of defective materials, moisture may find its way
to interior of the building either through the foundation and plinth, walls, chhajjas, floors or the
roof.

3. SOURCES OF DAMPNESS

The important sources of dampness may be summarized as below:-

1. Dampness rising through the foundation walling. Moisture from wet ground may rise well
above ground level on account of capillary action.

2. Splashing rain water which rebounds after hitting the wall surface may also cause dampness.

3. Penetration of rain-water through unprotected tops of walls, parapets, compound walls etc.
may cause dampness.

4. In case of slope roofs rain-water may percolates through defective roof covering. In
addition, faulty eaves course and eaves or valley gutter may allow the rain-water to descend through
the top of supporting wall and cause dampness.

5. On condensation, the moisture present in the atmosphere gets deposited on the

components of the building which may cause dampness.

6. In case of flats roofs, inadequate roof slopes, improper rain-water pipe connections and
defective junction between roof slab and parapet wall may prove to be the sources of dampness.

Dampness caused due to leakages in wet areas of a building which include kitchen, bathroom, water
closet etc. The leakages could be on account of use of sub-standard plumbing fittings and fixtures as
well as faulty execution of work and bad work-man ship.
4. SURFACE TREATMENT

The moisture finds its way through the pores of materials used in finishing. In order to check the
entry of the moisture into the pores, they must be filled up. Surface treatment consists in filling up
the pores of the surface subjected to dampness. The use of water repellent metallic soaps such as
calcium and aluminum oleates and stearates is much effective in protecting the building against the
ravages of heavy rain. Bituminous solution, cement coating, transparent coating, paints and
varnishes fall under this category. In addition to other surface treatments given to walls, the
commonly used is lime cement plaster. The wall plaster with cement, lime and sand mixed in
proportion of 1:1:6 are found to serve the purpose of preventing dampness in wall due to rain
effectively.

5. MATERIAL USED FOR WATER PROOFING

An effective damp proofing material should have the following properties:

1. It should be impervious.

2. It should be strong and durable be capable of withstanding both dead as well as live loads
without damage.

3. It should be dimensionally stable.

4. It should be free from deliquescent salts like sulphates, chlorides and nitrates.

The material commonly used to check dampness can be divided into the following four categories:

1. Flexible material:- material like bitumen felts ( which may be Hessian –base or fibre/glass
fibre-based) , plastic sheeting ( polythene sheet) etc.

2. Semi-rigid material: - Material like mastic asphalt or combination of material or layers.

3. Rigid material:- Material like first class bricks, stones, slates, cement concrete etc.

4. Grout consisting of cement slurry and acrylic based chemicals/polymers.

6. SIGNS THAT YOU HAVE WATERPROOFING PROBLEMS IN YOUR BASEMENT

Mold and Mildew

Fungus that grows in damp and dark areas, and cause discoloration, or musty odors.

Moldy Odors
This is the result of the decay process from mold, and dry rot.

Peeling Paint
Peeling paint is a sign that you have moisture problems and waterproofing issues.

Damp Spots on Walls

Water has absorbed through your walls.

White Substance on Basement Walls

This is a chemical breakdown of the bonding agent that holds your walls together. This white
substance is a sign of possible structural deterioration.

Cracked Walls
Should be inspected to determine the exact cause.

Rust on Appliances or Furniture

Like furnaces. Rust is caused by a wet environment and is the sign of waterproofing issues.

Dry Rot
Black fungus grows mostly on walls or wooden surfaces, causing wood to decay.

Basement Waterproofing
Water may enter a basement through various means including through joints, walls, or floors.
Various basement waterproofing systems address these problems. There are many systems available
of varying cost, effectiveness, and installation invasiveness.

We shall now discuss few methods of waterproofing basements.

7. WATER PROOFING TREATMENT BY USING GROUT CONSISTING OF CEMENT MORTAR ADMIXED

WITH ACRYLIC BASED CHEMICALS ALONG WITH ROUGH STONE SLABS:-
This treatment is presently being commonly adopted for ensuring water tightness of basement in
damp soil or at site where sub soil water table is high. The treatment consists in enclosing the entire
basement with in a water proof box constructed by use of rough stone slabs and cement mortar
admixed with acrylic based chemical.

The steps are as followed:-

Step 1:- The excavation of the ground for the basement is carried out in such a way that a working
space of at least 750 mm is available around the periphery of the external walls of the proposed
basement. The excavated area is kept dry by continuous pumping using well-point equipment or by
adopting any other suitable method. Over the dry leveled ground a 75 to 100 mm thick layer of lean
concrete 1:3:6 is laid to serve as mud mat or leveling course for the raft slab. This layer of lean
concrete should project by 150 mm beyond the external wall. Over the layer of lean concrete a layer
of 15 to 20 mm thick rough quarry-finished stone slabs is laid over 20 mm thick cement mortar (1:4)
admixed with acrylic based chemical. The stone slabs are laid side by side leaving a gap of about 15
to 20 mm between them. The joints thus left are raked open and ground with cement slurry
admixed with acrylic based chemical. A 20 mm thick layer of cement mortar (1:4) admixed with
acrylic based compound is laid over the stone slabs stone chips 12 mm & down are embedded at
random in this layer of mortar.

The total maximum thickness of the above water proofing layer should be around 6 60 mm.
This layer should cover the entire area of lean concrete i.e. it should be extended 150 mm beyond
the external face of raft slab/walls.
 Step 2:- The R.C.C. raft slab suitably designed to with stand the highest applicable water pressure
during monsoon is laid over the water proofing layer in step 1. The R.C.C. walls of the basement are
constructed monolithically with the R.C.C. raft. After the curing of the R.C.C. wall is over, the water
proofing treatment is continued unbroken on the external sides of the walls, so as to form an
external box of the water proofing level.

Step 3:- To continue the treatment along the vertical plane, a groove about 30 to 40 mm deep is
made in top mortar layer or bottom layer of the water proofing treatment [laid in step (1) ]at a clear
distance of about 18 mm from the external face of the wall all along the periphery of the basement.
Rough quarry-finished stone slabs 15 mm to 20 mm in thickness are fixed vertically in the above
groove.

The stone slabs are fixed side by side without leaving any gap between the edges. Maximum
of two to three horizontal layers of stone are laid at a time one over the other vertically up. A coat of
very rough cement plaster (1:4) is applied to the external face of the rough stones. After the layer is
set, the gap between the wall and stone layer is filled with a grout made up of cement slurry
admixed with acrylic based chemical, which on gellation forms an impermeable layer, monolithic
with the external face of the wall.

A final coat of 15 mm cement mortar plaster (1:4) is applied over the rough external cement
plaster and finished smoothly. This treatment to external face of walls is continued up to 300 mm
above ground level. The acrylic based chemical is normally added @ 1 % i.e. 1 kg of chemical to be
mixed with 100kg of cement.

8. WATERPROOFING USING FLEXIBLE PVC WATERBARS

Description: - Waterbars are flexible PVC water stops to seal construction and expansion joints in
concrete structures.

Uses: - Waterbars are used in concrete for the sealing of construction and expansion joints. It is
installed in a specified position, allowing concrete to be poured around it. The material takes up it’s
function as a joint sealant once the concrete has hardened and a joint has been formed. Depending
on the type of Waterbar, it can be used for construction or expansion joints.

Advantages: -

 Multi-rib sections provide a tortuous path and impenetrable water check.

 Easy to fix using tie-clips (See below photo)

 Easy on-site welding.

 High strength PVC material.

Specifications: - Waterbars comply with: U.S. Corporation of Engineers Specification. CRD-C572-74.

Requirements of BS2571 and BS2782.

Application: -

SURFACE WATERBARS: Installed into the face of the concrete structure. The waterbar is typically
fixed on the water side of the concrete wall or floor, by attaching it temporarily to the formwork
using fixing wire. The protruding ribs become cast into the concrete to provide an excellent
watertight seal as well as securely anchoring the waterbar to the structure.

INTERNAL WATERBARS: The waterbar is fitted into split formwork or shuttering for casting centrally
into the concrete. Use fixing wire or tie-clips to attach waterbar to internal reinforcement.

WELDING: Waterbars are made from thermoplastic PVC and cantherefore be welded. The ends are
heated with on-site welding equipment until the PVC becomes plastic and is then immediately
pressed together. Waterbars allow easy on-site welding, including the prefabrication of cross, T, L
and corner pieces.
Profiles: -

Centerstop: - Centrally placed Waterbars O type section is used in expansion, contraction and
construction joints. The bulb in the centre allows for movement in the structure to be
accommodated for. The waterstops are easily anchored to the steel reinforcement using special tie-
clips.

Rearguard Construction: - The externally placed rearguard Waterbars AR sections are used in
construction and contraction joints. The centrally placed fin assists with shutter locations.

