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Abstract— Contrast enhancement of digital images is used two sub-images but the separation techniques are different.
to process an input image and to get output image of better In case formal method separation is done according to the
quality after processing. A widely used contrast enhancement mean of the histogram and median is used for separation in
technique is histogram equalization (HE) technique. Although case of DSIHE method.
the technique is simple and effective, it has some drawbacks. It
does not preserve the brightness of the image and also has low To attain maximum brightness preservation, minimum
value of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). In this paper, we mean brightness error bi-histogram equalization
propose a new technique to enhance the contrast of an image. (MMBEBHE) [4] and minimum mean brightness error
The technique is detailed regions based and it can be applied dynamic histogram equalization (MMBEDHE) [5] have
on medical images. By using matlab the proposed technique been proposed. MMBEBHE decomposed the input
was coded and tested. The proposed technique preserves the histogram into two sub-histograms by searching a threshold
brightness of the image by giving low value of average mean value. MMBEBHE equalizes the histogram in such a way
brightness error (AMBE). At the same time high value of that the minimum brightness difference between the input
PSNR is obtained by the proposed technique which means the and output image is gained. Based on the local mean values
image is affected by low quality of noise. recursive mean separate histogram equalization (RMSHE)
[6] recursively divides the histogram into several
Keywords—contrast enhancement, detailed regions,
subsections.
brightness preservation, AMBE, PSNR.
Due to less computational complexity the time
I. INTRODUCTION consuming procedure contrast limited adaptive histogram
Digital image contrast enhancement improves the visual equalization (CLAHE) [7] has been proposed which divides
quality of the image by detecting the information that was the input image into blocks and then calculates the mapping
not present or was obscured in the input image. The quality functions of those blocks. An adjustable parameter is used
of the enhanced image is better than the original image. in CLAHE known as ‘clipping level’. Using this parameter
Normally to measure the quality of the enhanced image two the amount of contrast is restricted by CLAHE. Another
performance parameters – (1) average mean brightness error adaptive histogram equalization technique which is based
(AMBE) and (2) peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), are on logarithmic transform coefficient is presented in [8].
used. Low value of AMBE and high value of PSNR is
In this paper, we present an algorithm to enhance the
required for good enhancement.
contrast of an image. Here we divide the image into two
As histogram of a digital image represents the frequency subsections according to pixels of the detailed regions. By
of occurrence of gray-levels in the image, histogram calculating the gradient value of each pixel the detailed
equalization is widely known contrast enhancement method. regions are found. The detailed regions are usually
HE is a simple and effective method and it also distributes associated with high gradients. Then applying histogram
the pixels uniformly based on the cumulative value of each equalization (HE) technique in one subsection containing
pixel [1]. By applying HE technique medical images can the pixels of detailed regions and combining the HE result
also be processed. In medical side x-ray images, Computed with other subsection the enhanced image is obtained.
Tomography (CT) images and Magnetic Resonance Images
The paper is organized as follows. Section II presents
(MRI) are processed by this technique. HE technique is
the proposed algorithm. Section III presents results and
simple, effective and easy to calculate but it has some
comparisons of proposed method with some existing
drawbacks. It doesn’t give low value of AMBE and high
methods. Section IV concludes the paper with references.
value of PSNR. Therefore, it fails to preserve the image
brightness and the image is also affected by noise. II. PROPOSED ALGORITHM
Later some enhancement methods have been developed For a given digital image I(x, y) with gray level [0, L-1]
to address the aforementioned problems. Brightness the proposed algorithm is described step by step-
preserving bi-histogram equalization (BBHE) [2] and equal
area dualistic sub image histogram equalization (DSIHE) 1. Calculate the gradient value of each pixel. For this a
[3] are the techniques to overcome the problems introduced 3*3 mask (shown in “Fig. 1”) is taken and passed over the
in HE method. In both cases the histogram is separated into entire image.
GR(x, y) = [{f(x-1, y+1) + 2*f(x, y+1) + f(x+1, y+1)} – Subsection-2: background pixels of I(x, y).
{f(x-1, y-1) + 2*f(x, y-1) + f(x+1, y-1)}] / 4 (1) 5. Apply Histogram Equalization (HE) technique in
Subsection1 using the following general HE equation-
GC(x, y) = [{f(x-1, y-1) + 2*f(x-1, y) + f(x-1, y+1)} –
S1 = [{(CDFV–CDFMIN)/(CDFMAX–CDFMIN) *(L-1)] (4)
{f(x+1, y-1) + 2*f(x+1, y) + f(x+1, y+1)}] / 4 (2)
Where CDFV is the cumulative value for each pixel,
So finally the gradient value of each pixel is- CDFMIN minimum value of cumulative distribution function
and CDFMAX maximum value of cumulative distribution
G(x, y) = [{GR(x, y)} 2 + {GC(x, y)} 2]1/2 (3) function of Subsection-1
2. Divide the original image into five equal sized 6. Combine HE result (S1(x, y)) with Subsection-2 to
regions according to ascending order of the gradient get the enhanced image E(x, y).
intensities. The pixels in the original image which have high
III. RESULTS AND COMPARISONS
gradient values are the detailed pixels of the image.
