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GUIDANCE NOTES
COVER SHEET
GUIDANCE NOTES
LIST OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 GENERAL
SECTION 2 STORM WATER SYSTEM DESIGN
SECTION 3 SEWERAGE SYSTEM DESIGN
SECTION 4 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN
SECTION 5 TREATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT SYSTEM DESIGN
SECTION 6 STANDARD AND TYPICAL DRAWINGS
The first issue for implementation of each section of the DSM will be at
Revision 00. Subsequent revisions will be at 01, 02 etc. Future revisions to the
DSM will be managed through annual review meetings when minor comments
gained from experience of using the DSM and new technologies developed by the
department/consultants will be incorporated in the DSM as discussed and agreed
at the annual review meetings.
The DSM PDF document opens with the separate section bookmarks as identified
above to the left of the screen and the DSM cover sheet at 100% magnification to
the right of the screen.
The contents of each section are also bookmarked and are shown by clicking on
the + sign to the left of the section bookmark. The contents can be removed by
clicking on the – sign to the left of the section bookmark.
Navigation through the DSM PDF document can also be achieved by clicking on
the underlined section number in the list of contents section of the document.
This will take the user to the cover page of the section. By scrolling down to the
table of contents page for the section and clicking on a clause within the table of
contents the user will automatically be taken to that part of the DSM PDF
document. To return to the list of contents click on the back to previous view
arrow in the tool bar or use the document drop down menu.
The standards and typical drawings can also be accessed by clicking on the
underlined drawing number in Section 6 of the DSM. To return to the DSM PDF
document click on the back to previous view arrow in the tool bar or use the
document drop down menu.
LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 GENERAL 00
SECTION 1
GENERAL
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER SHEET..................................................................................................................... 1
DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET .......................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ 3
1.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 5
1.1.1 SCOPE.................................................................................................................. 5
1.1.2 CONTENTS AND ARRANGEMENT...................................................................... 5
1.2 RELATED DOCUMENTS...................................................................................... 5
1.3 MANUAL UPDATING............................................................................................ 5
1.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS................................................................................ 6
1.4.1 DESIGN LIFE........................................................................................................ 6
1.4.2 DESIGN INFORMATION....................................................................................... 6
1.4.3 SITE INVESTIGATIONS ....................................................................................... 6
1.4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ................................................................................. 6
1.4.5 CLASSIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE AREAS ................................ 6
TABLE 1 – SOURCES OF HAZARDS................................................................... 7
TABLE 2 – AREA CLASSIFICATIONS.................................................................. 9
1.4.6 FORMATION OF ODOROUS COMPOUNDS ..................................................... 14
TABLE 3 – ODOUR CONTROL GUIDELINES .................................................... 16
1.4.7 ENCLOSURES, COVERS AND ODOUR TREATMENT...................................... 25
1.4.8 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN DESIGN.................................................................... 27
1.4.9 VALUE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE ENGINEERING ....................................... 28
1.4.10 COST CONSIDERATION & FINANCIAL EVALUATION ..................................... 29
1.4.11 SPECIFICATIONS .............................................................................................. 31
1.4.12 DRAWINGS ........................................................................................................ 31
1.4.13 STRUCTURAL DESIGN...................................................................................... 31
1.4.14 CONCRETE STRUCTURES ............................................................................... 32
1.4.15 STEEL STRUCTURES........................................................................................ 32
1.4.16 DESIGN PRESENTATION.................................................................................. 33
1.5 MATERIALS........................................................................................................ 33
APPENDIX 1 – CLIMATIC DATA........................................................................................ 35
APPENDIX 2 – TYPICAL SEWAGE ANALYSIS................................................................. 36
APPENDIX 3 – TYPICAL GROUNDWATER ANALYSIS .................................................... 37
APPENDIX 4 – TYPICAL POTABLE WATER ANALYSIS .................................................. 38
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 SCOPE
The Design Standards Manual (DSM) is for use by design consultants in carrying
out the design of projects for the Sewerage Directorate. It presents guidelines for
the design but it does not include design theories and methods of calculation but
provides local practices and criteria to be adopted.
Where any deviation from these criteria is considered necessary by the designer,
the Directorate shall be consulted and their approval obtained.
Copyright of the DSM in its current format is the property of the Directorate and it
may not be reproduced in any format without express permission of the
Directorate.
Use of the DSM does not absolve design consultants from their normal
responsibilities. It is meant as a guide and should be used only by competent
practitioners, with due diligence.
• General.
• Storm Water System Design.
• Sewerage System Design.
• Sewage Treatment Plant Design.
• Treated Sewage Effluent System Design.
• Standard and Typical Drawings.
Sections of the DSM will be revised from time to time and it will be the
responsibility of all design consultants using the DSM to ensure that they are
• Pipelines 50 – 60 years.
• Structures 25 – 30 years.
• Mechanical and Electrical Equipment 10 – 15 years.
• Instrumentation 3 – 5 years.
• Climatic Data.
• Typical Sewage Analysis.
• Typical Ground Water Analysis.
• Typical Potable Water Analysis.
• Typical Treated Sewage Analysis.
A description of the geology of Abu Dhabi and the requirements for site
investigations is given in the Geotechnical Design Manual.
Each installation shall be considered individually taking into account the civil
structure and the proximity of other structures and plant. Consideration shall also
The design process shall attempt to remove or reduce the need for hazardous
areas.
Gases and vapours are only potentially explosive when mixed with air in certain
quantities. Concentrations below the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) or above the
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) are not potentially explosive. For the purposes of this
guidance, the terms ‘flammable’ and ‘explosive’ shall be considered synonymous.
For an explosion to occur there must be a source of ignition. The most common
sources have been recognised as follows:
• Electric arcing
• Hot surfaces
• Flames
• Friction and sparking from mechanical equipment and ferrous tools,
manhole covers etc.
• Electrostatic discharges
• Spontaneous ignition.
The classification tables listed below include common items of plant relating to
surface water and waste water treatment.
The default zone classification may not necessarily be correct for every zoning
exercise. Consideration shall always be given to site specific ventilation,
structures and businesses that discharge (or could potentially discharge)
chemicals into the sewerage system, which may change the extent of the zone or
increase its severity.
Zone 0 Zone 1 Zone 2 Flammable Material; Source, Ventilation, Process Conditions, Reasons,
PEXA Drawing, Other Relevant Details
Specific guidelines for different stages in wastewater and sludge treatment are
given in Table 3 below.
Sewerage system • Use gravity system rather than rising • Chemical dosing
mains • Seal manholes
• Ensure adequate velocity to prevent
deposition of grit and sediments
• Minimise turbulence, sharp bends and
drops
• Ensure adequate ventilation of gravity
sewers
• Minimise length of siphon sections
• Minimise length of rising main sections
• Seal manholes at discharge points
• Discharge at low levels to minimise
turbulent drops
• Minimise retention time in sumps
• Ensure grit and screenings can be
removed from sumps (e.g. good
benching, access for pumping out)
Pumping stations • Reduce the height of hydraulic drops • Provide OCU if identified • Pumping stations can be a
into sumps problem source of odour release
• Minimise operational volume of sumps due to turbulence, and
• Provide sufficient slopes and benching odour formation if sumps
so that there is no accumulation of rags are oversized or if
or sediments sediments can accumulate
Inlet discharge – rising • Do not locate near sensitive boundary • Chemical dosing to upstream • Sewage can become very
main/septic • Minimise turbulence at discharge points, sewerage system, nitrate salts, septic in rising main sewers
including at intermediate pumping or STW, iron salts with consequent impact on
stations and all downstream locations • Minimise turbulence of odours at intermediate
prior to secondary treatment stage discharge pumping stations and the
• Cover channels, sumps, detritors, • Cover channels and sumps discharge point. Sulphide
screens receiving pumped sewage • Ensure materials below covers will also cause corrosion
• Ensure materials below covers are resistant to sulphide/sulphate and will pose a health and
resistant to sulphide/sulphate attack attack safety risk to workers
• Vent from below covers to OCU
• Consider using gravity
sewerage system with lift
stations rather than long rising
mains
Inlet discharge - gravity • Install away from sensitive boundary • Minimise turbulence of • Sewage smells even when
• Avoid cascades and other areas of discharge fresh and draws air along
turbulence • Covers and OCU the sewer which may be
• Keep channels non turbulent, minimise unpleasant. Turbulence
bends exacerbates release of
• Ensure liquor/returned storm odour
sewage/imported wastes discharged at
low level to reduce splashing
Imported wastes and • Discharge at low level to covered sump • Treat displaced air in OCU • Imported wastes are
sludges or use close coupling • Connect tanker vents to OCU if generally odorous
• Locate tanker discharge point away air mixing employed
from sensitive boundary
Grit removal • Do not select aerated grit channels • Do not select aerated grit • Aerated grit channels can
• Ensure grit is washed channels lead to a significant release
• Cover unit of odours
• Ensure grit is washed
• Enclose grit conveyor and
classifier
Inlet screens and • Provide local covers and minimise • House screens in a building
screenings handling turbulence as far as possible actively vented to OCU
• Ensure materials below covers are • Provide local covers and
resistant to sulphide/sulphate attack minimise turbulence as far as
• Wash screenings possible
Storm/balance tanks • Ensure overflow weir is upstream of any • Use an effective cleaning • Discharges into tanks
liquors or tanker discharge system such as rotating jets. release odours unless at
• Discharge to base of storage tank to Operation should be stopped low level. The impact is
minimise splashing when the jet is exposed increased if the sewage
• Use an automatic system of discharging to the tank
return contains odorous wastes or
liquors
