BİTMİŞ KİPLİKLER -Perfect with modals

1. could have : geçmişte gerçekleşme ihtimali az olan olumlu yapılarda kullanılan

özne+could + Perfect infinitive (--could have + past participle).

 You could have asked me earlier. Bana daha önce sorabilirdiniz.

 You could have told me you were ill. Hasta olduğunuzu bana söyleyebilirdiniz.
 You could have accepted this job. Bu işi kabul edebilirdiniz.
 I could have bought a sport car. Spor bir araba alabilirdim. (but I didn’t =ama almadım)

may / might have + V3

 He may have missed the bus. Otobüsü kaçırmış olabilir.

 You might have heard the rumour. Söylentiyi işitmiş olabilirsiniz.
 She might have taken additional responsibility. Fazla sorumluluk almış olabilir.
 She might have walked home. Eve yürümüş olabilir.
 They came back late. They may / might have had a party tonight.
Onlar geç döndüler. Bu gece bir parti vermiş olabilirler.

may not have + V3 veya might not have + V3: olumsuz, düşük ihtimal

 They may not have seen our new car in front of the door.
Kapının önündeki yeni arabamızı görmüş olamazlar.

can't have + V3 veya couldn't have + V3: olumsuz, yüksek ihtimal

 She can't have gone to work. İşe gitmiş olamaz.

 They can’t have missed the bus. Otobüsü kaçırmış olamazlar.
 The students didn’t study for the test. They can’t have passed it.
Öğrenciler sınava çalışmadılar. Sınavı geçmiş olamazlar .
 They couldn’t have done such a mistake. Böyle bir hata yapmış olamazlar.

Should / ought to + have + V3: –mesi gerekirdi / ama gereği yapılmamış

 The students should have paid more attention to the teacher.

Öğrencilerin öğretmene daha fazla dikkatlerini vermeleri gerekirdi.

2. must have : geçmişteki bir olasılığı, varsayımı veya çıkarımı anlatır.

Özne + must + have + V3 + tümleç

 I must have asked children ten times to be quiet.

1
 Çocuklara on defa sessiz olmalarını istemişimdir.

 The burglars must have entered the shop through the front door.
Soyguncular mağazaya ön kapıdan girmiş olmalılar. (bir çıkarım)

 She must have heard the bad news. Kötü haberi duymuş olmalı.

mustn't have : yapılmamış olması gereken bir şeyi anlatır.

 You mustn't have touched that. Ona dokunmamalıydın.

3. needn't have : geçmişte yapılmasa da olabilecek bir işin gereksiz yere yapılmış olduğunu
belirtir.
Özne + needn't + have + V3 + tümleç

 You needn't have run away. Kaçman gerekmezdi.

 You needn’t have done such a mistake. Böyle yanlış bir şeyi yapmanız gerekmezdi.

2
 GRAMMAR TEST - TEST ON TENSES – 2 (intermediate)
1.-25. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
1. In the last decade, governments around the
world ---- increasingly more transparent.
A) would have become
B) have become
C) could become
D) were become
E) become
2. The restrictions ---- most profound in the
United States and Canada where proposals to
limit national and local freedom of information
acts
----.
A) have been / have been adopted
B) were / have adopted
C) had been / would have adopted
D) would be / had adopted
E) would have been / adopted
3. The Australian Law Reform Commission and
the Administrative Review Council ---- a joint
report in January 1995 calling for substantial
changes ---- the law.
A) would release / was being improved
B) released / to improve
C) releases / had been improved
D) was releasing / would have been improved
E) released / was improving
4. Members ---- clean and very friendly in the
forums and it ---- sure it remains in such a
positive atmosphere.
A) would be / was being made
B) have been / will be made
C) are / had been made
D) were / would have been made
E) will be / was made
5. Since 2000, eleven welfare laws ---- by
Parliament and by the end of 2007, we hope
seven or eight more ----.
A) had been passed / has passed
B) have been passed / will have been passed
C) is being passed / would pass
D) was passed / had passed
E) will be passed / was passing
3
6. The Pentagon ---- Israel ---- a military victory
in its war against Palestinian insurgents.
A) will conclude / was achieving
B) concludes / would achieve
C) had concluded / achieved
D) has concluded / achieves
E) has concluded / will not achieve
7. A soil survey ---- by the Department of
Agriculture that is still in print ---- from the
state or local office of the Natural Resources.
A) would have published / had requested
B) has published / requested
C) published / can be requested
D) published / requesting
E) had published / was requesting
8. I ---- that such a transport system ---- relied
on to get food to the remote parts of the
country.
A) haven't believed / would be
B) didn’t believe / has been
C) wouldn't believe / was being
D) cannot believe / can be
E) hadn't believed / will have been
9. By the time people with HIV ---- AIDS, the
virus ---- their immune systems.
A) develop / will have damaged
B) developed / will damage
C) will develop / was damaged
D) had developed / is damaged
E) developing / would have damaged
10. People with Parkinson's disease ----
completely dependent upon levodopa, which
---- to help restore their muscle function and
retain their independence.
A) would become / will have been used
B) have become / would be used
C) may become / is used
D) had become / would used
E) will become / may have been used
11. Schools that repeatedly ---- F grades from the 17. They ---- in all manner of crime on a scale we
state ---- closed. ---- before

A) were receiving / will be A) have been involved / have never seen

B) have received / will have to be B) had involved / were never seen
C) will receive / would be C) were involved / would never see
D) had received / are being D) are involved / will never see
E) received / were being E) involved / had never seen

12. The accounts of incidents that I will relive on 18. Even though most companies ----anti-virus
these pages ---- from the official Department software, many ---- new technologies to stop
Records that I ----. virus threats in 2006.
A) would compile/ had been maintained
B) had compiled / was maintained A) had installed / had been evaluated
C) compile / maintained B) have installed / are evaluating
D) will be compiled /have maintained C) installed / has been evaluated
E) compiled / maintain D) are installing/ were being evaluated
E) install/ are being evaluated
13. It ---- however, that the students ---- direction
and that a member of Facilities would be more 19. When all the reports ---- available and all
appropriate. outstanding technical issues have been
A) may have been pointed out / will need resolved it ---- by us.
B) has been pointed out / had played
C) had been pointed out / would need A) had been made / was published
D) was pointed out / could have needed B) have been made / will be published
E) is pointed out / would be needed C) would be made / would be published
D) has been made / was being published
14. After the two countries ---- diplomatic ties, E) are made / published
economic cooperation ---- to develop in a
comprehensive manner.
20.Ireland's pioneering smoking ban ----
A) will have established / will begin widespread support despite fears it ---- pubs
B) are going to establish / begin out
C) established / began of business.
D) established / have begun
E) establish / will have begun A) would win / had been put
B) have won / will be put
15.Professional development as it ---- for years, C) would be won / would be put
referred to a group of teachers listening to a D) has won / would put
speaker who ---- an expert on the topic. E) had won / was put

A) has been known / might be 21. Recent research ---- that antioxidant
B) will be known / may have been compounds like alphalipoic acid and acetyl -L-
C) had been known / might not be carnitine ---- memory.
D) was known / may be A) proves/ would boost
E) might have been known / may not be B) is proved / have boosted
C) had proved made / are boosted
16. His father ---- very busy these days since, as D) would prove/ were boosted
a journalist, he ---- important people from the E) has proved / will boost
business world.
22. Since everybody was hungry we ---- for half an
A) would have been / is being interviewed hour and ---- our lunch packs.
B) has been / has been interviewing
C) was / would interview A) would stop / eat
D) will be / is interviewed B) had stopped / have been eaten
E) is / has been interviewed C) were stopping / had been eaten
D) are stopping / would have been eaten
E) stopped / ate

4
23. The United States ---- signing the treaty of
global warming because of fears that it ----
patent rights in biotechnology.

A) would delay / had been limited

B) have delayed / will be limited
C) would be delayed / would be limited
D) delayed / could limit
E) had delayed / was limited

24. Social justice ---- one of the most important

values that we ---- to secure in critical
evaluation studies of educational reform.

A) would be / have hoped

B) will be / hoped
C) has been / will hope
D) is / should hope
E) was / would hope

25. Photosynthesis ---- the process by which

green plants ---- food for themselves-and,
indirectly, for all animals, including human
beings.

A) is / make
B) may be / has made
C) has been / was made
D) had been / made
E) was / had made

5
 GRAMMAR TEST - TEST ON TENSES – 3 (upper-intermediate)
1.-25. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
1. We ---- that over 70% of this group ---- in
the education sector as postdoctoral
researchers
A) identify/ is employed
B) have been identified / employ
C) have identified / are employed
D) identified / employing
E) were identified / being employed
2. Doctors often ---- supplements of vitamin
D and calcium but scientists at the
University of Aberdeen in Scotland say
they
----.
A) recomend /had not worked
B) have recommended/should not work
C) recommend/ don’t work
D) had recommended/were not working
E) was recommending/have not worked
3. The basic economic features of the EEC
treaty ----, and in 1968 all tariffs between
member states ----.
A) would have been implemented / eliminated
B) are implemented / will be eliminated
C) were implemented / were eliminated
D) had been implemented / was being
eliminated
E) implemented / eliminating
4. The UN focused on the economic and
social problems of developing countries,
and on supporting colonial territories as
they ---- toward independence, as well as
helping nations that ---- independence
recently.
A) move / would have been achieved
B) moved / had achieved
C) had moved / have been achieved
D) have moved / were achieving
E) is moving / had been achieved
5. By the time you ---- to my age, you ---- a
much different path than what you’re
thinking.
A) get / would have been taken
B) get / will have taken
C) had got / have been taken
D) have got / are taking
E) is getting / had been taken
6. When a person ---- as a suspect, the
program ---- reasonable effort to following
the progress of the investigation.
A) identified / has to devote
B) has identified / had to devote
C) will identify/ could devote
D) has been identified/ should devote
E) identifies/ would devote
7. Hannibal’s soldiers took livestock and ----
farm buildings, while Roman farmers ----
their fields to fight the war.
A) has destroyed / neglected
B) was destroyed / is neglected
C) has been destroyed / was neglected
D) destroyed / neglected
E) will be destroyed / would be neglected
8. 19th century Italian astronomer Giovanni
Schiaparelli ---- several books and
magazine and newspaper articles on the
subject and
---- extensively about his theory around the
country to sold-out audiences.
A) was writing / had lectured
B) had written / would lecture
C) has written / lectures
D) would have written / could lecture
E) wrote / lectured
9. Assessing Modernism after the half century
in which it was dominant, commentators
----out that even though it by big business
and big government, the general public
never grew fond of it.
A) will be pointed / will be embraced
B) was pointed / were embraced
C) pointed / was embraced
D) pointed / had embraced
E) would point / been embraced
10. Picasso ---- to advanced classes at the
academy after he ---- in a single day the
entrance examination that applicants
traditionally were given a month to finish.
 A) had admitted / completed
B) will admit / would have completed
C) has admitted / will complete
D) was admitted / completed
E) admitted / have completed
11. As industrial and agricultural production
----, the per capita share of water
resources in the region ---- falling.
A) develops / keeps
B) is developing / kept
C) will develop/ will produce
D) was developing / will be kept
E) developed/ was keeping
12. By the end of 2007, hundreds of older
diesel buses ---- with new clean-fuel buses.
A) will have been replaced
B) have been replaced
C) would've been replaced
D) will replace
E) were being replaced
13. For over three hundred years men ---- to
make a gun that ---- more than one shot
without reloading.
A) have been tried / fire
B) have to be tried / are firing
C) are being tried / have fired
D) had tried / fires
E) had been trying / would fire
14. Anyone who ---- practice with the
Phoenician writing ---- no difficulties in
reading correctly the individual signs of the
Greek system.
A) will have / have
B) has had / would have
C) had / have had
D) has / will have
E) had had / had
15. Several people among the thousands of
stranded hurricane evacuees ---- while ----
outside the building, with no sign of
imminent help on the way.
A) will die / wait
B) died / had waited
C) died / waiting
D) had died / will wait
E) die / have waited
16. Students ---- a foreign culture's customs
and write stories pretending they are on
vacation with a friend from the country they
----.
A) had researched/ are researched
B) research / would have researched
C) have researched/ researched
D) will research / have researched
E) will research/ were researched
17. The Spanish dream of finding great riches
in America ---- when Hernando Cortez ----
the empire of the Aztecs in Mexico in 1519-
21.
A) realized / will conquer
B) will realize / was conquered
C) was realized / conquered
D) realize / has conquered
E) have realized / conquering
18. Many ancient societies ---- that mental
illness ---- from supernatural causes, such
as the anger of gods or possession by evil
spirits.
A) thought / resulted
B) was thinking / had resulted
C) think / is resulting
D) have thought / results
E) have thought / was resulted
19. Based on the findings, the researchers ----
that smoking is likely to ---- to up to 30,000
cases of the disease in Britain.
A) estimated / linked
B) were estimating / had linked
C) estimate / are linked
D) have estimate / links
E) estimate / have been linked
20. If the date for accession negotiations ---- at
the end of the year at the latest, a vital
threshold ----.
A) finalized / had been passing
B) are finalized / will have been passed
C) were finalized / would have passed
D) have finalized / would pass
E) had finalized / would have been passed
21. The laboratory work needs ---- in living
asthma patients, but ---- the disease is
more complex and far-reaching than
anyone believed.
A) will confirmed / had showed
B) to be confirmed / shows
C) would confirm / is showing
D) confirmed / has showed
E) has confirmed / showed
 B) hadn’t known / would make
22. He ---- how to use the computer, which ---- C) wouldn’t know / could have made
it impossible for him to get the job. D) wasn’t knowing / had made
E) has known / makes
A) didn't know / made
23. The short life span of many animals as
---- to humans is an advantage to
experimenters since it ---- them to
observe several generations.