Rearguard Expansion: - The externally placed rearguard Waterbars DR sections are designed with a
flat top box section, with a protruding fin, to assist with positioning and to provide a chair to support
the joint filler. The section is used in expansion joints to accommodate movement.
Intersection: - A wide range of standard intersection pieces are available. All have a minimum
200mm free leg, allowing easy butt-welding on site. For nonstandard types, drawings must be
provided, giving exact details of angles and length of legs. Standard intersection pieces include: X, T
and L pieces both flat and on edge.

Technical Data: -

Basis : Polyvinyl Chloride

Colour : Yellow

Density : 1.3kg/litre

Service Temperature : -35°C to 55°C

Hydrostatic Head : Up to 60 metres

Joint Movement : Up to 10 mm (expansion joint

profiles only)

Tensile Strength (ASTM-D412-75) : longitudinal > 13 N/mm² transverse

> 12.5² N/mm2

Elongation at Break (ASTM-D412-75) : longitudinal > 310% transverse >

260%

Alkali Resistance (CRD-C572-65) : Passed

Important: - Good placement practice must be followed to ensure that concrete is well placed and
compacted around the Waterbar during installation. In the case of factory made junctions, where
angles are not 90°C, drawing must be provided giving exact joint details. Other profile types and
widths are available upon request (depending on volume).
9. WATERPROOFING USING LIQUID APPLIED CEMENTITIOUS MEMBRANE

Description: - Liquid Applied Cementitious Membrane is the materials which are available in two
components and sometimes three components depending on the manufacturer. The two
components consist of Liquid and Powder. The Liquid is a mixture of polymers and water, these
polymers acts as strength providing material when mixed with Powder which is generally a cement
based material. Is a high performance two component flexible acrylic polymers modified cement
based waterproof coating for concrete and masonry surfaces. The system consists of a powder and a
liquid, is grey in colour and easily applied by brush.

Features and Benefits: -

 Provides excellent impermeable coating

 Heavy duty waterproof coating

 Good adhesion with cementitious surfaces

 Applied for Positive & negative sides of waterproofing

 Easily Brush applied

 Flexible enough to take care of minor cracks in concrete & plaster

 Durable & economical

 Non-flammable

 Application tools easily washed in water

 Available in pre-packed, ready-to-use containers

Method of Application: -

 The RCC walls and the base slab of basement must be cured for 28 days minimum before applying
liquid applied cementitious membrane. The condition of walls and base slab must be assessed
carefully for any irregularities and cavities. All the cold joints must be inspected for its water
tightness. If required, inject cement slurry admixed with expansive grouts should be injected into the
cold joints.
 Prepare the surface carefully to receive the first coat of the material. All the loose particles and
debris must be removed with the help of wire brush. The grouting holes must be finished to level
and ensure that they are properly sealed with suitable material.

 The entire area must be thoroughly wetted with water to a state where it is saturated. But extra
care must be taken to see that there is no stagnant or standing water. Any such water must be
mopped off. As such, the concrete substrate to receive the treatment must be in a Saturated Surface
Dry Condition.

 Mix both the parts i.e. Liquid and Powder with a slow speed (100 - 150 RPM) forced action mixer for
big quantity of 15 kg, to achieve an even consistency.

 All the powder lumps formed during mixed must be hand crushed completely. PLEASE DO NOT ADD
WATER during mixing. For large application areas, take up a quantity that can be mixed and applied
in 20 - 30 minutes.

 ALWAYS ADD the POWDER component into the LIQUID and NOT the LIQUID into the powder.

 Over the properly pre-wetted surface, apply first coat at a thickness of 500-600 microns and allow it
dry for 5-6 hours. Apply the 2 coats at the same thickness. The total applied thickness should be of
minimum 1.5 mm in three coats.

 Allow each coat to dry sufficiently before applying next coat.

 Allow Dr. Fixit Pidifin 2K film to air cure for atleast 72 hours.

Precautions and Limitations: -

 Must be protected from foot traffic & other physical abuse

 Do not pond with water immediately after the 2nd coat. Allow it air to cure for atleast 72 hours

 Pre-wetting of the substrate is essential before coating

 Film thickness of 1 to 1.2 mm must be achieved in 2 coats. For a critical areas 1.5 mm thick film is
recommended to be achieved in 3 coats

 Must be applied on totally cured surface

 Do not undertake application in hot sun (above 300C) and below 100C

 Do not dilute product with water at site.

10. WATERPROOFING OF BASEMENTS USING TORCH – ON MEMBRANES

These membranes are perhaps the best for waterproofing of terraces having large spans, also when
the concept of terrace garden or roof swimming pools is used. It is entirely a bituminous product and
requires a primer and the membrane for application on to the surface. The membrane is slightly
melted with the heat which is shown in the pictures and thus the best waterproofing can be
achieved for atleast 25 years. The finished membrane is over coated with a paint of aluminum to
give heat proofing.

Primer application: -

Apply solvent-based bitumen primer on cleaned & leveled surface @ 3-5 sq.mtr/ltr. The
priming will enhance the adhesion of the membrane to the substrate. Allow the primer coat to dry.
The drying will generally depend on the ambient temperature.

Membrane Application

Starting from one end, unroll the TORCHSHIELD roll once the priming coat is dried. Align
the TORCHSHIELD roll correctly & re-roll it half in alignment before torching. Avoid shifting of the
membrane while torching Use gas burner to heat substrate & underside to softening points. When
the embossing disappears, roll forward & press firmly against substrate. Ensure sufficient bleed on
side & end over laps. Once the half of the roll is torched properly to the substrate, unroll the balance
roll and repeat the process. An overlap of 100-mm shall be maintained for all the continuing sides.
Heating shall be done on both the membranes to be overlapped and pressed firmly with the help of
round shape trowel. The care shall be taken to leave no gap at any point in the overlapped area. If
noticed, reheating shall be done to seal it. The Torchshield must be laid over the entire PCC area
with a minimum of 150 mm over hang from the size of raft on all sides.

Protection

The Torchshield membranes shall be protected against damage by laying sand cement
mortar in 1:4 ratio at 15 to 20 mm thickness. Cure the surface for 7 days before starting the work for
laying RCC raft or column footings.

Method of Application

The entire external surface of the wall shall be prepared properly and made ready to receive
the waterproofing treatment. All the honeycomb areas, undulations, cracks shall be filled with
polymer modified mortar. For which Dr. Fixit Polymer Mortar PX shall be used as per the standard
material specification.
 Primer Application

Bitumen based primer shall be applied as explained above over the entire surface and shall
be allowed to dry.

Membrane Application

Torchshield shall be applied as per the standard installation practices as explained above
over the dried primer. Before the application of Torchshield begins over the wall, a corner rounding /
angle fillet shall be made at the junction of PCC and Raft to avoid the right angle bend of membrane.
The application of membrane shall begin from the edge of PCC with a sufficient lap of 100 mm
minimum with the bottom membrane (over PCC) and to be taken over raft thickness and then over
the wall. An overlapping of 100 mm must be ensured with the subsequent membrane with all sides.
The fixing shall be done from the PCC level moving horizontally first and then vertically. All the lap
joints and termination shall be done as per standard specifications as explained earlier.

es and unsound substrate Apply primer coat with solvent based bitumen primer Unroll the TORCHSHIELD roll

Use gas burner to heat substrate & underside to softening points Keep overlap margin for minimu
 Seal the edges well
ped trowel to seal overlap Torchshield applied all over the
and protect with a Polysulphide sealant

Protection

The back filling can start simultaneously as one move upward. Before back filling begins, the
membrane shall be protected either with plaster or with a protection board.
For plaster, sand shall be sprinkled over the membranes as soon as it is fixed after torching. The
plastering shall be done in 1:3 sand cement mortar at 15 mm thickness. Thermocol in 20 mm
thickness can be used as a protection board. The cold bitumen (mastic) can be used for fixing the
Thermocol over the Torchshield. Once the Thermocol is fixed, back filling can start in layers. This will
allow people to work comfortably as it will create the platform to work as one move upwards.

11. WATERPROOFING USING CRYSTALLIZATION

Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process of formation of solid crystals precipitating from a
uniform solution or melt, or more rarely deposited directly from a gas. Crystallization is also a
chemical solid-liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid
solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs.
Process: -

The crystallization process consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal
growth. Nucleation is the step where the solute molecules dispersed in the solvent start to gather
into clusters, on the nanometer scale (elevating solute concentration in a small region), that
becomes stable under the current operating conditions. These stable clusters constitute the nuclei.
However when the clusters are not stable, they redissolve. Therefore, the clusters need to reach a
critical size in order to become stable nuclei. Such critical size is dictated by the operating conditions
(temperature, supersaturation, etc.). It is at the stage of nucleation that the atoms arrange in a
defined and periodic manner that defines the crystal structure — note that "crystal structure" is a
special term that refers to the relative arrangement of the atoms, not the macroscopic properties of
the crystal (size and shape), although those are a result of the internal crystal structure.

