!

% '

! " #$

! & " &

) ' * +

+ + & - - µ - ,,,

+ + & & +
+

. & / + ( + &
,

01
2 $- = / /
2 * - = &1 - 1 -
& - 34
2 1 $ - - 5 =6

7+ = + −ϕ
ϕ ( - (
 0 ( /

8 = -ϕ= - =

01 && ( 9 : 9 2 34

*
+

* 9 -

*
- * &
& 2

01 & - ; 9 334

*
+
( /
* * / ; 9
+
* ( ; ( 5 1 (
$ &
- * /- &
,

) ( (
− /
( 1 / − - 1 ,
−
 ( ( -

2 ; */
= =>? < = (
= ?6- =< 3-3 4 == , -
=3
& & - $
( ,

"

" ( ; - &1 ,
&& ( : ; = - 934
* -
* ; -
* -
; -
* - $
! < == - 2/-
( ,

6
 ( (

( & + / / ρ >ρ
- ( ; /
; &

/
( / ( /2

- ( 2/ -
/ ; ,
;
! < - 1 $ / +
! > - 1
! 1 /- =

1 / ;
,

>
) /

( ( 1 & 1 = ( ,

9 3-3 4 =
34 - ?A
34 -66?A
@34 -66@A
334 3 -6 A 9
334 @@@A
96?>4 33A

% -& 1 .
>
°
= ?34 334
33
% 2 .
β
=α − +γ
01 ( B )
= >C 3
− D
≈ 3 = 3-@@
. ( = 33 × 3-@@ D>
= C=°

E F
- G
/

< <
+ ( /
+
( ( &&
( &&

@
 " 1 ( H 5 I (

+ ,8 + ∈K 5 J

! - = , . /

/ / = =
0 I/
B
B /
B = +
. + = &
8 /
= + = +

. = = + = + −

− −
⇔ = = =
− −

. . 6.

8 + A - - - =3
8 & 6. - -

=
0 . *

8 + & ( -

- ,8 = + >3
>3 =3

8 + & ( 9 A
ϕ ϕ
- -

. & ∆
= ϕ - - − ϕ - -
" & ( - :
9 ,
8 & - / - ( >3

) 0

. & ∆
∆ = ϕ - - − ϕ - -
8 + 2 ( - ,
E = + ,. ∆ = = ∆
τ

∆
. ∆ = =
∆ & -∆ / -∆ ( >3 / /

?
 0

. & ∆
∆ = ϕ - - − ϕ - -
= +
. ∆ = =∆ +∆ =∆ + ∆

. %

9 A
)
∆ =3
⇔ +∆ − + +∆ =3
)
∆ =3
+
+∆ − +∆ =3
∆ = ∆ + G = + − τ & ∆ =
∆ = ∆ + −
. ∆ +∆ = ∆ +∆ + −
− +
+ − = + + −
+
+
+ − =− + + −
+
+ − = −
+
= − ." 3 + = + =

. / = −

C
# ϕ →ϕ = ϕ − ϕ

/ 334

− −
/ ≈ 6?6 × 6?6 − 6?6 × ≈ @@3AL,A 1 = =3AL,A
×6?6 ≈3
≈ ≈ >, 3 6 ,< −
×

( &

& = −

! - > >3

E/ - - < <3

→ ⇔ → →
. ( = & + / ( > /

( ≈ × × / ≈ × ×
( ( ( /

. > /
( ( ( /