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4.7. PRIMERI
Podatoci za generatorot:
Sn= 150 MVA; Un= 15,75 kV; xd% = 120%; xd′ % = 30% ; xd′′ % = 20% ;
xq% = 75%; cosϕn= 0,90; Td′′ = 0, 04 s ; Td′ = 1, 0 s ; Ta = 0,15 s.
Re{enie:
Uf
I ′′ = + I f ⋅ sin(θ + ϕ ) = I 0′′ + I d
X d′′
Uf
I′ = + I f ⋅ sin(θ + ϕ ) = I 0′ + I d
X d′
Uf
I = + I f ⋅ sin(θ + ϕ ) = I 0 + I d
Xd
ia (t ) = 2 ⋅ I o" ⋅ cos(α o − θ ) ⋅ e−t / Ta
Glava IV , Kusi vrski vo elektroenergetskite sistemi 2
E q = U f + jX q ⋅ I q + jX d ⋅ I d ; Eq = U f ⋅ cos θ + X d ⋅ I d
Uf 15,75
I0 = = = 4,583 kA ; I = I 0 + I d = I 0 = 4,583 kA
Xd 3 ⋅1,984
Vremenskiot tek na ednonaso~nata komponenta na strujata vo
posmatranata faza "A" }e bide:
ia (t ) = 2 ⋅ I 0′′ ⋅ cos(α 0 − θ ) ⋅ e −t / Ta = ia (0) ⋅ e −t / Ta ,
kade {to e:
ia (0) = 2 ⋅ 27,472 ⋅ cos(α 0 − 0) = 38,851⋅ cosα 0 kA .
]e usvoime a0 = 0 (najnepovolen slu~aj za goleminata na strujata
vo posmatranata faza "A"). Za ostanatite dve fazi "B" i "C" agolot
α 0 }e ima vrednosti −2π/3 i +2π/3, respektivno.
odnosno:
i B (t ) = 2 ⋅ (9,139 ⋅ e -25t + 13,75 ⋅ e −t + 4,583) ⋅ cos(ωt − 2π / 3) −19,425 ⋅ e -6,667t kA ;
iA(t )
t
iu
iu
iB(t )
iC(t )
Eq
90° − θ
jX d Id
jX q I
jX q Iq
•
U
I
θ
Iq d
Id = I sin( θ + ϕ )
Uf
I 0′′ = = 27,472 kA ; I ′′ = I 0′′ + I d = 29,111 kA ;
X d′′
Uf
I 0′ = = 18,333 kA ; I ′ = I 0′ + I d = 19,972 kA ;
X d′
Uf
I0 = = 4,583 kA ; I = I 0 + I d = 6,222 kA ;
Xd
ia (t ) = 2 ⋅ I 0′′ ⋅ cos(α 0 − θ ) .
]e usvoime deka agolot α0 = θ = 26,56°, {to e najnepovolno za
goleminata na strujata na kusata vrska vo fazata "A". Vo toj slu~aj
vremenskiot tek na strujata na kusata vrska vo ovaa faza }e bide daden
so sledniot izraz:
i A (t ) = 2 ⋅ I p (t ) ⋅ cos(ωt − α 0 ) − ia (0) ⋅ e −t / Ta
iA (t ) = 2 ⋅ (9, 409 ⋅ e−25t + 13, 75 ⋅ e−t + 6, 222) ⋅ cos (ω t − 26,56°) − 38,851⋅ e−6,667t kA
Glava IV , Kusi vrski vo elektroenergetskite sistemi 6
i (t )
t
iu
⇒ θ n = arctg(0,509) = 26,96°
I d = I nf ⋅ sin(θ n + ϕ n ) = 5,5 ⋅ sin( 26,96° + 25,84°) = 4,466 kA .
Eq
Eq
jX d Id ϕn
jX q In
X q In cos ϕ n
jX q In
jX q Iq jX q Iq
U nf θn 90° − ϕ n •
• ϕn U nf X q In sin ϕ n
θn ϕn
In In •
d
G T V
~ 100 km
K1 K2
X d, ′′
X de ′
X d X de L,de
,
′′
X de
′′ = Td′′ ⋅
Tde ⋅ ′ = Td′ ⋅
; Tde ⋅ ; Tae = =
" X′ X d′ X de Re ω ⋅ Re
Xd de
X d' X de
′′ 496 529
Tde′′ = Td′′ ⋅ ⋅ = 0, 04 ⋅ ⋅ = 0, 046 s;
" ′
X d X de 331 694
X X′ 1984 694
Tde′ = Td' ⋅ d ⋅ de = 1, 0 ⋅ ⋅ = 1, 272 s;
X d′ X de 496 2182
X d" 0,331
R= = = 7, 03 mΩ;
ω ⋅ Ta 314 ⋅ 0,15
Glava IV , Kusi vrski vo elektroenergetskite sistemi 11
"
X de
Re = R + RM = 14,95 mΩ ; Tae = = 0,113 s.