The crystal growth is the subsequent growth of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical
cluster size. Nucleation and growth continue to occur simultaneously while the supersaturation
exists. Supersaturation is the driving force of the crystallization, hence the rate of nucleation and
growth is driven by the existing supersaturation in the solution. Depending upon the conditions,
either nucleation or growth may be predominant over the other, and as a result, crystals with
different sizes and shapes are obtained (control of crystal size and shape constitutes one of the main
challenges in industrial manufacturing, such as for pharmaceuticals). Once the supersaturation is
exhausted, the solid-liquid system reaches equilibrium and the crystallization is complete, unless the
operating conditions are modified from equilibrium so as to supersaturate the solution again.

Many compounds have the ability to crystallize with different crystal structures, a phenomenon
called polymorphism. Each polymorph is in fact a different thermodynamic solid state and crystal
polymorphs of the same compound exhibit different physical properties, such as dissolution rate,
shape (angles between facets and facet growth rates), melting point, etc. For this reason,
polymorphism is of major importance in industrial manufacture of crystalline products.
 Description: -

It is a unique chemical treatment for the waterproofing and protection of concrete that is
suitable for the following applications:

 Foundation walls

 Basement walls

 Manholes

 Parking decks

 Reservoirs

 Sewage and water treatment tanks

 Tunnels

 Underground vaults

It can be used on either poured-in-place concrete or concrete block and can be applied to either the
interior or exterior surface with equal results.

Characteristics: -

It waterproofs underground structures from the inside against hydrostatic pressure. By the
process of diffusion and the materials have an affinity with water, the crystalline formation migrates
throughout the pores and capillary tracts of concrete even against strong hydrostatic pressure.
When mixed with water and applied as a cementitious coating, the active chemicals cause a catalytic
reaction which generates a nonsoluble crystalline formation of dendritic fibers within the pores and
capillary tracts of concrete. Thus, the concrete itself becomes permanently sealed against the
penetration of water or liquids from any direction.

It protects concrete and reinforcing steel. This treatment is highly resistant to most aggressive
substances, pH 3 - 11 constant contact and pH 2 - 12 periodic contact. By preventing the intrusion of
chemicals, salt water, sewage and other harmful materials, It protects concrete and reinforcing steel
from deterioration and oxidation. The concrete is also protected against spalling, efflorescence,
 popouts and other damages caused by weathering, bleeding of the salts and internal expansion and
contraction during the freeze/thaw cycle.

Crystallization permits concrete to breathe. The crystalline formation has fixed-size air spaces so
small that water cannot pass through. It does allow the passage of air and vapor; thus the concrete is
able to breathe and become thoroughly dry, preventing moisture vapor buildup. These products are
nontoxic. They have been approved by NSF International (National Sanitation Foundation), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Agriculture Canada and many other governmental health
agencies throughout the world for use on concrete structures that hold potable water or are in
contact with foodstuffs.

Advantages: -

 Not just a surface coating – Not dependent upon continuity of membrane for waterproofing action.

 Seals hairline cracks upto 0.4 mm.

 No surface priming or leveling required.

 Cannot puncture, tear or come apart at the seams.

 Does not require protection during backfilling or during placement of steel, wire mesh or other
materials.

 Can be applied to moist or green concrete

 Less costly to apply than most other waterproofing methods.

Types: -

Crystalline waterproofing technology is available in 3 forms:

 As a coating – For new or existing structures.

 As a dry shake material – For new horizontal surfaces.

 As an admixture – Included in the concrete mix at the time of batching.

Concentrate: -

Used as a single coating on above- or below grade concrete, or as the first of a 2-coat
application where 2 coats are required. Also used as a Dry-Pac for sealing construction joints and for
repair of cracks, faulty construction joints and honeycombing. Concentrate is the most chemically
potent of the crystalline waterproofing materials.

Modified: -

Used as a second coat to reinforce Concentrate where 2-coats are required and as a single
coat for exterior damp proofing.

Concentrate DS1 and DS2: -

Dry shake formulations designed for application on fresh horizontal concrete prior to
finishing operations.

Admix: -

Used as an integral waterproofing admixture which is included in the concrete mix at the
time of batching.
 Patch’n Plug: -

Fast-setting, nonshrink, high bond strength hydraulic cement compound for concrete
repairs. Stops flowing water in seconds. Patch’n Plug seals cracks and tie holes. It is also used for the
general repair or patching of concrete. Patch’n Plug can be used in conjunction with Admix to
increase the compressive strength and bond strength of existing concrete.

Acrylic Admix: -

An acrylic polymer formulation specifically designed for use as an admix to fortify Portland
cement mixes. Acrylic Admix increases hardness, durability, bonding capability and chemical
resistance.

Gamma-Cure: -

Can be used as an alternative to water curing for certain applications.

Installation

Surface Preparation: -

 Concrete surfaces to be treated must be clean and free of laitance, dirt, films, paint, coatings or
other foreign matter.

 Surfaces must also have an open capillary system so as to provide tooth and suction for treatment. If
surfaces are too smooth, the concrete should be acid etched, lightly sandblasted or water blasted.

 Structural defects such as cracks, faulty construction joints and honeycombing should be routed out
to sound concrete and repaired.

 Horizontal surfaces should have a rough wood float or broom finish. On fresh horizontal concrete
Concentrate DS1 or DS2 powder can be power troweled into the surface while it is still in plastic
state.

Wetting Concrete: -
 Prior to the application, concrete surfaces must be thoroughly wetted with clean water
to control surface suction, aid the proper curing of the treatment and ensure the growth of the
crystalline formation deep within the pores of the concrete. Excess surface water should be removed
before the application.

Methods: -

To mix the product for slurry coat application, the Xypex powder is mixed with clean
water to a creamy consistency in the following proportions by volume:

Mixing for Brush Application: -

 Mix 5 parts powder to 2 parts of water (0.8 kg/m2).

 Mix 3 parts powder to 1 part of water (1.0 kg/m2).

Mixing for Spray Application: -

 Mix 5 parts powder to 3 parts water (0.8 kg/m2). The mix may vary with equipment type.

Mixing for Dry – Pac: -

 Mix 6 parts Concentrate powder with 1 part clean water by volume. Do not mix too wet, other wise,
mix may crack and spall at it dries.

Application: -

The treatment should be applied with a semi-stiff bristle brush, a janitor’s broom for large
horizontal applications, or with specialized spray equipment. The treatment must be uniformly
applied under the conditions and quantities specified. One coat should have a thickness of 1/16" (1.6
mm). When a second coat is required, it should be applied after the first coat has reached an initial
set but is still green (less than 48 hours). Light pre-watering between coats may be required due to
drying. The treatment cannot be applied in rain or during freezing conditions.
 Spray Application of Crystalline

Brush Application of Crystalline

Curing: -

 A misty for spray of water must be used for curing the treatment.

 Curing must begin as soon as the coating has hardened sufficiently so that it is not damaged by a
fine spray.

 Under most conditions, it is sufficient to spray the material treated surfaces 3 times a day for 2 – 3
days.

 In hot, dry weather, spraying may be required more frequently.

 During the curing period, the treatment must be protected from rainfall, frost and puddling of
water.
 WATERPROOFING MATERIALS

1. PIDIPROOF LW (Specifications conforms to IS-2645) - Its an Integral liquid waterproofing compound

for plaster and concrete.

Features / Benefits

 Being a liquid, dispersible in concrete/mortar mixes.

 Makes concrete/mortar more cohesive

 Increases durability, by increase in impermeability.

 Economical in application

 Does not affect the setting time and strength.

 Reduces shrinkage cracks in plaster and concrete

 Shelf life : 1 year

Typical applications

For waterproofing of concrete and sand-cement mortar used in basements, roof slabs and
screeds, water retaining structures, external plastering,

Technical information

 Base : Fatty acid

 Total solid content : 13+0.5%

 pH : High alkali
 Dosage/Coverage

200 ml per 50 kg bag of cement. Just add gauging water that is to be mixed with
mortar/concrete.

2. TONIC (Cement additive)

Features / Benefits

 Delays corrosion by minimising chloride penetration

 Increases workability for easy placement.

 Increases strength and durability, by reducing water cement ratio.

 Produces waterproof concrete/mortar by blocking capillaries/pores in the concrete

 Shelf life : 1 year

Typical applications

Dr. Fixit TONIC shall be added to all types of concrete and mortar to achieve water proof and
durable concrete/mortar e.g. RCC column, beam, slab, water retaining structures, external
plastering, screeds, water tanks, sumps and drains, etc.

Technical information

 Base : Polymer modified Fatty acid

 Total solid content : 13.50+0.5%

 Specific gravity: 1.05+0.02

 pH : High alkali

Dosage/Coverage

200 ml per 50 kg bag of cement. Just add to gauging water that is to be mixed with
mortar/concrete.
3. PIDIFIN 2K(Certification by CFTRI, Mysore, for Portable water contact) – It is brush applied
waterproofing coating for balconies, small terraces, wet areas & ledges

Features / Benefits

 Provides excellent impermeable coating.