A) compared / allows
B) wil compare / allowed
C) had compared / has allowed
D) compare / had allowed
E) have compared / will allow
24. During the 19th century, hydroelectricity ----
and railroads ----, opening up the area.

A) was developed / were constructed

B) had developed / are constructed
C) developed / have been constructed
D) have developed / constructed
E) were developing / might construct
25. Tourism ---- a major Alpine industry
during the 20th century as Europe ---- and
air, auto, and rail transportation to the
Alps improved.

A) had been become / prospers

B) became / prospered
C) is being become / was prospered
D) will be become / have prospered
E) will become / prospering
VOCABULARY STUDIES
1.KONU ANLATIMI VE ÇÖZÜM İPUÇLARI

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ

(The limits of my language means the limits of my world)

Yabancı dil öğrenme sürecinde SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ en önemli bölümdür. Gramer yapılarını eksiksiz öğrenen bir
kişi temel kelime bilgisine sahip olmadığı sürece sınavda başarılı olamaz. Dilbilimciler kelime öğrenme
konusunda uzun çalışmalar yapmış ve en verimli yöntemleri ortaya koymuşlardır. Bu dergimizde sözcük öğrenme
teknikleri konusundaki çalışmaları sizlere sunacağız. Zorunlu öğrenmeniz gereken temel sözcükleri listeler
halinde bulabileceksiniz.
Bu bölüm, bazı ipuçlarından yararlanarak bilinmeyen sözcükleri anlayabilme ve sözcük öğrenme
çalışmalarını içermektedir. Ek olarak kelime öğrenmenize yardımcı olabilecek alıştırma ve aktivitelere de yer
verilmektedir.

IMPORTANT VERBS
En çok kullanılan FİİLLER’dir. İngilizce cümle kalıbının en önemli basamaklarından biri olan fiilleri örnekleriyle
birlikte öğrenirseniz aklınızda daha kolay kalacaktır.

IMPORTANT NOUNS
En çok kullanılan İSİMLER’dir. İngilizce cümle kalıbının en önemli basamaklarından biri olan isimleri örnekleriyle
birlikte öğrenirseniz aklınızda daha kolay kalacaktır.

IMPORTANT ADJECTIVES
En çok kullanılan SIFATLAR’dır. İngilizce cümle kalıbının en önemli basamaklarından biri olan sıfatları da
örnekleriyle birlikte öğrenirseniz aklınızda daha kolay kalacaktır.

IMPORTANT ADVERBS
En çok kullanılan ZARFLAR’dır. İngilizce cümle kalıbının en önemli basamaklarından biri olan zarfları da
örnekleriyle birlikte öğrenirseniz aklınızda daha kolay kalacaktır.

IMPORTANT PHRASAL VERBS

En çok kullanılan DEYİMLER’dir. İngilizce cümle kalıbının en önemli basamaklarından biri olan deyimleri de
örnekleriyle birlikte öğrenirseniz aklınızda daha kolay kalacaktır.

KPDS SINAV SÖZCÜKLERİ

Sınava hazırlanmanın en önemli basamaklarından biri olan SINAV SÖZCÜKLERİNİ örnekleriyle ve sözcük
testleriyle birlikte öğrenirseniz aklınızda daha kolay kalacaktır.

KPDS SINAV SÖZCÜKLERİ İSTATİSTİKLERİ

Sınava hazırlanırken sınavda hangi sözcüklerin hangi sıklıkta çıktığını bilmek ve buna göre çalışmalarınızı
yönlendirmek size önemli bir avantaj sağlayacaktır.
2006 MAYIS KPDS SINAVINDAKİ SÖZCÜK DAĞILIMI
SÖZCÜK SORULARI SÖZCÜK ÇEŞİTLERİ SORU SORU
SAYISI ÇÖZME
SÜRESİ
Cümlede boş bırakılan VOCABULARY
yere uygun düşen Adjectives : 1 ADET(steady) 8-12
sözcük ya da ifade Nouns : 1 ADET((detriment) (1–8) dakika
(SÖZCÜK) Verbs : 1 ADET(assess) 8
Adverbs: 1 ADET(notably) SORU
Phrasal Verb: 1 ADET(caught on)

NOT: Yukarıda gördüğünüz dağılım son yıllarda ufak değişikliklerle hep aynıdır.
SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ
Sözcük bilgisi sorularını, “Content Words” ve “Function Words” şeklinde 2 başlıkta inceleyebiliriz.

1.Content Words: Bunlara “Open Set Words” (Açık Sözcükler) de diyebiliriz.

Bu gruptaki sözcükler:
a) verb (eylem),
b) noun (ad),
c) adjective (sıfat)
d) Interjections (ünlem)
e) adverb (zarf-belirteç)
f) “Yes / No” cevaplarından oluşur.

2.“Closed Set Words” (function words: grammatical or structure words) : “ Bunlar işlevsel sözcükler
olarak da adlandırılırlar. Bu sözcükler cümle kuruluşunda değişik dilbilgisi işlevlerini işlemektedir. “Tense”
yapılarında kullanılan “auxiliary verb” gibi işlevsel veya kapalı sözcük türlerinden oluşmaktadır.

Bu gruptaki sözcükler:
a) prepositions (ilgeç),
b) determiners (ad belirleyicileri),
c) conjunctions (bağlaçlar),
d) auxiliary verb (yardımcı eylemler),
e) pronouns (zamir-adıllar),
f) intensifiers (pekiştireçler),
g) qualifiers (niteleyiciler) den oluşur.

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİNİ NASIL GELİŞTİREBİLİRİZ?

Önce sözcük türlerini tanımamız gerekir. Sözcük türleri kısa bir özet olarak aşağıda verilmiştir.

SÖZCÜK TÜRLERİ

Parts of Speech Sözcük Türü

1 Verbs Eylemler
2 Nouns Adlar
Açık Sözcük Türleri
3 Adjectives Sıfatlar
4 Adverbs Zarflar
5 Pronouns Zamirler
6 Prepositions İlgeçler Kapalı Sözcük
7 Conjunctions Bağlaçlar Türleri
8 Interjections Ünlemler
AÇIK SÖZCÜK TÜRLERİNİ ÖĞRENME
Her dilde kapalı sözcük türleri vardır. Bunlar cümlede çeşitli dilbilgisel işlevler yapmak için kullanılırlar. Bunlara türetme
eklerinin eklenmesiyle yeni sözcükler türetebilirsiniz. Bu da sizin sözcük dağarcığınızın gelişmesinde önemli rol oynar. Öte
yandan, kapalı sözcük türleri daha çok dilbilgisi konularına eğilirken öğrenmeniz gereken sözcük bilgisidir.
En önemli nokta, belirli bir sözcüğün, her şeyden önce fiil mi, isim mi, sıfat mı veya zarf mı olduğunu bilmektir. Bunlardan
birini tespit ettikten sonra aynı sözcükten diğer sözcük türlerini, örneğin fiillerden isim, sıfat ve zarf türetilebilir.

SÖZCÜK TÜRETME ÖRNEKLERİ

Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

absorb absorption absorbent,
İçine çekmek İçe çekme, emilme absorbing
İçe çekici
account / hesap accountant, accountancy Accountable /
vermek muhasebeci, muhasebe Sorumlu

educate / eğitmek education / eğitim educated / eğitilmiş educationally /

educator / eğitimci educational / eğitici eğitim yönünden
educationist / eğitimci educatedly /
eğitimli şekilde

KPDS’de ÇIKMIŞ SORULAR - İPUÇLARI - ÇÖZÜM VE ANALİZLERi (FİİL SORULARI)

01. The river Danube rises in Germany and ---- through central Europe and into the Black Sea. (2000 Mayıs
KPDS)
A) cruises
B) spreads
C) flows
D) conducts
E) covers

02. Bacteria have a remarkable capacity for ---- tolerance to previously lethal drugs. (2001 Kasım KPDS)
A) repudiating
B) recovering
C) denouncing
D) deceiving
E) acquiring

03. Our understanding of the development of behaviour has long been hampered by the tendency to ----
sharply between "innate" and "acquired" behaviour. (2001 Mayıs KPDS)
A) exclude
B) separate
C) distinguish
D) infer
E) assess

04. Using the dam to generate power would not ---- the treaty with the neighbouring country, but diverting
water out of the river. (2002 Kasım KPDS)
A) intimidate
B) betray
C) violate
D) convert
E) fetch
05. The American constitution with its various constraints ---- to protect citizens can actually shield criminals.
(2002 Kasım KPDS)
A) discovered
B) complained
C) persuaded
D) designed
E) displayed
06. Japan is often ---- as an example of a country that has managed to keep its national defence orientated
industries entirely separate from foreign-owned companies. (2002 Mayıs KPDS)
A) withdrawn
B) delayed
C) cited
D) deduced
E) deceived

07. The general feeling in the court was that several of the witnesses were ---- information that could have a
direct bearing upon the case. (2002 Mayıs KPDS)

A) expressing
B) withholding
C) avoiding
D) disrupting
E) declining

08. A fresh look at the final months of the presidency of John F. Kennedy ---- that a second Kennedy term
might have produced a rapprochement with Cuba. (2003 Kasım KPDS)

A) promises
B) describes
C) inflicts
D) indicates
E) involves

09. Each year, large amounts of carbon monoxide are into the atmosphere by automobiles and factories. (2003
Mayıs KPDS)

A) absorbed
B) emitted
C) exchanged
D) repulsed
E) compelled

10. America's subsidies to its cotton farmers have long been a noteworthy example of the harm that rich
countries' subsidies ---- on the poor. (2004 Kasım KPDS)
A) enforce
B) inflict
C) exceed
D) provide
E) employ

11. For the control of the deadly brain disease in cows (BSE), surveillance is being stepped up in Canada, but
the
US claims to be testing enough cattle already to ---- the risk. (2005 Mayıs KPDS)

A) assert
B) assess
C) consult
 D) exceed
E) discourage
12. What are some of the things that differentially affect siblings and help ---- their success or failure? (2006
Mayıs KPDS)
A) pursue
B) recognize
C) recreate
D) determine
E) reinstate

===== ===== ====== ====== ===== ===== ===== ====== ====== =====

***IMPORTANT VERBS ***

ÖNEMLİ KPDS FİİLLERİ (ÖĞRENMEK İÇİN ÇALIŞMA LİSTESİ)

NOT: Sözcüklerin yanında verilen (*) yıldızlar o kelimenin sınavlarda daha fazla çıkma olasılığını işaret etmektedir.