Similarly the pixels in the original image which have low In this section, the structure of proposed method is
gradient values are associated with the background of the compared with Histogram Equalization (HE) method and
image. Therefore by partitioning the image according to the Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram (CLAHE)
ascending order of gradient intensities the detailed regions Equalization method.
can be obtained from the original image. “Fig. 2(a)” is a whole body bone scan image. In case of
3. Now find out which regions are the detailed regions this image region-5 captures all the details of the image.
among those five regions. Usually the detailed regions are Therefore region-5 is the detailed region. Applying
associated with high gradients. Therefore normally the histogram equalization (HE) technique in region-5 and
region-5 is the detailed region and in some cases region-4 combining HE result with four other regions the enhanced
and region-3 also contain the detailed regions with region-5. image is obtained shown in “Fig. 2(d)”.
a b c d
e f g h
Fig. 2: (a)-image of whole body bones scan and (e)-corresponding histogram. (b)-HE result and (f)-corresponding histogram. (c)-CLAHE result and (g)-
corresponding histogram. (d)-Result of proposed method and (h)-corresponding histogram.
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a b c d
e f g h
Fig. 3: (a)-brain image and (e)-corresponding histogram. (b)-HE result and (f)-corresponding histogram. (c)-CLAHE result and (g)-corresponding histogram. (d)-
Result of proposed method and (h)-corresponding histogram.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
m n o p
Fig. 4: (a), (i)-chest image and hand x-ray image respectively and (e), (m)-corresponding histograms. (b), (j)-HE results and (f), (n)-corresponding histograms. (c),
(k)-CLAHE results and (g), (o)-corresponding histograms. (d), (l)-Results of proposed method and (h), (p)-corresponding histograms.
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“Fig. 3(a)” is the brain image and in this case region-5 PSNR = 10 * log10 (MAX 2 / MSE)
does not capture all details. Here region-4 also captures
some of the details. Therefore combining region-4 and = 20 * log10 (MAX) – 10 * log10 (MSE) (7)
region-5 and then equalizing the combined regions and
adding the equalized result with the other three regions Where, x is from 0 to M-1 and y is from 0 to N-1. Max
enhanced image is obtained shown in “Fig. 3(d)”. is maximum gray level of the image. For 8 bit Max is 255.
“Fig. 4(a)” and “Fig. 4(i)” are the chest image and hand TABLE-II shows the results of MSE in case of our
x-ray image, respectively. In these images region-5 does not proposed method and HE and CLAHE methods. From the
capture all details. Both cases region-4 and region-3 also results of MSE it is observed that in all cases the
capture some of the details. Therefore combining region-3, performance of proposed method is better than the other two
region-4 and region-5 and then equalizing the combined methods.
regions and adding the equalized result with the other two
regions, enhanced images are obtained shown in “Fig. 4(d)” TABLE II. MEAN SQUARE ERROR (MSE)
and “Fig. 4(l)”.
HE CLAHE Proposed method
To compare the performance of proposed algorithm with
Histogram Equalization (HE) method and Contrast Limited Whole body bones scan 9.079*103 2.307*103 1.094*103
Adaptive Histogram Equalization method (CLAHE) we use
three parameters – (1) Average Mean Brightness Error Brain 635.449 721.241 279.949
(AMBE), (2) Mean Square Error (MSE) and (3) Peak Signal
to Noise Ratio (PSNR). Chest 1.016*103 1.749*103 816.733
Capable of maintaining the mean brightness of the input Hand x-ray 1.337*103 1.413*103 302.727
image in its output image is measured by the performance
parameter AMBE. A good enhancement should have a low TABLE-III shows the results of PSNR in case of our
value of AMBE. The AMBE is given by- proposed method and HE and CLAHE methods. From
Table-III it is observed that in all cases the results of PSNR
AMBE = |X’-Y’| (5) in case of proposed method are higher than the existing
methods.
Where, X’ and Y’ are the average intensities of input
and output images. TABLE III. PEAK SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (PSNR)
TABLE-I shows the results of AMBE in case of our HE CLAHE Proposed method
proposed method and HE method and CLAHE method.
From Table-I it is observed that in all cases the results of Whole body bones scan 8.55 14.50 17.74
AMBE in case of proposed method are less than the existing
methods which is required for good enhancement. Brain 20.10 19.55 23.66
TABLE I. AVERAGE MEAN BRIGHTNESS ERROR (AMBE) Chest 18.06 16.43 19.01
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recursive mean-separate histogram equalization for scalable
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