 Good adhesion with cementaitious surfaces

 Applied for positive & negative sides of waterproofing

 Flexible enough to take care of minor cracks in concrete & plaster.

 Durable and economical

 Available in pre-packed, ready-to-use containers.

 Shelf life : 6 months

Typical applications

 Bathrooms and wet areas

 Small terraces upto 1000 sq.ft.

 Internal walls for prevention from seepage due to rain lash

 Small water tanks interior surfaces (upto 30,000 ltrs. capacity)

Technical information

 Appearance : Grey powder + white liquid

 Mix ratio (Powder:Liquid) = 2:1(by weight)

1.5:1(by volume)

 Pot life at 30 degree Celsius : Approx. 30 mins.

 Application temp : Between 10-30 degree Celsius

Dosage/Coverage

6-7 sq.ft./kg for 2 coats for total minimum thickness of 1 mm approximately. For protection
against physical damage, a mortar screed of 15-25 mm thickness may be provided.

4. PIDICRETE URP(SBR Latex for waterproofing and repairs)

Features / Benefits

 White liquid, easily brush applied.

 Useful as waterproofing coat.

 Useful as a bonding agent between old and new concrete surfaces.

 Excellent as a cement modifier.

 Repair mortar modified with Dr.FIXIT Pidicrete URP suitable for repairing of RCC beams, columns,
slabs and other RCC members

 Shelf life : 1 year

Typical applications

 Waterproofing of terraces, toilets, edge, masonary walls, sloping RCC roofs etc.

 Repairs to RCC members

 Waterproofing mortars/concretes.

 As an additive in plasters at 5-6% by weight of cement content

Technical information

 Total active solid content: 34+2%

 pH : 8-9

 Pot life : 30-45 minutes, when mixed with cement at 30 degree celsius

Dosage/Coverage

20-22 sq.ft./kg for 2 coats(URP + cement in proportion 1:1.5)

5. SUPER LATEX (SBR Latex for waterproofing and repairs)

Features / Benefits

 Excellent coverage 70-80 sq.ft./kg in 2 coats, hence economical

 Less material wastage: material does not fall back/rebound, when used as bonding agent.
 High bond strength.

 Prevents leakage and dampness.

 Enhances strength of a repair mortar & provides durability.

 Shelf life : 1 year

Typical applications

 As a bond coat : Plaster to plaster, Concrete to concrete, for plaster over brick masonry.

 As waterproof repair plaster.

 Crack repair : Plaster cracks more than 5mm in gaps developed between masonry and RCC members

 As coating for prevention of corrosion in rebars.

 Efflorescence(salt petre/damp surfaces)

Technical information

 Type : Styrene butadiene rubber polymer liquid

 Colour : white

 Storage condition : free from frost

 Active solid content : 44+1%

Dosage/Coverage

Mix (S.Latex:Water:Cement) = 1:4:7, 70-80 sq.ft./kg for 2 coats as a waterproof coating.

Waterproofing in buildings and structures are generally required for basement of structure, walls,
bathrooms and kitchen, balconies, decks, terrace or roofs, green roofs, water tanks and swimming
pools etc.

Types of Waterproofing Methods for Buildings

The following waterproofing methods are commonly used in construction:

Cementitious Waterproofing

Liquid Waterproofing Membrane

Bituminous Membrane

Bituminous Coating

Polyurethane Liquid Membrane

1. Cementitious Waterproofing Method

Cementitious waterproofing is the easiest method of waterproofing in construction. The materials

for cementitious waterproofing is easily available from suppliers of masonry products, and they’re
easy to mix and apply.

Cementitious Waterproofing Method

This method is often used in the internal wet areas such as toilets. This method is usually a rigid or
semi-flexible type waterproofing, but since it is used in internal areas such as toilets, it is not
exposed to sunlight and weathering. Thus cementitious waterproofing does not go through contract
and expansion process.

Applications of Cementitious Waterproofing

Cementitious waterproofing is used in the following type of structures:

Water Treatment Plants

Sewage Treatment Plants

Bridges

Dams

Railway & Subway Systems

Marine Cargo Ports & Docks

River Locks/Channels & Concrete Dykes

Parking Structures & Lots

Tunnels

2. Liquid Waterproofing Membrane Method

Liquid membrane is a thin coating which consists of usually a primer coat and two coats of top coats
which are applied by spray, roller, or trowel. It offers more flexibility than the cementitious types of
waterproofing.

The liquid cures into a rubbery coating on the wall. The elongation properties of the coating can
reach as high as 280%. The durability of the waterproofing coating depends on what type of polymer
the manufacturer use for the making of the liquid waterproofing.

Liquid Waterproofing Membrane Method

Liquid waterproofing membrane can be of spray-applied liquid membrane composed of polymer-

modified asphalt. Polyurethane liquid membranes in separate grades for trowel, roller, or spray are
also available from various manufacturers.

3. Bituminous Coating Waterproofing Method

Bituminous coating is a type of coating used for waterproofing and flexible protective coat in
accordance with its formulation and polymerization grade. Its flexibility and protection against water
can be influenced by the polymer grade as well as reinforcement of fiber.

Bituminous Coating Waterproofing Method

Bituminous coating is also called as asphalt coating. The most common applications of bituminous
coatings include areas that are beneath screed wet. It is an excellent protective coating and
waterproofing agent, especially on surfaces such as concrete foundations.

Bituminous coating is made of bitumen based materials and it is not suitable for expose to sunlight.
It becomes very brittle and fragile when long exposure to the sunlight unless it is modified with more
flexible material such as polyurethane or acrylic based polymers.

The flexibility of the finished products always depends on the solid content of the polymer added to
the bitumen.

4. Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing Method

Bituminous membrane waterproofing is a popular method used for low-sloped roofs due to their
proven performance. Bituminous waterproofing membrane have torch on membrane and self-
adhesive membrane.

Self-adhesive compounds comprise asphalt, polymers and filler; additionally, certain resins and oils
may be added to improve adhesion characteristics. The self-adhesive type has low shelf life as
bonding properties of the membrane reduces with time.

Torch on membrane have exposed and covered types. Exposed membrane often has mineral
granular aggregate to withstand the wear and tear of the weathering and the other types of
membrane, contractor need to apply one protective screed to prevent the puncture of the
membrane.

Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing Method

5. Polyurethane Liquid Membrane Waterproofing Method

Polyurethane liquid membrane method of waterproofing is used for the flat roof area and exposed
to weathering. This waterproofing method is expensive.
Polyurethane Liquid Membrane Waterproofing Method

Polyurethane Liquid Membrane can offer higher flexibility. Polyurethane is very sensitive to moisture
content present, therefore before application, one has to be very careful evaluating the moisture
content of the concrete slab, otherwise peeling or de-bonding of membranes may happen after
some time.

1. WHAT IS WATERPROOFING?

“Water insulation” is the type of insulation used against the negative impact of water or moisture on
materials such as wood, metal, rock, brick, etc. in order to prevent damage caused by water or
humidity in the Parts of the structure or in whole, and to ensure long lasting, healthy, convenient
and secure structures.

2. BENEFITS OF WATERPROOFING

2.1. Waterproofing protects the structure. The damage to buildings imposed by water is a threat to
life and property particularly in the regions bearing the risk of earthquakes. Water leaking into the
building’s reinforcement in any form will lead to the loss of quality of equipment by means of
freezing or chemical reactions. Loss of quality of the reinforcement will result in impaired resistance
and longevity.

Usually, concrete protects the embedded reinforcing steel against corrosion. The thin layer forming
immediately after reinforcement is embedded to the concrete, adheres to the steel, forming
resistance against corrosion. Such resistance depends on both the high alkaline environment of the
concrete and electrical resistance. The ions in the moisture on the concrete's capillar voids are
involved in electrical conductivity. High electrical resistance may also mean resistant concrete.

Corrosion of the structural reinforcing steel and its permanence are driven by 3 main factors:

1. Deterioration of the protective passivation layer around the reinforcing resulting from reactions
caused by carbon dioxide or chlorine,
2. Water dispersing across the capillary pores of concrete and functioning as electrolyte, and

3. Oxygen which enters into the pores of concrete

Carbonation is one of the conditions that cause corrosion of the reinforcing steel by disrupting the
film layer on the concrete. The chemical reaction between the atmospheric carbon dioxide and
cement in concrete leads to the contraction of concrete, thereby causing increased cracks. At the
same time, drop of the concrete’s pH value (normally, the pH of concrete ranges between 12.5 and
13.5 which is sufficient to prevent corrosion) leads to the decrease of interfacial alkalinity, thereby
causing deterioration of the existing protective layer. The presence of chlorine ions is yet another
factor which disrupts the protective layer. In either case, the conditions required for corrosion
formation are met (i.e. a pH value dropping below 9), and the process begins. Iron oxidation 2.5
times of the reinforcing volume occurs on the reinforcing surface at a rate which depends on the
environmental conditions.

The rust formation cracks the concrete in the case of insufficient concrete cover. The reinforcing is
exposed as the concrete is poured. Thus, corrosion becomes faster due to contact with the air.

