Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BILGE KEEL
BILGE KEEL
Bilge keel
Bil k l is a longitudinal structure that runs along much of the length
i l it di l t t th t l h f th l th
of the ship at the turn of bilge to reduce the rolling motion of the ship.
They are fitted on each side
Purpose
‐ Dampen the rolling motion (Major)
‐ Increase longitudinal strength
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‐ Protect bilge while grounding
Construction
‐ Bilge keels are fitted at turn of bilge
‐ Keel is tapered at ends to minimise hydro dynamic drag
‐ Bilge keels are generally not attached directly to hull, but fitted to a
d bl (flat bar/ground bar)
doubler (fl b / db )
Bilge Keel
Bilge Keel ‐‐Structural Connections
HATCHES & COVERS
Hatch opening
Large opening on deck used for loading and unloading
of cargo
Hatch coamingg
Heights of coaming and cover closing arrangements in some
instances depend on the hatch position
instances depend on the hatch position
Position 1 ‐ exposed freeboard deck, raised quarter deck, or
superstructure decks within 25% of the ship’s length from
t t d k ithi 25% f th hi ’ l th f
forward (height of coaming is 600mm, min)
Position 2 ‐exposed superstructure decks abft the forward 25%
of the ship’s length. (height of coaming is 450 mm, min)
Hatch covers
Patented designs
McGregor
•McGregor
•TTS Marine
Applicable rule
A li bl l
•International Load Line rule 1966
Requirements
•Watertightness to be ensured
Strength requirement to be met, if any (Eg: Container vessel)
•Strength requirement to be met, if any (Eg: Container vessel)
Folding type hatch cover
Folding type hatch cover
• Folding
Folding type hatch covers consists of two flat
type hatch covers consists of two flat
type topped panels which are operated via
hydraulic arms These may be fitted on both
hydraulic arms. These may be fitted on both
weather deck as well as tween deck.
Rolling type hatch cover
Rolling type hatch cover
• Rolling
Rolling type hatch covers consists of two
type hatch covers consists of two
covers at the end of the hatchway. Wheels are
fitted which help in the sliding of the panel
fitted which help in the sliding of the panel
either athwartship in case of side rolling or
longitudinally in case of end rolling
longitudinally in case of end rolling.
Lifting type hatch cover
Lifting type hatch cover
• Lift away type hatch covers can be classified into two types
• a) Single panel covers,
• b) Multi panel covers.
Single panel cover consists of a single cover for each opening,
these can be seen mainly on bulk carriers.
In case of multi panel covers, a single hold is covered via
multiple number of covers, these are most commonly
observed in cellular container ships in the case of
b di ll l t i hi i th f
longitudinal joints, and for multipurpose cargo ship in case
of transverse joints.
Lifting type hatch cover
Lifting type hatch cover
Hatch sealing
Hatch sealing
Other Hatches – Escape hatch
Other Hatches Escape hatch
– Hatches used as escape routes in case of
Hatches used as escape routes in case of
emergency
– To be opened from both sides
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– All machinery spaces which are prone to fire are
to be provided with escape hatch in addition
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primary access
– Accommodation spaces are to be specially
considered
Other Hatches – Escape hatch
Other Hatches Escape hatch
Other hatches – Flush hatches
Other hatches Flush hatches
• Hatches are kept flush with deck (no coaming)
Hatches are kept flush with deck (no coaming)
• Useful where deck is used for loading cargoes
• Machinery hatches are usually flush hatches
hi h h ll fl h h h
• Has to be water tight
Other hatches – Flush hatches
Other hatches Flush hatches
Manholes
• Used
Used to access other spaces
to access other spaces
• Generally oval shape (600x400)
• Other shapes (like round) and sizes are
Oh h (lik d) d i
provided as per requirements / rules
• Provided with watertight covers when
provided on tank boundaries
Manholes
Manhole cover ‐ ordinary
Manhole cover
Manhole cover – flush type
Manhole cover flush type
Manhole cover – coaming type
Manhole cover
BULWARK
• Bulwarks
Bulwarks fitted on weather decks are provided
fitted on weather decks are provided
as protection for personnel
– They are not intended as a major structural
They are not intended as a major structural
feature.
• Bulwarks should be at least 1 m high on the exposed
Bulwarks should be at least 1 m high on the exposed
freeboard and superstructure decks
• Freeing port to be provided.
Freeing port to be provided.
BULWARK – STRUCTL DETAILS
BULWARK – STRUCTL DETAILS
FREEING PORT
Opening in the lower part of the bulwarks of a ship to allow
deck water to run overboard
F i
Freeing port t sizes are regulated by the ILLC, flag states, and
i l t d b th ILLC fl t t d
classification.
Bollard
• A bollard is a sturdy, short, vertical post used
is a sturdy short vertical post used
for mooring purpose (securing ship’s rope).
MOORING LINES
MOORING LINES
DOORS
• Doors
Doors are means of access between two
are means of access between two
spaces.
• Doors are provided on bulkheads
Doors are provided on bulkheads
• When doors are cut on bulkheads, it has to
maintain strength of the bulkhead.
i i h f h b lkh d
• The opening is to be framed and reinforced if
the stiffeners are cut in way of the opening
DOORS
• Water tight doors
Water tight doors
– a watertight door prevents the passage of water
when exposed to a head of water
when exposed to a head of water.