FİİL EŞ ANLAMLARI TÜRKÇE KARŞILIĞI

==============AAAAAAAAAA============

abate diminish, subside, dwindle, lessen, decrease hafiflemek, azaltmak

The storm abated.

abdicate* relinquish, step down, renounce bırakmak, terk etmek

The King abdicated when he married a divorcee.

abolish* end, abrogate, do away with, remove,cancel yürürlükten kaldırmak

Slavery was abolished in the mid-19th century in America and in Russia.

abridge shorten, condense, contract kısaltmak

The novel was abridged for students.

abrogate abolish, cancel, repeal yürürlükten kaldırmak, iptal etmek

Congress abrogated the treaty.

absorb* soak up, take up, take in emmek, içine almak

This work really absorbs me.

abuse maltreat, misuse, exploit kötüye kullanmak, suistimal etmek

He abused his friend during an argument.

accede* assent, adhere, assent, give in razı olmak

The government acceded to the terrorists' demands.

access* reach, obtain, retrieve erişmek, ulaşmak

She accessed to our offices and records.

accomplish* achieve, attain başarmak, başarıyla yerine getirmek

She accomplished her goal despite setbacks.

accumulate pile up, heap, aggregate yığılmak, birikmek

Pesticides in our food tend to accumulate in the body over time, and can be quite unhealthy.

achieve** accomplish, attain, reach başarmak, ulaşmak

You will never achieve your goals if you don't believe in yourself.

acquire* obtain, gain, attain elde etmek, kazanmak

The museum has managed to acquire an important work by Dali.
adapt adjust, alter, conform uyarlamak, adapte etmek
They adapted his office for meetings.
adjust adapt, acclimatize, conform adapte olmak, uymak
When you adjust to a new situation, you get used to it by changing your behaviour
or your ideas.

adopt accept, approve, select kabul etmek, benimsemek, evlat edinmek

They decided to adopt a child after they realized they weren't able to have one of their own.

advocate support, uphold, back desteklemek

Do you advocate the death penalty for murderers?

affiliate join, become linked to, incorporate kabul etmek (üyelik vb)
The local women's club affiliated itself with the national organization some years ago

afflict harm, trouble, distress harap etmek, zarar vermek

Disease and poverty afflict many people.

aggravate worsen, exacerbate, intensify kötüleştirmek, zorlaştırmak

He was aggravated by his inability to find the right word.

alienate estrange, distance, separate yabancılaşmak, soğutmak, uzaklaştırmak

She alienated her friends with her hostility .

allege assert, claim, state iddia etmek, ileri sürmek

The newspaper reporters allege that the man was murdered but they have given no proof .

allocate allot, assign, designate ayırmak, tahsis etmek

I'm allocating the rations for the camping trip.

allot allocate, assign, designate ayırmak, tahsis etmek

We were alloted new uniforms.

allude imply, refer to, mention ima etmek, kısaca bahsetmek

He alluded to the problem but did not mention it.

alter modify, shift, vary değişmek, değiştirmek

This dress needs to be altered.

amend ameliorate, improve, revise düzeltmek, değiştirmek, iyileştirmek

The editor improved the manuscript by amending certain passages.

amplify increase, enlarge, augment, inflate, expand artırmak, büyütmek

The stereo amplified the sound superbly.

annihilate destroy, obliterate, exterminate yok etmek

it was too late; the plague annihilated an entire population.

annoy irritate, bother, disturb canını sıkmak, kızdırmak

I did not want to annoy him.

annul invalidate, nullify, rescind geçersiz kılmak, iptal etmek

The death sentence was annulled under a new decree.

anticipate* forecast, predict, expect tahmin etmek, beklemek, ummak

The meteorologists are anticipating rain for tomorrow.

appeal request, ask, solicit istemek, rica etmek, yalvarmak

She appealed the verdict.
appraise evaluate, assess, rate değerlendirmek
The diamond necklace was appraised at over two thousand dollars.

approve accept, favour, support uygun görmek, kabul etmek

My parents don't approve of me staying out after midnight.

arrange* organize, sort, plan ayarlamak, düzenlemek

I have arranged a flight for you leaving tomorrow at noon.

ascend rise, go up, climb yükselmek

The airplane ascended into the sky.

ascribe attribute, attach, link bağlamak, atfetmek

The politician ascribed the failing economy to high taxes.

aspire crave, desire, be ambitious çok istemek, can atmak

He aspires to power and fame.

assail attack, assault, set upon saldırmak (şiddetli)

Loud music assailed our ears.

assault attack, assail, set upon saldırmak

A bandit assaulted me with a knife.

assert state, claim, declare şiddetle savunmak, ısrar etmek, ileri sürmek
I assert my independence.

assess* evaluate, estimate, appraise değerlendirmek, değer biçmek

He assessed his situation carefully.

assign* appoint, designate tayin etmek, atamak

The teacher assigned homework.

assuage alleviate, soothe, ease hafifletmek, azaltmak

The king assuaged the fears of his nobles about a war.

assume** suppose, guess, presume sanmak, tahmin etmek

I assume the rightness of your position.

attain* accomplish, fulfil, realize ulaşmak, elde etmek

She attained to wisdom and grace.

attend** go to, be present, appear, care for gitmek, katılmak ,hizmet etmek
Nurses attend sick persons. Which courses have you attended?

attribute ascribe, refer, attach bağlamak, atfetmek

I attribute the bad weather to pollution.

avert preclude, ward off, thwart önlemek

We averted a loss in the stock market by selling our shares early, before the stock fell.

==============BBBBBBBBB============

ban prohibit, forbid, disallow yasaklamak, men etmek

Smoking is banned in this building.

banish exile, deport, eject, force out sürmek, sınır dışı etmek
She banished from her mind all thoughts of failure.
bar restrain, impede, obstruct engellemek, mani olmak
If someone is barred from a place or from doing sth, they are officially forbidden to go there or to do
it.

besiege surround, encircle, enclose kuşatmak

An army besieged the fortress for days.

bestow present, confer, endow (onur vb) vermek

Many honors were bestowed on the champion.

blame accuse, charge, indict suçlamak

We blamed the accident on her.

boast be proud of, pride oneself on, brag övünmek, gururlanmak

The zoo boasts the largest collection of reptiles in the world.

breed produce, lead to, bring about beslemek, doğurmak, yol açmak
Fear breeds in violent neighborhoods.

==============CCCCCCCCCC============

cease stop, discontinue, halt durmak, durdurmak, kesmek

Will this snow never cease?

cherish foster, nourish, sustain beslemek, gütmek, sürdürmek

The child cherished the homeless kitten.

cogitate ponder, contemplate, deliberate derin düşünmek

I've been cogitating all day and getting nowhere.

coincide* happen at the same time, concur çakışmak, aynı zamana rastlamak
The two events coincided.

combat fight, struggle, battle savaşmak, mücadele etmek

We must combat the prejudices against other races.

commence begin, initiate, start başlamak

We will commence building work in August of next year.

commit do, carry out, perform yapmak, işlemek, gerçekleştirmek

The priest committed himself to a life of poverty.

compel force, impel, urge zorlamak, mecbur etmek

As a school boy he was compelled to wear shorts even in winter.

compete vie, struggle, contend yarışmak, rekabet etmek

Both girls compete for their father's attention.

compile gather, accumulate, amass toplamak, derlemek

We're compiling some facts and figures for a documentary on the subject.

compromise agree, concede, strike a deal uzlaşmak, anlaşmaya varmak

The nuclear secrets of the state were compromised by the spy.

conceal* hide, cover, disguise saklamak, gizlemek

I tried to conceal my surprise when she told me her age.

concede accept, admit, acknowledge kabul etmek, itiraf etmek

The Government has conceded (that) the new tax policy has been a disaster.
conceive* understand, apprehend, comprehend anlamak, kavramak
I think my uncle still conceives of me as a four-year-old.

confirm* approve, validate, verify doğrulamak, onaylamak, tasdiklemek

The leader's speech was impressive and confirmed her faith in the party.

confront* face, encounter, deal with karşılaşmak, karşı karşıya gelmek

As she left the court, she was confronted by angry crowds who tried to block her way.

conserve preserve, protect, maintain korumak, muhafaza etmek

The nationalists are very keen to conserve their customs and language.

consult * ask, refer to, seek advice danışmak, başvurmak

If the symptoms get worse, consult your doctor.

contradict oppose, deny, differ tersini söylemek, karşı çıkmak, çelişmek

If you're both going to lie, at least stick to the same story and don't contradict each other!

convene* gather, meet, assemble toplanmak, bir araya gelmek

The Prime Minister convened (a meeting of) his ministers to discuss the matter.

convert change, transform, switch dönüştürmek, çevirmek, değiştirmek

Could we convert the small bedroom into a second bathroom?

convince* persuade, prove, satisfy ikna etmek

I’m convinced that there are more disadvantages than advantages.

cover include, comprise, encompass kapsamak, içermek

Much of the country is covered by snow.

culminate peak, climax, conclude zirveye ulaşmak, son noktaya ulaşmak

A series of events for teachers and students will culminate in a Shakespeare festival next year.

cultivate develop a relationship, seek the friendship of geliştirmek (dostluk vb)

The surrounding area would have been cultivated.

curb check, bridle, restrict durdurmak, frenlemek

The Government should act to curb tax evasion.

curtail* reduce, lessen, cut kısaltmak, kısmak

The last government severely curtailed trade union rights.

======= ======= ===== ======= ======= ======= ===== =======

 KONU TESTLERİ

TEST ON VERBS-1 (pre-intermediate)

1. The energy from sunlight is ---- by a green D) reduce E) escape
substance in the leaves called chlorophyll.
A) occupied B) absorbed C) collected 14. Hundreds of people travelled vast distances to trade
D) faded E) engaged goods, arrange marriages, and ---- in social and
cultural activities.
2. The diesel engine is an internal combustion engine,
A) differ B) deal C) participate
as is a petrol engine, because it ---- the fuel inside
D) consult E) overcome
the engine.
A) charges B) burns C) blasts
15. The main way in which we ---- with each other is by
D) rubs E) fires
using words, either by speaking and listening or by
3. There are several large national parks, where reading and writing.
wildlife is ----. A) pass B) experiment C) communicate
A) reacted B) persecuted C) replaced D) transmit E) convey
D) placed E) protected
16. Magnetic and other measurements ---- an internal
4. Balloons and airships are classed as lighter-than-air temperature of the Moon as high as 1600°C.
craft to ---- them from airplanes, gliders, and A) present B) involve C) disturb
helicopters. D) attack E) indicate
A) prevent B) decline C) suffer
17. Symbols ---- people to develop complex thoughts
D) distinguish E) cheat
and to exchange those thoughts with others.
5. If an object held near the surface of the earth is A) oppose B) defend C) debate
released, it will fall and accelerate, or pick up speed, D) allow E) practice
as it ----.
18. Road networks are ---- to help traffic flow, for
A) alters B) increases C) descends
example with one-way systems, bus lanes and
D) influences E) affects
parking restrictions.
6. Most archaeological sites are ---- by archaeologists A) designed B) eradicated C) disappointed
who have set out to look for them. D) exaggerated E) estimated
A) maintained B) discovered C) failed
D) complained E) stressed 19. The steam locomotive was ---- by the British
7. High oil prices helped Venezuela to ----, two years engineer Richard Trevithick in 1804.
ago, from a long recession. A) gifted B) compiled C) invented
A) accomplish B) allocate C) commence D) analyzed E) collected
D) stimulate E) emerge 20. Excavators and bulldozers also have tracks because
8. Traffic controllers also use television cameras to ---- they ---- in difficult conditions and need to grip the
traffic conditions and to record accidents. ground strongly in order to exert a lot of force.
A) notice B) comment C) observe A) place B) operate C) use
D) study E) explain D) manage E) rule

9. Words allow us to give and ---- information, ideas 21. In Britain electric vehicles are mainly used to ---- the
and orders. milk.
A) send B) practice C) receive A) establish B) assert C) yield
D) form E) point D) deliver E) enforce

10. To prevent as many accidents as possible, 22. Louis Armstrong was one of the first musicians to
governments make laws that people must ---- when ---- a solo style in jazz .
driving or riding vehicles. A) create B) withhold C) alter
A) content B) call C) obey D) enter E) penetrate
D) spare E) go 23. Edinburgh University, famous for its medical
11. The engine of a motorcycle ---- the back wheel by expertise, was one of the first universities to ----
means of a chain or shaft. women (from 1889).
A) serves B) speeds C) carries A) announce B) confess C) admit
D) drives E) places D) judge E) declare

12. Many countries have networks of special roads 24. During adulthood young people are expected to ----
which ---- the cities. several goals.
A) connect B) plug C) divide A) arrange B) accomplish C) win
D) part E) separate D) receive E) attempt