The loss calculated in reinforcement section caused by corrosion prevents the reinforcement to
meet the initial estimated value requirements. This is undesirable in terms of the building’s load
bearing strength and structural safety. While a Ø12, class S420b reinforcing steel with a calculated
strength of 365 MPa can bear an initial load of 41.3 kN, the capacity would drop down to 25.9 kN 5
years and 5.8 kN 15 years after considering a corrosion related reinforcing section loss of 0.25
mm/year. Under these conditions, the load bearing capacity will be entirely lost after 24 years.

2.2. Waterproofing Brings Convenience

Passing through the pores of the construction elements, soil moisture and pressurized water cause
formation of mildew, black spots and fungal organisms on the interior surface. As a consequence, it
leads to the decay of natural interior surface materials such as wood, flaking of plaster and rusting of
the iron curtain walls, thereby leading to the disruption of our convenience.

Moisture and the associated mildew generates bad odor in the environment. This is an undesirable
effect on the inhabitants. Waterproofing not only prevents moisture, but also eliminates bad odor
which is a negative impact on human comfort.

Offering comfortable structures while preventing water from dripping into our rooms, waterproofing
also prevents the reproduction of bacteria, mold and similar organisms.

2.3. Waterproofing Saves Cost

Nowadays, the structures which gain increasing economic value must be long lasting. Currently, the
average life of a given structure is approx. 50 years. The negative effects of water reduce the
longevity of the structures, thereby leading to financial loss. Waterproofing will also eliminate losses
of this kind. The costs of waterproofing at the construction stage are estimated as 3 percent of the
building’s value. Robustness of the buildings is the most important aspect to be taken into
consideration. Accordingly, the benefits offered by waterproofing are far more important than the
cost.

3. WATERPROOFING MATERIALS

Basically, components which provide water insulation are called waterproofing materials. Depending
on their fields of application and properties, materials used in the waterproofing process are
classified in three different categories.

I. Waterproofing Mats

BitumenSheets: Oxide Bitumen Sheets, Polymer Bitumen Sheets (APP/SBS additive)

Synthetic Mats: PVC, EPDM, TPO, ECB/ECO, etc.

II. Application Based Materials

Cement-based materials

Acrylic -based materials

Bitumen-based materials

Polyurethane-based materials

III. Structural Waterproofing Materials

Construction chemicals

Jointmaterials

4. WATERPROOFING FIELDS OF APPLICATION

Terraces and roofs

Foundations and flooring

Walls and façades

Special applications

5. APPLICABLE STANDARDS AND LEGISLATION ON WATERPROOFING

TS 11758-1 (05.04.2002): Polymer Bitumen Sheets – for Waterproofing – Used in Combination with
Fusion Welding – Part 1: Properties

TS 3599 (13.11.1981): Guidelines on of the Design and Construction of Tightness Insulation Water
Tanks and Swimming Pools

TS 2988 (09.02.1978): Asphalt Glass Fiber Layer

TS 2999 (16.02.1978): Asphalt Metal Foil Layer

TS 2191 (30.04.1976): Asphalt Fiberglass Layer

Auxiliary Waterproofing Materials:

TS 13047 (30.04.2003): Bitumen Sheets – Used under SlopingRoof CoatingMaterials

TS EN 544 (14.11.2000): Bitumen Panels: Mineral or Synthetic Reinforcing

TS 12349 (16.12.1997): Corrugated SheetsandSpecial parts – Organic Fiber – Bitumen – Used in

Waterproofing with Roof tiles

5.1 Applicable Waterproofing Guidelines

TS 3128 (13.04.1990): Construction Guidelines for Soil Moisture Insulation in Buildings

TS 3440 (18.05.1982): Construction Guidelines for Concrete Exposed to Water, Soil and Gases with
Harmful Chemical Effects

TS 3647 (13.11.1981): Design and Construction Guidelines for Insulation against Underground Water
in Buildings

TS 11758–2 (23.12.2003): Polymer Bitumen Sheets – For Waterproofing – Used in Combination with
Fusion Welding – Part 2: Application Guidelines

5.2 Legislation and standards in progress

tst EN 13707: Bitumen Waterproofing Sheets – Conveyor Bitumen Sheets Used in Waterproofing of
Roofs – Definitions and Properties

tst EN 13969: Bitumen Waterproofing Sheets – Underground and Moisture Insulation Mats –
Definitions and Properties

tst EN 13970: Bitumen Waterproofing Sheets – Water Vapor Control Mats – Definitions and
Properties

Types of Waterproofing the Building

Need & Importance
It is a dream for everyone to own a house of their own, even better when one can
witness the foundation being laid and see it take shape in front of them. But there is a
common problem for all – water seepage due to bad waterproofing.
 It hollows the whole structure of the building, causes long term problems ultimately
affecting the life of the overall construction. This blog is a one stop solution for all
types of waterproofing.

It will guide you through all the precautionary process, products and procedures of the
types of waterproofing in construction of your dream house.

 Foundation Waterproofing
 Basement Waterproofing
 Bathroom/Kitchen/Balcony/Chajja Waterproofing
 Terrace -Garden/Swimming Pool Waterproofing

Building Foundation Waterproofing

The foundation is the most important aspect in a building structure, one should take all
possible measures to ensure its longevity. The construction is built upon the
foundation and these can be of multiple types.
The strength and life of the house is directly dependent on the the foundation. The
most prominent and concerning problems – dampness and water logging. Moisture
in the soil around the foundation which later seeps into basement and provides an
ideal environment for mold formation.
 Mold Formation on Exterior wall
due to water.

Waterlogged Construction site.

Precautions to take before construction of

Foundation
Water logging
Waterlogged sites poses a great problem for the site engineer. There are various
methods of dealing with the situation which depends upon the depth of excavation,
depth of water table and many other factors. Some of the common methods are listed
below –

1. DRAIN CONSTRUCTION – (For shallow foundation) – Drains of suitable size

are dug up along the sides of the foundation trench. The drain collects the sub – soil
water in the trench and this can then be easily pumped out continuously. This is
an easy, low-cost method and does not require skilled labor.
2. DEEP WELL CONSTRUCTION – (Coarse/porous rock based soil) – 30 – 60cm
diameter wells are sometimes constructed at 6 – 15 m centers all around the site.
The water collected in the wells is pumped out continuously. This method can be
adopted for depths of excavation up to 20 m.
Special Methods
1. FREEZING PROCESS – (soil/gravel/silt) – This method is advantageous for deep
excavation foundations of bridges adjacent to water body. A cofferdam is
constructed by freezing the soil around the region to be excavated. Freezing pipes
are sunk into the soil along the periphery of the area. The layout plan is suggested to
be in a circular shape. Freezing liquid is then pumped into the pipes making the
region freeze. It becomes easy and safe to excavate. Commonly, projects use Salt
Brine and some exotic projects useLiquid Nitrogen. The excavation extent – 30m
2. CHEMICAL CONSOLIDATION PROCESS – (Water-logged land) Logged soil
is converted into semi solid and stabilize by the addition of chemicals such as soda
silicates and calcium chloride. This method is suggest to be used in only small
patch project that needs fast results.
3. ELECTRO OSMOSIS PROCESS – (Fine sand) In this process steel rod is
charged positively to act as electrode and sunk between well-points. Well-Points act
as negative points and when current passes through and water drains towards it,
later pumped out. Very Expensive method, rarely used.

Materials & Methods for Foundation Waterproofing

A. Foundation Drainage System
This is a basic setup in this type of waterproofing – perforated pipes running along
the perimeters of the foundation to an outlet outside in sunlight or a place where water
can be collected in a sump pit and pumped out. This system protects against any kind
of water contamination in the basement. The perforated pipes must be laid
between layers of gravel. There should also be a layer of fabric barrier on it before
putting the soil layer. The fabric and gravel prevents these pipes to clogging up with
time.
 Foundation/Drainage system of perforated
pipes.

 Note: Before laying the drain system, a layer of water proof solution must be
applied to the exterior wall.
B. Damp Proof Course (DPC)
DPC is a horizontal barrier on wall structure and its purpose is to stop moisture to rise
from the foundation into the structure. This layer is put between layers of walls and is
to be applied in both partition wall and the load bearing wall.
Process of DPC:

1. Clean and dampen the horizontal open surface, 15 cm above the highest ground
level nearby (level to which water splashes)
2. Mix Cement, Concrete and a Suitable Waterproofing compound in the ratio
1:1.5:3
3. Apply a layer of at least 25 mm thickness
4. After the mixture hardens – Apply the sealant solution layer (x1) horizontally and
after a 4 hour period (1x) vertically
5. This is to be applied to the full width, along all the walls of the
Foundation/Basement

Basement Waterproofing
The Basement and the Foundation are the places that require the most attention
because water can cause major problems. Water can crawl into wall spaces and create
a wet damp condition causing molds. This leads to unpleasant foul smell inside the
building. If this issue is left unattended, water logging scenario. This can cause
 property damage inside basements and poses a great threat to the electrical systems
which is commonly based in the lower levels. The lift mechanism system faces threat
form this causing rusting and total failure. Overall, the whole infrastructure will fail
due to these hazard conditions.