• Design to ensure tank and associated • Ensure associated feed and • Storm/balance tanks can
channels and pipelines can be return channels can drain back cause problems if sludges
completely drained of sewage, sludges, • Cover with air displaced during accumulate or if sewage is
sediments and debris filling vented to odour control retained for excessive
• Use an effective cleaning system such periods
as rotating jets • Cleaning is important, but
• Use an automatic system of return jet cleaners can cause
• Return storm/balanced flows odour release when the jet
downstream of the overflow weir and are is exposed
at low level in the channel to minimise
splashing
Primary tanks • Provide close-coupled pumped • Design without a primary • Primary sedimentation is a
desludging to avoid exposure of sludges sedimentation stage or very odorous stage
to the atmosphere • Provide covers vented to odour allowing septicity to develop
• Desludge frequently and remove control. Ensure materials below in sewage and sludges if
sludges at a low concentration to avoid covers are resistant to retained for excessive
excessive retention sulphide/sulphate attack periods with release mainly
• Design arrangement so that tanks can at PST weirs and
be removed from operation at times of downstream channels and
low flow to avoid excessive retention of from sludge withdrawal
sewage handling and treatment
• Minimise the height of drop over weirs
to reduce splashing
Lamella separators • Minimise need for manual cleaning of • Provide covers vented to odour • The level of septicity and
plates control. Ensure materials below odours developing is in
• Do not select systems that incorporate covers are resistant to proportion to the retention
sludge thickening within the unit sulphide/sulphate attack time
Activated sludge/ • Ensure adequate aeration and mixing • Cover distribution chambers, • At normal loadings,
membrane • Fine bubble aeration systems are inlet channels and anoxic zone activated sludge has a low
Bioreactors/ preferred to mechanical surface aeration areas odour level, decreasing as
sequencing batch systems • Minimise the loading rate the loading rate decreases
reactors • Use submerged or non-turbulent inlet • FBDA systems release
and outlet arrangements less aerosol and odours
than mechanical surface
aerators. There also is less
risk of septic pockets
developing
Submerged biological • Fluidised media preferred to fixed media • Cover and vent to odour control • Septic areas can develop,
aerated filters fixed or • Avoid turbulence at inlet and during particularly in fixed media
fluidised media backwashing systems
High rate biological • Cover and vent filter and effluent sump • Replace with an alternative • Can be a significant source
filters to odour treatment system. Draw air system or of odours due to the
from the base of the filter • Cover and vent by drawing air development of thick
• Do not co-settle sludge down to the base i.e. in the biofilms with release of
same direction and the sewage odours from the top of the
flow. Treat the vented air filter in the ventilation
• Ensure materials below covers
are resistant to
sulphide/sulphate attack
Picket fence thickeners • Cover and vent tanks to OCU, passive • Replace with mechanical • Odours in sludges and
and raw sludge storage may be sufficient. Toxic levels of thickeners sludge liquor strength
hydrogen sulphide will develop below • Active venting to OCU increase with storage
covers • PFTs can be a significant
• Site away from sensitive boundary source of odour formation
• Non-turbulent low-level inlet, outlet and with release of odours
supernatant discharge from: the surface of the
• Locate motors for mixers outside tanks, PFT, the overflow weir, the
use external pumps sludge liquor drainage
• Mix at low, rather than high, speed system and from
• Minimise the number of times that subsequent handling of the
sludge is handled before thickening sludge
Secondary sludge • Minimise retention prior to thickening • Cover tank, vent to OCU • Biological sludges are
storage • Aeration may be used to maintain odorous if they become
condition of sludge anaerobic
Mechanical sludge • Ensure that there is more than sufficient • Locally enclose and actively
thickening and capacity, including standby, so that raw vent to OCU
dewatering sludge does not back up in the system • A building may be required
• Minimise turbulence of liquor discharge
e.g. below belts, into sludge liquor
system
• Enclose, vent covers to OCU
• Minimise retention time of raw or
secondary sludges prior to thickening,
treatment and dewatering stages
Sludge liquors • Discharge at level to reduce odour • Chemical dosing e.g. using
emission permanganate or iron salts,
• Balance flow and composition may be used to reduce sulphide
• Return to secondary treatment, not release
primary or inlet, if imported sludges on
site
Anaerobic sludge • Ensure that there is more than sufficient • Chemical dosing of sludge with • Capacity is required to
digestion capacity iron salts to reduce sulphide prevent the risk of sludge
• Cover tanks, feed, mixing and take-off level in off-gas backing up in the system
points causing upstream odour
• Ensure the gas handling system is fully problems
operational. Whessoe valves, gas • Digester gases can contain
storage flare stack, CHP units and/or significant levels of H2S
gas engines which is oxidised by flaring
• If gas is not required for heating or or burning
engines, it should be flared
Aerobic digestion • Ensure that there is more than sufficient • Cover tanks and ventilate to • Odours will be released
capacity OCU during aeration of raw and
• Cover feed, mixing and take-off points secondary sludges.
• Inspection and access hatches will be required for repair and maintenance
purposes. Alternatively cover sections may be designed to be removable.
• Where possible, design should be such that equipment below covers can be
easily and quickly removed to minimise time when covers need to be
opened.
• Covers should be sealed as far as possible. Inspection /access hatches
should be sufficiently durable so that they continue to be effectively sealed
for the design life of a piece of plant.
• Overflow and discharge pipes should be designed and constructed to
prevent a route for air under covers being discharged to the atmosphere.
All buildings containing sewage or sludge processes will need some form of
ventilation to avoid build up of potentially hazardous (explosive or toxic)
atmospheres. Where housing is close to the STW, this ventilation air will require
odour treatment.
Design of the ventilation and odour control system may need to take in to account
the handling of potentially hazardous gases, and the zone requirements of the
area in which it is installed.
Odour releasing units (such as screens or belt presses) within a building should
be locally enclosed, and a proportion of the required ventilation air drawn from the
body of the building towards the odorous unit to ensure odours do not escape into
the body of the building.
The siting of stacks and emergency vents should be away from potential
complainants.
The choice of odour treatment process and the number of treatment stages
depends on:
Post treatment of vented air or lightly odorous air by ducting to the activated
sludge process should be considered.
Post treatment of ventilation air for example using carbon should be considered at
sensitive sites and at pumping stations.
The same technology should be used throughout a site, for ease of operation. At
existing sites, existing technology should be duplicated.
The designer must be aware of all his responsibilities in the design and detailing
of a project and shall:
• Ensure that any design he prepares and which he is aware will be used for
the purposes of construction work includes among the design
considerations adequate regard to the need:
• Ensure that the design includes adequate information about any aspects of
the project or structure or materials (including articles or substances) which
might affect the health and safety of any person at work carrying out
construction work or cleaning work in or on the structure at any time or of
any person who may be affected by the work of such a person at work.
• Co-operate with the planning supervisor and with any other designer who is
preparing any design in connection with the same project or structure so far
as is necessary to enable each of them to comply with the requirements and
prohibitions placed on him in relation to the project by or under the relevant
statutory provisions.
Value management:
Value management reviews should be carried out throughout the project life cycle,
as set out in the value management plan, and the number required will depend on
the project complexity. The reviews should generally follow the following
sequence:
The ability to add value is at it’s highest during the early stages of a project and
reduces rapidly as decisions are taken and work implemented.
The cost of adding value is at it’s lowest at the outset but increases rapidly as the
project progresses. The aim should be to focus on the 20% of the project that
accounts for 80% of the total project cost.
Civil works cost estimates may be built up using local rates and allowing further
margins for overhead and profit of any overseas involvement.
Major mechanical and electrical equipment cost estimates can be obtained from
international suppliers of equipment. Allowances must be made for shipping
costs, installation, overhead and profit and local agents’ costs. These can more
than double the base price.
• Project complexity.
• Levels of competition.
• Current and international workload.
• Unusual project scope.
• Operations expenditure.
• Labour.
• Power.
• Chemicals.
• Sludge disposal.
• Maintenance and spares.
Currently labour costs are generally low therefore high manning levels are
acceptable.
Chemicals can be difficult to obtain and can be expensive. They will be required
for certain processes but if their use can be avoided it is desirable.
Maintenance costs should be based on 1% of the capital value of the plant costs.
Net present value (NPV), or discounted cash flow (DCF), calculations are a
method of comparing capital and operations costs over a period to determine
which has the lowest overall value. In essence all costs are reduced back to
present day prices.
Capital costs for expenditure in the first year, year 0, are the actual costs whereas
costs for future capital expenditure e.g. phased construction or replacement of
plant are represented by the sum which invested now would build up to the capital
sum needed in the future.
Operations costs are represented by the present day sum that invested now will
enable the annual running costs to be paid and reduce to zero at the end of the
term.
1.4.11 SPECIFICATIONS
The basic specifications for use on projects are the General Specification for Civil
Works and the General Specification for Mechanical and Electrical Works. Where
used in contract documents they shall remain unaltered and may be referred to
without the need to incorporate as hard copies into all documents.
1.4.12 DRAWINGS
A complete list of standard and typical drawings is given in Section 6 of the DSM.
The standard drawings should be used in their original format without alterations.
Where used in contract documents their numbers shall remain unaltered and may
be referred to without the need to incorporate as hard copies into all documents.
• Imposed loadings.
• Clear cover to main reinforcement.
• Concrete properties.
• Protective methods used for concrete.
• Reinforcement properties and coating.
• Safe allowable bearing capacity of soil, soil report to be attached.
• Pile foundation arrangement where appropriate.
• Types of structures.
• Dewatering requirements.
• Concrete curing methods.
• Formwork removal notes.
Both the working stress and the ultimate stress methods of calculation are
acceptable but it should be in accordance with the recognised standard.
Drawing format as specified in the CAD Manual shall be adopted for all design
projects.
All drawings are to be signed by a professional engineer and two initials of the
draughter, designer and checker must be included as appropriate in the title
block.
• Cover sheet.
• Index of drawings.
• Location plan.
• Project drawings.
• Standard drawings.
The Consultant has total responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the
plans, calculations and related documents as required under the scope of work.