13. People who drive or ride can do many things to help 25. Electric vehicles such as vans carry large batteries
---- accidents on roads. to ---- the electricity to drive their motors.
A) offend B) ignore C) curtail A) adapt B) form C) invent
D) achieve E) provide
Mini Dictionary
absorb: içine çekmek, emmek
accomplish: yapıp bitirmek, başarmak, becermek
adapt: bir şeye uydurmak, tatbik etmek
allocate: tahsis etmek, yerini tayin etmek
assert: ileri sürmek üzerinde durmak
blast: tahrip etmek yıkmak, yakmak
chlorophyll: klorofil
compile: toplayıp liste haline getirmek
confess: itiraf etmek, ikrar etmek, teyit etmek
consult: danışmak, baş vurmak
convey: taşımak, nakletmek
curtail: kesmek, kısaltmak, azaltmak
deliver: dağıtmak, teslim etmek
descent: inmek
enforce: zorla kabul ettirmek, yürütmek
engage: meşgul etmek, tutmak
eradicate: kökünden söküp atmak
exaggerate: abartmak, büyütmek
excavator: ekskavatör, kazma makinası
indicate: işaret etmek, göstermek
internal combustion engine: içten yanmalı motor
manipulate: el ile işletmek
negotiate: görüşmek, müzakere etmek
occupy: tutmak, zaptetmek, işgal etmek
offend: kabahat işlemek, suç işlemek
participate: katılmak, iştirak etmek
penetrate: girmek, işlemek, etkilemek
persecute: zulmetmek
wildlife: yabanıl hayat
withhold: elinde tutmak, vermemek, kısıtlamak
yield: vermek, ödemek

PARAGRAPH STUDIES
KONU ANLATIMI

KPDS, ÜDS, YDS gibi İngilizce sınavlarda, “Reading Comprehension” yani “Okuduğunu Anlama
soruları sınavın kaderini tayin eden en zor ve en çok sorunun olduğu bölümdür. Bu tür soruların doğru
cevaplanabilmesi için paragrafın anlamsal bütünlüğünün yanı sıra, yapısal (dilbilgisel) ipuçlarına da dikkat etmek
gerekir. Bu soruları yapabilmek için paragraf organizasyonunu iyi bilmek ve çok soru çözmek temel bir
zorunluluktur. Bu fasiküllerde bu tip soruların çözüm ipuçları ve örneklerini vereceğiz. Bu bölümde ayrıca “odd-
one out” (redundant) ve “paragraph completion” sorularına da yer verilecektir.

“READING COMPREHENSION” SORU BİÇİMLERİ

1- “VOCABULARY–IN-CONTEXT” SORU TİPİ

1. Bu tip sorularda şıklarda verilen kelimelerden hangisinin parçada verilen altı çizilmiş kelimenin yerine
geçeceğine dikkat edilmelidir.
2. Burada sorulan sorular isim, sıfat, fiil, zarf türü tek kelime olduğu gibi 2-3 kelimeden oluşan bir “phrase” de
olabilir.
3. Bazen sorulan kelimenin bir tanımı (definition) da istenebilir. Bu durumda verilen parçanın genel yapısı
içindeki anlamına (context) dikkat etmek gerekecektir.

ÇÖZÜM İPUÇLARI
Verilen kelimenin;
1. Eş-anlamına (Synonym),
2. Parçada verilen o kelimeyle ilgili örneklemelere,
3. “but” gibi bağlaçlarla verilen zıtlıklara (contrast),
4. Parçanın genel fikrine (general context) bakarız.
ÖRNEK PARAGRAF-1 (2005 mayıs)
For two decades after World War II, mass production reigned supreme. Mass-production techniques pushed
companies into standardized products, long product life cycles, and rigid manufacturing, emphasizing efficiency
and low cost over flexibility. Special orders cost more. But today's consumers are very choosy. They want quality,
value and products specially tailored to their needs, but always at the lowest possible price. For now mass
customization has come to the fore. Mass customization uses information technology to produce and deliver
products and services designed to fit the specifications of individual customers. Companies can customize
products in quantities as small as one with the same speed and low cost as mass-production methods. Mass-
customization systems use information taken from the customer to control the flow of goods.

1. By the phrase "mass customization", as it is used in the passage, is meant the production of goods
----.

A) in very large quantities and for general use

B) to meet standardized specifications which will please everyone
C) at high speed regardless of cost
D) designed to have a long life
E) designed to meet the specific needs of individual customers

AÇIKLAMA
Mass customization: bireysel tüketicinin isteklerine göre üretim şekli

2. Find the best replacement for “flow of goods” in the passage.

A) a special offering
B) production and delivery of products
C) specific to a person
D) common or usual
E) having a specific function

ÖRNEK PARAGRAF-2 (2006 Mayıs)

In this century, the wealth and success of nations will depend like never before on the ability to produce
and use knowledge. Universities have long been instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. But
in an increasingly globalized world, and in the face of rapid scientific change, they will need to think about a
set of new challenges and how best to prepare their students for the coming decades. Universities will
need to teach a new kind of literacy, in which global awareness will play an important role. They also
need to deal with the dilemmas posed by the accelerating pace of change brought on by scientific
and technological advances. We are on the brink of once-in-human-history progress in combating
disease through the application of modern science.Doctors will have at their disposal blood tests that will
tell you with substantial predictive power how long you will live and from what diseases you are likely to
suffer. The Internet and the application of information technology may well represent the most profound
change in the way knowledge is disseminated since the printing press. We are close to understanding the
first second of the history of the cosmos.

1. The phrase, “once-in-human-history progress” is saying ----.

A) we cannot expect or, indeed, hope for such progress ever to happen again
B) this is only the first of many spurts of progress
C) this is the first instance of a widespread application of science
D) there has never been such progress ever before and there may not be again
E) this is the highest possible peak of progress
2. The phrase, “profound change” means----.

A) effective change
B) severe progress
C) extreme application
D) much replacement
E) great improvement

3. Find the best replacement for “cosmos” ----.

A) living things
B) cosmic creatures
C) the earth
D) the universe
E) creation

2 -“REFERENCE QUESTIONS” SORU TİPİ

1.Bu tip sorularda “he, she, it, them,” gibi ZAMİRLER (PRONOUNS) veya verilen bir ifadenin (EXPRESSION)
parçada neyi anlatmak istediği (neyi işaret ettiği veya neyi ifade ettiği) sorulmaktadır.

2.Bu tip sorulan sorular en kolay bulunabilecek okuma sorularıdır. Bunun için ilgili bölümü, önce ve sonra gelen
cümleleri dikkatli okumak ve özne ile zamir ilişkisine bakmak yeterlidir.

ÖRNEK PARAGRAF-1
Under the great Moghul emperors, artists emerged from their previous anonymity. They were allowed, for the first
time, to sign their work, and even encouraged to include self-portraits in their paintings. And the artists' skills did
not go unrewarded: one emperor even presented a favourite painter with an elephant, the ultimate status symbol
of the age. Yet little is known about the artists' lives. The more successful may have enjoyed an economic status
similar to lower-level nobles. However, their simple dress in the self-portraits suggests that the rewards for many
painters did not always match their unquestionable talent.

SORU: In the passage, the word "anonymity” in the first sentence refers to a condition in which ----.

A) the people had to live in extreme poverty

B) the artists were well-respected
C) the emperors employed only very talented artists
D) the artists worked for very little money
E) the artists of paintings were not known by name

Fahrenheit is the system of measuring the temperatures, how hot or cold something is, used by many people in
Britain. The freezing point of Fahrenheit is 32 degrees. So a cold winter's day in Britain would have temperature
of 38 F (3 centigrade), and a hot summer's day would have a temperature of 90 F (32 centigrade). The
Fahrenheit scale was invented by the German scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1710. Today in Britain most people
over twenty-five know the Fahrenheit scale but the centigrade system (Celcius) is being used more and more.
Weather forecasts on television and in newspapers show temperature in both scales.

SORU: The term "Fahrenheit" refers to ----.

A) the popularity among young people

B) the centigrade system
C) the scale of temperature between 32 and 90
D) the weather forecasts
 E) the name of a German scientist

OKUMA TEKNİKLERİ
Yukarıda belirtilen noktalar, aslında “Okuma teknikleri” bilgisini de kapsamaktadır. Bu teknikleri şu şekilde
sıralayabiliriz:
A) Ana fikri bulma (Finding the Main Idea)
B) Analiz yapma (Analysing the Main Article)
C) Metin içinde kelime bilgisi (Vocabulary in Context)
D) Parçadan alıntı yaparak bir karara varma (Making Inferences and Drawing Conclusions)

A) ANA FİKİR NASIL BULUNUR?

Ana fikri bulmak için öncelikle ilk ve son cümleye bakarız. Bazen ilk cümle bize ana fikri vermeyebilir. Yazar,
bu durumda ana fikri vermeden önce bir kaç giriş cümlesi vermiş de olabilir. Bu nedenle bu giriş cümlelerini
takip eden cümleyi inceleyerek ana fikre ulaşabiliriz. Eğer ana fikir açık olarak burada da verilmemişse, bu
durumda parçanın tümünü okuyarak gizlenmiş olan ana fikri yakalamaya çalışırız. Ana fikri yakalamak için
paragraf yapısını iyi tanımak gereklidir. Şimdi tipik bir paragraf yapısının nelerden oluştuğuna bir göz atalım:

Tipik bir paragraf üç bölümden meydana gelir.

1.İlk cümle paragrafın kalbi olan (Topic Sentence) konu cümlesini kapsar. Konu cümlesi (aynı zamanda tez
veya anahtar cümlesi de denir) paragraf konusunun yeni bakış açılarını içerir.

2.İkinci bölüm bu bakış açılarının geliştirildiği cümlelerdir. Bu cümleler, öne sürülen delil ve
hususlar, açıklamalar, ayrıntılar, örneklemeler ve diğer destekleyici fikirlerden oluşabilir.

3.Paragrafın son cümlesi genellikle paragrafı özetleyen bir sonuç cümlesinden oluşur. Bu ifade “Topic
sentence”ın başka kelimeler kullanılarak verilmiş diğer bir şeklidir, yani onunla örtüşür.

B) ANALİZ YAPMA
KPDS-UDS-YDS sınavlarında en çok soru olan bölüm, okuduğunu anlama sorusu bölümüdür. Metinle ilgili
olan bu sorular sadece okuma becerisini ölçmekle kalmayıp, aynı zamanda okuyanın ne anladığını , bakış
açısını ve parçadan hüküm çıkarabilme yeteneklerini ölçmektedir. Aynı biçimde adayın metni analiz edip
edemediğini ölçmektedir. Bu açıdan sınava girenlerin başaramama korkusu taşıdığı bölüm bu “Parça okuma”
bölümüdür. Sınava girenlerin çoğu parçada kullanılan kelimeleri bilmediğini, buna bağlı olarak da parçayı
anlayamadığını ifade etmektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak da sorulara doğru cevap veremediklerini
düşünmektedirler. Bu tam olarak doğru bir sav değildir. Parça sadece bir kaç kelime üzerine kurulmuş olamaz.
Buradan yola çıkarak parçada geçen kelimelerin anlamını, parçanın tamamını okuyarak da tahmin edebiliriz.
Bununla ilgili olarak aşağıdaki bölümde kelimenin anlamını bulma teknikleri verilmiştir. Bir başka sorun ise,
parçayı Türkçe’ye çevirmeye çalışarak gereksiz ve fazla zaman harcamaktır . Bu da yanlış bir yöntem
olacaktır.
AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST-1
Eliminating poverty is largely a matter of helping the children born into poverty to rise out of it. Once families
escape from poverty, they do not fall back into it. Middle-class children rarely end up poor. The primary reason
poor children do not escape from poverty is that they do not acquire basic mental skills. They cannot read,
write, calculate or articulate. Lacking these skills, they cannot get or keep a well-paid job. The best mechanism
for breaking this vicious cycle is to provide the poor with better educational opportunities. Since children born
into poor homes do not acquire the skills need from their parents, they must be taught these skills at school.
1- The writer makes the point that, once people have overcome poverty, ----.
A) the skills of reading and writing cease to be important for them
B) they cease to live socially with the poor
C) they soon learn to adopt middle-class manners and ways
D) it is most unlikely that they will ever become poor again
E) they become eligible for well-paid employment in industry

2- According to the writer, if poverty is to be overcome ----.