Image Source: waterproofers.in

Two methods used in basement waterproofing is the Positive(application on the same

side of hydro-static pressure) and the Negative(application on the opposite side of
water pressure) waterproofing.
 Positive Waterproofing: In this method, the surrounding perimeters to the building
structure is dug – about a meter deep(depends) and layers of waterproofing solution
is applied (horizontal x1, vertical x1). This is the best suggested way to protect since
the major cause of problem is water pressure from the outside during monsoons.
 Negative Waterproofing: This method must be used in extreme conditions when
there is no other way of performing the task from the outside. Cautions must be
taken that the materials used are not permeable and do not form honeycomb
structures. This application is not very reliable because when the water seeps in, the
proofing layer is not always flexible enough to adhere that much pressure.It has
been a trend by many contractors to use this method because of the ease and faster
application. But this must be avoided and Positive (outside) applications must be
undertaken.
 Already Constructed basements can also apply a layer of Kota – Patthar/Stone
tiles with Injection Grouting method.
Lift Pit & Sunken Area
Negative waterproofing method is commonly used because these structures are
commonly between other prominent structures and the surrounding areas cannot be
dug out. Also, it becomes to dismantle the lift structure. Hence, the layers of
waterproofing solutions are applied from the inside.
 INJECTION GROUTING – This is a process of filling cracks, voids of
honeycomb between wall layers. This re-strengthens the damaged part of the
structure. Grout is a liquid based flow able material of negligible shrinkage used to
fill the voids between wall joints or cracks with the use of pressure. Different types
of grout materials are used in different cases depending upon the original wall
material and the nature of the surrounding walls.
 Injection Grouting Process

TYPES Of GROUTING
1. Polymer – Polyester, Epoxy, Vinyl-ester, Polyurethane and Acrylic resins – used
for Anti seepage, underground structures.
2. Fiber-reinforced – polypropylene, Steel or Glass fibers mixed with Portland
cement – enhances flexural strength, impact resistance and ductility of the wall.
3. Cement – sand – Most popular grout due to low cost and availability. Not very
effectively strong.
4. Gas-forming- Aluminum and Carbon powder based grout with the cement liquor
– The gas formed due to material reaction pushes the grout mixture into unreachable
cracks. Very fast Process- experts only.
5. Sulfo-aluminate – Anhydrous(containing no water) sulfo aluminate mixed
with Portland cement – injected into walls. This method requires water
curing(wetting the wall) after hardening. The mixture then expands and fills all
voids. This method is better than gas forming because its easy.

Bathroom/Kitchen/Balcony/Chhajja
Waterproofing
The situation for these areas in the house has a completely different scenario. The
walls and the floors are wet all the time in one way or another. Since these rooms are
adjacent to each other, water leak through one room will ruin the other rooms and its
property. The essential thing here is that water only flows through drain pipes.
Waterproofing during construction will ensure you will never have to face any issues
later.

4 main areas are targeted during proofing – floor, shower splash zone, sanitary
fittings, tile joints and nahani traps/drainage pipes.

Material and Methods

Primary materials used in waterproofing these areas –
 Waterproof Sealant and
Tape

 Water seal Tape- PVC like tape – used to seal fixture/pipes inserts, permanently.
Use during pipe and fixture laying.
 Waterproof grout (mixture of cement concrete with waterproof solution)- A free
flowing, expanding grout. This fills gap between pipe inserts into concrete/ masonry
walls and floors. It is non-shrinking and fast setting material providing long lasting
water tight seal.
 Waterproof coat – Advanced performance – cementitious polymer based
waterproof coating. Highly elastic material providing up-to 1 mm of thickness from
2 coats -( x1 horizontal; x1 vertical)x2. It usually comes in per-measured
combination of liquid and powder – mixed in equal proportions. Brush apply to all
the areas, specially shower, under sink etc. Apply a layer of screed( leveled layer of
cement). Then the pipes and nahani traps are fixed with the support of brick bat
coba layer to keep them in position.
Tiles and other bathroom fixtures – fitted after 48-72 hours of hardening period.
 Waterproof sealant – An elastic based adhesive acrylic sealant – comes in a tube.
Applied to all the edges and corners – sinks and bathtub. Extra sealant is applied to
the floor level edges and chajja of windows and balcony because the water usually
retains at those places. CAUTION: Avoid using low quality white cement putty as it
tends to beak and get dirty with time.
 Primer – Adds protection after tiling and plastering of surface. A layer of acrylic
based primer. dry up time 4-5 hours. Primer fills any small gaps and cracks.

Common mistakes
Here are some common structure design flaws – Take care during construction.

1. Poor Design/Floor Preparation – The primary thing to take care is of the floor level.
It must not have any uneven suppression as water may collect in there in bathrooms,
balcony chajja. The level should be flat with a slight inclination towards the
drain. The inclination is important since it promotes self drainage of water. The
fixtures and drain outlets – carefully placed where most required. Clean all the dirt
and construction residue before process.
2. Layers – It is important to apply at least 2 opposite layers of proper waterproof coat.
Some contractors tend to save money and time and apply just 1 coat, which is
useless.
 Terrace Garden & Pool Waterproofing
Terrace area of the building has to endure the most of the nature’s harsh weather,
climate and heat. Monsoon plays a major part in this. the heat of the sun causes the
rigid surface to expand – causing cracks. Moreover, People now-a-days like to make
gardens and swimming pool on the terrace which adds up to the problem of water
leakage issues. Due to such constructions there is a need for additional care to take for
Terrace type of waterproofing. One of the types of waterproofing is terrace garden and
another type is terrace swimming pool. Both of the system need similar types of
waterproofing treatment. Differences mentioned below-

TERRACE GARDEN
Also called, roof garden, living roof green roof. CAUTION: Brick bat coba is not a
waterproof layer. It is one of the weakest types of waterproofing layer. The primary
roof construction must be based of concrete grout and flexible waterproofing
polymers.

Terrace Garden Waterproof -Layers

 Layer 1 – 30mm Foam shield – Sand cement and foam mixed in a special mixing
device.
 Layer 2- (x2- Coat – Horizontal/Vertical)Roof Sealant Liquid Adhesive based
solution. Dries up to form an highly elastic membrane.
 Layer 3- Geo-Textile Fabric– This separates water from soil so that soil does not
drain away.
 Layer 4- Concrete Screed – Smooth layer of concrete/cement – sand – 1.3.1.Slope
gradient 1:100( slope towards the drains to collect excess water).
 Layer 5- Pyro(Heat) Torch Shield Primer – Creates a layer for proper adhesion
of Torch Shield membrane.
 Layer 6- Pyro Torch Shield (Anti root) Membrane (x2- Coat –
Horizontal/Vertical) – Modified bitumen based membrane. Heated by gas blow
torches to activate the adhesion that sticks to layer 5. Anti root membrane is safe
from roots of the plants.
 Layer 7- Drain Boards – Is a proper channel for excess water in the soil to drain
out. Soil filter at the end of drain.
 Geo Textile Fabric – These are permeable fabrics which, when used in association
with soil, have the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect drain clogging.

TERRACE SWIMMING POOL

Terrace is a very common structure that people like to construct on their building, this
adds to the overall value as well and provide a great personal summer relief. The
Types of waterproofing method is a bit critical.CAUTION: Strong advise – not to
depend on brick bat coba roof to be waterproof. It is one of the weakest types of
waterproofing. The primary roof construction must be based of concrete grout and
flexible waterproofing polymers. Types of waterproofing methods and layers are –

Terrace Swimming pool Wate

 Layer 1- EPOXY Grouting – (Synthetic thermosetting polymers containing

epoxide) This layer fills all the cracks and the corners.
 Layer 2 – Primer – A protective layer that also adds to the foundation of
waterproofing.
 Layer 3- Fiber Mesh – Glass based fiber mesh that is extremely strong and rigid
against high temperature changes.
 Layer 4 – (x2- Coat – Horizontal/Vertical)Roof Sealant Liquid Adhesive based
solution. Dries up to form an highly elastic membrane.
 Layer 5- Plaster – Plaster layer that is based on concrete grout.
 REPEAT LAYER 2-5.
 Layer 6- Tiles –Swimming pool friendly tiles according to need and style of the
pool design.
 Layer 7- EPOXY Tile Grouting (Synthetic thermosetting polymers containing
epoxide) This layer fills all the cracks and the corners.
Moreover the most important thing is to find the right contractor. An experienced and
trustworthy person is needed. A sense of co-operation must exist between the client
and the project head. It is very important the the head must be able to understand and
interpret the needs and requirements of the client. All this must be done well under the
budget of the project. Think wise, choose well.
Introduction

This article considers the upgrading of existing basements, either as part of an

overall refurbishment programme, or as a project relating to only one part of an existing structure.