1.5 MATERIALS
Materials shall be chosen which result in the least maintenance and are not prone
to decay by weathering or corrosion causing structural deterioration, leakage and
infiltration.
Established International Standards and guides such as ASTM, BS, EN, ISO and
WIS should be followed in the selection of and specification for construction
materials. Ideally the material product should be covered by an established ISO
9000 Quality Control system and wherever possible a third party quality
assurance scheme.
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Temperature Degree C
Mean Dry Bulb for Month 19.8 20.7 23.1 27.1 29.4 32.0 30.9 33.5 30.9 28.9 25.3 22.0
Daily Ave. Max. 24.4 25.3 28.5 33.4 36.7 38.5 41.3 39.2 37.3 35.7 30.1 26.3
Daily Ave. Min. 15.2 14.5 19.6 22.0 23.6 27.4 31.1 29.8 26.7 23.0 20.3 16.9
Absolute Max. 30.1 32.7 39.8 41.7 41.9 44.6 44.8 45.5 43.0 39.6 36.7 31.3
Absolute Min. 12.0 10.5 13.2 15.6 18.6 24.5 26.5 26.0 24.7 21.0 15.4 13.3
Ground Min. Daily Ave. 13.2 13.0 15.7 19.7 21.3 25.6 30.2 28.9 24.9 21.0 18.7 15.1
Absolute Ground Min. 9.0 8.3 11.6 13.3 15.7 22.8 24.5 24.6 21.8 17.8 13.9 10.4
Earth 50cms. Daily Ave. 25.2 24.4 25.8 29.4 31.5 34.7 36.8 36.8 36.5 34.1 30.8 27.5
Earth 100cms. Daily Ave. 26.8 25.7 26.1 28.6 30.5 33.2 34.9 34.9 35.8 34.2 31.8 29.0
Relative Humidity %
Mean RH for Month 68 65 56 50 55 58 57 66 67 65 63 68
Daily Ave. Max. 83 88 82 71 79 80 79.3 84.7 85 86 78 85
Absolute Max. 100 100 100 84 97 91 92 92 94 100 9 10
Daily Ave. Min. 51 43 36 28 28 33 32.8 42.2 41 29 45 5
Absolute Min. 37 15 10 13 11 17 17 13 13 16 1 27
Wind Speed (46' above
ground) Knots
Mean Wind for Month 7.2 6.5 7.4 8.2 7.3 8.5 8.9 8.8 7.9 7.3 8.1 6.9
Absolute Max. (for at 24.0 32 31 27 25 27 26 25 22 19 23 32
least 10 mins)
Highest Gust 30.0 45 39 39 32 33 30 34 30 25 29 30
Precipitation (Rainfall)
mm
Total Amount Nil 20.1 0.8 2.7 TR Nil TR Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.3
Max. for any one day Nil 10.5 0.7 2.1 TR Nil TR Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.3
No. of days with Rain Nil 5 2 4 2 Nil 3 Nil Nil Nil Nil 1
Atmospheric Pressure
mbs (MSL)
Mean for Month 1019 1018 1014 1010 1006 999 997 997 1005 1012 1016 1019
Cloudiness-Oktas
(Eighths of Sky)
Total Cloud-Mean for 1.8 2.6 1.8 2.7 0.6 0.8 2.1 1.4 0.8 0.3 1.0 1.6
Month
Low Cloud (8000) - Do 1.4 1.5 0.8 0.5 0.1 Nil 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 1.0
Evaporation mm
(Standard Piche)
Total for Month 464 413 517 404 482 N/A 456 382 316 339 30.9 24.8
Max. for 24 hours 28.1 28.0 29.0 25.0 28.5 29.0 24.2 19.3 16.5 16.10 19.8 17.0
Solar Radiation mls
Total Distillation of Water 306 354 506 501 607 637 537 515 507 487 363 313
Maximum Distillation of 14.2 16.6 22.4 21.2 24.5 21.6 22.8 20.1 19.3 23.2 15.2 16.0
Water for 24 hours
Visibility (vis 1000m in
24 hours)
No. of Fog Days 7 7 4 Nil 2 Nil 1 1 2 6 Nil 7
The following is typical sewage analysis, as recorded at Mafraq sewage treatment works
inlet, during the period January to December 1998.
Legend to Appendix 2
The following are typical analyses of groundwaters that have been encountered in Abu
Dhabi.
The following is typical potable water analysis, based on data from Umm al Nar desalination
plant.
PH 8.3 - 8.8 -
Conductivity 250 - 500 µ S/cm
Total alkalinity as CaC03 20 - 30 mg/l
Hardness as CaC03 20 - 35 mg/l
Chloride 60 - 120 mg/l
Sulphate 5-7 mg/l
Residual chlorine 0.4 - 0.8 mg/l
Calcium 8 - 15 mg/l
Magnesium 4-7 mg/l
The following is typical sewage effluent analysis, as recorded at Mafraq sewage treatment
works outlet, during the period January to December 1998.
Legend to Appendix 2
1. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Established International Standards and guides such as ASTM, BS, ISO, WIS,
and WRC should be followed in the selection of and specification for construction
materials. Ideally the material product should be covered by an established ISO
9000 Quality Control system and wherever possible a third party quality
assurance scheme.
2. MATERIALS SELECTION
General
3. PIPES
Good guidelines to follow are WRC Pipe Materials Selection Manual and EN
1295-1:1997 Structural design of buried pipelines under various conditions of
loading.
The material for a pipeline must be selected to suit the liquid being conveyed and
the installation conditions.
General guidelines on the selection of pipe materials and the properties of pipe
materials are given in the tables below.
SUITABILITY OF PIPE MATERIALS FOR USE IN STORM WATER, SEWERAGE AND TREATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT
Pipe Class Storm Water Sewerage Treated Sewage Effluent Manufacturing Relative Cost
Material Base per m
GRP Flexible Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes UAE Medium
HDPE Flexible Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes UAE Medium
Specification ISO 2531 ASTM C128 ASTM D1447 ASTM D1784 ASTM C700
ISO 8179 ASTM D3262 ASTM D3035 ASTM D1785 BS 65
AWWA C400 DIN 8074 ASTM D2241 BS EN 295
Coating BS 486 ISO 4427 ASTM D2665 DIN 1230
BS EN 545 BS 5480 BSEN 1452-2
BS EN 548 ISO R160 ISO 11922-1
Jointing Push fit Push fit Butt fusion Push fit Push fit with
spigot and rubber welding, spigot and rubber
socket, gasket collar Electrofusion socket, gasket
Flanged joint, , Flange Solvent
joints Spigot and welding
socket with
gasket,
Slip on collar
flange
Trench Wide trench Wide trench Narrow Wide trench Wide trench
required trench
Hydraulic High Low frictional Low frictional Low frictional Low frictional
properties frictional loss, low loss, low loss, can be loss
loss, pumping cost pumping cost susceptible to
High fatigue, surge
pumping cost failures have
been known
Surge head High surge Medium Low wave Medium Not suitable
pressure surge velocity, surge for pumping
pressure Less surge pressure
pressure
Test pressure times 1.5 times 1.5 times 1.5 times Air/gravity
operating operating operating operating test
pressure pressure pressure pressure
Treated sewage GRP, HDPE, HDPE, MDPE, HDPE, MDPE DI, MDPE,
effluent MDPE, VC PVCu, VC HDPE
A buried pipe and the soil surrounding it are interactive structures. The extent of
the interaction and hence the magnitude of the pipe loads arising depends on the
relative stiffnesses between the pipe and the pipe bedding and native soil. Pipes
are generally classed into rigid, semi-rigid or flexible, depending on the degree of
this interaction.
Rigid pipes are those where due to the nature of the pipe material, only very small
diametrical deflections are possible before fracture occurs at a well defined
limiting load. These deflections are too small to develop significant lateral passive
pressure in the pipe zone fill material due to external vertical loading. Thus all the
external load is taken by the pipe itself and bending moments are induced in the
pipe wall. The design of rigid pipes is based upon the concept of a maximum
loading at which failure occurs. Some examples of rigid pipe are reinforced
concrete pipe (RC), vitrified clay pipe (VC) and asbestos cement pipe (AC).
Flexible pipes are capable of being distorted sufficiently without failure to transmit
virtually all vertical load to the surrounding pipe zone fill material for lateral
support; the proportion of the load resisted by the pipe wall itself is very small.
Flexible pipes are designed on the basis of maximum acceptable deflection, or
strain induced in the pipe wall and resistance to buckling under load. The ability
of the pipe zone material to provide support is a function of its stiffness, or
modulus of reaction. Some common flexible types of pipe are un-plasticised
polyvinyl chloride pipe (PVCu), polyethylene pipe (PE), glass reinforced plastic
pipe (GRP) and glass reinforced epoxy pipe (GRE).
Pipe Bedding
The selection of the proper type of bedding and surround material is important in
the long-term integrity and performance of both rigid and flexible pipes.
Although rigid pipes support vertical loads mostly through their inherent strength
and little support is generated by the horizontal soil reaction, nonetheless the
selection of an appropriate pipe bedding installation can significantly increase its
load bearing capacity by ensuring a more even distribution of vertical loads onto
the pipe itself and also by transmission of the load by the pipe to the trench
formation beneath.
There is a much greater interaction between flexible pipes and the pipe zone
material. The integrity of a flexible pipe is therefore critically dependent on the
width and degree of compaction of the pipe bedding material and the stiffness of
the native soil. A flexible pipe should be totally surrounded with granular bedding
material. Sufficient trench width each side of the pipe is essential to allow correct
placement and compaction of the granular bed and surround. Incorrect placement
will lead to distortion of the pipe walls. A geotextile membrane is often employed
to avoid loss of fines from the native soil and/or to stiffen up the pipe zone
material.