A) the only effective means for this would be to provide better education
B) more well-paid jobs should be offered to the poor
C) all children, regardless of their social class, should receive the same formal education
D) middle-class children should be given better educational opportunities
E) the education of children should be based on mental skills alone

3- The main argument of the passage is that ----.

A) the elimination of poverty can only be achieved if the poor and the rich attend the same schools
B) middle-class children do need to learn basic mental skills at school since they learn them at home
C) the children of the poor must learn basic mental skills at school so that they can escape from poverty
D) since basic mental skills are not being taught efficiently at schools, educational reform is essential
E) a child born into a poor family will inevitably stay poor all through his life
4. “Poverty” means ----.
A) The act of making someone poor
B) The state of having little or no money
C) Something that people do or cause to happen
D) A manifestation of insincerity
E) An area composed of subdivided lots
5. The word “articulate" is closest in meaning to----.
A) Provide with a joint, as of two pieces of wood
B) Put into words or an expression
C) Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way
D) The territory occupied by a nation
E) Utter with vibrating vocal chords

VOCABULARY
eliminate: çıkarmak, ihraç etmek, hariç tutmak, atmak, bertaraf etmek
poverty: yoksulluk, fakirlik, parasizlik, zaruret, ihtiyaç, yetersizlik
end up: bitirmek, nihayet vermek
middle-class: orta tabakadan, burjuva olan
acquire: elde etmek, kazanmak
calculate: hesaplamak
articulate: ifade etmek, açıkça söylemek
lacking: eksik olma
a well-paid job: dolgun ücretli bir iş
vicious cycle: kötü çark (düzen)
end up: bitirmek, son vermek
AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST-1
KONUSU: Paragrafın konusu fakir insanların neden fakirlikten kurtulamadığı ve kurtulmanın yollarıdır.

1.DOĞRU ŞIK: D
Soru kökündeki “The writer makes the point” ifadesi bize parçadan açık bir yargıyı bulmamızı istemektedir.
“once people have overcome poverty” (İnsanlar bir kez fakirliğin üstesinden gelselerdi), Parçadaki “ Once
families escape from poverty, they do not fall back into it. Middle-class children rarely end up poor .” ifadeleriyle
örtüşmekte olup, burada fakirliği yenmenin tekrar fakir olmayacakları anlamına gelmediğini anlatmaktadır. Bu
ipucundan yola çıkarak “D” şıkkının doğru olduğunu buluyoruz.

2.DOĞRU ŞIK: A
“ According to the writer” soru kökü bizim parçadan açıkça belirtilen bir yargıyı bulmamızı istemektedir. “if
poverty is to be overcome” (Eğer fakirliğin üstesinden gelinecekse) ifadesinden bir çözüm yolu
istenmektedir.Buna karşılık gelecek ifade parçadaki:
“The best mechanism for breaking this vicious cycle is to provide the poor with better educational
opportunities.” cümlesinden eğitimin fakirliği yenmekteki öneminden söz edilmektedir.Bu da “A” şıkkında verilen
“the only effective means for this would be to provide better education” (Buna en etkili çare daha iyi eğitim
sağlamaktır) ifadesiyle örtüşmektedir. (anahtar kelimeler :“Better education” = “Educational Opportunities”)

3. DOĞRU ŞIK: C
Soru kökündeki “The main argument of the passage” ifadesi bize parçanın konusunu sormaktadır. Parçanın
konusunu paragrafın son cümlesinden bulabiliriz:
“Since children born into poor homes do not acquire the skills they need from their parents, they must be taught
these skills in school” Bu ifade bize fakir ailelerin çocuklarının okullarda temel zeka eğitimine ihtiyaç
duyduklarını ancak bu yolla fakirlikten kurtulabilecekleri düşüncesini vermektedir. Bu da C şıkkında verilen “the
children of the poor must learn basic mental skills at school so that they can escape from poverty”
(Fakir çocukları temel zihinsel yetenekleri okulda öğrenmeliler böylece fakirlikten kurtulabilirler) ifadesiyle
örtüşmektedir.

4. DOĞRU ŞIK: B
poverty: (yoksulluk) The state of having little or no money (az para olması veya hiç para olmaması hali)

5. DOĞRU ŞIK: B
articulate: (ifade etmek) Put into words or an expression (düşüncelerini ifade etmek)

AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST-2

In 1964, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was held. For the first time, the poorer
nations of the world came together to act as a pressure group on trading matters. The Conference made the
following recommendations: developing countries should be given free access to world markets for their
manufactures and semi-manufacturers by the elimination of quotas and tariffs; and international commodity
agreements should be made for each major primary commodity in world trade to stabilize commodity prices.
Moreover, compensation schemes, whereby the underdeveloped countries are compensated for the declining
prices of their primary products, were recommended for consideration. The Conference also resolved that the
developed countries should aim to provide at least 1 percent of their national income as aid for the
underdeveloped countries.

1. As can be understood from the passage, the 1964 United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development was remarkable because ----.
 A) the developing countries now had the chance , for the first time , to have free access to the markets of the
developed countries.
B) it failed to formulate a policy that would ensure the stabilization of world commodity prices
C) all the demands of the underdeveloped countries were accepted without reservation by the developed
countries
D) a number of deadlines were set for the signing of international commodity agreements
E) the world’s poorer countries participating in the Conference took joint action to influence the resolutions on
trading matters
2. With reference to this Conference, one development mentioned in the passage was that ----.
A) each country was to benefit from compensation schemes
B) the idea of compensation schemes came to the fore
C) developed countries should not benefit from compensation schemes
D) compensation schemes were to be put into effect as soon as possible
E) the poorer countries should be compensated for their general trade deficits
3. From the passage we learn that one of the resolutions adopted by the United Nations Conference
on Trade and Development ----.
A) was soon revoked due to strong pressure coming from underdeveloped member countries
B) considerably raised the world trade tariffs up for a variety of commodities
C) concerned the amount of aid to be given by the developed countries to the underdeveloped
D) envisaged a step by step lifting of the world’s trade barriers
E) made it imperative for the developed countries to open up their markets to the manufactured goods for
the underdeveloped countries
4. Find the best definition for “elimination”----.
A) the bodily process of discharging waste matter
B) the act of removing or getting rid of something
C) the act of distributing or spreading or apportioning
D) the act of removing the contents of something
E) the act of making unavailable; bar from sale or distribution
5. The word "compensation" is closest in meaning to ----.
A) the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience
B) secure against future loss, damage, or liability; give security for
C) money given or received as payment or reparation
D) gradual decline in amount or activity
E) the disadvantage that results from losing something

VOCABULARY
United Nations Conference: Birleşmiş Milletler Konferansı
hold: toplanmak, (toplantı) yapmak
pressure: baskı, tazyik, basınç
recommendation: tavsiye, övme, bonservis
free access: serbest giriş
world markets: dünya pazarları
manufacture: imal etmek
elimination: çıkarma
quota: hisse, pay, kota
tariff: gümrük tarifesi, vergi koymak, ithalat ve ihracat vergisi
international commodity agreements: uluslararası ticari mal anlaşmaları
commodity: mal, emtia, eşya, yararlı şey
stabilize: sağlamlaştırmak, tespit etmek, istikrar kazandırmak
compensation schemes: tazminat, telafi planları
whereby: vasıtasıyle
underdeveloped: az gelişmiş, geri kalmış
 compensate: tazmin etmek, bedelini ödemek
decline: azalmak, iniş, gerileme
resolve: karar vermek, tasarlamak
national income: milli gelir

AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST-2

KONUSU: Paragrafın konusu Birleşmiş Milletler’deki Ticaret ve Gelişme üzerine yapılan bir konferanstır.

1. DOĞRU ŞIK: E
“As can be understood from the passage” soru kökü bizden bir çıkarımda bulunmamızı istemektedir.1964’de
yapılan konferansın neden önemli olduğunu parçadan bulmamız gerekmektedir.

İPUCU paragrafın 2.cümlesidir: “For the first time the poorer nations of the world came together to act as a
pressure group on trading matters.”

İlk kez Dünyanın fakir ülkeleri ticaret meselesinde bir baskı grubu olurak hareket etmek için bir araya geldiler.
Bu ifadeden yola çıkarak “E” şıkkında verilen ifadeye ulaşıyoruz.

“the world’s poorer countries participating in the Conference took joint action to influence the resolutions on
trading matters” (Konferansa katılan dünyanın fakir ülkeleri ticaret konusundaki kararları etkilemek için bir ortak
eyleme giriştiler.)

2. DOĞRU ŞIK: B
Soru kökünden, konferanstaki bir gelişmeden sözedildiğini anlaşılmaktadır. Bu sorunun yanıtı paragrafta doğrudan
verilmektedir:

“Moreover, compensation schemes, whereby the underdeveloped countries are compensated for the
declining prices of their primary products were recommended for consideration.” ifadesi (Geri kalmış ülkelerin,
temel mal fiyatlarının düşmesini telafi etmeleri için tazmin projelerinin yürütülmesinin tavsiye edilmesi....) Bu
ifadeden yola çıkarak “B” şıkkında verilen ifadeye ulaşıyoruz.

“the idea of compensation schemes came to the fore”(Telafi planları düşüncesinin ön plana çıkması)

3. DOĞRU ŞIK: C
Soru kökünden “From the passage we learn” bir çıkarımda bulunulması istenmektedir.
İpucu, paragrafın SON bölümüdür:” Moreover, compensation schemes....... were recommended for
consideration” (Tazmin etme planları önerildi) ve “Conference also resolved that the developed countries should
aim to provide at least 1 percent of their national income as aid for the underdeveloped countries.”
(Konferans gelişmiş ülkelerin yüzde bir oranındaki milli gelirlerini, gelişmemiş ülkelere bir gelir olarak vermelerinin
gerekli olduğuna karar verdi.) Bu ifadeden yola çıkarak “C” şıkkında verilen ifadeye ulaşıyoruz. “envisaged a step
by step lifting of the world’s trade barriers” (Dünya ticaretindeki engelleri adım adım kaldırmayı öngördüler.)

4. DOĞRU ŞIK: B
elimination: (eleme) The act of removing or getting rid of something (bir şeyden kurtulma, defetme
hareketidir)

5. DOĞRU ŞIK: C
compensation :(tazmin, telafi) Money given or received as payment or reparation (tazminat olarak verilen
veya alınan para)
SKILLS STUDIES
KONU ANLATIMI

1. CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA SORULARI

SORU İPUÇLARI

1. Verilen bölümünün ana cümle mi yoksa yan cümle mi olduğunu belirleyiniz. Bağlaçlara dikkat ediniz.
2. Verilen seçenekler ile soru cümlesinin zaman, özne, nesne, çoğulluk-tekillik uyumlarına dikkat ediniz.
Birleştirdiğiniz şıkla birlikte cümlenin genel anlamını bir kontrol ediniz.
3. Parçanın ana fikrine uymayan “çok genel” ve “çok özel” anlam taşıyan ifadelere dikkat ediniz.

İPUÇLARI
1. Yan cümlede bulunan clause marker’lara bakarak cümle tipini belirleyiniz.

- Adverbial Clause ve coordination yapılarda ana cümlenin zamanı ile yan cümlenin zamanının
uyumlarına dikkat ediniz.

- Relative Clause yapılarında da isim + who / which / that şeklinde giden uyuma bakarak verilen
seçenekler içinde cümleyi bir relative clause olarak tamamlayabileceklere dikkat ediniz.

- Öte yandan, sıkça yapılan yanıltıcı, yanlış şıklardaki hatalı noun / pronoun tekrarına dikkat ediniz.
Burada Relative Clause ve Non-defining Relative Clause gibi yapılara dikkat ediniz.

2. Seçenekleri teker teker eleyiniz.

3. İki şıkka düşürdüğünüzde, önce yapı, sonra da anlam açısından bu şıkların soru cümlesiyle olan
uygunluğunu denetleyiniz.

4. Zaman uyumu açısından bize önemli ipuçları veren: “when, until, by, after, since, by the time, while, as ”
zaman bağlaçlarına dikkat ediniz.

5. “In spite of, so that, such that, because, because of, owing to etc” gibi bağlaçlarla oluşturulan yapılara
dikkat ediniz.

6. ‘on one hand ’ ve ‘on the other hand ’ gibi birbirini tamamlayan ardışık yapılara dikkat ediniz.

CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA YAPI ÖRNEKLERİ

A) Relative Clause’dan meydana gelebilir .

