Stability in a power system has to do with the stability of the energy that is transport throughout the

network. The whole system needs to be balance at all time and in all places for it to work efficiently.
There are control strategies to maintain the reliability of the network when operating at different states.

There are 5 different types of states which a power system may operate, nevertheless the majority of
these states just notifies when there is a situation out of its normal range and that has to be deal with.

Power system operating states:

1) Normal state:
All the parameters within the network are at a normal range and the network is balance. The
network is able to withstand a contingency.
2) Alert: all the parameters in the network are still at a normal range and satisfied conditions, but
due to disturbances in the system, the network is weak. With the system weakened at a low
level it is possible for a contingency to happen letting the network into a emergency or in
extremis state.
3) Emergency:
This state can happen directly from the alert state if the voltages are low and the equipment is
exceeded overload. The system is intact and with the right control strategy, it can be restored to
a alert state.
4) In extremis:
This state can occur from the emergency state or directly from the alert system. This is cause if
the control strategies are ineffective or cascading outages causing a blackout in part of the
system and leaving possible to widespread.
5) Restorative:
This restorative state occurs when a control action taken to restore all system loads and pass on
to a normal or alert state.

Operating criteria for stability

To define that service is reliable, the network has to be intact at all time while be able to withstand a
great variety of disturbances. There are two type of contingency design:

Normal design contingency: are systems design to with stand particular disturbances in the systems that
have great probability of occurring.

Extreme contingency assessment: these contingencies have a low probability have happening but in a
situation where it does it creates massive amounts of damage and harm to the network.
Introduction to the power system stability problem

Power system stability: we say that a power system has stability when it operates in proper/normal
values. The network is operating in a state of equilibrium. A power system has stability when subjected
to a disturbance and it manages to return to an acceptable state.

Since the power system relies on synchronous machines to generate electricity, they have to maintain
all synchronous machines in synchronism. The instability can also happen while having synchronism with
all the machines. This will occur if there is a collapse of load voltage.

A way to evaluate the stability of the power system is to be concern of the behavior the system has
when subjected to a transient disturbance. This disturbance can be small or big, the small disturbance
are usually the one that most occur. The system must be able to adjust itself depending on the
disturbance to maintain in equilibrium.

2.1.1 Rotor angle stability

Rotor angle stability: is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a power system to remain
in synchronism. The problem in the instability here is the electromechanical oscillations inherent in
power systems.

Synchronous machine: this electromechanical machine receives the previous name because the
frequency of the stator electrical values are synchronize with the mechanical speed of the rotor.

Power versus angle relationship

The magnitude of the maximum power is directly proportional to the machine internal voltages and
inversely proportional to the reactance between the voltages.}

The stability phenomena

The stability phenomena is all about equilibrium between opposing forces. In the machines is the
importance to maintain the equilibrium between the inputs of the mechanical torque with the output of
the electrical torque while conserving a constant speed in the rotor. If this type equilibrium is perturb
this can cause the machines rotor to accelerate o deaccelerate.

In a case where a generator is rotating faster than another, the angle of the rotor will slightly advance
relative to the slower one. This will cause a angular difference leading to transfer the load from the slow
machine to the fast one. This will help to reduce the speed of the fast machine and hence the angle
separation.

We know that maximum power si transferred when there is existing 90°. If this angle increase this will
lead to a decrease of the power transferred.

For any situation, the stability of the system depends on whether or not the deviations in angular
positions of the rotors result in sufficient restoring torques. This means the stability will depend on the
conservation of the torque between rotors.

QUESTIONS
What does it mean by collapse of load voltage?

How do you obtain the power transferred from the generator and motor based on the triangle?

So the machines can transfer the maximum power it has to have an angle separation of 90° (only in the
particular case of two machines). How do they obtain the maximum power transfer when there is more
than two machines?