• Engine room to steering gear
• Bulkheads in passenger vessels
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DOORS
• Weather tight doors
Weather tight doors
– A weather tight door is designed to be located on
the deck of a ship/boat above the waterline
the deck of a ship/boat above the waterline,
where they can be subject to the adverse weather
conditions experienced offshore. Weather tight
doors are also designed to withstand brief
submersion experienced from green seas.
Open‐close indicator
Opening /
O i /
closing
Sliding door
Sliding door
Pillars
• Hold pillars
Hold pillars
– carry the load of the decks and weights upon the
decks vertically down to the ship’ss bottom
decks vertically down to the ship bottom
structure where these loads are supported by the
upward buoyant forces
– Primarily in compression
– often without bracket connections at their ends
Pillars
• Engine room pillars
Engine room pillars
– tie together the structure in a vertical direction
– Primarily in tension
Primarily in tension
– heavily bracketed at their ends to permit tensile
loadings
Pillar construction
Pillar construction
• tubular
tubular section and this is often adopted for
section and this is often adopted for
hold pillars
• hollow rectangular and octagonal sections
hollow rectangular and octagonal sections
also being used.
Superstructure & deckhouse
Superstructure & deckhouse
• Superstructures
Superstructures may be defined as those
may be defined as those
erections above the freeboard deck that
extend to the ship’ss side or almost to the side.
extend to the ship side or almost to the side
• Deckhouses are those erections on deck that
do not extend to ship side
do not extend to ship side.
• Superstructure extending considerable length
contribute to ships longitudinal strength
ib hi l i di l h
whereas deckhouse does not.
Windows
Maritime Labour Convention, 2006
(
(MLC 2006)
)
• With
With respect to requirements for lighting,
respect to requirements for lighting
subject to such special arrangements as may
be permitted in passenger ships sleeping
be permitted in passenger ships, sleeping
rooms and mess rooms shall be lit by natural
light and provided with adequate artificial
light and provided with adequate artificial
light.
Windows / Port holes
Windows / Port holes
• Windows
Windows / port
/ port‐holes
holes in cabins and other
in cabins and other
spaces should have such dimensions and
placing that one is able to look outside both
placing, that one is able to look outside both
sitting down and standing up. There are also
certain requirements for portholes like the
certain requirements for portholes, like the
design pressure and the positioning on the
ship (e g not below the freeboard deck)
ship (e.g. not below the freeboard deck).
• Windows
Windows are rectangular/square in shape.
are rectangular/square in shape
• Round shaped windows are called port holes
• Windows can be opening type (except in
i d b i ( i
special areas like tankers/chemical carriers)
• Thickness of glass depends on size of the
window
Port holes
Port holes
• A porthole is a generally circular
porthole is a generally circular window used
used
on the hull of ships to admit light and air.
Clear view
Clear view
• clear
clear view screen
view screen or clearview screen is a
is a
glass disk mounted in a window that rotates
to disperse rain spray and snow A clear view
to disperse rain, spray, and snow. A clear view
screen is typically driven by an electric motor
at the center of the disk
at the center of the disk
Dead light
Dead light
• A strong shutter or plate fastened over a ship
ship'ss
porthole or cabin window in stormy weather.
Skylight
Skylight
• Definition
– an opening on ship's deck that is covered with
transparent material and that is designed to admit
transparent material and that is designed to admit
light.
Navigation Mast
Navigation Mast
Navigation mast
Navigation mast
• Navigation
Navigation mast is a tall
mast is a tall spar, or arrangement
spar or arrangement
of spars, erected more or less vertically on the
centre‐line
centre line of a ship or boat.
of a ship or boat
• It carries navigation lights, shapes, flag,
equipments and antennas
equipments and antennas
Navigation lights
Navigation lights
Navigation lights
Navigation lights
• Masthead light” means a white light placed over the fore and
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aft centreline of the vessel showing an unbroken light over an
arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the
light from right ahead to 22 5 degrees abaft the beam on
light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on
either side of the vessel.
• “Sidelights” means a green light on the starboard side and a
red light on the port side each showing an unbroken light over
an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show
the light from right ahead to 22 5 degrees abaft the beam on
the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on
its respective side. In a vessel of less than 20 metres in length
the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the
f
fore and aft centreline
d ft t li of the vessel.
f th l
Navigation lights
Navigation lights
• “Sternlight” means a white light placed as nearly as
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practicable at the stern showing an unbroken light over an arc
of the horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed as to show the light
67 5 degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel
67.5 degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel.
• “Towing light” means a yellow light having the same
characteristics as the “sternlight”.
• (e). “All‐round light” means a light showing an unbroken light
over an arc of the horizon of 360 degrees.
• “NUC light”
“NUC li h ” – Not under command –
N d d Three all round light
Th ll d li h
kept vertically, top and bottom being red and middle being
white
• “Anchor light” – A all round white light
Shapes
• A ball
ba sshall have a diameter of not less than 0.6 metre;
a a e a d a e e o o ess a 0 6 e e;
• A cone shall have a base diameter of not less than 0.6
metre and a height equal to its diameter;
• A cylinder shall have a diameter of at least 0.6 metre and
a height of twice its diameter;
• A diamond shape shall consist of two cones as defined in
(ii) above having a common base.
• The vertical distance between shapes shall be at least 1.5
The vertical distance between shapes shall be at least 1 5
metres.