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:
The helicopter has the ability to climb vertically, ----.
A) if it can take off in a very restricted space
B) even though the winds were blowing at gale force
C) whenever the pilot felt himself obliged to make a forced landing
D) which, in certain circumstances, is its main advantages over other types of aircraft
E) if the cost of its uptake hadn't been a heavy burden on the budget
YANIT: D
Darwin's theory of evolution was based on the observation ----.
A) whether his insight really was revolutionary
B) why many people of his own age were reluctant to admit it
C) white amassing evidence for 25 years in support of it
D) since the multiplicity of the unique forms emerged
E) that all individuals of the same species are not identical
YANIT: E

B) Noun Clause’dan meydana gelebilir.

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:
The tourist wanted to know ----.
A) whether all the carpets were made by hand
B) all the carpets were made by hand
C) if all the carpets had been made by hand
D) that all the carpets are made by hand
E) whether all the carpets have been made by hand
YANIT: A
SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:
---- how long it would take us to finish the experiment.
A) Contrary to what we all expected
B) No one has ever attempted
C) Our parents are exceedingly upset
D) He simply wanted to know
E) The decision was final
YANIT: D

1. Dolaylı anlatım yapısı:

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:
The professor asked me ----.
A) why no objection has been shown to anybody leaving early
B) if the results obtained from the study are significant
C) that I can pass on the next item on the agenda
D) whether I am awarded a prize for by new discovery
E) to help the newly recruited research assistant with the experiment.
YANIT: E

2. It+sıfat+that yapısı:
It’s splendid that we finished the experiment. Deneyi bitirmemiz çok güzel.
It’s strange that there are no people on some islands. Bazı adalarda hiç kimsenin olmaması tuhaftır.

3. ÇEKİMSİZ SIFATLAR: bu sıfatlardan sonra gelen fiil yalın “V 1” olur:

It is urgent that a patient learn much about his illness.
Hastanın hastalığı hakkında çok şey öğrenmesi kaçınılmazdır. (zorunludur.)

4. “It + a verb + that” yapısı bir fiil kullanılır:

 It appears to me that we have come to the wrong direction.
Bana yanlış yöne geldik gibi geliyor.
5. that + subject + should yapısı:
We agreed that a birthday party should be arranged.
Bir doğum günü partisinin ayarlanmasında anlaşmaya vardık.

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

---- that the continents are drifting slowly across the surface of the globe.
A) It is generally agreed
B) It was impossible to avoid asking the questions
C) Dr Robertson has been wondering
D) This is an article on the British royal family
E) I was introduced to a historian
YANIT: A

6. WH– gibi SORU KELİMELERİ ile:

He asked where I wanted to go. Nereye gitmek istediğimi sordu.
We believe whatever you tell us about it. Bize onunla ilgili ne söylersen inanırız.
I wonder who told all these to you. Bütün bunları sana kimin anlattığını merak ediyorum.

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:

---- why some elements do not form alloys.
A) There is nothing to be ashamed of
B) I really didn’t know
C) We are all extremely worried
D) There wasn’t an explanation
E) Nobody had understood
YANIT: B
7. the fact that’ yapısı ile:

The fact that he's the company chairman doesn't give him the right to give all the orders. (cümle başında)
Onun şirketin başkanı olması (olduğu gerçeği) ona tüm emirleri vermesi hakkını vermez.
He accepted the fact that his idealized country was imaginative. (cümle ortasında)
O idealindeki ülkenin hayali olduğu gerçeğini kabul etti.
An alcoholic must accept the fact that there is a real problem (cümlesonunda)
Bir alkolik, gerçekten bir problem olduğu gerçeğini kabul etmelidir.
8. Whether ile:
Have you ever eaten snake? Hiç yılan yedin mi?
He asked if / whether I had ever eaten snake. Benim hiç yılan yiyip yemediğimi sordu.
Whether you have enough money or not isn’t my problem.
Yeterince paran olup olmadığı benim sorunum değil.

C) Adverbial Clause’dan meydana gelebilir.

As heavy rain had been forecast for the area, ----.

A) the resulting floods caused widespread hardship
B) I can't imagine why they neglected to take all necessary precautions to avoid flooding
C) farm labours would have to work overtime and at weekends
 D) record harvests are expected this year
E) they would presumably cancel the excursion to the ruins in the valley
YANIT: B
SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:
Some avalanches move no faster than 40 km per hour, ----.
A) despite the fact that snow lying on a steep slope is always liable to avalanche
B) even if the damage they did was minimal compared with the destruction caused by hurricanes and
earthquakes
C) while others have been estimated to have a speed of about 300 km per hour
D) so that in such areas measures may be taken to prevent large avalanches
E) for the wind sometimes reaches a force almost equal to that of a tornado
YANIT: C
SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:
If energy can be produced efficiently by clean methods ----.
A) most governments would have invested in them
B) the production of coal had to be reduced
C) a lot of firms might have been expected to contribute generously
D) oil prices were expected to rise again
E) then these methods should obviously be preferred
YANIT: E
SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:
----, there is enough food and water for everyone.
A) If they had used their resources properly
B) Though nature would have been spoiled
C) Unless we take care of our green fields
D) If we learned to respect the environment
E) Provided that they are used well
YANIT: E

D) Comparison Clause
SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:
The better I know science ----.
A) the more the outcome had seemed unpredictable
B) I'm afraid I really can’t stand him
C) I realized to what extent they had been involved
D) the more I like it
E) the more reliable were the data
YANIT: D

E) Conjunctions-Connectors ve diğer yapılar:

SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:
----, it was not long before they could resume broadcasting.
A) Since the maintenance team were on leave
B) Once the fault in the system had been found
C) However unwelcome the delay might be
D) If only their permit had been renewed
E) So long as the electrical supply remains stable
YANIT: B
SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:
Since these new printers weigh less than 900 grams, ----.
A) their performance is invariably admirable
B) they really deserve to be called portable
C) they were readily available at all the best retailers
D) most people have been misled by their price
E) the research team has already moved on to a new project
YANIT: B
SINAV SORU ÖRNEĞİ:
----, despite the fact that we had received many warnings.
A) Admittedly, he is extremely bored with his job
B) I still haven't forgiven him
C) The others have always supported him
D) Clearly he is not the only one to blame
E) We repeatedly forgot about the fact of earthquake
YANIT: E
AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST

01. A question that often arises when furniture is to be bought is ----.

A) whether or not one is getting value for money
B) that new designs will soon be coming in
C) how the colour of the carpet would have been matched
D) to consult an interior designer who had had great experience
E) to what extent a reduction in the price could have been made

02. It is not wise to come between two people ----.

A) that they were both interested in the same post
B) who are quarrelling
C) because they hadn’t realized how strong they were
D) although one had met the requirements
E) until both sides took the opportunity to settle their problem

03. They live so far out of the town ----.

A) even though they enjoyed all the advantages of city life
B) who have lost contact with so many good friends
C) as one can get there only by taking a taxi
D) because the land they had bought was extremely cheap
E) that they can rarely get to a concert or a theatre

04. Once the final draft of the contract is approved, ----.

A) the United Nations agreed not to intervene any further
B) the members of the two delegations would have worked out their differences
C) it will then be typed and submitted for ratification
D) the next stage was to estimate the costs
E) a number of concessions were to be made by both sides

05. As the miners have called off the strike, ----.

A) the daily coal production had increased considerably
B) the Coal Board is prepared to reconsider the proposals of the union leaders
C) the chairman of the Coal Board expressed his satisfaction
D) there would have been a sense of relief nation-wide
E) the extent of the dispute was being ignored

06. ---- which allows you to overdraw on your account up to an

agreed amount.
A) The company had made a bargain
B) He got a loan from the bank
C) The firm you work for would have come to an agreement with the bank on the shares
D) An overdraft is simply an agreement with your bank
E) Some of your clients had complained about the low interest rates

07. ---- why their wages had not been raised as expected.
A) One of the important changes made in the pay scheme concerns
B) Even the secretaries have been disappointed
C) The clerk was ordered by the judge himself
D) The major problem facing the new director right away involves
E) The employees were anxious to find out
08. After the new law comes into effect next month, ----.
A) there will be a radical change in the structure of local administration
B) we should have prepared the way for a smooth political transition
C) the policy on industrial relations had to be abandoned
D) all the hospitals in the country had been made accountable to the Ministry of Health
E) the case may have been reconsidered

09. If energy can be produced efficiently by clean methods, ----.

A) oil prices were expected to rise again
B) the production of coal had to be reduced
C) then these methods should obviously be preferred
D) most governments would have invested in them
E) a lot of firms might have been expected to contribute generously

10. I wished I hadn’t given him a job in the firm ----.

A) although he is less efficient than I once assumed
B) unless he makes a big effort to prove he can be useful
C) wherever a suitable vacancy may occur
D) that my father was a founding member
E) when I saw him behaving in such an irresponsible manner

11. ----, I don’t think it will be able to hold off an attack of the rebels.
A) As the war in Bosnia is drawing to its close
B) Until more troops were mobilised
C) Wherever there are skirmishes along the frontier
D) Since our allies had promised more reinforcements
E) Unless the peace keeping force gets adequate reinforcements

12. ----, we will not stray from the basic policies that our party has always upheld.
A) When the polling, which had been heavy, was over
B) Although we are bitterly disappointed at the outcome of the recent elections
C) Whichever party got the majority of the votes
D) Even if he had a landslide victory
E) Since the results of the elections came in so slowly

13. ----, the judge would almost certainly have been more lenient towards him.
A) Despite the fact that he forgot the title indeed
B) If only we could bribe one of the witnesses
C) Had he admitted his part in the affair from the start
D) While our lawyer was negotiating the terms of settlement with their lawyer
E) Because the legal procedures make this unavoidable

14. ----, such a restrictive policy is likely to cause a lot of damage.

A) As soon as the new managing director took up his position
B) Should the monetary situation have deteriorated
C) In case the receipts turned out to be forgeries
D) Just as the world economy was picking up
E) As far as the long term interests of the company are concerned

15. ---- that most of the evidence submitted by the plaintiff could not be sustained.
A) In his appraisal of the case the lawyer reminded us
B) As was expected, the witnesses were brought into the courtroom
C) The judge himself has been accused
D) The trial has lasted long enough
E) The final verdict has still to be given
16. So long as certain countries continue to shelter terrorists, ----.
A) the hope of preserving international security was sheltered
B) the United Nations should have taken suitable action against them
C) the government had taken the matter to the Helsinki Conference
D) the chances of eradicating terrorism unfortunately remain silent
E) their aims would have been publicly condemned throughout the West

17. However relentlessly they pursue this policy of austerity, ----.

A) we would be determined to withstand any political pressure
B) the country would have benefited from it enormously
C) the masses were deprived of the opportunity to improve their living conditions
D) the opposition had denounced it vehemently
E) they will never manage to put the economy onto a better footing

18. Cars entail a great many expenses, ----.

A) so long as one doesn’t use them excessively
B) unless one could get a sufficient loan from the bank
C) in case a number of people cannot afford them
D) so its worth thinking carefully before buying one
E) however essential they were thought to be in business life

19. Undoubtedly, the life style we have today differs radically from that ----.
A) which our parents knew
B) one which had been vividly described before by various authors
C) because the Industrial Revolution would have brought about a major social transformation
D) as long as a majority of the people still work on the land
E) if the government’s wage policy leads to an improvement in working conditions

20. Unemployment continued to rise during the first half of the decade ----.
A) even if the workers could have received additional fringe benefits
B) as the rate of inflation will go up accordingly
C) while most companies would have been badly hit by the recession
D) but thereafter stabilized at about six per cent
E) despite the fact that the volume of exports cannot be increased

AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST

01- (A) Burada ‘whether or not’ yapısı gereklidir.

02- (B) Bir 'relative' yapısı olup burada 'people' +'who' relative pronoun yapısı uyumu aranmalıdır.

03- (E) that+ noun clause yapısı gereklidir.

04- (C) Burada ‘once’ bağlacı ile yapılan bir cümlecik gerekir. Tense uyumuna dikkat etmek gerekir.

05- (B) ‘As: -dığı için’ bağlacıyla başlayan bir cümlecik olduğundan anlam ve zaman uyumu bakımından ‘B’
şıkkı en doğru cevap olur.