ω ⋅ Re
U nf 9, 093
I ′′ = I 0′′ = = = 17,19 kA ;
′′
X de 0,529
U nf 9, 093
I ′ = I 0′ = = = 13,103kA ;
′
X de 0, 694
U nf 9, 093
I = I0 = = = 4,167 kA.
X de 2,182
Zna~i, vo slu~ajot koga kusata vrska nastanala na po~etokot od
vodot (mesto "K1"), }e ja imame slednata situacija:
Slika P.4.5.1
Podatoci za elementite:
Re{enie:
Slika P.4.5.2 a
Slika P.4.5.2 b
I 1B = a 2 ⋅ I 1d + a ⋅ I 1i + I 10 = a 2 ⋅ I 1d + 0 + 0 = a 2 ⋅ I 1d ,
I 1C = a ⋅ I 1d + a 2 ⋅ I 1i + I 10 = a ⋅ I 1d + 0 + 0 = a ⋅ I 1d .
Ottuka sleduva:
I1 A = I1B = I1C = I1d = 2,135 kA .
Zna~i, struite vo site tri fazi se ednakvi po efektivna
vrednost i se simetri~no pomesteni za po 2π/3, {to zna~i deka
re`imot na trifazna kusa vrska pretstavuva simetri~en re`im.
Rasklopnata struja na prekinuva~ot e najgolemata fazna struja
{to prekinuva~ot mora da ja isklu~i, t.e.
I r =max{I1 A , I1B , I1C } .
Vo na{iot slu~aj, toa }e bide:
I r = I1 A = I1B = I1C = 2,135 kA .
Rasklopna mo}nost na prekinuva~ se definira kako:
Sr = 3 ⋅U n ⋅ I r .
Za prekinuva~ot "P", vo slu~ajov, rasklopnata mo}nost na
trifazna kusa vrska iznesuva:
S r = 3 ⋅110 ⋅ 2,135 = 407 MVA .
Glava IV , Kusi vrski vo elektroenergetskite sistemi 16
Slika P.4.6.1
R e { e n i e:
E ′′ E ′′ 110 / 3
Jd = = = = − j 3,758 kA ;
(Z (k ) + Z d ) Z d j16,9
J i = J 0 = 0 kA ,
J A = Jd + Ji + Jo = Jd ;
J B = a 2 ⋅ J d + a⋅ J i + J o = a 2 ⋅ J d ;
2
JC = a⋅ J d + a ⋅ Ji + J o = a⋅ J d
U 3d = Z (k ) ⋅ J d = 0 ; U 3i = U 3o = 0 ;
⇒ U 3 A = U 3B = U 3C = 0
J B = a 2 ⋅ J d + a ⋅ J i + J o = (a 2 − a) ⋅ J d = − j 3 ⋅ (− j1,879) = − j3,254 kA
J C =− J B = j 3,254 kA
U 3d = Z (k ) ⋅ J d = j16,9 ⋅ (− j1,879) = 31,755 kV ;
U 3i = U 3d ;
U 30 = 0
U 3 A = U 3d + U 3i + U 3o = 2 ⋅ U 3d = 63,51 kV ;
U 3B = U 3C = (a 2 + a)⋅U 3d = −U 3d = −31,755 kV
U 3C = U 3 B = −31,755 kV .
Glava IV , Kusi vrski vo elektroenergetskite sistemi 19
Slika P.4.7.1
Podatoci za elementite:
A I 1a a
B I 1b b
EES
C I 1c c
Iz
Slika P.4.7.2
Glava IV , Kusi vrski vo elektroenergetskite sistemi 20
R e { e n i e:
-+
E ′′ X 7
X6
1
X 1− 2 X 1− 3
2 3
X 2−3
X4 X4
X5 X5
+ E ′′ E ′′ +-
-
Slika P.4.7.3
U n2 220 2
X7 = = = 14,534 Ω .
S k′′3 3330
Svedena na 110 kV strana, taa iznesuva:
2
⎛ 110 ⎞
X 7 = 14,534 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 3,3 Ω .
⎝ 231 ⎠
Reaktanciite na ostanatite elementi vo sistemot lesno }e gi
presmetame so pomo{ na poznatite relacii. Svedeni na 110 kV strana,
tie iznesuvaat: X1−2 = X1−3= 50⋅0,4 = 20 Ω; X2−3 = 60⋅0,4 = 24 Ω; X4 =
16,53 Ω; X5 = 16,53 Ω i X6 = 9,68 Ω.
