Ship Building Materials

Ship building materials
Girish/METI/Ship Construction/04
1
Materials
Material issues
• Strength
• Weldability / Joining
• Toughness
• Marine corrosion
• Formability
• Cost
2
Materials
• Transition from wood to steel
• Steel – most common ship building material
• Aluminium – an alternative
• Fibre reinforced composites – New addition
3
Materials
Transition from Wood to Steel
18th century- Wooden ships were used.

No material was easier to be
worked with available tools.
Low strength, small ships(<60 m)
1807 - Steam propulsion introduced
1830- Iron ships were build.

Riveting was joining technology.
Bigger ships possible.
4
Materials
Contd.
1870- Steel ships introduced.
riveting contd.
Steel made of Bessemer process.
(costly and brittle)
1890- Welding introduced in small scale.
1920- Welding introduced for repairs.
1930- All welded tugs.

Steel made of open hearth process.
Improves cost and quality.
2nd world- All welded steel ships built in large numbers.

war-
5
Materials
Steel
Steel may be broadly considered as alloy of

iron and carbon, the carbon percentage
varying from 0.1 per cent in mild steels to
about 1.8 per cent in some Hardened steels
6
Materials
TYPES OF STEEL
MILD STEEL & LOW CARBON STEEL
Mild steel is the most common form of steel because its price
is relatively low while it provides material properties that are
acceptable for many applications.
Low carbon steel contains approximately 0.05–0.15%

carbon and mild steel contains 0.16–0.29% carbon, therefore
it is neither brittle nor ductile
Mild steel has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap

and malleable
7
Materials
Medium carbon steel
Approximately 0.30–0.59% carbon content. Balances ductility
and strength and has good wear resistance; used for large
parts, forging and automotive components.
High carbon steel
Approximately 0.6–0.99% carbon content.Very strong, used
for springs and high-strength wire
Ultra-high carbon steel

Approximately 1.0–2.0% carbon content and can be tempered
to great hardness
8
Materials
High Tensile Steel
• Steels having a higher strength than that of mild steel are
employed in the more highly stressed regions of large tankers,
container ships and bulk carriers. Use of higher strength steels
allows reductions in thickness of deck, bottom shell, and framing
where fitted in the midships portion of larger vessels.
• The weldability of higher tensile steels and reduced fatigue life
with these steels is an important consideration in their application
in ship structures .
• May increase deflection
• The effects of corrosion with lesser thicknesses of plate and
section
9
Materials
GRADES OF STEEL
STRENGTH CATEGORY GRADE
NORMAL MS STRENGTH A,B,D,E

(Yield 235N/mm2)
HT STEEL STRENTH LEVEL AH,DH,EH

(Yield – 355 N/mm2)
10
Materials
Grades of steel
Normal steel
• Grade A - ordinary mild steel
• Grade B – For thicker plates above 25mm
• Grade D & E - increased notch-tough
characteristics
High tensile steel
Grade AH, DH & EH – Similar to normal steel
11
Materials
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
A B D E
C% 0.23 max 0.21 max 0.21 max 0.18 max
Mn % 0.58 min 0.80 min 0.6 min 0.7 min
Si % 0.5 max 0.5 max 0.1-0.5 0.1-0.5
S% 0.04 max 0.04 max 0.04 max 0.04max
P% 0.04 max 0.04 max 0.04 max 0.04 max
12
Materials
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL
Structural steel’s low cost, strength, durability,
design flexibility, adaptability and recyclability
make it a good material of choice for Ships
Steel has the highest strength to weight ratio of

any building material.
13
Materials
Fire resistant, does not burn and will not contribute
fuel to the spread of fire.
Produces less scrap and waste (2% for steel vs. 15-
20% for wood).
Scrap is 100% recyclable can be recycled indefinitely

without losing any of its qualities.
Slower aging process with less maintenance.
Enhanced resale value.