Nothing within the construction industry is totally without risk, and perfection does not exist. However,
when a structure is under a water head, that water will find the slightest defect and permeate
the structure.

It used to be thought that, where high water tables existed, waterproofing was best applied to the
outside of a structure, and it would only be applied internally if there was no other way, such as with
existing structures.

However, current thinking is changing. It can be shown that internally applied systems are capable of
withstanding significant heads of water, provided the structure to which they are applied is sound. It
has the significant benefit that, should problems occur, the system is accessible for remedial work.

By understanding the principle involved in waterproofing a structure, the risk of failure of a system can
be reduced to an acceptable level. Further, with a little thought, it is possible to design a system
where, should problems occur, remedial work can be carried out without excessive disruption.

What is a dry basement?

In order to function effectively, basements, whether they are in buildings under construction or
undergoing refurbishment, will need to achieve a level of dryness compatible with their usage.

What is dry?

Nothing is absolutely dry. Water, in the form of liquid or vapour, will always exist bound up in building
materials as well as in the air. However, a building will be perceived as being dry if the moisture
present does not present a problem for its inhabitants or contents.

For example, an underground car park at 75% relative humidity, but which has a few
minor damp patches in out-of-the-way corners and condensation on the walls, may be considered to
be dry. Whereas, an office, which has no visible dampness at all but has a relative humidity of 75%,
may be perceived as being damp, because papers could curl and the occupants would find the
atmosphere muggy.

Basement performance levels

Table 1 of BS 8102:2009 (Code of practice for protection of below

ground structures against water from the ground) defines performance levels for the dryness of
buildings in four grades, as follows:
 GRADE BASEMENT USAGE PERFORMANCE LEVEL

1 Car parking; plant rooms(excluding Some seepage

electrical equipment): workshops and damppatches tolerable

2 Workshops and plant rooms requiring drier No water penetration but

environment; retail storage areas moisture vapour tolerable

3 Ventilated residential and working areas. Dry environment

including offices,restaurants, leisure
centres, etc

4 Archives and stores requiring controlled Totally dry environment

environment

Table 1 does not define what it means by 'dry' environment or 'totally dry' environment for Grades 3
and 4, nor how much moisture vapour is tolerable for Grade 2.

However, it would be reasonable to assume that the dryness level required for the Usage Grades
could be summarised as follows:

 Grade 1 - Some leaks of water permissible. No requirement for relative humidity control.
 Grade 2 - No leaks permissible. There will seldom be a need for relative humidity control.
 Grades 3 & 4 - No leaks permissible. Relative humidity to be kept to a level appropriate for the
usage of the basement.

Vapour control

BS 8102 implies (it does not actually say so) that in order to achieve a Grade 3 or Grade 4
environment, a waterproofing system that will stop water vapour as well as liquid water must be used.
Nothing could be further from the truth.

Where water tables are low, it can be shown that for Grades 1, 2 & 3, the internal vapour pressure is
usually higher than the vapour pressure in the ground. In other words, watervapour will tend to move
out of the basement, not into it. It is only with Grade 4 that internal vapour pressure will usually be
 less than that of the ground, and then the difference in pressure is so small that vapour movement will
be negligible.

When water tables are high (BS 8102 says that for basements in excess of 4 m deep we must
assume water tables to be 1 m below ground level), water vapour will penetrate, but at such a low
rate as to be of no significance. For example, it can be shown that a Type B structure, 10 m x 10 m x
3 m, 300 mm thick, under a 10 m head of water and at 15°C internal temperature, will allow vapour
penetration at such a rate as to increase relative humidity by 1.5% in 24 hours, assuming that
the humidity is not removed during that time period. (Cementitious waterproofingsystems allow vapour
in at an even lower rate.)

Clearly, since building regulations require that air is removed several times an hour, this vapour
penetration is of no consequence.

Summary

To achieve an acceptable level of dryness in a basement, two distinct and separate functions need to
be carried out:

 Reduce lateral penetration of water to an acceptable level (Usage Grade 1) or stop it altogether.
(Usage Grades 2, 3 & 4). This is achieved by instituting the appropriate waterproofing procedures.
 Once tile appropriate heating has been installed, reduce relative humidity to an acceptable level
depending on the Usage Grade requirement. This is achieved by instituting the
appropriate ventilation, dehumidification, or air conditioning systems.

Product types

In basement refurbishment or upgrading situations, waterproofing systems will invariably need to be

applied internally. It is very rare that walls can be exposed to allow an external positioning of the
system and, on the few occasions when they can, it is usually impossible to apply the membrane
under the structure. For this reason, only internally applied systems are considered in this paper.

There are several generic waterproofing systems, but most of them cannot be applied internally
unless a loading coat, such as an internal brick or block wall, is constructed to keep them in place.
Whilst this has been quite frequently done in the past, it takes up a lot of space, and is uneconomical
compared with systems which do not require a loading coat. With better understanding of
fully bonded internal systems, and also the advent of cavity drain membranes, 'loaded' systems are
tending to give way to unloaded systems in upgrading situations.

Three systems which do not need loading coats are the cementitious coating, the multi-coat render,
and the cavity drain membrane.
Cementitious coatings

Cementitious coatings are premixed compounds comprising cement, graded aggregate and chemical
additives. They are supplied in powdered form to be mixed with water on site and applied by brush,
trowel, or spray, to form a coating between 1 mm and 3 mm thick. They can be applied directly to
a sound substrate, or they can be applied to a render basecoat previously applied to the substrate.
They can be polymer modified to improve adhesion, elasticity and flexibility. They are used
for waterproofing basements or water retaining structures by external or internal tanking, and for
sealing hairline cracks in concrete structures.

Cementitious coatings have no structural integrity of their own, and rely on the soundness of
the substrate to keep them in place. Cementitious coatings can be applied directly to concrete,
achieving an economical waterproofing system. On masonry, a render coat will normally need to be
applied, except in exceptional circumstances, such as when the substrate is new.

Multi-coat renders

These are cementitious renders and screeds modified with chemical additives. The
modified mortars are applied by conventional rendering or screeding techniques in several layers.
The mortars are usually batched on site, with the chemical additive being added to the mixing water.
The number of render layers and final thickness are dependent on the conditions likely to be
experienced and are specified by the relevant material manufacturer. They are used
for waterproofing basements or water retaining structures by external or internal tanking.

Both multi-coat renders and cementitious coatings are capable of being applied in very wet
conditions. Where flooding is occurring during application, accelerators and plugging compounds can
be used to enable the materials to be applied.

Like cementitious coatings, multi-coat renders rely on the soundness of the substrate to keep them in
place and working effectively.

Cavity drain membranes

These are high density polyethylene (HOPE) sheet materials, which are vacuum-formed to
produce domes which, when the sheet is fixed to the walls and/or floor, create a cavity between the
sheet and the substrate. Any water leaking through the structure is then diverted through the cavity to
preformed drains or sumps. This water is then allowed to drain away naturally, or is pumped away.

The membrane can then be finished by applying an appropriate plaster system, or by dry lining.
 Manufacturers of materials

There are several reputable and well established companies which manufacture and distribute the
above systems, and who have in place the appropriate quality control systems which ensure
consistency of the products.

These manufacturers are able to offer a high standard of technical backup, and they should always be
approached in the first instance for their product literature and, where appropriate, specific advice.
Most of them will also visit site if they are uneasy about a specification.

Summary

 In refurbishment situations, it is normal for waterproofing systems to be applied internally.

 Systems which need no internal loading coat are cementitious coatings, multi-coat renders, and
cavity drain membranes.
 The manufacturer of the chosen system should always be consulted for their literature and advice.

Surveying the structure

To design an appropriate waterproof system, the structure needs to be surveyed and assessed to
establish the following:

 The intended usage of the basement area.

 The existing form of construction.
 The existing ground conditions, e.g. height of water table, contamination.
 The suitability of the structure to accept the chosen system.

Once the above points have been established, the appropriate waterproofing system can be selected.

Intended usage of the basement area

This information will originate from the client. It must then be compared with Table 1 of BS 8102, to
establish the appropriate performance level.

The existing form of construction

BS 8102 describes three forms of construction, Types A, B & C.

Type A (tanked protection) structures have no integral protection against water penetration, and rely
totally on a waterproofing membrane to keep water out.

Type A structures may be constructed out of masonry or concrete. If a waterproofingmembrane was

included during construction, it may be found internally, but on older structuresit is more likely to be
found on the outside of the structure, or sandwiched between two skins of masonry or concrete.
[Above: Type A structures - tanked protection]

Type B (structurally integral protection) structures require the structure itself to be constructed as an
integral water-resistant shell. They will usually be constructed out of reinforced concreteto an
appropriate design code such as BS 8110 or BS 8007, which gives guidance on the grade
of concrete to be used and the steel spacing.