Joints
Flanged joints for rigid connections are normally employed for above ground use
and within pumping stations. Cautionary notes should accompany any joints
between GRP and DI flanged pipes/fittings as the correct bolt tightening sequence
should be followed to prevent damage. Nuts, bolts and washers should be
specified to suit the prevailing conditions e.g. stainless steel in wet and/or
corrosive environments.
For buried pipelines it is important to allow for some movement of the pipeline
which occasionally occurs through differential settlement of the soil. There are
three principal types of flexible joint:
Push fit spigot and socket joints comprise a belled end integrally formed at one
end of the pipe. This has a slightly enlarged internal diameter sized to receive the
spigot end of the next pipe. Sealing of the joint is achieved with flexible
elastomeric gaskets which allow a limited degree of angular rotation and
longitudinal movement without risk of leakage or fracture.
A sleeved coupling comprises a short cylinder into which the machined ends of
the two pipes are inserted. Sealing is affected by two elastomeric gaskets, one
for each end of each pipe, which also allow movement of the joint. The sleeve
can have a raised ring, or central locating register on the inside to ensure that the
pipes are correctly inserted.
Bolted couplings comprise a cast iron or steel sleeve which is located over the
ends of the two pipes to be joined. Detachable flanges, located outside the
sleeve are bolted together compressing rubber gaskets on the outside edges of
the sleeve to effect sealing of the joint.
All metal parts should have a protective coating e.g. fusion bonded epoxy or
nylon.
Joints can also be formed by solvent welding (PVCu pipes) and in-situ lamination
(GRP pipes). The pipes themselves are flexible and can accommodate limited
differential settlement through longitudinal bending.
For HDPE pipes and fittings two types of fusion welding of joints is available butt-
fusion welding and electrofusion welding. The latter method is expensive and
should be avoided where possible. Universal mechanical couplers are also
available particularly for jointing HDPE to pipes/fittings composed of different
material. Flanged joints can also be formed, generally comprising a slip-on
galvanised mild steel flange restrained by an integral stub return on the pipe end.
4. STRUCTURES
Structures within the networks are usually constructed using concrete, either in-
situ poured or with pre-cast elements or a combination of both. Concrete is a
relatively cheap material produced locally using locally sourced materials, cement,
aggregates, clean water, admixtures etc. Approved readymix companies and pre-
cast yards should be selected to provide concrete. Auditing of the facilities is
essential to verify that a quality product is supplied.
• For fresh concrete bleed, setting time, slump and slump retention,
temperature, bulk density.
• For hardened concrete 7 & 28 day compressive strength, density and
durability tests such as rapid chloride penetrability (RCP) test to ASTM
C1202 and /or Water penetration to BS EN 12390-8.
Testing should also be conducted on constituent materials within the concrete mix
e.g. aggregates, water, cement, admixtures, mineral additives to the relevant
standards.
In addition to trial mixes, site dummy trials should be carried out to assess the
ability of the contractor to work and compact the proposed mix designs and the
equipment he will use. The dummies should reflect the structural designs e.g.
shutter material and releasing agent, reinforcement type and spacing, spacers to
be used, wall and floor/base dimensions, curing regime, striking shutters. The
dummy and cubes from the same mix should be cored at 7 and 28 day age and
tested for compressive strength, RCP, Water Penetration and water absorption.
The results should be compared to cube trials. In the event of a dispute on placed
concrete quality, the structure can be cored and tested and the results compared
to the trial.
The dummies should be assessed for finish and defects. The dummies can also
be utilised to provide surfaces for further site demonstrations e.g. repair materials,
coatings, tanking. For tanking demonstrations, pipe entries should be introduced
into the dummy to demonstrate the contractor’s ability to successfully overcome
this detail.
Care should be taken as to the temperature of water being used in the mixes.
Most readymix companies have chillers and large capacity reservoirs to keep
o
water below 5 C, but in Middle East summer months the high temperatures
require the addition of ice to control the concrete temperature. This ice should be
flaked to allow access to more surface area and therefore to melt quicker.
o
Concrete temperature as delivered to site should not exceed 32 C, and no
o
concrete should be poured when ambient temperature is 40 C and rising. Care
should also be taken to shade reinforcement prior to pouring as the surface
o
temperatures of exposed steel can exceed 70 C.
could be assessed for use. Caution should be taken that curing compounds do
not affect any finish coats that are required.
All concrete used in construction work must have a certain strength, regardless of
its application. The strength of concrete lies in its ability to resist various types of
forces. These may result from applied loads, from the weight of concrete itself, or
more commonly, from a combination of both. However, a high strength alone
does not guarantee long-term performance of a concrete structure. The durability
of concrete is probably the single most important property.
The durability of concrete can be defined as its ability to resist weathering action,
chemical attack, abrasion, or any other form of deterioration. A durable concrete
should maintain its original form, quality and serviceability when exposed to
surrounding environment for a long service life. Water is responsible for many
types of physical processes of degradation. It also serves as the carrying agent
of soluble aggressive ions that can be the source of chemical processes of
degradation.
Tests and field experience have demonstrated that compressive strength is the
most important single factor controlling the physical degradation of concrete.
The British and American Standards governing Portland Cement classify several
different types of cement based on their chemical compositions. The differences
in chemical composition impart different properties to the cements.
Experience has shown that the maximum allowable proportion of C3A in cement,
which will not render itself to sulphate-related problems, about 5%. This sets the
upper permissible limit for SRC. Most other types of Portland cements, as
classified by international standards, have maximum C3A limit ranging from about
7% to 15%. Such proportions of C3A can be alarming, if the concentration of
sulphate ions is excessive. OPC has no specified limit on C3A content.
Therefore, it can contain significantly higher amounts of it and any concrete made
with OPC will be more susceptible to sulphate attack.
Another property of OPC which can have a detrimental effect on the performance
of concrete is the heat of hydration. Heat of hydration is the heat generated when
cement and water react. A key concern for concrete in the field is thermal
cracking. Because the cement hydration reactions are exothermic, large
temperature gradients of the order of 50°C may be generated within a concrete
structure. The large temperature gradients can cause thermal cracking. The
major components which contribute to the heat of hydration in Portland cement
are tricalcium aluminate, tricalcium silicate, tetracalcium aluminoferrite and
dicalcium silicate. The combined content of the aforementioned components of
cement are significantly lower in SRC than in OPC. Thus, as a consequence
SRC will generate less heat during the hydration process. No concreting should
take place at above 40°C.
There are five general types of cement classified by ASTM C 150. The five types
are designated as Type I through Type V with each classified for a particular type
of application based on its properties. OPC in designated as Type I and SRC is
designated as Type V.
Additives
The additives used to modify the properties of fresh and hardened concrete are of
the following general categories:
Additives may be useful for specific applications, but the claims made by
manufacturers of such products should be well supported with long-term, impartial
test results. This applies particularly to the permanence of the effects claimed.
Extensive field data indicates that most of the additives used to modify the
properties of fresh concrete, to aid in its ease of placement, such as water-
reducing agents, workability aids, and superplasticisers, do possess the
properties claimed and are beneficial. The other types of admixtures which
modify the properties of hardened concrete have frequently been controversial
with conflicting results, obtained by different parties involved in testing.
Additionally, the increase in unit costs of concrete associated with the use of such
types of additives cannot be justified, in most cases.
Cement Replacement
Protective Coatings
It is worth noting that in hot climates, problems can be experienced with the self-
adhesive type membrane. The bituminous compound softens in the heat when
exposed to direct sun light for long periods of time and the membrane will sag or
slide off vertical surfaces if not protected or backfilled soon after application. The
torch applied protective membrane is much more robust in this regard. The
membrane, whatever the type, should be protected by a suitable protection board
so that no damage occurs to it during backfilling operations.
For structures in splash zones such as headwalls, outfalls, etc. where exposure to
wetting and drying cycles are expected, the exposed concrete surfaces can be
coated with a protective coating, 200-500 microns thick, of a solvent free
polyamide epoxy coating or other suitable system such as an elastomeric aliphatic
acrylic on a silane-siloxane, impregnating, internal membrane-forming, concrete
clear sealant primer. Regardless of the system used, the coating system should
possess the following performance criteria, as a minimum:
Reinforcement Bars
protects the steel. However, the intrusion of chlorides and other ions can
undermine these protective qualities and may cause steel corrosion if oxygen and
moisture are also present. These conditions are commonly found in stormwater
drainage concrete structures which are constantly exposed to seawater and saline
groundwater. Chlorides may also be introduced into the concrete through
admixtures, contamination of concrete mix water or aggregates, or industrial
chemicals.
Other factors that influence the rate of corrosion include concrete resistivity and
permeability, temperature and depth of cover over the reinforcement. Cracks in
concrete and galvanic effects due to contact with dissimilar metals can accelerate
corrosion.
When steel corrodes it forms rust that occupies a volume much greater than the
steel itself. This exerts large expansive stresses on the surrounding concrete.
Because the concrete is low in tensile strength, these stresses cause cracking
and spalling, which, in turn, permits faster ingress of water, oxygen and chlorides,
accelerating corrosion further.
Epoxy coatings were first used on steel reinforcing bars on a bridge deck
constructed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1973. Since that time, it has been
increasingly adopted throughout North America, Europe and the Middle East for
reinforced concrete structures exposed to potentially corrosive environments.
Fusion-bonded epoxy coating principally protects against corrosion by serving as
a barrier that isolates the steel from the oxygen, moisture, and chloride ions that
are needed to cause corrosion. Epoxy coating also has a high electrical
resistance, which blocks the flow of electrons that make up the electrochemical
process of corrosion. In addition to serving as a circuit breaker, the coating
protects in a way that is less obvious by reducing the size and number of potential
cathode sites, which will limit the rate of any corrosion reaction that could occur.
Epoxy coating starts out as a dry powder. When heated, the powder melts and its
constituents react to form complex cross-linked polymers.