06- (D) Bir "which relative clause" yapısı olduğundan anlamca da uygun bir
tamamlayıcı ana cümleciğe gerek vardır.İlgi zamir.(which"in tanımladığı bir
isme gerek duyulmakta. "your bank + which" yapısı. Tense uyumuna dikkat ediniz.

07- (E) Bir "noun clause" yapısı olduğundan anlamca da uygun bir tamamlayıcı / yan
cümlecik yapısına gerek vardır. "to find out +why -noun clause" yapısı. Tense" uyumuna dikkat
ediniz.
08- (A) Bir "time clause" yapısı olduğundan anlamca da uygun bir tamamlayıcı ana cümleciğe gerek vardır.
"after+present+future" yapısı. Tense uyumuna dikkat ediniz.

09- (C) Bir "if clause" yapısı olduğundan anlamca da uygun bir tamamlayıcı cümlecik yapısına gerek vardır.
"If energy can be+ then these methods should obviously be" yapısı." Tense" uyumuna dikkat ediniz.

10- (E) Birinci cümlecik “Simple Past” yapıda olduğundan zaman uyumu ve anlam bakımından yine bir
“Simple past” yapı gelmelidir.

11- (E) ‘unless: if not’ ile yapılmış 1.tip koşul cümlesi.

12- (B) Bir "adverbial clause of contrast" yapısı olduğundan anlamca da uygun bir tamamlayıcı neden
Cümleciğine (although) gerek vardır. Tense uyumuna dikkat ediniz.

Örnek: He bought me a lovely gift, although he can't really afford it.

13- (C) Bu cümle "3.tip koşul cümlesi"nin "inversion (devrik)" şeklidir.

"Had he admitted " = "If he had admitted, would (not) have + V3" gibi bir yapı bekleniyor. Doğru
seçenek "C" şıkkıdır.

14- (E) Noun + to be V3… (-ilecek/-ılacak) yapısı: As far as the long term interests of the company are
concerned……..

As far as I am concerned, I prefer the latter for the following argument.

15- (A) reminded us that……. “noun clause” yapısı.

16- (D) as long as/so long as (-diği sürece) yapısı.Tense uyumuna dikkat ediniz.

17- (E) Burada zıtlık belirten bir bağlaca vardır. “However+adj (present) +future” yapısı gereklidir.

18- (D) Burada bir sonuç ifadesi gerekir.Bu da ‘so’ ile yapılır.

19- (A) Bir "which+ relative clause" yapısı olduğundan anlamca da uygun bir tamamlayıcı ilgi cümleciğine
gerek vardır.

20- (D) ‘but …… bağlaç yapısı bileşik cümle yaparken uygundur.

6. VERİLEN DURUMA UYGUN DÜŞEN İFADE

İPUÇLARI
1. Soru cümlesi genelde istenilen durumu anlatan bir yüklem, isim sıfat ya da zarf taşımaktadır.
2. Seçenekleri incelemeden önce, sizden ne istendiğini iyice belirleyin. Yani
A) Özür dileme, teklif etme, reddetme, kabul etme gibi durumlardan hangisine göre bir cümle üretmek
gerekiyor?
B) Üretilecek cümle normal cümle mi, emir cümlesi mi yoksa soru cümlesi mi, rica cümlesi mi olabilir?
3. Verilen şıklarda hangi belirgin yapılar/yüklemler/sıfatlar kullanılabilir? Örneğin, özür dileme ise sorry,
öneri ise
Shall we / Let's / Why don't we / How about gibi.
Seçenekleri inceleyin. İstenilen duruma uygun birden fazla cümle varsa, sorulan duruma en uygun
olanını belirleyin.
 4. Ifadelerin içinde en kibar, nazik ve verilen duruma uygun olanını seçiniz.

BU BÖLÜMDE SORULAN KONULAR

agreeing / disagreeing: fikir birliği / ayrılığı

consoling: teselli etme
criticizing: eleştirme
defending: savunma
disappointment: sıkıntı
giving advice/suggestions: tavsiye, öneri
giving information: bilgi verme
giving instruction: talimat verme
giving permission: izin verme
interrupting someone: birini engelleme / kesme
introducing someone: birini tanıştırma
inviting: devet etme
persuading: razı etme, ikna etme
refusing: reddetme
regretting: pişman olma
requesting: rica etme
stating opinions: fikir ileri sürme
warning: uyarıda bulunma….gibi.
agreeing / disagreeing: fikir birliği / ayrılığı
apologizing: özür dileme
asking for help: yardım isteme

SORU ÖRNEKLERİ:

1. Someone who is known to be rather unreliable in money matters comes to you asking for a loan.
You refuse to give him a loan but want to do this in a kindly manner, making use of your family
commitments. You say:
A) I do wish I could have helped out but I have to pay the children's school expenses this month and there
will be nothing left over after that.
B) Yes, of course I will help you out; but you will have to pay me back at the beginning of next month
C) I thought I'd told you that I would never again lend you any money
D) My father would be very angry if he knew what I was doing
E) Why don't you ask your family to help you out? Surely they will

2. A friend has had a bad cough for several months. You think it is high time she consulted a doctor
about it and you decide to impress on her the need to take the matter seriously. You say:
A) Do please go to the chemist's and get a bottle of cough mixture
B) You know as well as I do that a cough can be a sign of something more serious. Go and get it checked.
C) Do what I do. Drink a glass of fresh grapefruit juice every morning. I'm sure it will do you good
D) The weather is getting warmer now so perhaps your cough will go away
E) I think you are coughing a bit less these days but I still think you should
AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST-1

01. As an eminent scholar you have been invited to give a series of lectures in South America. Since
recently you find you get tired easily, you feel the journey would be very exhausting for you; so,
you decline the invitation, giving your reason at the same time. You say:
A) I’m afraid I cannot accept your kind invitation because, for a person at my age, the journey would prove too
tiring.
B) I have to turn down the invitation since I understand it is unsafe to travel in your country.
C) Thank you for the invitation but I no longer accept invitations that involve much travelling, as I cannot afford
the time.
D) I would like to accept your invitation, but tell me first how much travelling is involved.
E) Though I fear the journey will be rather tiring for me I will look forward to visiting South America.

02. You learn that a close colleague of yours in the Economics Department has been nominated for
the Nobel Prize in economics. You feel thrilled for him and call immediately to congratulate him.
He tells you that he doesn’t expect to receive the prize because there will almost certainly, be
other candidates better than he is. Thereupon, to encourage him, you say:
A) You are probably right: You’ll just have to wait and see how it turns out.
B) True. And after all one never knows how much the issue is affected by the politics.
C) If I were you, I’d not raise my hopes too high.
D) Surely you are one of the leading economists in the world and have as much chance as anyone else.
E) You should have pleased that at least you’ve been nominated.

03. In the office there has been some criticism of the secretary on account of her manners. But you
are more than satisfied with the quality of her work and so come to her defence, saying:
A) She may be sent off under the current disciplinary rules.
B) She’s not as polite as may be expected of a perfect secretary, but as for efficiency she is superb.
C) Obviously she lacks many of the qualities one looks for in a secretary.
D) I know she always yells at people and does not behave herself.
E) Her manners can be annoying and this makes her a difficult person to work with efficiently.

04. Your nephew has been offered several different jobs by various companies. He can’t make up his
mind about which one to accept. So he comes to you for advice. You happen to know one of the
companies well and feel sure it has a lot to offer. You say:
A) I don’t know much about the other companies but this one will give you excellent training and some useful
benefits.
B) As far as I’m concerned all of the offers seem to be desirable. You can choose any one of them.
C) With one exception, I feel they can all be recommended.
D) I don’t think I’m in a position to advise you on all of the offers. But this I know should be avoided.
E) I suggest you take the one that seems to offer better benefits.

05. As the chief organizer of a conference hosted by your university it is for you to introduce the first
speaker who is a world famous scholar in his field, and happens also to be a former professor of
yours. So in your introduction you say:
A) It gives me great pleasure to ask you to attend the conference and be the first speaker.
B) I’m delighted you were able to join us, though not as a speaker, but of course we are hoping you will
participate in our discussion.
C) This is great moment for me as I am privileged to welcome so many famous speakers.
D) As your onetime student it is my privilege to welcome you as the most distinguished scholar in your field and
as the keynote speaker of the conference.
E) What a surprise this is! It is wonderful to run into you here in this way.
06. A friend of yours, with excellent credentials, has not been offered the job he had applied for. You
see that this has made him very discouraged and extremely upset. You want to help him regain his
self-confidence, so you say to him:
A) If you can’t find anything better, I can probably try to take you into my company.
B) I reckon you must have offended someone; after all, you aren’t very sensitive.
C) This is not the end of the world; a person with your qualifications deserves better employment opportunities.
D) After all, you ought to be more considerate of other people’s feelings.
E) In this period of economic recession competition for executive posts is likely to continue for some time.

07. You’ve moved to a new house and are looking for a fairly large, original picture to hang near the
front door. You have a friend whose taste you trust and who has a lot of friends in the art world.
You think he can help you find something suitable, so you say to him:
A) I wish you’d keep an eye open for a picture that would look good on the wall by my front door.
B) I don’t own a picture large enough to hang at the top of the stairs.
C) The picture needn’t be large but it must be imaginative and colourful. I leave the rest to you.
D) Should I commission someone to paint a picture to hang on that wall?
E) How much would I have to pay for an original picture of the right size for this wall?

08. A neighbour is going to a big reunion dinner that you know your brother, who is a well-known local
figure, will also attend. You think the two of them should meet, so you say:
A) My brother is sure to be there at the reunion, and I expect he’ll recognize you.
B) If only I’d be going too, I would have introduced you to my brother.
C) My brother is a lot like you, so it’s only natural that you should have got on well.
D) I’ve told my brother about your suggestion, and he seemed interested.
E) My brother will also be there. Everybody knows him. So, do introduce yourself to him and give him my
greetings.

09. You are in charge of a team of scientists doing fieldwork in the mountains. However, your work
has often been hampered by the wet weather, and you are worried that it may not be finished on
time. As this cannot be permitted, you say to your team members:
A) Since the weather has been so bad, I don’t think it is wise to carry on with our work.
B) Due to the adverse weather conditions, I’m afraid we are behind the schedule. We’ll have to make a much
bigger effort.
C) Despite the bad weather, the work goes forward as planned.
D) Given the weather conditions we have had so far, it is comforting to know that we have done a lot of work.
E) Even though the weather has always been unsettled, it has affected our work very little.

10. At three o’clock today, you have an appointment with your dentist. However, your manager has
called you to say that, at the meeting at three o’clock today, the board of directors would like to
hear your expert opinion on the reorganization of the company. So, as you are required to attend
this meeting, you have to cancel your appointment and say to your dentist:
A) I just can’t attend a board meeting when I’m in such pain with this tooth. Don’t you agree?
B) I know I cancelled my 3 o’clock appointment with you for today, but now I find I can come.
C) As far as I know there is no board meeting today, so 3 o’clock should suit me fine.
D) I’ll have to cancel this appointment with you if they call a board meeting at that our.
E) I’m very sorry I can’t make it today at three o’clock, as I’m obliged to attend a meeting of the board at that
hour.
11. Upon the publication of your new novel, which is politically quite provocative, you have caught the
attention of the public, and many journalists have been trying to do interviews with you. Yet you
wish to keep a low profile, and so turn down your requests. Again, you have been approached by
a journalist for an interview, but you say:
A) I could not have predicted that my new novel would catch the public attention to such an extent; I’ve no
objection to being interviewed.
B) I am very grateful for everyone’s interest, and you will be given plenty of time to interview me.
C) I have been thrilled by the public reception of my new novel, and I’m always delighted to meet the press.
D) Thank you for your interest in my novel, but I want to keep out of the public eye.
E) I have always had a very high respect for journalists; certainly it is a privilege for me to be interviewed by
them.

12. Today is the birthday of your thirty-year-old brother, who, with his family, lives in another town.
You have always been very fond of him, but you have not seen him for quite a long time. So, you
call him and say:
A) Many happy returns. I wish I were there with you and your family to celebrate your birthday. I’ve missed you
a lot.
B) Congratulations to all concerned, You deserved it
C) You must be feeling relieved. Now, take my advice and relax a bit.
D) This is just to wish you many happy returns. I expect you and your family will come to see me when you are
on leave.
E) I just wanted to wish you a happy birthday. I have the time and the means, I’ll drop by.