[Above: Type B structures - structurally integral protection]

Type C (drained protection) structures incorporate a drained cavity within the basementstructure.
There is permanent reliance on the cavity to collect groundwater entering through the fabric of
the structure, and direct it to drains or a sump for removal by drainage or pumping.

[Above: Type C structures - drained protection]

Existing ground conditions

Ideally, a thorough soil survey (to BS 5930) should be commissioned for the site where
the basement exists, if an existing survey is not already available. All too often, this stage is omitted
because of cost. However, on larger projects or where difficult conditions are known to be present,
a soil survey could save a lot of money and hassle.

Information required from the soil survey should include, as a minimum, details of the existing water
table, and any contamination of the groundwater or the soil itself.

If this information is not available, then it should be assumed that the water table will be high. (See BS
8102, Section 2, Paragraph 3.4.b.)

Samples from selected areas on the internal wall of the structure can be analysed
for contamination by aggressive substances.

Suitability of the structure to accept a system

Armed with the above information and after completing an inspection of the property itself, a decision
needs to be made as to whether the structure can accept an internally applied waterproofing system.

The following points need to be considered:

 If there are high water tables, will the substrate be sound enough to resist the induced tensile and
bending stresses?
 Further, will the structure be able to resist the uplift forces induced by a high water table?
 If an internal cementitious system is to be applied, is the substrate sound enough to prevent the
system from debonding?
 Is there any form of contamination within the structure or the groundwater which could affect the
long term durability of the system?

If there are doubts about any of the above, then a structural engineer should be consulted.

Selecting a generic system

Having investigated and established the form of construction and the soundness of the structure, the
following points need to be considered:

 If the structure is an externally tanked Type A form of construction and there is moisture ingress,
then serious consideration needs to be given to applying a completely new waterproofing system
internally.
 If the structure is an internally tanked Type A form of construction and there is moisture ingress,
then the point of ingress needs to be established. A decision will need to be made as to whether or
not the defects can be repaired. If not, then either the existing system must be removed and
replaced, or a cavity drain membrane can be considered, effectively turning a Type A form
of construction into a Type C.
 If the structure is a Type B form of construction but there is moisture ingress, then consideration
can be given to carrying out localised repairs. However, sometimes the leaks will act as pressure
release points and sealing them can cause hydrostatic pressure to build up externally, resulting in
moisture ingress elsewhere. If this occurs, then at some point consideration will have to be given to
applying either an internal waterproofingsystem, (turning the structure into a Type A form
of construction) or a cavity drain membrane (turning it into a Type C form of construction).
 If the structure is a Type C form of construction but there is moisture ingress, then an investigation
needs to be undertaken to establish why it is leaking. It could be that the cavities
and/or drains have become blocked, and simply unblocking them may rectify the situation. If not,
then consideration needs to be given to removing the existing cavity system and replacing it with
another internally applied system, although there may be several other options available,
depending on the form of cavity construction.

Having fully assessed the structure, a decision needs to be made as to whether

a cementitiouscoating, a multi-coat render, or a cavity drain membrane is to be applied. Any one of
the above systems can be applied equally effectively. However, the following points should be
considered before final selection:

 Concrete, and brickwork/blockwork with a suitable surface, can have a cementitiouscoating applied
directly without the need of additional renders. This can result in significant savings.
 Where speed is important and noise and disruption must be kept to a minimum, cavity drain
membranes are effective.
 Cavity drain membranes act as a vapour check, so care needs to be exercised to ensure
that interstitial condensation does not cause problems.

In addition to the above, where water tables are high the following points need careful consideration:
 Cementitious systems, because they are fully bonded to the internal face, will cause
the substrate to go into tension when water tables rise. If the substrate cannot accept the induced
tension, then consideration needs to be given to applying a cavity drain membrane. Alternatively,
the substrate can be structurally lined with concrete or shotcrete, incorporating a membrane on the
internal surface.
 Problems can arise where the groundwater carries high levels of aggressive contaminants, such as
sulfates. In these circumstances, an external membrane needs to be applied but, as discussed, this
is not usually practical. A convenient way around the problem would be to provide an internal
structural lining, which sandwiches a waterproof membrane between the old structure and the new
lining. A common way of applying the membrane is by 'reverse tanking', as described in
the Waterproofing Basement Design Guide.

If there is any doubt about the suitability of a particular system, the manufacturer of that system
should be contacted for advice.

Summary

 Establish the usage of the basement from the client, and establish the performance level required
from Table 1 of BS 8102.
 Establish the form of construction - Type A, B or C from BS 8102.
 Check ground conditions. If the level of water table cannot be established, assume it to be 1m
below ground level, or one quarter of the depth of the basement, whichever is the lower figure.
 Assess the structure's ability to accept the system under consideration. Will the substratego into
tension if water tables rise? Will the substrate accept this tension?
 Check to see there are no aggressive contaminants within the soil.
 Finally decide on the generic system. Will it work? Can a more economical solution be found?

Application methods

Application methods from different manufacturers will vary, so it is most important that the appropriate
literature is obtained for a specific system. The general principle to be remembered is that the
finished waterproof coating must form a continuous, unbroken membrane over the entire area being
treated.

Furthermore, it is most important that the finished coating forms a continuous envelopecompletely
encompassing the area affected by damp. Where internal structures such as stairsor partition
walls exist, they must be either included in the waterproofing if appropriate, or the system must be
taken behind and under them, where practical.

Wherever possible, services which need to enter the basement should be brought in at as high a level
as possible, preferably from above ground, and then surface mounted internally where it is brought
down to the basement. However, with existing basements, one is frequently faced with existing
service penetrations which cannot be moved. These services can be difficult to seal, and guidance
must be sought from the manufacturer of the chosen waterproofing system. When done in
accordance with manufacturers’ recommendations, they can usually be sealed without excessive
difficulty.
As with services, where fixings have to penetrate the waterproofing system, the manufacturer must be
approached for their recommendations. Fixings through fully bonded cementitioussystems are not a
problem provided they are done correctly. Manufacturers of cavity drain systems usually have their
own proprietary fixing systems.

Decoration

After lateral penetration of moisture has been stopped in a basement, it may need to
be decorated. Cementitious tanking systems are vapour permeable. Because vapour movement is
usually from within the basement out towards the ground, this is an advantage. However, there will be
occasions when the vapour movement is reversed, moving from the ground into the basement.

It is most important therefore, to ensure that any decorative covering over the tanking system is
sufficiently vapour permeable to prevent a build-up of humidity. If it is not, interstitial
condensation could occur within the plaster layer supporting the decoration and result in bubbling and
peeling of the covering.

Most people appreciate that gloss paints should never be used over a tanking system, but it is
commonly thought that water based emulsion paints are acceptable. It is true that at one time,
emulsion paints were sufficiently vapour permeable to not cause a problem. However,
advanced paint technology has resulted in much higher binder/pigment ratios, which are needed
when producing higher quality paints such as the Vinyl Silks and Vinyl Matts. The higher
the binder/pigment ratio, the higher the vapour resistance of the paint, and problems can sometimes
be experienced when these paints are used and they should be avoided in basements.

Trade Matt Emulsion paints have a low binder/pigment ratio, and are designed to be used over
new plaster. They have a high vapour permeability, which means that residual moisture in
new plaster can escape, and they are excellent for use in basements.

Mineral paints, which combine with the surface of mineral substances such as plaster or render, also
have a very high vapour permeability and are excellent in basements if a higher quality decoration is
required.

Since all paints are vapour permeable to a degree, specifiers of paints in basements are faced with
the problem 'Is this particular paint acceptable in a basement?' Only the paintmanufacturer is qualified
to provide a definite answer to the question, and they should be consulted wherever there is doubt.
However, this creates a new problem. Most paintmanufacturers do not know what vapour permeability
is required, as there are no standards to which they can refer. Furthermore, the problem is further
aggravated by the fact that different proprietary systems will tolerate differing degrees of vapour
resistance.
 The problem can be overcome by asking the paint manufacturer 'Would this paint be suitable for use
over new, damp plaster?' If the answer is a definite yes, then it is reasonable to assume that
the paint will be acceptable in the basement situation.

With cavity drain membranes, the same principles regarding vapour permeable decorationapply
unless environmental conditions are kept reasonably constant, in which case decorationswith a higher
vapour resistance can be tolerated.

Problem solving

With care, an effective waterproofing system is achievable. However, with the best will in the
world, defects in the structure are sometimes not visible or may have been overlooked,
and workmanship is not always as it should be.

Because internally applied systems are usually reasonably accessible, defects can usually be
remedied without having to resort to major structural upheaval. The most common problems which
occur with cementitious systems are:

 Breaks in the waterproofing such as cracks.

 Debonding of the system.
 Surface condensation.

The most common problems which occur with cavity drain systems are:

 Blocking of cavities and/or drains.

 Failure of pumps.
 Interstitial condensation.

When problems do occur, in the first instance they should be discussed with the applicator. However,
they do not always have sufficient background knowledge about the systems to be able to resolve all
problems, and so the technical department of the manufacturer should be contacted for further
assistance.
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