After blast-cleaning, the bars are heated to approximately 2300C. using electrical
induction heaters. The heated bars are then passed through a powder spray
booth where dry epoxy powder is emitted from a number of spray nozzles. As the
powder leaves the spray nozzle, an electrical charge is imparted to the particles.
These electrically charged particles are attracted to the grounded steel surface
providing an even coverage of the coating. When the dry powder hits the hot
steel, it melts and flows into the anchor profile and conforms to the ribs and
deformations of the bar. The heat also initiates a chemical reaction that causes
powder molecules to form the complex cross-linked polymers that give the epoxy
coating its beneficial properties. Following powder application, the coating is
allowed to cure for a short period of approximately 30 seconds during which it
hardens. To facilitate handling, the curing period is often followed by an air or
water quench that quickly reduces the bar temperature.
5. MANHOLES
Manholes are generally designed in both cast in-situ and precast concrete with
protective coatings on internal and external faces.
For sewage applications the internal liner must be corrosion resistant and
generally GRP with vinylester resin rich outer layer is used. For ease of
construction it has been found that use of double-skin GRP units as shuttering
has proved successful. The units can be manufactured in one piece for small
depths but generally come as separate units that have to be in-situ laminated
together.
6. MANHOLE COVERS
Manhole covers are used to provide access to manholes and chambers which are
typically constructed with a frame cast into the top opening area. Manhole covers
are then installed in the frames to be flush with the top of the structure. The
manholes are often located within road carriageways or footpaths and are thus
subjected to vehicular and pedestrian traffic. In addition to being capable of
withstanding applied loads, the covers must be durable.
For sewage manholes and chambers the frames need to be gastight and
watertight. This can be achieved by inclusion of a separate removal plate often
manufactured in GRP with an EPDM rubber seal.
Manhole covers are classified according to load classes in relation to the areas in
which they will be installed. BS EN 124 provides detailed requirements regarding
manhole covers. A durable coating should be applied to cast iron manhole covers
for long-term corrosion protection. The coating should be a solvent-free,
Step-irons and ladders are used to access manhole chambers for maintenance
and inspection. The steps or ladders are permanently attached to the internal wall
of the manhole chamber and upon removal of the manhole cover an operator can
climb down into the chamber. The steps or ladders must have sufficient strength
to resist point loads or pullout forces which may be imparted to it.
The top of the rungs should have a non-slip surface for safety reasons.
Furthermore to avoid failure during use it is of the utmost importance for steps
and ladders to be resistant against corrosion which can result from high
temperatures, humidity, chlorides and hydrogen sulphide gas where sewage
effluent is present.
There are several types of materials which are used for steps and ladders in
manholes which are discussed below.
Step-irons and ladders are manufactured from stainless steel or cast-iron which
are bolted or embedded into the concrete wall of the manhole to allow access.
There are various types of stainless steel available for use in construction. They
are more expensive than normal steels or cast-iron. Of the various types of
stainless steel available, austenitic steel containing nickel and chromium has the
greatest corrosion resistance for use in structural and civil engineering works.
The minimum grade is to be grade 316 S31 to BS 790 Pt. 1. It is durable in most
situations encountered in marine applications with the exception of anaerobic
conditions, which may occur due to marine growth and in stagnant conditions
where the oxygen supply is low. Under these circumstances, stainless steel,
owing to the breakdown of the protective oxide film, is subject to pitting and
crevice corrosion, a tendency that is increased in the presence of chlorides.
Access ladders for manhole chambers can also be manufactured from corrosion
resistant GRP. These are commonly manufactured by hand lay-up or pultrusion
methods. The ladders are normally fixed to the internal wall of the manhole
chamber by means of bolts embedded into the concrete or incorporated into GRP
internal liner. In the hand lay-up method of production, a mould is used to cast a
GRP laminate against it. A mould release agent is applied to the mould followed
by alternating layers of resin and glass fibre reinforcing with hardwood rails and
rungs until the desired thickness is achieved. The moulding is then allowed to
cure before release from the mould.
Quality of a material can be defined as the ability to satisfy defined, and implied,
needs. This will often include compliance with national or international standards.
Quality is rarely achieved without a formal system of controls being established,
and implemented. There are three main requirements to ensure that quality
standards can be achieved in a reliable and predictable manner:
END OF SECTION
SECTION 2
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER SHEET..................................................................................................................... 1
DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET .......................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ 3
2.1 STORM WATER SYSTEM DESIGN ..................................................................... 4
2.1.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................. 4
2.1.1.1 Overall System Planning ....................................................................................... 4
2.1.1.2 System Performance Requirements...................................................................... 5
TABLE 1 – PRIORITY GROUPS ........................................................................... 5
2.1.2 RAINFALL & RUNOFF .......................................................................................... 5
2.1.2.1 Storm Profiles........................................................................................................ 5
2.1.2.2 Storm Return Period.............................................................................................. 5
2.1.3 DESIGN ................................................................................................................ 6
TABLE 2 – DESIGN FLOWS ................................................................................. 7
2.1.4 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS................................................................................. 8
2.1.4.1 Flow Attenuation.................................................................................................... 8
2.1.4.2 Collection ..............................................................................................................9
2.1.4.3 Soakaways............................................................................................................ 9
2.1.4.4 Groundwater Control ............................................................................................. 9
2.1.4.5 Lifting Pumping Stations...................................................................................... 10
END OF SECTION.............................................................................................................. 10
2.1.1 GENERAL
Areas under consideration should be classified into the priority groups given in
Table 1 below to establish the level of service to be provided.
5 Open areas, parks and areas of infrequent use and not subject
to building flooding
In the case where the route of a drain travels through areas of differing priority,
the criterion applied to the upstream area of higher importance should be carried
through the downstream area of lower importance.
In the Gulf Region, storms are historically intense, of short duration and very
infrequent. Average annual rainfall in the Abu Dhabi area is generally less than
100mm and occurs on but a few days during the year between the month of
October and April.
Analysis of available rainfall records has produced graphs numbers 1 and 2 for
storm frequencies of 1 in 1 year to 1 in 100 years. Graphs are attached in
Appendix 1 to this section of the DSM.
For the most part of the year, the Abu Dhabi area has no rainfall and it would be
uneconomic to provide a system with a long return period except in very specific
locations.
In Abu Dhabi, storm drainage and foul sewerage are provided as separate
systems. The consequences of flooding in the stormwater drainage system due
to the design storm being exceeded is less of a health hazard than in a combined
system.
In addition, the mode and amount of rainfall allows ample time for draining away
the surface water.
2.1.3 DESIGN
• General:
a) 1 in 2 year generally
b) 1 in 5 to 10 years if area considered particularly sensitive or prone to
flooding
c) However, if a higher level of performance is considered necessary
then this shall be discussed and approved by the Directorate.
• Storm duration for the priority groups defined in Table 1 shall be as given in
Table 2 below.
1 Time of concentration
• Rainfall intensity:
• Runoff coefficients:
• Time of entry:
a) 5 minutes
• Hydraulic design:
a) Manning 0.013.
b) Colebrook-White 0.6.
c) Hazen Williams 140 for pipe diameters >500mm.
135 for pipe diameters< 500mm.
• Minimum velocity:
a) Pipes should be sized to take the design flow but with a minimum
diameter of 300mm. Oversizing in the upper reaches of the system
should be avoided as greater flows would be passed more quickly
when the design storm frequency is exceeded. This could cause
flooding in the lower reaches of the system at an earlier stage.
• Minimum gradient:
• Collection of runoff:
Oversized trunk sewers or controlled surface ponding in paved areas are most
suitable for urban areas where land is at a premium.
2.1.4.2 Collection
Wind blown sand is a particular feature of the Abu Dhabi region causing sand to
accumulate against road kerbs. Special measures need to be taken to prevent
the passage of sand into the system to minimise maintenance requirements.
The clearance rate should correspond to the level of service required for the
catchment area with kerb inlets spaced to suit.
Catchbasins should be provided at each kerb inlet and at bends in the collector
drains.
2.1.4.3 Soakaways
The mattress type has particular suitability where the ground water table is high.
A site investigation should be carried out to determine the soil gradation, structure
and density and hence infiltration rate.
The provision of low lift pump stations should be considered so that the drainage
system can be emptied for maintenance and to keep flow moving through the
system in conjunction with groundwater lowering.
• The determination of flow rates shall be based upon the design flow rates
calculated for the run-off area
• Odour control facilities shall not be required for surface water pumping
stations, but consideration shall be given to install more high powered water
jetting facilities than that normally provided for Sewage Pumping Stations.