13. You are the sales manager of a housing company and, as such, have the task of promoting a new
set of reasonably-priced villas in a pleasant setting. When approached by a prospective buyer for
more information, you say:
A) That particular house was built ten years ago but is in remarkably good condition.
B) You may find the price of our villas somewhat exorbitant, but they are set in a lush green landscape and
have breath-taking views.
C) No detail has been overlooked in our villas which have full resort amenities and are aimed at our privileged
well-to-do clients.
D) These villas are charmingly placed, with mountains behind them and lovely views of the sea. Moreover, they
are good value for your money.
E) At present house prices are falling, so it is a good time for making a purchase.

14. Recently you have seen the film version of Henry James’s celebrated novel The Portrait of A Lady .
You have been much impressed by the quality of the film and in particular the vitality and force of
the presentation, for you have found reading the novel very hard going. In conversation with a
friend who has not seen the film you say:
A) It’s one of the best films I’ve seen for a long time, even though the story is rather superficial and tedious.
B) I very rarely enjoy a film of a novel that has given me pleasure.
C) I certainly enjoyed the film The Portrait of A Lady far more than the novel as it really brings the story alive.
D) The film, The Portrait of A Lady, changes Henry James’s story beyond recognition.
E) The film doesn’t follow the novel very closely but it is quite enjoyable to watch.

15. You have a vintage car which has to be handled with great care and really needs expert attention.
You ask a friend of yours to advise you on where to take it. You say:
A) As you know, not every car repairer can serve a vintage car. Do you know anyone who can?
B) You are good with cars. How about having a look at my vintage one?
C) I am looking a new place for the servicing of my vintage car, since I am not satisfied with the present one.
D) Have you ever dreamed of owning a vintage car? The only problem is getting them serviced.
E) I am afraid I will have to get rid of this vintage car; it is so hard to get it served, and so expensive
16. At the executive committee meeting of the company, several members have voiced their unease at
the adverse effect to the recession on profits. So, as the chairman you want to dispel this gloomy
atmosphere, and say:
A) I also feel disappointed by the situation, but let’s not discuss it now.
B) Are you trying to tell me that the recession will continue well into next year?
C) I admit that sales as present are a little a lower than usual, but we have every reason to expect an increase
in the second half of the years.
D) Are you quite sure that the figures you have been given by the several departments do really reflect what’s
happening?
E) We must introduce stringent measures straightaway if we are preventing a worsening of the situation.

17. A few of your paintings are to be on show at an exhibition to be opened next week. You want to
give an open invitation to all of your colleagues in the department, and say:
A) The exhibition I am holding next week is to raise money for charity. So I am hoping it will be very crowded.
B) If anyone interested in the exhibition of my works, let me know and I will get you an invitation.
C) There will be another exhibition, next week, of the works of amateur artists like myself. You will find it
enjoyable.
D) I think you all know my paintings are going to be exhibited, starting Tuesday next week. I hope to see you all
there.
E) This is the first time my works are going on exhibition, so, naturally, I am very excited.

18. You have just returned for international conference. Frankly, you were rather dissatisfied with the
quality of many of the papers presented. As your return, when your colleagues inquire about the
conference, you admit to being disappointed and say:
A) Had you been there, you would have been as enthusiastic about proceedings as I was.
B) I was really shocked by the lack of interest shown by the great majority of participants.
C) It was thrilling experience just to be with so many specialists in our field.
D) Like any other international conference, this turned out to be extremely exhausting.
E) Actually, several of the presentations fell short of my expectations.

19. As a professor of management you have been approached by the director of a bank for your
opinion of a candidate who was formerly one of your students. So, you want to reassure him and
say:
A) Though he has a calm manner which may be misleading, he is actually dynamic, creative and resourceful.
B) Yes, he has shortcoming; but you have a good in-training programme, don’t you?
C) As far as I recall, in my courses, I expected more from him than he was late to give.
D) It seems to me that the post on offer really requires very special skills.
E) I suggest you screen a wide range of candidates before deciding on anyone.

20. You managed a fairly large supermarket and feel you have lost customers recently due to the late
delivery of the goods you have ordered. You are extremely angry at this negligence and write a
stiff note of complaint to the wholesalers. In the note you say:
A) This is to inform you that, if I am to keep my customers, you must deliver goods at least twice a week.
B) If only you’d sent to goods in time, my customers would have had far more choice.
C) I feel you should be warned that customers are not at all satisfied with the quality of the goods delivered.
D) Your irresponsibility in this matter has damaged my trade. Just make sure it doesn’t happen again.
E) Your delivery system is no longer as efficient as it used to be; you really must do something to improve it.
AÇIKLAMALI ÇÖZÜMLÜ TEST-1
01- (A) Davet edildiğiniz uzak bir konferansa gitmemek için en uygun cevap yaşınızı ve yolun uzaklığını
mazeret olarak bildirmek olacaktır.

02- (D) Nobel ödülüne aday olan bir arkadaşınıza moral vermek için söyleyebileceğiniz en uygun ifade “D”
şıkkındadır.

03- (B) Sekreterinizi savunmak için söyleyebileceğiniz söz “B” şıkkındaki ifadedir.

04- (A) Yeğeninize tanıdık bir firmada iş ayarlamak için ona söyleyebileceğiniz teklif cümlesi “A” şıkkındaki gibi
olacaktır.

05- (D) Konferansta bir sunucu olarak meşhur bir konuşmacı aynı zamanda kendi hocanız olan bir profesörü
tanıtıyorsunuz. Bunu en iyi anlatan ifade "D" şıkkıdır.

06- (C) Çok iyi özellikleri olan bir arkadaşınız başvurduğu işe kabul edilmiyor. Kendine güvenini kazanması için
ne söylersiniz. Bunu en iyi anlatan ifade "C" şıkkıdır.

07- (A) Yeni taşındığınız eve bir tablo arıyorsunuz. Bu konuda bilgili bir arkadaşınızın yardımını istiyorsunuz.
Bunu en iyi anlatan ifade "A" şıkkıdır.

08- (E) Bir komşunuz bir ziyafet verecek ve tanınmış biri olan erkek kardeşinizin de onunla tanışmasını
istiyorsunuz. Bunu en iyi anlatan ifade "B" şıkkıdır.

09- (B) Arazide yaptığınız bir çalışmanın kötü hava şartları nedeniyle bitirilmesi zorunluluğunu en iyi şekilde
üyelere ‘B’ şıkkında verildiği gibi ifade edilir.

10- (E) Dişçinize olan randevunuzu erteleme zorunluluğunuzu en iyi şekilde üyelere “E” şıkkında verildiği gibi
ifade edersiniz.

11- (D) Kamu oyunda yer almamak için bir gazetecinin mülakat teklifini reddettiğinizi “E” şıkkında verildiği gibi
ifade edersiniz.

12- (A) Uzakta olan erkek kardeşinizin doğum gününü kutlamak için telefonda söylenebilecek sözleri en iyi “A”
şıkkında verildiği gibi ifade edersiniz.

13- (D) Uygun fiyata satacağınız villalar için bir müşteri adayını ikna etmek için en uygun ifade “D” şıkkında
verildiği gibi olacaktır.

14- (C) Ünlü bir romanın filmini kendisinden daha fazla beğendiğinizi bir arkadaşınıza en iyi “C” şıkkında
verildiği gibi ifade edersiniz.

15- (A) Eski antika bir arabayı tamir ettirmek için arkadaşınızdan bilgi istiyorsunuz. En kibar ifade “A” dır.

16- (C) Bir tartışma ortamını gevşetmek için en uygun ifade “C” olur.

17- (D) Arkadaşlarınızı kendi serginize davet etmek için en uygun ifade “D” olur.

18- (E) Beğenmediğiniz bir konferans hakkında yapacağınız en uygun yorum “E” şıkkındaki ifade olacaktır.

19- (A) Bir öğrencinizi bir göreve uygun gördüğünüzü en iyi “A” şıkkındaki ifadeyle söyleyebilirsiniz.

20- (D) Burada bir şikayet etme ifadesi yer alacaktır. En uygunu “D” olur.
 1 - 5. sorularda, parçalarda boş bırakılan 6 - 10. sorularda, parçalarda boş bırakılan
yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi
bulunuz. bulunuz.

Most people can prepare lettuce salad or other
foods (1) ---- written directions. But many foods,
including cakes and sauces, (2) ---- well (3) ----
prepared according to a recipe. Many cookbooks
with a wide variety of recipes are available.
Recipes also appear on food packages and in
many magazines and newspapers. This article
discusses basic principles of planning meals and
preparing food. Some cookbooks give general
tips on (4) ---- topics in addition to providing
recipes. A beginner should first try simple recipes
and meals and (5) ---- go on to more difficult
ones.
Many people oppose the death penalty, chiefly
(6) ---- they consider it cruel. Critics also warn
(7) ---- the risk of executing mistakenly convicted
people. Supporters of capital punishment believe
that, in certain circumstances, people (8) ----
take human life deserve to lose their own lives.
Many supporters argue that the threat of death
discourages crime more (9) ---- than the threat
of prison does. But studies have shown no
unusual increase in murders (10) ---- the death
penalty is abolished.

1. 6.
A) without A) because
B) for B) although
C) by C) as if
D) on D) though
E) about E) even

2. 7.
A) won’t turn out A) for
B) won’t ask for B) of
C) won’t make for C) out
D) won’t put out D) in
E) won’t put up E) over

3. 8.
A) as A) what
B) since B) who
C) even C) why
D) unless D) whose
E) if E) where

4. 9.
A) for A) honestly
B) one B) effectively
C) ones C) nervously
D) other D) hesitantly
E) both E) hurriedly

5. 10.
A) after A) while
B) before B) when
C) then C) since
D) early D) for
E) later E) If
 11 - 15. sorularda, parçalarda boş bırakılan
yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi 16 - 20. sorularda, parçalarda boş bırakılan
bulunuz. yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi
bulunuz.

Inflation has many causes. It may result if consumers

demand (11) ---- goods and services than businesses
can produce. Inflation may also occur (12) ----
employers grant wage increases that exceed gains in
productivity. The employers pass most or (13) ---- the
cost of the wage increase along to consumers by
charging higher prices. A government can try to control
inflation by increasing taxes, raising interest rates,
decreasing the money supply, reducing government
spending, (14) ---- setting limits on wages and prices.
But the government's task is difficult, chiefly (15) ---- it
may trigger a recession when it attempts to reduce
inflation.
Taxes are as old as government. The general level of
taxes (16) ---- through the years, depending on the role
of the government. In modern times, many
governments--especially in advanced industrial
countries--have rapidly expanded their roles and taken
on new responsibilities. (17) ----, their need for tax
revenue has become great. Through the years, people
have (18) ---- protested against tax increases. In (19)
---- situations, taxpayers have favored keeping services
at current levels or reducing them. Voters have defeated
many proposals for tax increases (20) ---- state and
local governments.

11.
A) most 16.
B) many A) varied
C) more B) has varied
D) much C) varies
E) as many D) is varied
E) will be varied
12.
A) if 17.
B) unless A) Such as
C) while B) That is
D) since C) For
E) lest D) As a result
E) In any case
13.
A) neither 18.
B) both A) frequently
C) some B) essentially
D) all of C) collectively
E) either D) physically
E) aimlessly
14.
A) and 19.
B) or A) that
C) for B) the
D) so C) so
E) since D) these
E) some
15.
A) because of 20.
B) though A) with
C) even if B) by
D) despite C) through
E) because D) across
E) for
 21 - 25. sorularda, parçalarda boş bırakılan
yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi
bulunuz.

Astronomy is an ancient science. Like today's

researchers, ancient scholars based their ideas of the
universe on (21) ---- they observed and measured and
on their understanding of why objects move as they do.
(22) ----, the ancients developed some incorrect ideas
(23) ----the relationships between Earth and the objects
they saw in the heavens. One reason for their errors
(24) ---- that they did not understand the laws of motion.
For example, they did not know that a force--which we
know as gravitation--controls the movements of the
planets. (25) ---- reason was that their measurements
did not reveal the movements of the planets in sufficient
detail.

21.
A) where
B) how
C) whose
D) whom
E) what

22.
A) Owing to
B) However
C) Because
D) In spite of
E) Since

23.
A) about
B) on
C) upon
D) over
E) towards

24.
A) were
B) is
C) are
D) has been
E) was

25.
A) That
B) For
C) Others
D) Once
E) Another