Glava IV , Kusi vrski vo elektroenergetskite sistemi 21
X1−2 ⋅ X1−3
X1 = = 6, 25 Ω ;
X1−2 + X1−3 + X 2−3
X1−2 ⋅ X 2−3
X2 = X3 = = 7,5 Ω
X1−2 + X1−3 + X 2−3
Slika P.4.7.4
J0 J0
I 01 j9 , 68 I 01 j12 , 98
1 1
j60 j60 j18, 75
2 3 j 22 , 5 j 22 , 5
j72 I 03
8 j16, 53 I 02 = 0
2 3
j13, 22 8 8 j16, 53
j13, 22
U 1d = E ′′ − Z d ⋅ J d = 43,764 kV U 1A = 0
U 1i = 0 − Z i ⋅ J i = −19,746 kV ⇒ U 1B = 65,75∠236,8° kV
U 1o = 0 − Z 0 ⋅ J 0 = −24,02 kV U 1C = 65,75∠123,2° kV
U 2 d = E ′′ − Z d J d = ( Z i + Z 0 ) ⋅ E ′′ /( Z d + Z i + Z 0 ) = 41,782 kV
U 2i = − Z i J i = − Z i ⋅ E ′′ /( Z d + Z i + Z 0 ) = −21,727 kV
U 20 = − Z 0 J 0 = − Z 0 ⋅ E ′′ /( Z d + Z i + Z 0 ) = −20,055 kV
Faznite naponi vo povredeniot jazel iznesuvaat:
U 2 A = U 2 d + U 2i + U 20 = 0 kV
U 2 B = a 2 ⋅ U 2 d + a ⋅ U 2i + U 20 = 62, 7∠241,3° kV
U 2C = a ⋅ U 2 d + a 2 ⋅ U 2i + U 20 = 62, 7∠118,7° kV
Ako izvr{ime sporeduvawe so rezultatite {to gi dobivme vo
prethodnata zada~a pod b), }e zaklu~ime deka so zazemjuvawe na
yvezdi{teto na transformatorot T2 naponite na zdravite fazi vo
re`imot na kusata vrska zna~itelno se namalija i tie se sega
pribli`no ednakvi na nominalniot napon. Toa i treba{e da se
o~ekuva, bidej}i so namaluvawe na faktorot na zazemjuvawe kz = Z0/Zd
se namaluvaat i naponite vo zdravite fazi pri ednofaznata kusa
vrska. Kaj mre`ite so izolirana neutralna to~ka (Z0 → ∞) faznite
naponi vo zdravite fazi mo`at da bidat ednakvi na liniskite (me|u-
faznite) naponi, t.e. za 73% pogolemi od Unf .
Glava IV , Kusi vrski vo elektroenergetskite sistemi 24
∆Y 1
P2 2
G2 ~ 50 km
T2
potro{uva~
G1 ~ T1 P1
∆Y 30 km 40 km
EES
Slika P.4.9.1
Podatoci za elementite:
−G1 ≡ G2: 50 MVA; 10,5 kV; X"d = Xi= 13%; X0= 8%
R e { e n i e:
E ′′ j 34 , 385 j 31, 74 1 j 20 2 E ′′
-+ Jd j33, 06 1 j5 0 j6, 67 2J d
-+
-+ Z (k ) I 1d Z(k )
j4 I 2 d
E ′′ j 34 , 385 j 31, 74 j12 j16
I 3d 3
3 +- +-
j10 E ′′ j10 E ′′
∞ I10 I 20 J0
J0 ∞ j13
j21,16 j21,16 I 30
j39 j52 3
3
j20
j20
XP Ir
G T prema
P potro{.
XG XT
XV
EES so
∞ mo}nost
Slika 4.9.1
R e { e n i e:
1,1 ⋅ U n2
≤ S nr ,
Zd
od kade {to sleduva:
Z d ≥ 1,1 ⋅ U n2 / S nr , t.e.
X P + X V ⋅ ( X T + X G ) /( X V + X T + X G ) ≥ 1,1 ⋅ U n2 / S nr .
Ottuka se dobiva relacijata:
X P ≥ 1,1 ⋅ U n2 / S nr − X V ⋅ ( X T + X G ) /( X V + X T + X G )
1 ∆Y 2
G ~ P
T1 konzum
K
G ~ Ir
T2
1' ∆ Y
Slika P.4.11.1
Podatoci za elementite:
R e { e n i e:
u k % U n2 12 115 2
XT = ⋅ = ⋅ = 15,87 Ω
100 S n 100 100
Ekvivalentnata impedancija (vleznata impedancija) na
direktniot sistem Zd , svedena na 110 kV strana, }e bide:
Z d = ( X d′′ + X T )Π ( X d′′ + X T ) = (17,19 + 15,87) / 2 = 16,53 Ω . Sli~no:
Z i = ( X iG + X T ) / 2 = (17,19 + 15,87) / 2 = 16,53 Ω ,
i Z 0 = X T Π X T = X T / 2 = 7,935 Ω .
E.m.s E" vo suptranzientniot period (uva`uvaj}i go i
predoptovaruvaweto vo sistemot) }e bide:
E ′′ = 1,1 ⋅ U nf = 1.1 ⋅ 110 / 3 = 1,1 ⋅ 63,51 = 69,86 kV .
E ′′ X d′′ XT X iG XT X 0G XT
-+ Jd Ji J0
K K K
-+ Z (k )
Ud X iG XT Ui X 0G XT U0
E ′′ X d′′ XT
direkten sistem inverzen sistem nulti sistem