This will allow for proper cleaning down of the Station before dormant
periods of the year
• Axial type impellers may be considered in addition to mixed flow type
• Screens and macerators are not required for storm water pumping stations
• Because storm water can contain significant quantities of sand, the design
of the sump shall ensure adequate provision to prevent the deposition of
sand
• The area of land required for storm pumping stations shall be considered on
a case by case basis and shall not comply with Table 4E of section 3.2.2.3
of this manual
Health & Safety requirements shall be as Section 3.3 of this manual - Sewerage
System Design
END OF SECTION
SECTION 3
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER SHEET..................................................................................................................... 1
DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET .......................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ 3
3.1 SEWERAGE SYSTEMS........................................................................................ 5
3.1.1 SEWERS .............................................................................................................. 5
3.1.1.1 Design Requirement.............................................................................................. 5
3.1.1.2 Design Capacity .................................................................................................... 5
3.1.1.3 System Layout....................................................................................................... 5
3.1.1.4 Site Features......................................................................................................... 6
3.1.1.5 Population/Water Usage Statistics ........................................................................ 6
3.1.1.6 Trade Effluents...................................................................................................... 7
3.1.1.7 Hydraulic Design Equations .................................................................................. 7
3.1.1.8 Design Flows......................................................................................................... 7
TABLE 1 – DESIGN FLOWS ................................................................................ 8
3.1.1.9 Other Criteria......................................................................................................... 9
3.1.1.10 Structural Design................................................................................................. 10
3.1.1.11 Manholes............................................................................................................. 10
3.1.2 PROPERTY CONNECTIONS ............................................................................. 11
3.1.2.1 Limit of Works ..................................................................................................... 11
3.1.2.2 Pipework ............................................................................................................. 11
3.1.2.3 Chambers............................................................................................................ 12
3.1.2.4 Sand Traps.......................................................................................................... 13
TABLE 2 – SAND TRAPS CAPACITIES ............................................................. 13
3.1.2.5 Grease Separators .............................................................................................. 14
3.1.2.6 Petrol/Oil Interceptors.......................................................................................... 15
3.2 PUMPING STATIONS......................................................................................... 16
3.2.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................... 16
3.2.1.1 Location of Pumping Stations.............................................................................. 16
3.2.1.2 Selection of Equipment ....................................................................................... 16
3.2.1.3 Determination of Flow Rates ............................................................................... 16
TABLE 3 – MINIMUM PUMPED FLOWS ............................................................ 17
3.2.1.4 Electrical Equipment............................................................................................ 17
3.2.1.5 Environmental Aspects........................................................................................ 17
3.2.1.6 Arrangement Considerations............................................................................... 18
3.2.2 DESIGN .............................................................................................................. 19
3.2.2.1 Site Investigation ................................................................................................. 19
3.2.2.2 Substructure Configuration.................................................................................. 19
3.2.2.3 General Requirements ........................................................................................ 19
TABLE 4A – DESIGN PARAMETERS................................................................. 20
TABLE 4B – WET WELL ARRANGEMENT ........................................................ 21
TABLE 4C – DRY WELL ARRANGEMENT......................................................... 22
TABLE 4D – SUPERSTRUCTURE ..................................................................... 23
3.1.1 SEWERS
The Department will approve plans for new systems, extensions to new areas or
replacement sewers only when designed upon the separate system, in which rain
water from roofs, streets and other areas, and groundwater from foundation
drains are excluded.
The basis of design for all sewer projects shall accompany the plan documents.
More detailed computation may be required by the Department Design Sub-
Committee for critical projects.
Potable water consumption is not monitored and hence statistics are not available
for assessment.
In this region a large quantity of potable water is drawn from the distribution
system and used for irrigation purposes both for private developments and by the
Agricultural Section.
• Manning 0.013.
• Colebrook-White 0.6.
• Hazen Williams 140 for pipe diameters >500mm
135 for pipe diameters< 500mm
1
Hospital Number of beds + staff 350
2
Mosques Floor area m 100
2
Dry Industry Number of staff 50 at 8 per m
• Peak flow.
Sewers shall be designed on a peak flow basis using one of the following
methods:
• Depth of flow:
a) The design depth of flow should be 0.7 of the pipe diameter at peak
flow.
a) The minimum velocity should be about 0.75 m/s at peak flow and in
general the maximum mean velocity should not exceed 3 m/s at the
design depth of flow.
• Minimum gradient:
The Operating Division shall be notified of those locations where gradients are
less than those associated with minimum velocity.
a) Nominally 10m.
• Minimum cover:
• Protection:
When at shallow depth beneath highway then design check to be carried out.
• Soil loading:
• Superimposed loading:
• Pipe strength:
3.1.1.11 Manholes
• Location:
• Spacing:
a) 150mm up to 60m.
b) 200mm to 500mm up to 100m.
c) 600mm to 1000mm up to 120m.
• Types:
• Manhole covers:
3.1.2.2 Pipework
• General arrangement:
• Minimum diameter:
• Gradient:
a) Minimum 0.75%.
b) Maximum 10%.
• Minimum Cover:
• Protection:
3.1.2.3 Chambers
• Classification:
• Spacing:
• Chamber covers:
• Venting:
• Location:
• Capacity:
Flow (l/s) 2 3 4 5 6
Internal
Dimensions 1000 X 800 1400 X 800 1750 X 1000 2000 X 1000 2500 X 1000
mm
Minimum
Capacity 520 840 1400 1800 2500
Litres (l)
Also the minimum capacity for car wash plants should be 5000 litres even
when the rate of flow is under 6l/s.
These capacities assume an emptying schedule which ensures that only half
the trap capacity has been utilised and a maximum interval of six months.
For a more frequent emptying schedule of say once per month, the following
guidelines can be used:
• Location:
• Arrangement:
a) Adequate ventilation.
b) Odour seals to upstream outlets like flow drains and to the separator
outlet.
c) Secure covers.
d) Adequate access to all parts requiring maintenance including the inlet
and outlet pipes.
e) A minimum gradient of 1 in 50 on the inlet pipe.
• Capacity:
For example a catering establishment serving 400 hot meals per day will
discharge a peak flow of around 4 l/s. A further 0.25 l/s should be added for
every additional 100 heads.
Petrol interceptors should be provided on the outlets from vehicle washing bays,
maintenance areas and the like prior to connection to the sewer.
• Location:
• Arrangement:
a) Adequate ventilation.
b) Odour seals at inlet and outlet.
c) Secure, non inflammable covers.
d) Uniform flow through the separation compartment.
• Note:
• Capacity:
3.2.1 GENERAL
Pump type, size and numbers shall be selected to achieve the desired maximum
and minimum pumping rates and so accommodate the variations in rate of
discharge from the station.
Pumping stations serving only a small tributary area shall have a minimum of two
identical units, either one capable of handling the design flow.
In large stations the number of duty pump and standby units should be chosen
appropriate to the strategic importance of the station. The possible
consequences of pump failure at a time of peak incoming flow or with one
pumpset undergoing maintenance at such a time should be considered
The initial and design average flow rates shall be considered for efficient
operation of the equipment whereas the initial minimum flow rate shall be
considered in sizing the force main so that the solids at low velocity may not plug
the main.
Electrical equipment located in the wet well shall be suitable for use under
corrosive conditions.
A fused disconnecting switch located above ground shall be provided for all
pumping stations. When such equipment is exposed to weather, it shall meet the
requirements of weather equipment (NEMA IP65 or approved equal).
Pumping stations are conspicuous by their function and every effort should be
made to disguise them and reduce to a minimum their environmental impact.
Architectural and layout design and materials should be chosen for access roads,
boundary walls, building superstructures and landscaping to ensure that the
general appearance of the above ground structures blend in naturally with the
neighbouring arrangements.
Odour control is of primary importance to ensure that such nuisance does not
arise.
3.2.2 DESIGN
• Topographical features.
• Subsoil conditions and physical properties of the soil to a depth of at least
1.5 x depth to station foundation.
• Safe allowable bearing capacity of formation.
• Nature of groundwater and its normal level.
• Historical and predicted maximum flood level.
Three pumping station types have been identified which are related to design
flow:
The factors and general requirements for each type of pumping station are given
in Tables 4A to 4G below.
Number of wells 1 2 2
Number inlets 1 2 2
TABLE 4D – SUPERSTRUCTURE
Wet well with superstructure Not applicable Not applicable On large stations
construction
integral with pump
well
Delineation of boundary Preferably wall with pedestrian and vehicular access for
operation and maintenance
Watchman facilities Toilet facilities required plus mess room fully equipped on
larger stations
TABLE 4F – ANCILLARIES
Small power and lighting Full internal and external site site lighting
provisions All stairways and landings provided with emergency DC
lighting
Fire protection and detection Fire detection and Fire detection, Fire detection,
(Detectors, alarms, portable alarm alarm and alarm and fire
hosereel system, electrical optional fighting system
protection) firefighting
Standby generator Always provide socket for portable generator but on larger
stations fixed generators should be considered
Vehicular access for sump to Not applicable Always required to access sump
clean sand debris
Ventilation equipment for Portable only Provide minimum air change capacity
personnel and auxiliary cooling of:
15 per hour during maintenance
5 per hour at other times
TABLE 4G – INSTRUMENTATION
Wet well water level sensor Ultrasonic level detection for sump level monitoring and
pump control
Pumping monitoring Hours run only Larger motor units will be fitted with
temperature monitors for alarm and
protection circuits
• Design basis:
a) Manning 0.0075
b) Colebrook-White 0.06
c) Hazen Williams 140 for pipe diameters >500mm
135 for pipe diameters< 500mm
• Energy losses through fittings given as equivalent pipe length i.e. factor x
pipe diameter as given in Table 5 below.
Fitting Factor
Gate valve 7
Butterfly valve 45
Radial tee 22
Tee piece 54
Bellmouth exit 9
r = ≤ 7d
o
22½ Bend 5
45o Bend r = ≤ 7d 9
90o Bend r = ≤ 7d 18
• Minimum velocity:
a) 1.0m/sec.
• Maximum velocity:
a) 2.5m/sec.
• Minimum gradient:
a) None.
a) 100mm.
• Maximum bend:
• Surge protection:
• Surge:
• Minimum cover:
• Pipe bedding:
• Pipeline protection:
• Thrust blocks:
• Washouts:
• Air valves:
a) At all high points along pumping main. Also, at selected locations to suit
isolation and emptying of main including in vicinity of pumping station so
that station pipework can be dismantled without emptying the whole
main. Maximum spacing in the order of 1000m.
b) Refer standard drawings.
• Provision of access:
• Discharge chamber:
• Twin mains:
Considerations in design to mitigate risks will include but not be limited to:
• The designer must design out the need for entry into all confined spaces
wherever possible.
• Safe access should be provided to all plant requiring maintenance.
• All above ground must be fenced off and inaccessible to the general public.
• Craneage or mobile lifting facilities must be provided for all heavy
equipment.
• Stairways should be equipped with handrailing and toe plates in accordance
with the relevant standards.
• Tripping hazards should be avoided, likewise overhead obstructions.
• Barriers should be provided to prevent falling from height.
• All hazards should be signposted.
• Adequate lighting to be provided wherever access is required.