14
Materials
Disadvantages of steel
• Corrosion
15
Materials
Aluminium Alloys in the Shipbuilding
Industry
16
Materials
Applications
• the actual success of aluminum alloys in

shipbuilding came clear only after the Second
World War.
• Many pleasure boats and large yachts are made
of aluminum.
• superstructures, deckhouses, funnels, masts,
Several minor, light and fast vessels, having
customs, police or coast guard patrolling
purposes, are aluminum ones.
17
Materials
Midship section of an aluminum alloy
monohull
18
Materials
Why aluminum?
• The general outline has shown aluminum alloys as the best
technical choice for the construction of ship structures with
particular speed requisites.
• Aluminum alloys own a lot of characteristics that are very
interesting for high speed craft designers and builders: lightness,
good corrosion resistance, good attitude to welding, cutting and
shaping.
• Aluminium is a relatively strong, light weight metal. With a density
of 2.70 g/cm3, aluminium is roughly one-third the weight of steel (r
= 7.83 g/cm3).
• Most common alloy 6061 T6 has yield strength of 240 Mpa ie
comparable to A36 Steel.
• It has high strength to weight ratio.
19
Materials
Other important uses
• Aluminium is commonly used in other marine applications
as well. These structures include main strength members
such as hulls, deckhouses, and other applications such as
stack enclosures, hatch covers, windows, air ports,
accommodation ladders, gangways, bulkheads, deck plates,
ventilation equipment, lifesaving equipment, furniture,
hardware, fuel tanks, and bright trim
• Aluminium-manganese (5xxx), and aluminium manganese-
silicon (6xxx) alloys have been widely used for ship
superstructures [Hatch, 1984]. High strength aluminium-
copper (2xxx) and aluminium-zinc-manganese (7xxx) alloys
can also be used in marine atmospheres
20
Materials
21
Materials
Aluminum Alloys
- Aluminum Alloys can be divided into nine groups.
Designation
• 1xxx -Unalloyed (pure) >99% Al
• 2xxx -Copper is the principal alloying element, though
other elements (Magnesium) may be specified
• 3xxx -Manganese is the principal alloying element 4xxx
Silicon is the principal alloying element .
• 5xxx - Magnesium is the principal alloying element .
• 6xxx - Magnesium and Silicon are principal alloying
elements .
• 7xxx -Zinc is the principal alloying element, but other
elements such as Copper, Magnesium, Chromium, and
Zirconium may be specified .
• 8xxx -Other elements (including Tin and some Lithium
compositions) 9xxx -Reserved for future use
22
Materials
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
• Lighter material compared to steel (50-60%
weight reduction) – suitable for high speed
• High resistance to corrosion
• Non-magnetic – especially for naval vessels
Disadvantages
• High initial cost
• High fabrication cost
• Low melting point compared to steel
• Not used for large ships
23
Materials
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC – FRP)
• Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRP) is the generic
term for a uniquely versatile family of
composites used in everything from chemical
plant to luxury power boats.
• An FRP structure typically consists of an
unsaturated polyester (UP) resin applied to a
mould in combination with reinforcement,
most commonly glass fibre, to form a part that
is rigid, highly durable and low in weight
24
Materials
Construction
• The hull is laid up in a mould. The mould is
built using a former, known as the ‘plug’,
which is an initial hull form.
• Once the mould is made it can be used many
times, which is one reason for the popularity
of the material for small boats.
25
Materials
26
Materials
27
Materials
28
Materials
Uses of FRP
• Light material, so good for high speed vessels
• Boats and small vessel – particularly pleasure
boats
• Superstructure of high speed vessels
• Naval vessels (Non-magnetic material)
29
Materials
Advantages of FRP
• Light weight
• High strength-to-weight ratio
• Chemical resistance
• Good electrical insulating properties
• Durability
• Leakproof as it is continuous
• Low maintenance
30
Materials
Disadvantages
• Expensive when built in small numbers due to
high cost for mould building
• Flammable
• Need specially skilled labour
• Not suitable for longer vessels
• Repair is complicated.
31
Materials

Ship Building Materials

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Ship Building Materials

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Ship building materials

18th century- Wooden ships were used.

1807 - Steam propulsion introduced

1830- Iron ships were build.

1890- Welding introduced in small scale.

1920- Welding introduced for repairs.

1930- All welded tugs.

2nd world- All welded steel ships built in large numbers.

Steel may be broadly considered as alloy of

Low carbon steel contains approximately 0.05–0.15%

Mild steel has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap

Ultra-high carbon steel

STRENGTH CATEGORY GRADE

NORMAL MS STRENGTH A,B,D,E

HT STEEL STRENTH LEVEL AH,DH,EH

Steel has the highest strength to weight ratio of

Scrap is 100% recyclable can be recycled indefinitely

Slower aging process with less maintenance.

Enhanced resale value.

• the actual success of aluminum alloys in

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