• Welfare facilities should be provided to allow operatives to clean up after
maintenance work.
• Manholes must be equipped with covers which are secure yet can be easily
removed for maintenance purposes.
• Covers should be a minimum size to allow operatives wearing breathing
apparatus. A minimum of 650mm square should be appropriate in most
cases, but will depend upon the apparatus used.
• Flow isolation facilities.
• Access to long tunnels to allow desilting equipment as necessary.
• Zoning classification should be established for all work carried out on
existing and proposed infrastructure.
A brief summary of the typical purpose and diameter range appropriate for each
technique is presented below.
The acceptable systems for the rehabilitation of sewers are considered to be:
The liner shall be designed to support all combinations of imposed loads including
earth, traffic, hydrostatic etc and have a minimum service life of 50 years. For the
purposes of calculations it shall be assumed that the ground water table is at
ground level. Host pipes shall be considered to be fully deteriorated. The liner
2
shall have a minimum allowable long term stiffness of 2500N/m and be designed
to have a factor of safety of 2.
The normal requirement will be that the liner shall provide the least possible
thickness or decrease in diameter to meet the requirements of this section and
consequently shall be of the close fit type.
END OF SECTION
SECTION 4
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER SHEET..................................................................................................................... 1
DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET .......................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ 3
4.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS................................................................................ 5
4.1.1 PLANT LOCATION ............................................................................................... 5
4.1.2 FLOOD PROTECTION ......................................................................................... 5
4.1.3 QUALITY OF EFFLUENT...................................................................................... 5
4.1.4 HYDRAULIC DESIGN ........................................................................................... 5
4.1.4.1 New Systems ........................................................................................................ 5
4.1.4.2 Existing System..................................................................................................... 6
4.1.5 ORGANIC DESIGN............................................................................................... 6
4.1.5.1 New System Minimum Design............................................................................... 6
4.1.5.2 Existing Systems ................................................................................................... 6
4.1.6 CONDUITS ........................................................................................................... 6
4.1.7 ARRANGEMENT OF UNITS ................................................................................. 7
4.1.8 INSTRUMENTATION ............................................................................................ 7
4.1.9 FLOW DIVISION CONTROL................................................................................. 8
4.1.10 EMERGENCY OUTFALL ...................................................................................... 8
4.1.11 PLANT DETAILS................................................................................................... 8
4.1.11.1 Unit Bypasses ....................................................................................................... 8
4.1.11.2 Drains.................................................................................................................... 8
4.1.11.3 Painting ................................................................................................................. 8
4.1.11.4 Operating Equipment: ........................................................................................... 9
4.1.12 GRADING AND LANDSCAPING........................................................................... 9
4.1.13 EMERGENCY POWER FACILITIES..................................................................... 9
4.1.14 WATER SUPPLY .................................................................................................. 9
4.1.14.1 General: ................................................................................................................ 9
4.1.14.2 Water Connections:............................................................................................... 9
4.1.15 SANITARY FACILITIES ...................................................................................... 10
4.1.16 SAFETY .............................................................................................................. 10
4.1.17 LABORATORY.................................................................................................... 10
4.1.17.1 General ............................................................................................................... 10
4.1.17.2 Location & Space: ............................................................................................... 10
4.1.17.3 Sinks: .................................................................................................................. 11
4.1.17.4 Ventilation and Lighting: ...................................................................................... 11
4.2 PROCESS DESIGN ............................................................................................ 11
Where a site must be used which is critical with respect to these items,
appropriate measures shall be taken to minimise adverse impacts.
Treatment works should remain fully operational and accessible during the 25
year flood. This applies to new construction and to existing facilities undergoing
major modification.
• BOD 10mg/l.
• SS 10mg/l.
• Ammoniacal Nitrogen < 1mg/l.
• Coliforms < 100/100ml.
• Salinity < 4000 micromho/cm.
The design for sewage treatment plants shall be based on average daily flow 275
l/cap unless water use data or other justification upon which to better estimate
flow is provided. Peak factor on design should be two as a minimum.
Allowance should be made for recycled works liquors within the proposed plant or
tankered wastes from septic tanks. For commercial flow, the design load should
be the actual peak period discharge plus 10%.
Where there is an existing system, the volume and strength of existing flows shall
be determined. The determination shall include both dry-weather and wet-
weather conditions. At least one year's flow data should be taken as the basis for
the preparation of hydrograph for analysis to determine the following types of flow
conditions of the system:
• The annual average daily flow as determined by averaging flows over one
year, exclusive of inflow due to rainfall.
• The minimum daily flow as determined by observing 24 hours flows during
dry weather.
• Wet weather peak flows as determined by observing 24 hour flows during a
period of one year.
• Peak hourly flows as determined by observing the maximum hydraulic load
to the plant.
• Industrial wasteflows as determined by flow data, including water use
records, for each of the industries contributing to the sewer system.
Domestic waste treatment design shall be based on at least 0.08 kg of BOD per
capita per day and 0.09 kg of suspended solids per capita per day, unless
information is submitted to justify alternate designs.
Domestic waste treatment plants that will receive industrial wastewater flows shall
be designed to include these industrial waste loads. Significant industrial
discharges may need to be separately examined
4.1.6 CONDUITS
All piping and channels shall be designed to carry the maximum expected flows.
The incoming sewer should be designed for unrestricted flow. Bottom corners of
Component parts of the plant should be arranged for greatest operating and
maintenance convenience, flexibility, economy, continuity of maximum effluent
quality and ease of installation of future units.
4.1.8 INSTRUMENTATION
When considering the control regime for a particular works, full consultation with
the Department must be carried out. The choice of automatic or manual control
will depend on the strategic importance of the works, the process item and the
interconnection/relationship required with other sites.
• Microprocesscor based.
• Expansion capabilities.
• Ease of maintenance.
• Components to operate with compatible protocol/language, programmes,
programme development units, file management routines, data storage
facilities etc to the existing system.
• Programme modifying facilities.
• Marshalling station for input/output signals.
• Minimum time delays in signalling.
• Fully operational during periods of mains failure through UPS system.
• Isolating transformers and surge suppression components in modem links
for transmission over land lines.
• Electronic pattern RTU’s.
Mimic panels should be sized to clearly indicate all operations and process
measuring parameters in the form of a flow line diagram with illuminated symbols
and indicating instruments and should incorporate sufficient spare space to permit
the display of all future plant extensions.
Storm conditions can double the design flow. Consideration should be given
therefore to providing an overflow at the inlet to the works with connection to the
sea or a lagoon for eventual loss through evaporation and percolation.
Properly located and arranged bypass structures and piping shall be provided so
that each unit of the plant can be removed from service independently. The
bypass design shall facilitate plant operation during unit maintenance and
emergency repair so as to minimise deterioration of effluent quality and ensure
rapid process recovery upon return to normal operational mode.
4.1.11.2 Drains
4.1.11.3 Painting
• Water lines for heating digesters -blue with 150mm red bands 750mm
apart.
A complete outfit of tools, accessories, and spare parts necessary for the plant
operators use shall be provided. Readily accessible storage space and
workbench facilities shall be provided, and consideration be given to provision of a
garage for large equipment storage, maintenance and repair.
Upon completion of the plant, the ground should be graded. Concrete or gravel
walkways should be provided for access to all units. Surface water shall not be
permitted to drain into any unit.
All plants shall be provided with an alternate source of electric power to allow
continuity of operation during power failure, except as noted below. Methods of
providing alternate source, include:
4.1.14.1 General:
An adequate supply of potable water should be provided for use in the laboratory
and for general cleanliness inside buildings.
Potable water from a Municipal or separate supply may be used directly for the
following:
• Lavatory.
• Water closet.
• Laboratory sink with vacuum breaker.
• Showers.
• Drinking fountain.
• Eye wash fountain.
• Safety shower.
4.1.16 SAFETY
Adequate provision shall be made to effectively protect the operator and visitors
from hazards. The following shall be provided to fulfil the particular needs of each
plant.
• Enclosure of the plant site with a fence designed to discourage the entrance
of unauthorised persons and animals.
• Handrails and guards around tanks, trenches, pits, stairwells, and other
hazardous structures.
• First Aid equipment.
• No smoking signs in hazardous areas.
• Protective clothing and equipment, such as air pack, goggles, gloves, hard
hats, safety harnesses, etc.
• Portable blower and sufficient hose.
• Appropriately placed warning signs for slippery areas; non potable water
fixtures, low head clearance areas, open service manholes, hazardous
chemical storage areas, flammable fuel storage areas etc.
4.1.17 LABORATORY
4.1.17.1 General
Where required by the Department, treatment works shall include a laboratory for
making the necessary analytical determinations and operating control tests.
The laboratory shall have sufficient size, bench space, equipment and supplies to
perform all self monitoring analytical work required, and to perform the process
control test necessary for good management of each treatment process included
in the design.
The layout should consider future needs for expansion in the event that more
analytical work is needed.
The laboratory should be located on ground level, easily accessible to all sampling
points. It shall be located away from vibrating machinery or equipment which
might have adverse effects on the performance of laboratory instruments or the
4.1.17.3 Sinks:
The laboratory should be separately air conditioned, with external air supply for
100% make-up volume. In addition, separate exhaust ventilation should be
provided.
The designer should liaise closely with the Operational Manager. The general aim
of process selection should be to provide operational efficiency in terms of both
manpower and energy in achieving the required standard.
The nature and relative volumetric proportions of any trade wastes should be
considered.
4.2.1.2 Screens
In difficult ground conditions the economics of flat bottomed tanks with associated
scraper mechanisms should be compared.
• Select trial MLSS and by using design BOD, calculate tank capacity.
• Check other design parameters.
• Recalculate capacity if necessary by using adjusted MLSS within the ±20%
range.
• Configuration:
Chlorination:
Range Average
Activated sludge:
• Settled sewage, nitrifying 40 to 60 48
• Settled sewage, high rate 50 to 80 70
• Unsettled sewage, nitrifying 15 to 30 22
• Unsettled sewage, high rate 25 to 40 35
• Fill and displacement type one to three days capacity provided with surface
3 2
loading not exceeding 30m /m /d at maximum sludge input rate.
a) Standard 25 to 30 days.
b) High rate 15 days.
•
3
Solids loading 1 to 2kg/m /d.
• Secondary digestion tanks should have a large area/volume ratio to promote
rapid cooling to aid thickening.
• Gas holder design should ensure that the ingress of air into the methane
collection system and associated appliances is prevented.
• Gas pipework and associated plant should be designed as far as is
reasonably practicable to avoid gas leakage and should preferably be in the
open air.
• Buildings housing plant should be provided with adequate natural ventilation
and explosion relief.
• Lockable valves should be provided in water drain lines from the gas pipes.
• Compressors for flammable gases should not be sited within buildings but in
the open air or under a structure with a lightweight roof and open sides.
Where security measures are necessary open sides may be covered with
wire mesh or similar. Electric motors sited indoors shall have compressors
outdoors and driven by shafts passing through glands in the wall.
• A high standard of permanent natural ventilation should be provided in
pump and boiler rooms at all times.
• Gas burners should comply with the requirements of the relevant Code of
Practice.
• A facility for gas composition monitoring should be provided to ensure it is
safe and stable for combustion. Methane detectors installed in sludge
digestion plants shall have alarm setting below 25% of the LEL for methane.
Detectors shall be interlocked to trip out compressors and gas burners with
manual reset after an alarm.
• Plate press.
• Belt press.
• Vacuum filter.
• Centrifuge.
Storage and dosing facilities should be provided for the conditioning chemicals.
Mechanical drying fluidised beds, rotatory drum & kiln type etc can be considered
where appropriate.
• Military camps.
• Villages.
• Hospitals.
• Hotels/recreational facilities.
• Construction camps.
• Pretreatment of trade waste.
4.3.2 LOCATION
4.3.3 ARRANGEMENT
Process design to produce better than BOD 10/SS 15 prior to tertiary treatment
and based on:
Actual process used must be specified to suit the locality and climate conditions
which it is required to operate under and offer a performance and quality
guarantee.
Tertiary Treatment:
Sludge Treatment:
• Consolidation tanks.
4.4.1 LOCATION
In the case of single plot septic tanks, the location should be within the plot
boundary. A tank serving several plots should be sited in public open space
reserved for the purpose at an adequate distance from the development and
downwind wherever possible. In all instances consideration should be given to:
• Adequate access for tankers to empty and operate within suction lift
capacity.
• Future connection to the probable or planned main sewerage network.
4.4.2 ARRANGEMENT
larger tanks dual submerged inlets with baffle board and scumboard/weir
arrangement at the outlet end are preferred.
• For populations >60 duplicate tanks each of half the capacity required
should be considered and operated in parallel.
• To facilitate desludging of the first compartment the floor of the tank should
slope at 1 in 4 to the inlet end.
• For populations >100 consideration can be given to the provision of two
single compartment tanks operating in parallel as surge flows are likely to
cause less disturbance.
4.4.3 CAPACITY
The minimum value for population is 4. The maximum number of people that can
be served by a septic tank is very much dependent on the suitability and capability
of the receiving medium for the effluent. Ground percolation potential must be
assessed against peak flow predictions.
The most common means is by soakaway pit particularly in the case of single plot
septic tanks. In some circumstances a system of shallow drains may be a more
practicable alternative.
END OF SECTION
SECTION 5
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER SHEET..................................................................................................................... 1
DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET .......................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ 3
5.1 GENERAL............................................................................................................. 4
5.1.1 SYSTEM ............................................................................................................... 4
5.1.2 EFFLUENT QUALITY ........................................................................................... 4
5.1.3 WATER DEMAND................................................................................................. 4
5.1.3.1 Plant Type ............................................................................................................. 4
5.1.3.2 Application Losses: ............................................................................................... 5
5.1.3.3 Leaching Requirements ........................................................................................ 5
5.1.3.4 Soil Classification .................................................................................................. 5
5.1.3.5 Groundwater Table Level ...................................................................................... 5
5.1.3.6 Climate .................................................................................................................. 5
5.1.3.7 Irrigation Management .......................................................................................... 5
5.2 DESIGN CRITERIA............................................................................................... 5
5.2.1 WATER DEMAND................................................................................................. 5
5.2.2 PIPEWORK........................................................................................................... 6
5.2.2.1 Hydraulic Design ................................................................................................... 6
5.2.2.2 Surge Protection ................................................................................................... 6
5.2.2.3 System Losses ...................................................................................................... 6
5.2.2.4 Valve Chambers.................................................................................................... 6
5.2.2.5 Flowmeters............................................................................................................ 7
5.2.3 UNDERGROUND RESERVOIRS (UP TO 500,000 GALLON CAPACITY)............ 7
5.2.3.1 Configuration......................................................................................................... 7
5.2.3.2 Inlet Arrangement.................................................................................................. 7
5.2.3.3 Outlet Arrangement ............................................................................................... 7
5.2.3.4 Overflow and Washout .......................................................................................... 7
5.2.3.5 Access .................................................................................................................. 7
5.2.3.6 Ventilation .............................................................................................................7
5.2.4 AT GROUND LEVEL RESERVOIRS (1,000,000 GALLONS CAPACITY AND
ABOVE):................................................................................................................ 8
5.2.4.1 Configuration......................................................................................................... 8
5.2.4.2 Inlet Arrangement.................................................................................................. 8
5.2.4.3 Outlet Arrangement ............................................................................................... 8
5.2.4.4 Overflow and Washout .......................................................................................... 8
5.2.4.5 Access .................................................................................................................. 8
5.2.4.6 Ventilation .............................................................................................................9
5.2.4.7 Water Level Indication........................................................................................... 9
5.2.5 PUMPING STATIONS........................................................................................... 9
END OF SECTION................................................................................................................ 9
5.1 GENERAL
5.1.1 SYSTEM
The treated effluent transfer and distribution system has the following main
component parts:
To ensure the treated sewage effluent is of a very high standard and satisfactory
for all irrigation requirements the following parameters are to be controlled:
• Trade/Industrial discharges:
• Salinity:
• Sewage treatment:
• Disinfection:
The demand for water is the basis for the planning and design of the irrigation
supply network. This demand should take account of the following variables:
If the ground water table or soil stratum is such that leaching cannot occur, a
drainage system should be considered to provide the required downward
movement of salts.
Water infiltration rate and resulting water holding capacity to be assessed. Also,
estimated reduction in infiltration rate as more water is absorbed during
application.
Affects on the infiltration rate of the soil and therefore the leaching capability and
requirements to be considered.
5.1.3.6 Climate
Higher demand for water in the summer months to satisfy the higher rates of
evaporation and plant evapotranspiration.
•
2
12 litres/m for grass and 35 litres each for trees and shrubs during normal
conditions. Application over a 12 hour period.
•
2
15 litres/m for grass and 50 litres each for trees and shrubs during summer
conditions. Application over a 15 hour period.
5.2.2 PIPEWORK
• Manning 0.013.
• Colebrook-White 0.6.
• Hazen Williams 140 for pipe diameters >500mm
135 for pipe diameters< 500mm
To be based on:
12½% to be allowed
• Network isolation.
• Valves installed at strategic locations to enable isolation of portions of the
network. Also provided at cross connections between primary/secondary
mains and secondary/ distribution mains.
• Irrigation T-connection pipe.
• Maximum spacing up to 500m in green areas.
• Air release.
• Air release valves to be installed at all high points.
• Washout.
• Washout facilities to be installed at the low points.
5.2.2.5 Flowmeters
5.2.3.1 Configuration
5.2.3.5 Access
• Ladders for man and equipment entry to each reservoir compartment plus
the inlet and outlet chambers.
• Intermediate platform, removable, to facilitate valve operation in inlet
chamber.
• Covers above ball float valves to afford access for maintenance and
possible removal.
• Water level check facility to each compartment.
• Lockable covers.
5.2.3.6 Ventilation
5.2.4.1 Configuration
• Overflow level at 100mm above top water level connected to outfall and
designed to be capable of passing maximum inflow. Washout at floor level
in bellmouth and connected to same outfall. Washout usually 300mm
diameter. Both pipelines installed at outlet end of reservoir with control
valves.
5.2.4.5 Access
• Lockable covers.
• Openings sufficient to afford suitable access for men and equipment and
over all pipe entries and exits to facilitate inspection.
• Ladders at each access openings.
• Staircase access to roof with handrailing.
5.2.4.6 Ventilation
• 150mm diameter pipe with integral deodoriser and mosquito mesh provided
2
for every 400m of roof.
• Manometer tube 80mm diameter fixed to outside of reservoir wall with flip-
type colour indicators and relayed to distribution centre.
The overall approach to sewage pumping station design, general layout and
mechanical/electrical requirements is appropriate to treated sewage effluent
pumping stations. The major aspects which can differ are:
• Inlet arrangement:
• Inlet control:
• Pump selection:
a) Double entry split casing type with double entry impellers are
preferred.
b) Construction materials for the parts in contact with the effluent should
be resistant to corrosion from the chlorine content.
• Outlet control:
END OF SECTION
SECTION 6
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER SHEET..................................................................................................................... 1
STANDARD DRAWINGS...................................................................................................... 4
END OF INDEX..................................................................................................................... 9
STANDARD DRAWINGS
Number Title
SD101
Number Title
Number Title
Number Title
Number Title
Number Title
Number Title
SD701
Number Title
Number Title
SD901
TYPICAL DRAWINGS
Number Title
Number Title
Number Title
Number Title
Number Title
Number Title
Number Title
Number Title
Number Title
TD901
END OF SECTION